cse citation image

CSE Citation Style

• In-Text Citations
• Bibliography
• Web Sources
• Theses and Dissertations
• Images, Photos, & Artworks
• Sound Recordings
• Chicago Notes & Bibliography

Citing/Documenting Images

• Images in Books and Journal Articles
• Online Images

Citing Parts of Books in CSE Bibliographies

(CSE 8th; 29.3.7.2.10)

When citing content from longer sources (like books), it is often more valuable to cite a specific part (rather than all) of the of the work.

Book chapters or sections, tables, charts, graphs, photographs and appendices are all examples of parts of books that are useful. Book parts that are created by someone other than the author(s) of the book are considered contributions, and are cited differently.

Authors names are provided in the order they appear in the publication cited. For publications with 10 or fewer authors, all are listed in the citation. Any authors listed after the 10th are represented with "et al".

Book Parts :

Author(s). Date. Book title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. Part number. Part Title; Page range. Notes.

Kemmerer DL. 2015. Cognitive neuroscience of language. 1st ed. New York (NY): Psychology Press. Chapter 8. Reading and Writing; p.215-245. ISBN: 9781848726215.

Kemmerer DL. 2015. Cognitive neuroscience of language. 1st ed. New York (NY): Psychology Press. Figure 8.3. The retina stringently filters what we read; p. 217. ISBN: 9781848726215.

Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name:

Citation Number. Author(s). Book title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date. Part number. Part Title Page range. Notes.

1. Kemmerer DL. Cognitive neuroscience of language. 1st ed. New York (NY): Psychology Press; 2015. Chapter 8. Reading and Writing; p.215-245. ISBN: 9781848726215.

2. Kemmerer DL. Cognitive neuroscience of language. 1st ed. New York (NY): Psychology Press; 2015. Figure 8.3. The retina stringently filters what we read; p. 217. ISBN: 9781848726215.

Online Images in CSE Bibliographies

(CSE 8th; 29.3.7.13)

Bibliography citations for websites and online documents are all formatted using the basic elements found in print documents (e.g author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and extent). However, for some web sources these elements must be expanded or supplemented with additional information.

Required citation elements include author(s), publication date, title, place of publication, publisher and URL . It is acknowledged that not all required citation elements are present for some web sources and, if absent, these obviously can not be included in the citation. However, this should probably bring into question the validity and/or authority of the source.

If an organization appears to serve as an  author , list the organization as the author.  However if no author is apparent, do not provide one in the citation.  Do not use the word "anonymous".

If a website title is not obvious, construct one use the first series of words on the screen.

Examples of citation elements that supplement those found in citations for print sources include dates and digital identifiers .

In addition to original publication dates , citations for web sources should also include the most recent revision date and the accession date of the material.

Optional citation elements include the extent (i.e. number of pages or screens; see CSE 8th; 29.3.7.13.9) as well as notes ( Internet URL's  and  digital object identifiers (doi's),  indication of language other than English).

Artist's name. Title (descriptive word). City (ST): Publisher or Producer; [Date accessed]. Notes. URL.

McKean D. Sphinx (painting). Kent (England): Dave McKean; [accessed 2016 Jun 17]. ISBN: 9781848726215.​ http://www.davemckean.com/wp-content/gallery/painting/SPHINX_painting.JPG.

Marshall JA. Earhart climbing out of the cockpit of her plane (gelatin silver print). New York (NY): ARTstor; [accessed 2016 Jul 6]. Located in: Schlesinger History of Women in America Collection; Photograph Number PC-29-1-1. http://library.artstor.org/library/secure/ViewImages?fs=true&id=4iFLcDwwJloxLyk7eDFwQA%3D%3D&userId=hDRGez0n&zoomparams=.

Citation Number. Artist's name. Title (descriptive word). City (ST): Publisher or Producer; [Date accessed]. Notes. URL.

1.  McKean D. Sphinx (painting). Kent (England): Dave McKean; [accessed 2016 Jun 17]. ISBN: 9781848726215.​ http://www.davemckean.com/wp-content/gallery/painting/SPHINX_painting.JPG.

2.  Marshall JA. Earhart climbing out of the cockpit of her plane (gelatin silver print). New York (NY): ARTstor; [accessed 2016 Jul 6]. Located in: Schlesinger History of Women in America Collection; Photograph Number PC-29-1-1. http://library.artstor.org/library/secure/ViewImages?fs=true&id=4iFLcDwwJloxLyk7eDFwQA%3D%3D&userId=hDRGez0n&zoomparams=.

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CSE Citation Style Guide

H. online images or infographics.

• Home: CSE Citation Style Guide
• General Style Guidelines
• a. Basic Book
• b. Two to Ten Authors
• c. More Than Ten Authors
• d. Corporate Author
• e. No Author
• f. Edited Book
• g. Chapter in an Edited Book
• h. Encyclopedia Article
• i. Multi-Volume Work
• a. Basic Journal Article
• d. Online Article with DOI
• e. Online Article with No DOI
• f. "Online Only" Journal Article
• g. Magazine Article
• h. Newspaper Article
• a. Basic Web Page
• b. Personal Author
• c. Corporate Author
• a. Motion Pictures
• b. Online Video Clips
• a. Published Conference Proceedings
• b. Conference Papers
• c. Government Documents / Technical Reports
• d. Dissertations and Theses
• e. Lab Reports or Handouts
• g. Personal Communcations

To cite an image or infographic, include a caption and source information. The only exception: source information does not need to be included for your own drawings or photographs.

General Format

Artist’s Name. Title [descriptive word]. City (Povince or State): Publisher or Producer. [accessed date]. URL.

Spheniscidae. Wikimedia Commons; c2003 [updated 2016 Mar 21; accessed 2019 Mar 31]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spheniscidae#/media/File:Emperor-cold_hg.jpg.

Jameson E. Mind on fire [image]. California: Elizabeth Jameson. [accessed 2012 Oct 23]. http://www.jamesonfineart.com/large-multi-view/Art%20of%20the%20Brain/1992765-1-171407/Art%20of%20the%20Brain.html.

Hiptype. The DNA of a successful book [infographic]. Nowsourcing. [accessed 2012 Oct 23]. http://www.hiptype.com/infographic.

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• Last Updated: Aug 25, 2023 9:45 AM
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• Free Tools for Students
• CSE Citation Generator

Free CSE Citation Generator

Generate accurate CSE citations for books, websites, journals and more, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a CSE Citation Generator?

A CSE citation generator is an online tool that creates citations in the Council of Science Editors (CSE) citation style. It does this automatically by taking in an identifier for a document, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal DOI, and then formatting the citation correctly using the remaining details.

🤓 What is the CSE citation style?

The CSE citation style is a citation style created by the Council of Science Editors, a non-profit organization. They publish the CSE style guidelines in the CSE Scientific Style and Format Manual , now on the 8th edition.

There are three ways to correctly cite sources in the CSE style. They should not be mixed together (format all citations the same way).

• Name-Year (N-Y): Also known as author-date, the author name and publication year are surrounded with parenthesis and placed next to the cited text as an in-text citation. The reference list at the end of the article is ordered alphabetically by the author's last name.
• Citation-Name (C-N): Superscripted numbers (example: ¹) are placed next to cited text as an in-text citation. The reference list is still sorted alphabetically by the author's last name, but the corresponding in-text citation number is prepended to each reference to connect both of them together.
• Citation-Sequence (C-S): Similar to Citation-Name, superscripted numbers are used next to cited text and are also prepended to the author's name in the reference list, but the reference list is sorted by the citation number in ascending order instead of the author's last name.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a CSE Citation Generator?

The CSE style is used broadly across the sciences--especially biology, where it originated. If you are studying the sciences, or you are writing to be published in an CSE publication (such as Science Editor ), then you will likely need to cite your sources using the CSE style.

🙌 Why should I use a CSE Citation Generator?

Every academic field, not just the sciences, will recommend using a tool to record references to others' work in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can record this data, and can also automatically create an accurate bibliography from it, with the necessary in-text citations too.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's CSE Citation Generator?

MyBib's CSE citation generator was designed to be accurate and easy to use (also it's FREE!). Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are all correct, and correct any that aren't. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted CSE citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for CSE style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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• Scientific Images
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• Citing Images

Basic Information

The basic information you will need:

• Artist name
• Title of the work
• Date it was created
• Repository, museum, or owner
• City or Country of origin
• Dimensions of the work
• Material or medium such as oil on canvas, marble, found objects

If you found the image in a book you will need the author, title, publisher information, date, and page, figure or plate number of the reproduction.

If you found the image online you will need an access date, the web site address (URL) and in some cases an image ID number.

Citation Styles

• Credit lines for images from published works are placed at the end of the caption in parentheses, and citation to source of the image follows regular citation formatting.
• Depending on which ACS format used, information at the end of the caption is in one of two formats
• Number style example:  Reprinted with permission from ref XX. Copyright Year Copyright Owner’s Name. Reprinted with permission from ref 10. Copyright 2003 American Pharmaceutical Association.
• Parenthetical style example: Reprinted with permission from Author Names (Year of Publication). Copyright Year Copyright Owner’s Name. Reprinted with permission from Camiola and Altieri (2006). Copyright 2006 American Institute of Physics.
• For works produced by the U.S. Government where copyright doesn't apply, "with permission" and the copyright information are dropped, and the parenthetical note begins with, "Reprinted from". For images from ACS journals to be published in ACS journals, "with permission" is dropped.
• Artist (last name, first name), artist’s role (in parentheses i.e. Artist, Architect), title, the work type, in brackets [Painting, Cathedral, Chair], country of origin or city, and state, and repository.
• Example: Constable, John (Artist). (1821). The Hay Wain [Image of painting]. London, England; National Gallery. Retrieved May 30, 2011, from http://www.artstor.org
• " The original source should be acknowledged in the legend. If the original source in which the illustration has been published is included in the reference list, the reference may be cited in the legend, with the citation number for the reference corresponding to its first appearance in the text, tables, or figures..."
• Author of image (if given). Title of image [format]. In: Remainder of citation as it would be for the book chapter, article, or other source that it came from
• Example caption for work not cited elsewhere in the document:  Figure 1 Analytical Framework [Image]. In: O’Con nor E,  Rossom  RC,  Henninger  M, Groom HC,  Burda  BU.  Primary care screening for and treatment of depression in pregnant and postpartum women:  Evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force.  JAMA . 2016;315(4):388-406. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.18948
• Images should include supportive information to indicate the subject of the image, how it was obtained, and why it was selected. 
• Cite like any other CSE citation and include content designator in square brackets after the title. 
• Example for a map: Northeastern United States. West Nile virus: wild bird cases [demographic map]. Washington (DC): Department of the Interior (US); 2001 Jun 1. 1 sheet: color.
• In the humanities citations are provided in footnotes and endnotes along with a bibliography. Images can be cited using captions or in a bibliography. Check with your instructor or instructions for authors for the correct manner.
• Example: Sullivan, Louis H. The Security Bank , 1907. Owatonna, Minnesota. http://www.artstor.org/ (accessed May 12, 2011).
• Cite the artist's name, title, usually underlined, and the institution or individual who owns the work, and the city.If you want to indicate the work's date, include it after the title. For a work of art you viewed online, end your citation with your date of access and the URL.
• Example: Botticelli, Sandro. Birth of Venus . c. 1482. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. ARTstor . 6 Jun. 2011, <http://www. artstor.org>.

Turabian-style Citation Format

• Cite the artist's name, title in italics, the medium and support, the date, and the institution or individual who owns the work, the city, and, if needed for clarification, the state. If the location is unknown use, “whereabouts unknown” in parentheses.As a general rule cite images only in notes.
• Example: Frank Duveneck, 1872. Whistling Boy . [database on-line] (ARTstor, accessed 14 June 2011); available www.artstor.org, image ID CARNEGIE_4410001         
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Scientific Style (CSE) Citation Examples

• Books/eBooks
• Conferences/unpublished
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END REFERENCE

Missouri's deer forecast by the numbers [image]. Game and Fish. Outdoor Sportsman Group. [accessed 2016 Jul 1 ]. http://www.gameandfishmag.com/forecasts/missouri-deer-hunting-forecast-2015/ .

IN TEXT 

(Missouri's deer. . .).

Title. Date . Series . Broadcasting network [date accessed]. URL.

How smart are animals? 2011, Feb 9. NOVA ScienceNow. PBS. 52:51. [accessed 2016 Jul 1]. http://www.pbs.org/video/1777525840 .

(How smart. . .2011).

END REFERENCE (ONE AUTHOR)

Pierce, M. c2008. Natural selection [DVD].  Hamilton (NJ): Films for the Humanities & Sciences . 

(Pierce c2008).

END REFERENCE (ONE EDITOR)

Wolfson  R , editor.  c2004 . Physics in your life [DVD]. Chantilly (VA): Teaching Company. 6 DVDs.

(Wolfson  c2004).

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Citation Styles

• Get Started

CSE Citation-Name Style

Reference style for books, journals, websites, & images, notes on using cse citation-name style.

• CSE- Name Year
• Specialized Citations

CSE has three citation styles, in CSE  Citation-Name references are listed alphabetically and then numbered in your reference list. When citing references in the text of your project or paper you will refer to them by number.  Use the appropriate reference number in superscript after the information you are citing.

CSE style uses a reference list, not a bibliography, which means that you only list items you cite in your project or paper. There must be agreement between the sources cited in your work and the sources listed in the references section.

• Citing Books
• Citing Journals
• Citing Webpages
• Citing Images

This video will lead you through finding the elements to appropriately cite a book in CSE Citation-Name style. (4:36min)

Book Citation Examples:

Chapter of a book:.

Template:  Author(s). Title. Edition. Publisher location: Publisher; Year. Extent*.  Notes**.

8. Honigsbaum M. The fever trail: in search of the cure for malaria. New York (NY): Picador; 2003. Chapter 2, The cure; p.19-38.

Chapter of an edited book, where each chapter has its own author:

Template:  Author(s) Chapter title.  In:   Editors(s),  editors . Title. Publisher location: Publisher; Year. Extent*.  Notes**.

9. Gillaspy AF, Landolo JJ. Staphylococcus. In: Schaechter M, editor. Encyclopedia of microbiology. 3rd ed. Boston (MA): Elsevier/Academic Press; 2009. Vol. 2, p. 293-303.

10. Tramont EC.  Treponema pallidum  (syphilis). In: Mandell GL, Bennet JE, Dolin R, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practices of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2010. p. 3035-3053.

NOTE: Even though this second source has two volumes, many sections, and chapters, these do not have to be listed as part of the  extent  because this source has continuous pagination (i.e.. volume 2 starts with page 1907). One can find the appropriate chapter in the multi-volume set just by knowing the page range.

For electronic books, add the cited date in brackets after the publication date.  Also add the URL or DOI to the notes section (end of the reference):

Authored book template:  Author(s) or Editor(s). Title . Edition. Publisher location: Publisher; Year [cited date] . Extent*.  Notes**.

2. Kimberlin DW, Long SS, Pickering LK, Baker CJ, American Academy of Pediatrics, editors. Red book: 2012 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012 [cited 2014 May 2]. Pertussis (whooping cough); p. 553-556. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip&db=nlebk&AN=567191&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_553

Edited book template:  Author(s) Chapter title.  In:   Editors(s),  editors . Title. Publisher location: Publisher; Year [cited date] . Extent*.  Notes**.

1. Aldridge S. Malaria. In: Lerner BW, Lerner KL, editors. Infectious diseases: in context. Detroit (MI): Gale; 2008 [cited 2010 May 5]. p. 515-522. Available from: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|1RIG&v=2.1&u=seattlepu&it=aboutBook&p=GVRL&sw=w

NOTE: URL is given in the  notes  section for online resources, starting with Available from:

*Extent is the part of the book you are referencing: volume, chapter, chapter title, page numbers for the full chapter. Some eBooks do not have page numbers, in that case just omit them, and put a period after previous element (either chapter title or cited date brackets). **There are not usually notes in a print book, but for online books this is where you put the URL or DOI.

This video will lead you through finding the elements to appropriately cite a journal article in CSE Citation-Name style. (3:46min)

Journal Citation Examples:

Print Journal Template:  Author(s). Article Title. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;volume(issue):page numbers. Notes*.

1. Mahmud K, Vance ML. Human growth hormone and aging. New Engl J Med. 2003;348(2):2256-2257.

3. Smith EW, Vance ML, Bartel D, Joy E, Janus J, Qui W, Pa J, Hobbes C, Cant G, Kant W, and others. Avian flu in China. New Engl J Med. 2005;372:2275-2282.

Online Journal Template:  Author(s). Article Title. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year [cited date] ;volume(issue):page numbers or electronic record number. Notes*.

2. Martins KAO, Steffens JT, van Tongeren SA, Wells JB, Bergeron AA, Dickson SP, Dye JM, Salazar AM, Bavari S. Toll-like receptor agonist augments virus-like particle-mediated protection from Ebola virus with transient immune activation. PLoS One. 2014 Feb [cited 2014 Apr 18];9(2):e89735. Available from: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0089735. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089735

*If you have a URL or DOI, please include it at the end of your citation. If you have a DOI for your article (print or online), please include it at the end of your citation in the following format: doi:10.1007/s10344-014-0825-0

Journal titles must be abbreviated using NLM format.

To search for the official an abbreviation by journal name consult:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals   (please note - one word journal titles are not abbreviated, for example the for the journal Nature, the title would still be Nature)

This video will lead you through finding the elements to appropriately cite a website in CSE Citation-Name style. (5min)

Webpage Citation Examples:

Template:  Author(s). Page title. Publisher Location: Publisher; Year [updated date; cited date]. Notes*.

1. Pertussis: practice essentials. New York (NY): WebMD LLC; c2014 [updated 2014 Jan 31; cited 2014 Apr 26]. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-overview

2. Plague: ecology and transmission. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); [updated 2012 Jun 13; cited 2014 Apr 26]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html

NOTES: All website references must include a date, location, and publisher name -  if you cannot find this information you should say [date unknown], [place unknown], or [publisher unknown] as appropriate. Do some searching - e.g. check  about us  section - before determining that these items are truly unknown.  (exception: Government website reference do not include the date (e.g. c2014) and this element can be omitted without noting [date unknown])

All other elements of the reference - e.g. author or updated date - are optional, simply omit if you cannot determine them.

*the URL is given in the  notes  section for webpages, starting with Available from:

Project images do not have an entry in the reference list.  Instead give the full reference as part of the image description (see example below). This means that sources used only for their images should not be included in the references section of your project.  

Use the appropriate CSE reference format for where your found your image: For example, if you are taking the image from a book, it will have a CSE book format reference, while an image from a journal article will use the journal reference format.  In the example below, the image source has a website citation format because the image was found on a webpage.

Each image should have a title above the image, and the description beneath the image. The image description must include a full CSE citation unless:

• the image comes from a source that is also used in the text of your project AND THEN is also used for an image. In this case, you may give the appropriate superscript number at the end of the image title and omit the reference from the image description.
• the image is your intellectual property, e.g. your own drawing or photograph, then simply say, "Source: Author" after the image description.
• the image is part of the poster background AND is either free clip art or your intellectual property (e.g. you drew it yourself), then no reference is needed (title and description may also be omitted).

Example of an image found on a webpage, note title above image and description (including CSE website reference) below image:

In CSE  Citation-Name format references are listed alphabetically and then the reference list is numbered. When citing in the text of your document, you will refer to them by number.  Use the appropriate reference number in superscript within or at the end of a paragraph or bulleted line. 

CSE style uses a reference list, not a bibliography, which means that you only list items cited in your poster. There must be agreement between the sources cited in your work and the sources listed in the reference section.

Special notes about in-text citations and creating CSE references:  

In-text citations:

• The in-text citation should be put as close as possible to information it is referring to and within the period, for example: "...the cinder ballast of the railroad track 1 and to sterile strips of land along highways 2 ."
• If a section of bulleted lines all pertain to the same source, then introduce the list with a superscripted phrase such as, “according to Smith there are four factors: 1 ” then present the list.
• Place the superscript number at the end of the caption when citing all graphs, pictures or illustrations from sources that are also used in the text of your paper.  (If your image is from a source not also used in the text of your paper, simply cite your source directly under the image.)
• There is no need to use citations in your Abstract unless you are quoting a source. But, in the rest of the poster, whenever you have stated some fact or figure, particular thought or quote that came from a source you consulted, you must cite the publication in the text or at the end of a bulleted statement or bulleted section.

Reference List:

• Website and book references should include date, location, and publisher name – if you cannot find this information you should say [date unknown], [place unknown], or [publisher unknown] as appropriate.
• Journal titles are abbreviated. Consult:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7251/ to identify how specific words are abbreviated. To search for an abbreviation by journal name consult:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals
• When there are 2 to 10 authors, all should be named, including the 10 th author in a reference; if there are more than 10 authors, the 1 st to 10 th  are listed, followed by “and others”.  For example:

12. Smith EW, Vance ML, Bartel D, Joy E, Janus J, Qui W, Pa J, Hobbes C, Cant G, Kant W, and others. Avian flu in China. N Engl J Med. 2005; 372: 2275-82.

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UNE Library Services

Research Help

Cse style guide.

CSE style is the citation style recommended by the Council of Science Editors for use in biology and other sciences.

The current 8th edition of Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers is available:

• In print at the Biddeford Campus Library

There are three different methods of CSE Style:

• citation-sequence
• citation-name

In-text citations and the order of end references are formatted differently with each method.

General Formatting 

• Capitalize the titles of journals as they appear in the publication. Books, chapters and articles, use sentence case.
• Do not list the author’s full first name, only their initial(s). No commas separate the author’s last name and first initial(s) 
• The references page can be titled “References”, “Cited References”, “Literature Cited”, or “Bibliography” 
• When creating a citation for a source with 1-10 authors, list all authors. For a source with 11+ authors, list the first 10 followed by “et al.”  

In-Text Citations

In the name-year system, parenthetical in-text citations will consist of the author’s last name and year of publication. In the case of two authors, place both names in the parenthesis separated by and. If a source has three or more authors, list only the first author’s name followed by et al.

Based on the literature, when designing an effective kinase hinge binder, “one to three H-bonds are required to gain sufficient potency at a given kinase” (Sharma and Gupta 2022).

Appears in references section as:

Sharma, V, Gupta, M. 2022. Designing of kinase hinge binders: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Chem Biol Drug Des. 100(6):968-980.

Citation-Sequence

In the Citation-Sequence system, use superscript numbers within the text. In your references cited page number your citations in order that they appear in your paper.

Data suggests that female patients being treated following in-hospital cardiac arrest show slightly higher rates of survival than men 1 .

1. DiLibero, J, Misto, K. Outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest: A review of the evidence. Crit. Care Nurs Clin. North Am. 2021 Sep;33(3): 343-356.

Citation-Name

In the Citation-Name system, complete the list of end references for your paper before adding the superscript numbers in your text. For instance: if the first source cited in your paper is a work by Zimmerman and there are 43 sources cited in your paper, Zimmerman will be number 43.

Hypoxia tumor cells are highly resistant to cancer therapies 67 , however research has found success with a multimodal therapy approach12.

Appears in References section as:

12. Graham, K, Unger, E. Overcoming tumor hypoxia as a barrier to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2918 Oct;13:6049-6058.

67. Wang, J-J, Lei, K-F, Han, F. Tumor microenvironment: recent advances in various cancer treatments. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Jun;22(12):3855-3864

Cited References

List the references to sources that you have cited within the text alphabetically by author under the heading “References”, “Cited References”, “Literature Cited”, or “Bibliography”. You can list references that you consulted but did not cite for additional reading or other purposes under a separate heading such as “Additional References” or “Supplemental References”.

Print Journal Article

See section 29.3.7.1 of the CSE Manual.

Meise CJ, Johnson DL, Stehlik LL, Manderson J, Shaheen P. 2003. Growth rates of juvenile Winter Flounder under varying environmental conditions. Trans Am Fish Soc. 132(2):225-345.

Online Journal Article

See section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Setälä H, Sun ZJ, Zheng JQ, Lu C, Cui MM, Han SJ. 2023. Loss of soil carbon and nitrogen indicates climate change-induced alterations in a temperate forest ecosystem. Ecological Indicators. [accessed 2023 July 20]:148. https://www-sciencedirect-com.une.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S1470160X23001978?via%3Dihub. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110055

Online Encyclopedia Article

Wagner S, Johanna T. 2016. Pregnancy. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [database on the Internet]. 5th ed. Vol. 2. Farmington Hills (MI): Gale. [accessed 2023 Jul 13]. (Gale Virtual Reference Library). p. 260-792. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL.

See section 29.3.7.2 of the CSE Manual.

McCormac JS, Kennedy G. 2004. Birds of Ohio. 2nd ed. Auburn (WA): Lone Pine.

Rollin, BE. 1998. The unheeded cry: animal consciousness, animal pain, and science [Internet]. 3rd ed. Ames (IA): The Iowa State University Press. [accessed 2021 August 27]. http://www.netlibrary.com.

Book Chapter

See section 29.3.7.2.10 of the CSE Manual.

McDaniel TK, Valdivia RH. 2005. Cellular microbiology. 2nd ed. Washington (DC): ASM Press. Chapter 2, New tools for virulence gene discovery; p. 473-488.

It can often be difficult to locate all the required elements of a citation on a webpage. Work with the information provided; if an author or other element is not listed, leave that element out and do not create placeholders.

Include citation elements in this order:

Title of Homepage. Date of publication. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [date updated; date accessed]. Notes.

Whale Shark. 2023. Washington (DC): Oceana; [accessed 2023 July 27]. https://oceana.org/marine-life/whale-shark/.

Conference Paper

See section 29.3.7.3 of the CSE Manual.

Lee DJ, Bates D, Dromey C, Xu X, Antani S. c2003. An imaging system correlating lip shapes with tongue contact patterns for speech pathology research. In: Krol M, Mitra S, Lee DJ, editors. CBMS 2003. Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems; New York. Los Alamitos (CA): IEEE Computer Society. p. 307–313.

Dissertation or Thesis

See section 29.3.7.5 of the CSE Manual.

Brann, C. 2018. Drosophila glypicans Dally and dally-Like control injury induced allodynia [thesis]. [Biddeford (ME)]: University of New England. [Accessed 2023 July 20]. https://dune.une.edu/theses/164/

Technical Report

See section 29.3.7.4 of the CSE Manual.

Gimble JM. 2009. Circadian biology and sleep: Missing links in obesity and metabolism. Baton Rogue (LA): Louisiana State University System. Report No.: W81XWH-09-1-0289. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA.

Figures & Images

See section 30.2 of the CSE Manual

Talbot P . 2011. Mesocricetus auratus, blood cell, oocyte, cumulus cell [recorded image]. La Jolla (CA): Cell Image Library. http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/images/18042.  

Citation-Sequence & Citation-Name

See Section 29.3.7.1 of the CSE Manual.

Justen H, Delmore KE. The genetics of bird migration. Current Biology. 22 Oct;32(20): R1144-R1149.

See Section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Xiaojie W, Jinling X, Yixin Y. Response of fish to ocean warming and acidification. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2022 Jan [accessed 2023 July 24];42(2):433-441. https://www.ecologica.cn/stxb/article/abstract/stxb202006081486. doi: 10.5846/stxb202006081486

Angell B. Behavioral therapy. In: Franklin C, editor. Oxford research encyclopedia of social work. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2013 [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://doi-org.une.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.30

See Section 29.3.7.2 of the CSE Manual.

Lemons DS. A student’s guide to entropy. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 2013.

Chambers JA. Field guide to global health & disaster medicine. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2022 [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://www-clinicalkey-com.une.idm.oclc.org/#!/browse/book/3-s2.0-C20200000599.

See Section 29.3.7.2.10 of the CSE Manual.

Voight ML, Tippett SR. Plyometric exercise in rehabilitation. In: Prentice WE, editor. Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK Incorporated; 2015. 285-310.

Title of Homepage. Edition. Place of Publication: publisher; date of publication; date updated]. Notes.

Example: ECOS letter on U.S. DOJ SEP policy. 2022. Washington (DC): Enviormental Council of the States; [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://www.ecos.org/documents/ecos-letter-on-u-s-doj-sep-policy/.

See Section 29.3.7.3 of the CSE Manual.

Mahdavi K, Culshaw R, Boucher J, editors. Current developments in mathematical biology. Conference on Mathematical Biology and Dynamical Systems; Tyler, TX. University of Texas at Tyler.

See Section 29.3.7.5 of the CSE Manual.

Sullivan SM. Identifying complex adaptive systems using quantitative approaches at a midsized biotechnology firm [dissertation]. Biddeford (ME): University of New England; 2022.

See Section 29.3.7.4 of the CSE Manual.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Atlanta (GA): Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019. Report No.2019-133.

Winslow T. Spine anatomy [illustration]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. [Accessed 2023 Aug 4]. https://visualsonline.cancer.go v/details.cfm?imageid=12201 .    

Questions & Help

If you have questions on this, or another, topic, contact a librarian for help!

Images: Finding, Using and Citing

• Finding Images
• Using Images

Gather information

Create the caption, if needed, create a citation, links to additional sources, quick guide.

• Copyright and Fair Use This link opens in a new window
• Multimedia Resources

Outreach Librarian

T-A-S-L ( T itle, A uthor, S ource, L icense) - information about the image that you'll need

Title - (if there is one) and the link to the source page

• Not all images will have a title. If yours does not, create a brief description of what the image is. Ex: Photo of a squirrel
• The link for the source page is not a page with search results (such as a Google link). Rather, it is the page on which the image resides.

Author name - and link to the author's profile page (if there is one)

• Not all images have the author(s) listed. If yours does not, you can still use the image without giving an author name.

Source name - and link (if not already gathered with the title)

License - Creative Commons designation and link to CC details

With this information in hand, you are ready to create a caption for your image.

Use Open Attribution Builder - http://openwa.org/open-attrib-builder/

• Fill out the form using the image information that you've gathered. Select the appropriate license type. (The ? icon in each section offers tips to help you.)
• Copy the resulting text in the attribution box and add it as a caption under (or in) your image wherever you use it.

Most images that you use should have captions, but you only need to create citations for those images used as sources in your work--just as you would do for an article, book, website, or other types of sources.

• In general, you want to provide your readers or audience with a way to learn more about images that you have used as sources.
• Different disciplines have different conventions and expectations about citing images. Check with your instructor, the Writing Center, or a librarian if you're unsure about disciplinary distinctions.
• A particular image may not have some information that would normally be used to cite it. You can still provide what information you have, with explanatory text about what is missing.
• Different citation styles vary in their recommendations for citing images. Their style guides also use different indexing terms for that guidance. Some examples are shown below.

MLA 7th edition (indexed under "photographs")

Poupeau, Gautier. "Detail de la Main de Dakini Dansante." flickr . N.p., 18 Jan. 2015. Web. 24 Feb. 2017. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/lespetitescases/17090119329>.

MLA 8th edition (indexed under "digital media")

Poupeau, Gautier. "Detail de la Main de Dakini Dansante." flickr, 18 Jan. 2015, www.flickr.com/photos/lespetitescases/17090119329.

APA 7th edition (indexed under "audiovisual media")

Poupeau, G. (2015) Detail de la Main de Dakini Dansante [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.flickr.com/photos/lespetitescases/17090119329.

Chicago Style 16th edition (indexed under "audiovisual materials")

Poupeau, Guatier. "Detail de la Main de Dakini Dansante," January 18, 2015. flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/lespetitescases/17090119329.

CSE Style 8th edition (indexed under "websites and other online formats")

Citation-sequence and Citation-name:

Poupeau G. Detail de la Main de Dakini Dansante [image]. Flicker; 2015 Jan 18. [accessed 2018 Oct 2]. http://www.flickr.com/photos/lespetitescases/17090119329.

Poupeau G. 2015 Jan 18. Detail de la Main de Dakini Dansante [image]. Flickr; [accessed 2018 Oct 2]. http://www.flickr.com/photos/lespetitescases/17090119329.

• Writing Center Guide from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Good website with citation recommendations and examples for all the most popular citation styles.

APA (7th edition)

• Missing Reference Information - APA.org blog entry.
• Clip Art or Stock Images References - APA.org blog entry.
• Instagram References - APA.org blog entry.

MLA Style Center (8th edition)

• Works Cited: A Quick Guide
• MLA Practice Template (PDF)
• Ask the MLA - FAQ "image"

CSE Citation Style (7th edition)

• CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style - CSE Style guide from Washington State University Libraries. It describes and provides examples for three sub-styles: Citation Sequence; Name Year; and Citation Name. Choose the appropriate one for your document.

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• Last Updated: Sep 14, 2022 3:12 PM
• URL: https://libguides.lib.rochester.edu/images

CSE Quick Citation Guide

Cse citation style.

• Format In-Text and End References
• Format End References
• In-Text Citations
• Formatting End References

Scientific Style and Format presents three systems for referring to references (also known as citations) within the text of a journal article, book, or other scientific publication:

• citation–sequence
• name–year
• citation–name 

These abbreviated references are called in-text references. They refer to a list of references at the end of the document.

• Next: Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name >>
• Last Updated: Mar 9, 2023 9:54 AM
• URL: https://libguides.libraries.wsu.edu/csecitation

Penn State University Libraries

Cse quick citation guide.

• CSE Citation Systems
• In Text References
• N-Y System: Articles
• N-Y System: Books & Websites
• C-S and C-N System: Articles
• C-S and C-N System: Books & Websites

Writing Help

• Academic Integrity (Penn State) explains how to avoid plagiarism, cheating, and other academic integrity violations.
• Penn State Learning provides free writing help for students (in person and online)
• Style for Students Online Penn State guide by Joe Schall (College of Earth and Mineral Sciences)
• English for Professional Purposes Intercultural Center (EPPIC) offers tutoring and writing workshops for international students
• The Graduate Writing Center provides one-on-one writing consultations and group workshops for graduate students

Agricultural Sciences Librarian

Helen Smith

Book an appointment with me!

CSE Systems

CSE style describes three systems for references ; use the style which is commonly used in your discipline:

• Uses the surname of the author and the year of publication within the text to refer to the end references
• End references are then listed alphabetically by author and then by year.
• The general sequence of information in the end reference is author names are followed by the year of publication followed by the  title , and additional items. In text example : By contrast, the several antisera that have been raised against Sp1, a defined RNA polymerase II transcription factor (Kadonaga 1986), stain exclusively the nucleus...
• Uses superscript numbers within the text to refer to the end references.
• End references are listed in the order they are referred to in the text.
• Subsequent citations to the same document use the same number as its initial citation.
• the general sequence of information in the end reference is author name, title, and additional items (including year of publication). In text example : Modern scientific nomenclature really began with Linnaeus in botany 1 , but other disciplines 2,3 were not many years behind in developing various systems 4-7  for nomenclature and symbolization.
• Uses superscript numbers within the text to refer to the end references.
• End references are listed alphabetically by author and then by title.
• The general sequence of information in the end reference is author name, title, and additional items (including year of publication). In text example : Modern scientific nomenclature really began with Linnaeus in botany 4 , but other discipline 1,5 were not many years behind in developing various systems 2-3,6,10  for nomenclature and symbolization.

General Principles

In the N-Y system, author names are followed by the year of publication, then the title, then all the other items.

In the C-S and C-N systems, the general sequence of information in a reference is author name, title, and then additional items (including year of publication).

Note: Author names with initials are recommended for reference lists that also include references to journal articles, for which names with initials are preferred. When there are 2-10 authors, all should be named; if more than 10 authors, list the first 10 followed by “and others”.

Note : throughout CSE style, no commas are used to offset the author's last name from his or her initials, no space separates the first and middle initial, and periods do not, in general, follow initials.

Note : in CSE style, titles of periodicals (newspapers, journals, magazines) are capitalized as they normally are; book titles and article titles have only the first word of the title (and of any subtitles), as well as proper nouns, capitalized. Obvious exceptions are capitalized abbreviations and symbols (e.g., HIV-1, DDAVP, pH).

• Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide examples from the editors at the University of Chicago Press.

• Next: In Text References >>
• Last Updated: Aug 21, 2023 12:36 PM
• URL: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/CSE

• Boston University Libraries

Citing Your Sources: CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style

• Scientific Style and Format
• More CSE style guides

Boston University Libraries SEARCH

• BU Libraries Search (BULS) This link opens in a new window Boston University Libraries Search provides a single place to search for academic material provided by the BU Libraries, including books, journals, video and sound recordings as well as online material from a variety of sources.

Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab)

The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects.

Scientific Style and Format: the CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers

Scientific Style and Format Style Manual Committee, Council of Science Editors. 8th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2014 Location: Science & Engineering Library T11.S386 2014 

See Chapter 30:  Citations and References pages 617-676  Citing electronic sources pages 665-669

the Citation-Sequence system (see page 619-622) the Name-Year system (see pages 619-620)

The following examples use the Name-Year system.

The in-text citation includes the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication of the document enclosed in parentheses.in-text citation: (Sawin 2004)

The reference list is included at the end of the document. Reference list entries are arranged in alphabetical order by the last name of the author, editor, or other individual or entity.Names are formatted as Last, Initials.reference list entry: Sawin, JL. 2004. Mainstreaming renewable energy in the 21st century. Washington, DC. Worldwatch Institute. 76 p.

General format: Author/editor. Year. Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. #pages. Example: Sorensen, B. 2004. Renewable energy : its physics, engineering, use, environmental impacts, economy, and planning aspects. 3rd ed. Boston : Elsevier Academic Press. 928 p.

Chapter or other part of a book

General format: Author of selection. Year. Title of selection. In: Author/editor of book. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. Pages of selection. Example: Singleton P, Sainsbury D. 2001. Dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology. 3rd ed. New York: J Wiley. Plasmid; p 593-4.

Conference proceedings

General format: Editor. Year. Title of publication or conference. Name of conference; dates of conference; place of conference. Place of publication: publisher. Total number of pages. Example: Dubois DM, editor. 2004. Computing anticipatory systems. CASYS 2003 – Sixth International Conference; 2003 August 11-16; Liege, Belgium. Melville, NY: American Institute of Physics. 602 p.

Conference papers

General format: Author of the paper. Date of publication. Title of the paper. Connective phrase [In]: editor of the proceedings. Title of the publication, or name of conference, or both; dates of the conference; place of the conference. Place of publication: publisher. Paper pages. Example: Rossler OE. 2004. Nonlinear dynamics, artificial cognition and galactic export. In: Dubois DM, editor. Computing anticipatory systems. CASYS 2003 – Sixth International Conference; 2003 August 11-16; Liege, Belgium. Melville, NY: American Institute of Physics. p 47-67.

Journal article

General format: Author. Year (or Date). Title of article. Title of journal. Volume and issue number. Page numbers. URL in angle brackets. Date accessed. Example:  Bisagni C, Mirandola, C. 2005. Experimental and numer ical investigation of crash behavior of composite helicopter cruciform elements. Journal of the American Helicopter Society 50(1): 107-116. Example: Cavalcanti A. 2003. Assembly automation with evolutionary nanorobots and sensor-based control applied to nanomedicine. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.  2(2): 82 – 87.  {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1204819} Accessed April 7, 2020

General format:  Author. Title [medium]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of update/Date of citation]. Availability. Example:  Animal Welfare Information Center [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US); [updated April 14, 2005; cited April 7, 2020]. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/.

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How to Cite Sources

• MLA (8th Edition)
• APA (7th edition)
• Chicago (CMS)

Scientific Style and Format

Cse format basics, references examples, scientific writing.

• Citation Tools
• Writing Help

Online Help

The current 7th edition of the Council of Science Editors' (CSE) Scientific Style and Format book was published in 2006.  Prior to 2000, this citation style was known as CBE (Council of Biology Editors) .  Be sure to always use the most current edition, or the one preferred by your course instructor.

The CSE Scientific Style offers three main styles of formatting in-text citations:

• Citation-sequence system
• Citation-name system
• Name-year system

See the manual for details of the advantages and disadvantages of each system, and how reference lists are formatted for each system.

• CSE (CBE) Citation Guide From Ohio State University Libraries - Examples of citations and formatting.
• Reference Links from the CSE Additional information and resources for researchers in the sciences. An online version of the text is NOT available from this website.
• Documenting Sources - CSE Style Diana Hacker provides an explanation of MLA style with instructions and examples on how to create in-text citations and reference lists, in addition to providing sample papers.

CSE(Council of Science Editors) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources in the sciences, including Biology

In addition to the examples to the left, see these sections of the Scientific Style and Format guide for how to cite other sources in CSE style:

• Maps (Section 29.3.7.9, pg. 545-7)
• Audiovisuals (Section 29.3.7.11, pg. 548-52)
• Personal Communications (Section 29.3.7.15.3, pg. 568)
• Legal Materials (Section 29.3.7.10, pg. 547)

For a more detailed explanation of how to use CSE style, see the Scientific Style and Format text.

Based on CSE Scientific Style and Format, 7th Edition, 2006

*Use one of the following headings:

"References" "Cited References" "Literature Cited" "Bibliography"

Citation-sequence and citation-name styles

Name-year style.

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• Last Updated: Oct 20, 2023 8:33 AM
• URL: https://libguides.merrimack.edu/citing_sources

The Shapiro Wing is now open for silent study. We look forward to welcoming you back into the Library. For more information about study space and resources available, please see our On-Campus Services Page

Citing Your Sources

• Blue Book Legal Citations
• Chicago Humanities: Notes & Bibliography Style
• Chicago Scientific: Author-Date Style

Important Note about Council of Scientific Editors

Paraphrasing, citing image in-text, journal articles, clinical trial or other technical report, conference proceedings, customer reviews, federal register, images or tables, in an article, images or tables, online.

Instagram Post

Letters, Emails, and Conversations

Newspaper articles, nutrition labels, podcasts or webcasts, powerpoint presentation, radio interviews, theses or dissertations, trade names/trademarks, is the example you need missing.

• Plagarism and Copyright Law

• CSE References Page Example

Assessing the effectiveness of Garcinia cambogia for weight loss

Karen Sheldon 

BY 4110 - Senior Seminar 

Dr. Bortnick 

September 13, 2021 

When the author's name appears in the sentence, it does not need to be repeated in the citation.

Example:  Recent literature has examined long-run price drifts following initial public offerings and other factors (Ritter 2009).   Fisher (2010) reaches more or less the same conclusion.

More than one author

Example: (Smith and Johnson 1998)

More than two authors

Example: (Smith et al. 2001)

Multiple citations in the same sentence

When referencing multiple studies within the same sentence, cite in order by author's last name

Example: (Dawson J 2006; Mondari 2010)

Use the first word or first few words of the title. Use only as many words as are needed to distinguish it from other references. 

Example: (Handbook ... 2000)

When reproducing an image or table in your paper, include an in-text citation for the source directly under the image. 

Include "Reprinted from" (exact reproduction),  "Adapted from" (changed from original source),  or "Based on" (information comes from source but table is not reproduced or adapted).

Reprinted from Smith 2018

To save space, journal titles are abbreviated according to the ISO 4 standard, shortening significant words and omitting insignificant words. 

NOTE: There is another abbreviation generation  CASSI  which can also be used. It does not follow CSE so remember to make the appropriate adjustments. 

Read more  and  search the List of Title Word Abbreviations  at ISSN.org.

• List of Title Word Abbreviations Sometimes the online version is glitch-y. Here is a PDF backup of the entire list.

Journal article 

Last name First initial. Year. Article title, sentence style capitalization. Abbreviated journal title. Volume(issue, if available):pages. URL, if no DOI available.

Lawskowski DA. 2002. Physical and chemical proprieties of pyrethroids. Rev Environ Contam Toxiocol. 174:149-170. doi:10.1136/rect.330.7500.1119.

Article titles are not italicized. However, species names are italicized and capitalized normally. 

In vitro and in vivo reconstitution of the cadherin-catenin-actin complex from Caenorhabditis elegans .

NOTE: As many more journals only publish online, they often don't have page numbers. They will usually have a article number which sometimes has an "e" before it, for example, "e586839." You would use this in place of the page range. 

Journal article with multiple authors

When there are 2 to 10 authors, list all of them. If there are more than 10 authors, list the first 10 followed by et al.

Last name First initial, Last name First initial, Last name First initial. Year. Article title, sentence style capitalization. Abbreviated journal title. Volume(issue, if available):pages. URL, if no DOI available.

Smart N, Fang ZY, Marwick TH. 2003. A practical guide to exercise training for heart failure patients. J Card Fail. 9(1):49-58. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12612873.

Jones AR Smith KR, Williams AB, Carter F, White RY, Little RT, Kane TR, Larosa J, Mann FD, Swartz MN, et al. 

Forthcoming articles

Last name First initial, Last name First initial, Last name First initial. Estimated date. Article title, sentence style capitalization. Abbreviated journal title. URL, if no DOI available.

Chinsembu KC, Syakalima M, Semenya SS. Forthcoming 2019 Mar. Ethnomedicinal plants used by traditional healers in the management of HIV/AIDS opportunistic diseases in Lusaka, Zambia. S Afr J Bot. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2015.05.009.

Last name First initial. Year Month Day. Title of post, sentence style capitalization [blog]. Title of blog. [access date with abbreviated month]. URL

Fogarty M. 2012 Aug 14. Formatting titles on Twitter and Facebook [blog]. Grammar Girl: Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing. [accessed 2012 Oct 19]. http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/formatting-titles-on-twitter-and-facebook.aspx.

Last name First initial. Year. Title, sentence style capitalization. Edition, if available. Publisher's location: Publisher's name. 

Stahl SM. 2000. Essential psychopharmacology of depression and bipolar disorder. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press. 

Book with multiple authors

Last name First initial, Last name First initial. Year. Title, sentence style capitalization. Edition, if available. Publisher's location: Publisher's name. 

Schott J, Priest J. 2002. Leading antenatal classes: a practical guide. 2nd ed. Boston (MA): Books for Midwives.

Chapter in edited book

Last name First initial. Year. Chapter title, sentence style capitalization. In: Editor, editors. Book title, sentence style capitalization. Publisher's location: Publisher's name. Pages. 

Anderson RJ. 2001. Acute renal failure. In: Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, editors. Harrison’s principles of international medicine. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill. p. 1149-1155.

Chapter in non-edited book

Last name First initial. Year. Book title, sentence style capitalization. Publisher's location: Publisher's name. Chapter title, sentence style capitalization; Pages.

Example: 

Shakelford RT. 2018. Surgery of the alimentary tract. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders. Chapter 2, Esophagoscopy; p. 29-40.

Notes can include sponsoring organization if different from performing organization.

Last name Initials (Performing organization name and address, if different from publisher). Year. Title of report, sentence style capitalization. Edition, if available. Place of publication: publisher. Report No., if available: Contract No., if available: Grant No, if available.: Notes, if available.

Cooper LN (Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI). 1990. Theoretical and experimental research into biological mechanisms underlying learning and memory. Washington (DC): Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Report No.: AFOSR-TR-90-0672. Sponsored by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 

Authors. Year of conference. Title of paper. In: Editors. Title of book. Number and name of conference; date of conference; place of conference. Place of publication: publisher. Location. Notes. 

Murphy J, McLean A, McGreevy P, Sheridan F, Hanly P. 2008. The use of training aids (gadgets) within equitation: meritorious or detrimental? In: Murphy J, Hennessy K, Wall P, Hanly P, editors. Proceedings of the 4th ISES Conference; Dublin. Dublin (Ireland): University College Dublin. p. 29.

Author. Year Month Day. Website title [online review]. [access date]. URL

Jcocker99. 2017 Jan 25. GNC [online review]. [accessed 2017 Feb 21]. http://www.gnc.com/Hydroxycut-Platinum/product.jsp?productId=115799436&channel

Last name First initial, Last name First initial. Year. Title, sentence style capitalization. Edition, if available. Publisher's location: Publisher's name; [date accessed]. 

Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT. 2000. Introduction of genetic analysis. 7th ed. New York (NY): W.H. Freeman & Co.; [accessed 2005 May 31]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga. 

Chapter in edited eBook

Last name First initial. Year. Chapter title, sentence style capitalization. In Editor, editors. Book title, sentence style capitalization. Publisher's location: Publisher's name; Pages. [date accessed]. URL.

Culvert LL. 2019. Green tea. In Hiam DS, editor. The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets. Farmington Hills (MI): Gale; p. 626-631. [accessed 2021 April 2].  https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2491000159/GVRL?u=delvalco_main&sid=GVRL&xid=4d4683cd .

Last name First initial. Year. Book title, sentence style capitalization. Publisher's location: Publisher's name. Chapter title, sentence style capitalization; Pages. [date accessed]. URL.

Modi M, Modi K. 2020. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Ginger root. [accessed 2021 March 30]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565886/?report=classic .

29.3.7.10 Legal Materials

"An item from the Federal Register  is cited the same way as a standard journal article. Abbreviate the title to  Fed Regist ."

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1975. Proposal to establish monographs for OTC laxative, antidiarrheal, emetic, and anti-emetic products. Fed Reg. 40(56):12902-12944. https://www.fda.gov/media/72493/download.

Department of Health and Human Services. 2002. Status of certain additional over-the-counter drug category II and III active ingredients. Fed Reg. 67(90):31125-31127. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2002-05-09/pdf/FR-2002-05-09.pdf.

• How to cite an image in CSE

Personal Image

Last name First initial. Year. Title of image [photograph].

Thomas K. 2014. IMG_2947.jpg [photograph].

Images or tables from an article or book

Images or tables from journal articles are cited as journal articles or books. 

Lawskowski DA. 2002. Physical and chemical proprieties of pyrethroids. Rev Environ Contam Toxiocol. 174:49-170. doi:10.1136/rect.330.7500.1119.

Online tables 

UNAIDS. 2018. Trend of new HIV infections [table]. AIDSInfo. [accessed 2019 Mar 15]. http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/.

Title of webpage, sentence style capitalization. Year Month Day. Website title [screenshot]. URL.

Calmatives for dogs. 2017 Sept 15. Google Shopping [screenshot]. https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=calmatives+for+dogs&tbm=shop&*.

Online image

Artist's name (if available). Year. Title of image, sentence style capitalization [image]. Publisher's name. [date updated; date accessed]. URL.

Mind on fire [image]. 2013. Elizabeth Jameson's Portfolio. [accessed 2012 Oct 23]. http://www.jamesononfineart.com/large-multi-view/Art%20of%20the520Brain/1992765-1-171407.html.

Amazon Image

Tonka Store. 81CfpldXsBL.__AC_SX300_SY300_QL70_FMwebp_ [image]. 2021. Amazon. [accessed 2021 March 20]. https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B009IVPFES?pf_rd_r=AZRRMZGY0EEJ9E1BQJPJ&pf_rd_p=5ae2c7f8-e0c6-4f35-9071-dc3240e894a8&pd_rd_r=d1c2af28-24f4-4108-8e09-d80e306d265d&pd_rd_w=1MsGq&pd_rd_wg=gvGD9&ref_=pd_gw_unk&th=1 .

Google Image

Toys R Us. 2021. Basic Fun Tonka – Steel Classics Mighty Dump Truck [image]. Toys R Us. [accessed 2021 March 20]. https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51GwwpTMyWL._ML160_.jpg .

Account name. Date. Title of image [image]. Platform. [date accessed]. URL.

Anese.co. 2021 February 28. CL28t0Wn23Q [image]. Instagram. [accessed 2021 March 22]. https://www.instagram.com/p/CL28t0Wn23Q/ .

CSE recommends placing reference to personal communications such as letters and conversations with the running text, not as formal end references. The nature and the source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information within parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that the citation is not represented in the reference list. 

...and most of these meningiomas proved to be inoperable (2003 letter from RS Grant to me; unreferenced, see "Notes") while a few were not. 

The author must provide written permission to the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited organization  if it is carried in a document such as an internal memorandum that is not accessible to scholars. The permission should be acknowledged in an "Acknowledgements" or a "Notes" section that follows the text of an article or is placed at the end of a book's main text; such statements may include additional details such as the reason for the communication. 

CSE Manual 29.3.7.15.3 Personal Communications

Last name First initial. Year. Article title, sentence style capitalization. Magazine title. Volume(issue, if available):pages. URL, if no DOI available.

Last name First initial. Year Month Day. Article title, sentence style capitalization. Newspaper title (edition, if available). Section, if available:beginning page of article (column no.). 

Weiss R. 2003 Apr 11. Study shows problems in cloning people: researchers find replicating primates will be harder than other mammals. Washington Post (Hom Ed.). Sect. A:12 (col. 1).

Online newspaper article

Last name First initial. Year Month Day. Article title, sentence style capitalization. Newspaper title (edition, if available). [accessed date]. URL.

Cheshire S. 2014 Aug 6. Does oil pulling work? CNN Wire (U.S. Ed.). [accessed 2017 March 28]. http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/06/health/oil-pulling/.

Company name. Product name [label].

Iovate Health Sciences. Hydroxycut platinum [label].

Last name Initials, Last name Initials, inventors; patent holder, assignee. Date. Title of patent, sentence level capitalization. Country issuing patent Country code Patent number.  

Blanco EE, Meade JC, Richards WD, inventors; Ophthalmic Ventures, assignee. 1990 Nov 13. Surgical stapling system. United States patent US 4,969,591. 

Narrator's name. Date first aired. Title of podcast episode, sentence-style capitalization [podcast, episode number if available]. Name of podcast show. Producer. Length. [accessed date]. URL.

Vuolo M. 2012 July 9. Our dying words [podcast, episode 16]. Lexicon Valley. Slate. 21:10 minutes. [accessed 2012 Oct 23]. http://slate.com/articles/podcasts/lexicon_valley/2012/07/why_should_we_care.html.

Last name First initial. Date of presentation. Title of PowerPoint, sentence style capitalization. Paper presented at: Title of class or conference. Institution (if for class). Place of class. 

Sheldon K. 2018 February 26. Learning library basics. Paper presented at: DelVal Experience I. Delaware Valley University. Doylestown, PA.

Last name First initial [Host]. Date first aired. Story title, sentence style capitalization [Radio broadcast episode]. Name of show. Producer. [accessed date]. URL.

Inskeep S [Host]. 2014 July 8. Buddhist monks face jail time for July 4 fireworks display [Radio broadcast episode]. Morning Edition. NPR. [accessed 2015 Nov 28]. http://www.npr.org/2014/07/08/329731421/buddhist-monks-face-jail-time-for-july-4-fireworks-display.

The same format applies for reports sponsored by the government as for other sponsors.

Last name First initial. Year. Report title, sentence level capitalization. Edition, if available. Publisher's location: Publisher's name. Report number, if available. 

Feller BA. 1981. Health characteristics of persons with chronic activity limitation, United States, 1979. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics (US). Report No.: VHS-SER-10/137.

Patel RH, Mohiuddin SS. 2021. Biochemistry, histamine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538201/ .

Last name First initial. Year Month Day. Name of survey, sentence level capitalization [survey or questionnaire]. 

Smith J. 2009 May 3. Measuring information service outcomes survey [survey]. 

Author. Date. Title of dissertation or thesis [content designator]. [Place of publication]: publisher.

Lutz M. 1989. 1903: American nervousness and the economy of cultural change [dissertation]. [Stanford (CA)]: Stanford University.

Oviedo S. 1995. Adolescent pregnancy: voices heard in the everyday lives of pregnant teenagers [master's thesis]. [Denton (TX)]: University of North Texas.

20.1. 2 Proprietary Names (Trade Names, Trademarks)

Proprietary names are those established by manufacturer and vendors of drugs to represent their own products. Because such names are proper nouns, they must be capitalized. Authors other than manufacturers and inventors are not required to use a superscript symbol indicating trademarking or registration of a proprietary name.

​ Online video, no author

Title of video, sentence style capitalization [video]. Date posted. Title of program, if available. Website title. [access date]. URL.

How smart are animals? [video]. 2011 Feb 9. NOVA scienceNOW. PBS. [accessed 2012 March 25]. http://video.pbs.org/video/1777525840.

Author. Date posted. Title of video, sentence style capitalization [video]. Title of program or hosting platform, if available. Website title. [access date]. URL.

National Geographic. 2008 January 28. 2 degrees warmer: ocean life in danger [video]. YouTube.com. [accessed 2017 March 25]. http://youtu.be/P-0_gDXqYeQ.

See  http://lynn-library.libguides.com/cse/cseavb  for more details on where to locate this information. 

Title of homepage, sentence style capitalization. Year. Edition, if available. Publisher's location: Publisher's name; [date updated; date accessed]. URL.

APSnet: plant pathology online. 2005. St Paul (MN): American Phytopathological Association; [accessed 2005 Jun 20]. http://www.apsnet.org/.

Ivey JAB. 2023. Benefits of blue light-blocking glasses. Charlotte (NC): Sleepopolis; [accessed 2023 Oct 18]. https://sleepopolis.com/education/benefits-of-blue-light-blocking-glasses/#:~:text=Using%20blue%20light%20blockers%20will,prevent%20age%2Drelated%20macular%20degeneration.

Contact the Library at [email protected]  to request a new example and citation help!

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Citing Sources: CSE Style

What is cse style.

CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style is widely used in scientific disciplines, particularly in the natural and physical sciences. The CSE manual describes three systems of documentation. All three systems use a reference list at the end of the paper with complete source information. The Name-Year system uses parenthetical citations consisting of the author's last name and year of publication; the Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name systems both use numbered references in the text to refer to the reference list at the end. In Citation-Sequence, the reference list is presented and numbered in the order the sources appear in the text, while in Citation-Name, the reference list is numbered alphabetically by author's last name.

Official Guidance from the CSE

• Quick Guide to Scientific Style and Format From University of Chicago Press, the publishers of the CSE Manual.

Online CSE Name-Year Style Guides

• Citation Guide: CSE Name-Year System Guide to using parenthetical references in CSE Style, from the Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse
• Cite Your Sources: CSE Name-Year From the University of Guelph -- see also their several videos on the guide
• The Writer's Handbook: CSE Documention Style Quick guide to both Name-Year and Citation-Sequence/Citation-Name systems, from the Writing Center at University of Wisconsin

Online CSE Citation-Name/Citation-Sequence Style Guides

• Citation Guide: CSE Citation-Sequence System Guide to using numbered references in CSE Style, from the Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse
• Cite Your Sources: CSE CItation-Name From the University of Guelph; see also their several videos on the guide.
• The Writer's Handbook: CSE Documentation Style Quick guide to both Name-Year and Citation-Sequence/Citation-Name systems, from the Writing Center at University of Wisconsin

Books on CSE Style

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SCI 1001 & SCI 1002: Writing and Research in the Sciences

• About This Guide
• 1A. Science Reference Sources
• 2A. What is peer review?
• 3A. Google Scholar
• 4. Using Information Ethically
• 5. CSE Citation Style
• ---> QUIZ: Using Information Ethically <--

Examples of CSE in Various Literature

Real World Examples

CSE Citation-Sequence Journal Articles: 

• From PLOS Biology: Similar object shape representation encoded in the inferolateral occipitotemporal cortex of sighted and early blind people
• From Plant Science: Senescence-associated genes in harvested broccoli florets  

CSE Name-Year Journal Articles: 

• From Journal of Physical Oceanography: Unexpected Waves  
• Government Report from the Canadian Wildlife Service: Mi’kmaq knowledge of species at risk in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island  

About CSE Citation

Generally used by students in Biology, the CSE style, or Council of Science Editors, uses numeric references within the text that correspond to your reference list at the end of the paper.  CSE style has three different citation formats (Name-Year, Citation-Sequence, and Citation-name). It it is up to you to ask your professor which format they prefer as there are subtle but important differences. 

Click the links below for helpful information on how to cite using the CSE Style. 

• SCIENTIFIC STYLE AND FORMAT CITATION QUICK GUIDE Use this quick guide from CSE for additional help with CSE citations.
• CSE Citation Guide from Dalhousie University Libraries This link will take you to a research guide with examples, a quick reference guide, and video tutorial!
• CSE Guide from Washington State University This online guide from Washington State University has color-coded the various parts of the citation.
• CSE Guide from Seattle Pacific Library This research guide from Seattle Pacific Library has videos on citing books, journals, webpages, and images using CSE Citation-Name Style.

CSE Citation Style Examples

• Citation-Sequence & Citation-Name

In-Text References

The CSE Name-Year style is sometimes referred to as Harvard style (not to be confused with Harvard Law Style).  When using this style,  in-text references  include the last name of the author or authors and the document's publication date. 

• One Author: 

What a wonderful time to learn about citation styles! (Simms 2018).

• Two Authors:

Citation helps us to be better researchers and share information (Simms and Johnson 2017). 

• Three or More Authors: 

Tracing citations in various journal articles is like entering a scholarly conversation (Simms et al. 2023). 

End References 

The end references are unnumbered and appear in alphabetical order by the author's last name.  Multiple works by the same author should be listed chronologically.  Periods are used to separate each element of the citation. List all the authors in your end references if the journal article or book has 3 to 10 authors. For articles or books with more than 10 authors, list the first 10 in the end reference followed by "et al." 

A note about journal citations using CSE style. Journal titles are abbreviated according to the  List of Title Word Abbreviations maintained by the ISSN International Center.  Here you can search for how certain words are abbreviated to build your citation (it does not list abbreviated journal titles). For example, the word "journal" would be abbreviated to the letter J.  

Below are some examples of end references that have been taken from the  CSE Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide : 

• Example from the  Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide :

Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. 2001. Effects of aerosolized albuterol on physiologic responses to exercise in                        standardbreds. Am J Vet Res. 62(11):1812–1817.

Savage E, Ramsay M, White J, Beard S, Lawson H, Hunjan R, Brown D. 2005. Mumps outbreaks across           England and Wales in 2004: observational study. BMJ. [accessed 2005 May 31];330(7500):1119–1120.         http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/330/7500/1119. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7500.1119.

• Sanchez S, Fontenot D. 2016. Handbook of Biological Organisms. 7th ed. Baton Rouge (LA): Louisiana State University Press. 
• End Reference example from the  Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide :

APSnet: plant pathology online. c1994–2005. St Paul (MN): American Phytopathological Association; [accessed 2005 Jun          20]. http://www.apsnet.org/. ​​​​​​​

• In Text Reference example from the  Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide :

​​​​​​​ (APSnet...c1994-2005)

For more examples of how to cite sources using CSE Citation Style, please visit the Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide . 

Below is a video explaining Harvard style (aka CSE Name-Year style).   To access this video you will be prompted to log in to your myLSU account . 

• Video: Harvard Citation Style

Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name 

• These two citation styles within CSE are identical except for the order in which your references will appear in the end references section.
• For both you will use numbers within your text to refer to the end references (you will not use in-text citations like Name-Year style) 
• Use the same number if you are referencing a source more than once. 
• This means that the "numbers assigned to the references are used for the in-text references regardless of the sequence in which they appear in the text of the work." (Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide). For example, a source authored by Alpine would be 1, Berenstein would be 2, Bromide would be 3, etc. The work by Bromide, number 3 in the end reference list, would be numbered 3 in the in text citations as well. 

For more information on how to cite your references using either Citation-Sequence or Citation-Name go to the Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide and click on the Tab titled "Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name." 

• Location usually refers to the page range. 
• Journal titles are abbreviated according to the List of Title World Abbreviations maintained by the ISSN International Center . 
• Separate author names for articles with 2 to 10 authors. 

Example from the Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide :  

Pizzi C, Caraglia M, Cianciulli M, Fabbrocini A, Libroia A, Matano E, Contegiacomo A, Del Prete S, Abbruzzese A,       Martignetti A, et al. Low-dose recombinant IL-2 induces psychological changes: monitoring by Minnesota                   Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Anticancer Res. 2002;22(2A):727–732.

• Example from Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide :

Savage E, Ramsay M, White J, Beard S, Lawson H, Hunjan R, Brown D. 2005. Mumps outbreaks across England        and Wales in 2004: observational study. BMJ. [accessed 2005 May 31];330(7500):1119–1120.                                    http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/330/7500/1119. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7500.1119.

• Example from Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide : 

Wenger NK, Sivarajan Froelicher E, Smith LK, Ades PA, Berra K, Blumenthal JA, Certo CME, Dattilo AM, Davis D,        DeBusk RF, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (US); 1995.  

• If you can't find a publication date for a website, you can use a copyright date (preceded by "c"). 

APSnet: plant pathology. St Paul (MN): American Phytopathological Association; c1994–2005 [accessed 2005 Jun       20]. http://www.apsnet.org/.

For additional examples and other types of sources please go to the Scientific Style and Format Citation Quick Guide . 

In Text References

In-text Reference are  literally   in-text , or in your sentence.  They are shortened citations that show which source(s) supports the claims and information in the sentence.  

Where to cite: You want to cite the source or sources used near the information it supports.  This could mean you will cite sources in the middle of a sentence! You might cite a source at the end of a sentence too - a lot of times you might have long sentences because of this citation style.  Don't use the author's name in the in-text citation again if you have already name them in the sentence.  

End References

Title your end reference page "References" or "Cited References"  - this is a formal listing and helps to easily identify each numbered source used in your paper.  If other sources were used for your research but not directly cited in your paper, these should be listed alphabetically by author under "Additional References." 

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Citing Sources

Image: See-ming Lee / Flickr

It is imperative that all information you get from another source is adequately cited. This includes information that is directly quoted, information that is included without being directly quoted, and all ideas that are not your own.

Different journals require different formats for citing sources. For each piece of writing that you do, you will need to look up the type of citation that is required and follow the instructions very carefully .

For each piece of information that you use from another source, you must cite the fact or idea within the text and in the Literature Cited .

In this course, we use the Council of Science Editors (CSE) style of formatting citations.

Importance of Citations

This interactive video will help you understand the importance of a standard format for referencing works you choose to support the ideas and arguments in your paper.

Note : this video does not show the CSE formatting style. You should follow the CSE formatting style for your assignment .

Download: https://media.library.utoronto.ca/public/serve/FormatingCitations.swf

Helpful Hints

Species' scientific names are always underlined  or italicized.

Lau and Galloway (2004) tested the preferences of pollinators visiting  Campanula americana .

The first word of a title is capitalized. However, the rest of the title should be lowercase, unless it is a proper noun (e.g., a species name).

Lau JA, Galloway LF. 2004. Effects of low-efficiency pollinators on plant fitness and floral trait evolution in  Campanula americana  (Campanulaceae). Oecologia 141: 577-583.

Citing Within the Text

The CSE (Council of Science Editors) style is used in the examples below to illustrate different aspects of citing:

• Freshwater pests like zebra mussels are particularly difficult to control (Williamson 1996).
• Ricciardi and Rasmussen (1998) argue that biologists should devote more effort to predicting which freshwater species may become invaders of the Great Lakes region.
• After the St. Lawrence Seaway was opened in 1959, the risk of non-indigenous species invading the Great Lakes increased significantly (Leach et al. 1999).
• Before the nineteenth century, zebra mussels were only found in the Black, Caspian, and Azov seas (Schloesser 1995).
• The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is a recent invader found throughout the Great Lakes (Association for Biodiversity Information 2001).

Citation Format in the Literature Cited Section

Journal article

A journal article citation contains: last name and initials of all authors, publication year, article title, journal title, volume number, and the pages on which the article appears. Note that the initials of each author appear after the last name. The abbreviated journal title must be used. A list of abbreviated journal titles can be found on  ISI Web of Science  or on the  Chemical Abstracts Service :

Ricciardi A, Rasmussen JB. 1998. Predicting the identity and impact of future biological invaders: A priority for aquatic resource management. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55(7): 1759-1765.

A book citation contains: last name and initials of all authors, publication year, title, the city and name of the publishing company, and the total number of pages:

Williamson M. 1996. Biological invasions. London: Chapman & Hall. 128 p.

Chapter in an edited book

List the authors of the chapter first, followed by the publication date, chapter title, book editors, city and name of publishing company, and where the chapter appears in the book (e.g., which pages):

Leach JH, Mills EL, Dochoda MR. 1999. Non-indigenous species in the Great Lakes: Ecosystem impacts, binational policies, and management. In: Taylor WW, Ferreri CP, editors. Great Lakes Fisheries Policy and Management: A Binational Perspective. East Lansing (MI): Michigan State University Press. p. 185-207.

Citation Generators

• Citation Machine Input citation elements and allow Citation Machine to produce a citation in CSE, APA, MLA, Turabian, or Chicago format.
• BibMe BibMe is a free automatic citation creator that supports CSE, MLA, APA, Chicago, and Turabian formatting.

More Sources of Information on CSE Citing

• CSE Style (Name-Year) (University of Guelph)
• CSE Quick Citation Guide (Penn State University)
• CSE Name-Year Citation Style Guide (McGill University)
• CSE Citation Style Quick Guide (Thompson Rivers University)

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Citation Style Guide

• CSE 8th Edition
• APA 7th Edition
• MLA 9th Edition
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• Vancouver 2nd Edition

CSE Citation Style

Online guides, video tutorials.

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Books on CSE Citation

The CSE style originated in the 1960s, when it was known as the Council of Biology Editors (CBE) style. It was intended to provide style and format guidelines for editors of peer-reviewed biology journals. Over the decades, its scope grew to include many fields of scientific research in both the life sciences and physical sciences. In 2000, the organization became known as the Council of Science Editors (CSE). The style then became known as the CSE style. 

In a reference list prepared in CSE style:

• journal titles are abbreviated, but no periods are used in the abbreviation. (eg. J Exp Biol)
• author initials (without periods) are used instead of the author’s given names
• The last author name within a reference is connected to the others by a comma instead of using the word “and” or an ampersand (“&”).
• references are formatted using a “hanging” indent.

CSE style allows you to select from one of three systems to cite sources:

• Citation-Name: Uses superscript numerals to identify in-text citations. In the alphabetized reference list, each numeral corresponds with a unique reference.
• Citation-Sequence: Uses superscript numerals to identify in-text citations. In the reference list, sources are numbered sequentially by the order in which they appear in the text (so they may not be in alphabetical order by author).
• Name-Year: Uses parenthetical in-text citations that include author name and the year of publication. The reference list is ordered alphabetically by author name. 

In-text Citation with CSE

The Name-Year system is recommended by many professors in the Dalhousie Department of Biology, but if you're not sure which system to use, be sure to check.

Author's Last Name, Publication Year

(McToad  2010)

All of these pieces must match the corresponding reference list entry exactly!

Example in-text citations, from fictional authors and sources:

Research has shown that the demographic of the fly is a key determining factor in the robustness of its flavour (Frog 1998) .

You could also place part of the citation in the text as follows:

As mentioned in Frog's seminal article (1998) , the demographic of the fly is a key determining factor in the robustness of its flavour.

In this example, the author's name is mentioned in the text itself; therefore the name need not be repeated in the bracketed citation.

Each in-text citation must be associated with an item in a comprehensive list of references at the end of your paper.  Pay attention to your formatting when constructing your reference list. While CSE is not as particular as other citation styles, losing points on an assignment for poorly formatted citations is easily avoided. 

The References Page:

Documents using the CSE style of citation must contain a "References" page at the end of the text. The following are some examples of how to cite commonly used references:

Frog RA. 1998. Expert's guide to artisanal fly cuisine. 2nd ed. Halifax (NS): Imaginary Publishing Inc.

Book, journal and website titles are in sentence case!

Journal Article

Frog RA. 1997. The biology of delicious fly cuisine: enzymes and their mechanisms of actions. Eur J Biochem. 130:(4)435-445.

Journal names are abbreviated!

Ribbit TF. 1998. The life and legacy of Ribbit Frog: a culinary biography. New London (CT): Frog and Toad's Center for Special Collections and Archives; [accessed 2015 Aug 18] . http://www.frogtoadsc.org/Biography.aspx#.UE8foVF76So.

Make sure to include the date accessed!

• Dalhousie CSE Citation Style Quickguide Downloadable PDF document containing more in-depth information on CSE citations and a variety of information resources.
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CSE Citation-Sequence and CSE Citation-Name

In both CSE citation systems described here, numbers in a sentence refer to sources listed at the end of the document. These two systems differ only in how sources are numbered in the reference list: sequentially (citation-sequence) or alphabetically by author’s name (citation-name).

In-text references

Format in-text references.

The style advocated by CSE suggests that numbers appear in superscript, and appear before punctuation marks (commas or periods).

Example from The CSE Manual:

Traumatic life events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are endemic among American civilians 1.

However, many scientific journals format these numbers differently, using square brackets or parentheses, or putting superscript numbers after the period.

Example from Communicative & Integrative Biology (2011) :

The most fundamental specialization of the eusocial insects is the division of colony members into two castes, workers (functionally sterile individuals) and reproductives.1

Example from Current Opinion in Cell Biology (2012):

The classical cadherin system connects cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton via b-catenin and a-catenin to maintain tissue integrity in metazoans [1].

Example from mBio (2012) :

Although xylem is considered a nutrient-limiting, low-oxygen environment (1), R. solanacearum is well adapted to it, growing to cell densities of 108 to 109 CFU/g stem while still remaining limited to xylem (2).

For consistency, the examples that follow have been reformatted to match CSE’s preferred style (superscripted numerals before punctuation).

Number in-text references

• In the citation-sequence system, sources are numbered by order of reference so that the first reference cited in the paper is 1, the second 2, and so on.
• In citation-name, the sources are numbered alphabetically so that 1 refers to the first source in an alphabetical list, 2 refers to the second source in that list, and so on.

When possible, put numbers immediately after the relevant word or phrase rather than at the end of a sentence.

Cite multiple sources in one sentence

If the numbers are not in a continuous sequence, use commas (with no spaces) between numbers. If you have more than two numbers in a continuous sequence, use the first and last number of the sequence joined by a hyphen.

Example from A new model for caste development in social wasps by UW-Madison Professor Robert Jeanne (Entomology) and postdoc Sainath Suryanarayanan (Community and Environmental Sociology):

For the non-dimorphic polistines such as Polistes, Ropalidia and others, the long-standing view is that differences in the quantity of nourishment received during the larval stage act as a “nutritional switch” to bias development toward one caste or the other 7,8,11-14.

Example from Cadherin complexity: recent insights into cadherin superfamily function in C. elegans by UW-Madison graduate student Timothy Loveless (Cellular and Molecular Biology) and Professor Jeff Hardin (Zoology):

Basolateral foci of HMP-1 and DLG-1 accumulate despite unperturbed localization of LET-413/Scribble 19, which normally excludes AJ components from basolateral surfaces 23,24.

Cite one source in multiple sentences

Once you have assigned a source a number, use that same number every time you cite it.

Example from Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Synthesized with Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization by UW-Madison Biochemistry postdoc Matthew J. Allen and Professors Ronald J. Raines and Laura L. Kiessling:

Moreover, the use of ROMP is advantageous because it can yield polymers of well-defined length 6. To synthesize the target polymers 8a and 8b we employed the ruthenium initiator (H2IMes)(3-Br-py)2(Cl)2RudCHPh. Its rate of initiation relative to propagation affords polymers of well-defined average lengths 6,8.

Example from The Role of Secretion Systems and Small Molecules in Soft-Rot Enterobacteriaceae Pathogenicity by UW-Madison Professor Amy Charkowski (Plant Pathology) et al.

Once associated with an insect, some isolates of Pectobacterium carotovorum can infect and persist in D. melanogaster and activate an immune response 8,9. The protein Evf (Erwinia virulence factor), present only in insect-associated strains, promotes the persistence of bacteria in the insect midgut. Evf synthesis is regulated by SlyA (Hor), which also regulates plant virulence genes 1,9.

Cite sources in tables and figures

Avoid using superscripted numerals in figures where they might be misconstrued as exponents. Instead, use superscripted letters like a,b for tables and figures. List them sequentially after all the text citations.

Quote or excerpt a source

Although CSE provides rules for how to quote or excerpt sources, in practice almost no scientists publishing in journals that use CSE documentation choose to quote sources. Instead, these authors paraphrase or simply cite authors.

When you quote or excerpt a source, include an in-text reference to help your reader see what source you are quoting from. The seventh edition of the CSE Manual does not provide specific rules for identifying the page number or other location information for that source.

Cite a work cited by your source (secondary citation)

Secondary citations refer to material that you have not seen in its original form but rather have obtained from another document that cited the original source. In the 2006 edition of the CSE Manual, secondary citations are not listed as a valid form of citation. Instead, find and cite the original source.

End references and the reference list

The goal of your reference list is to help your reader identify each numbered source quickly and clearly. CSE has standardized the information to be provided for ease and predictability of reading.

What to call your reference list

“Reference list” is CSE’s generic term for the list of sources at the end of your document. Your list should be given a more formal title: References or Cited References . If you used some documents as sources but did not cite them in your paper, list them alphabetically by author under the heading Additional References.

Format your end references

Otegui MS, Kiessling LL, Batzli J.

The fat-soluble vitamins: handbook of lipid research 2.

In vitro and in vivo reconstitution of the cadherin-catenin-actin complex from Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010 Aug 17;107(33):14591-6.

Livestock Prod Sci. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. J Dairy Sci.

Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2012;50:425-49. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2011 Jul;24(7):773-86.

Examples of end references

References for books follow the order Author(s). Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date. Extent.

1 Allen C, Prior P, Hayward AC. Bacterial wilt: the disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. St. Paul (MN): APS Press; 2005. 508 p.

[A book’s extent in number of pages (“508 p.” in the example above) is optional but provides useful information.]

Book chapter

References for chapters or other parts of a book follow the order Author(s). Chapter title. In: Editor(s). Book title. Place of publication: publisher; year. Page numbers for that chapter.

2 Otegui MS. Endosperm: development and molecular biology. In: Olson OA, editor. Endosperm cell walls: formation, composition, and functions. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer-Verlag; 2007. p. 159-178. 3 Allen, C. Bacteria, bioterrorism, and the geranium ladies of Guatemala. In: Cabezas AL, Reese E, Waller M, editors. Wages of empire: neoliberal policies, repression, and women’s poverty. Boulder (CO): Paradigm Press; 2007. p. 169-177.

Journal article

References for journal articles follow the order Author(s). Article title. Abbreviated journal title. Date;volume(issue):pages.

To save space, CSE suggests that writers abbreviate the titles of journals in according to the ISO 4 standard, which you can read about at ISSN . You can also search ISSN’s List of Title Word Abbreviations.

4 Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. Where is the vitamin D receptor? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012 Jul 1;523(1):123-33. 5 Powell JM, Wattiaux MA, Broderick GA. Evaluation of milk urea nitrogen as a management tool to reduce ammonia emissions from dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 2011;94(9):4690-4694 6 Flores-Cruz Z, Allen C. Necessity of OxyR for the hydrogen peroxide stress response and full virulence in Ralstonia solanacearum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(18):6426-6432.

Reference list information for articles found online adds a medium designator—[Internet], including the brackets—at the end of the title of the journal, as well as a citation date and a URL. The CSE Manual does not explicitly require this information if the online content is identical to the print content.

7 Werling BP, Lowenstein DM, Straub CS, Gratton C. Multi-predator effects produced by functionally distinct species vary with prey density. J Insect Sci [Internet]. 2012 [cited 12 Sep 2013]; 12(30). Available from: insectscience.org/12.30 8 Bennett AB, Gratton C. Floral diversity increases beneficial arthropod richness and decreases variability in arthropod community composition. Ecol Appl [Internet]. 2013 [cited 12 Sep 2013];23(1):86-95. Available from: http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecological-Applications.pdf

Internet resource

9 Williamson RC. Deciduous tree galls [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2004 Apr 25 [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pddc/files/Fact_Sheets/FC_PDF/Deciduous_Tree_Galls.pdf 10 ASAP: systematic annotation package for community analysis of genomes [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; c2013 [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://www.genome.wisc.edu/tools/asap.htm 11 Stem Cell Research Oversight Committee. University of Wisconsin-Madison policy for multisite research studies using human pluripotent stem cells [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2009 [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://www.grad.wisc.edu/admin/committees/scro/documents/MultisiteresearchpolicyFinal.pdf

Government document

12 Working Group on Diversity in the Biomedical Research Workforce (US). Draft report diversity in the biomedical research workforce [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2012 Jun 13 [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://acd.od.nih.gov/Diversity%20in%20the%20Biomedical%20Research%20Workforce%20Report.pdf

Dissertation

13 Oliver SS. Context dependent protein interpretation of the histone language [dissertation]. University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2012. 238 p.

Conference presentation or lecture

If a conference paper is subsequently published, either in the proceedings of the conference or in a journal, cite as a chapter in a book or as an article in a journal. Otherwise, cite as follows.

14 Vierstra R. Atomic perspectives on phytochrome photoactivation and signaling. Paper presented at: Steenbock 35. Proceedings of the 35th Steenbock Symposium on Advances in Biomolecular NMR; 2011 June 26-28; Madison, WI.

References for this page

Formatted in Citation-Name style. All examples on this page are taken from publications by UW-Madison professors, postdocs, and graduate students. Note that CSE doesn’t call for hyperlinks.

1 Allen C, Bent A, Charkowski AO. Underexplored niches in research on plant pathogenic bacteria . Plant Physiol [Internet]. [Cited 20 June 2013.] 2009;150(4):1631-1637. Available from http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/150/4/1631.full 2 Bennett AB, Gratton C. Measuring natural pest suppression at different spatial scales affects the importance of local variables . Environ Entomol. 2012;41(5):1077-85. 3 Bennett AB, Gratton C. Floral diversity increases beneficial arthropod richness and decreases variability in arthropod community composition. Ecol Appl. 2013;23(1):86-95. 4 Charkowski A, Blanco C, Condemine G, Expert D, Franza T, Hayes C, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Lopez Solanilla E, Low D, Moleleki L, et al. The role of secretion systems and small molecules in soft-rot enterobacteriaceae pathogenicity . Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2012;50:425-49. 5 Dreyer J, Hoekman D, Gratton C. Lake-derived midges increase abundance of shoreline terrestrial arthropods via multiple trophic pathways. Oikos [Internet]. [Cited 20 June 2013.] 2012;121:252-258. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2012/04/Dreyer-et-al.-2012-Lake%E2%80%90derived-midges-increase-abundance-of-shorelin.pdf 6 Gratton C, Vander Zanden MJ. Flux of aquatic insect productivity to land: comparison of lentic and lotic ecosystems . Ecology 2009;90(10):2689-2699. 7 Lyon A, Bell MM, Croll NS, Jackson R, Gratton C. Maculate conceptions: power, process, and creativity in participatory research . Rural Sociology [Internet]. 2010 [cited 20 Jun 2013];75(4):538-559. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2012/01/Lyons-et-al-2010-Rural-Soc-Maculate-conceptions.pdf 8 Lyon A, Bell MM, Gratton C, Jackson R. Farming without a recipe: Wisconsin graziers and new directions for agricultural science. J Rural St [Internet]. 2011 [cited 20 June 2013];27:384-393. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2012/01/Lyon_Farmingworecipe2011.pdf 9 Mattupalli C, Genger RK, Charkowski AO. Evaluating incidence of Helminthosporium solani and Colletotrichum coccodes on asymptomatic organic potatoes and screening potato lines for resistance to silver scurf . Am J Potato Res [Internet]. 2013 [cited 20 June 2013]. Available from http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12230-013-9314-3.pdf 10 Thomas DL. Utilization and potential of estimates of genetic value from an industry perspective. Sheep & Goat [Internet]. 2012;27:13-15. Available from http://www.sheepusa.org/user_files/file_1014.pdf 11 Wang Y, DeLuca HF. Is the vitamin d receptor found in muscle? Endocrinology. 2011;152(2):354-63. 12 Wang Y, Borchert ML, Deluca HF. Identification of the vitamin D receptor in various cells of the mouse kidney . Kidney Int. 2012;81(10):993-1001. 13 Wang Y, Marling SJ, Zhu JG, Severson KS, DeLuca HF. Development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice requires vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 29;109(22):8501-4. 14 Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. Where is the vitamin D receptor? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012;523(1):123-33.

Council of Science Editors Documentation

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CSE Table of Contents

Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name

1. What is the CSE format?

The principles of this style were formed by the Council of Biology Editors in the 1960s, but in 2000, the institution was transformed into the Council of Scientific Editors. From then on, the formatting style has been called CSE. As a rule, the CSE style is used in medical sciences. As CSE-format papers are as a rule submitted to scientific journals, there are no standard requirements for the font, indentations, etc. of a paper.

2. The CSE citation style

There are no strict rules for the CSE writing format, however there are some recommendations and a specific CSE citation guide.

• The text should be aligned with the left margin, with no additional spaces.
• The author’s name should be inverted, which means that the last name is given first, with the initials after. If the citation-sequence system is used, the initials should be given with no commas, periods, or spaces between them. However, in the name-year system, the initials are given after the last name and a comma, and with a period and a space between them.
• If there are less than 10 authors of a source, all of them should be listed, and if there are more than 10 authors, the credits are given to the first 10, and then a comma and “et al.” should be added.
• Titles of books and articles are not underlined, italicized, made bold, or enclosed in quotation marks. All the words (except for the first one and the proper names) in the titles should be lowercase.
• The names of journals and magazines in the CSE format are given as abbreviations—all of them being capitalized. For example, J Biol Sci is an accepted abbreviation for Journal of Biological Sciences.
• If the URL is given as the last element about the entry, there should be no period after it.

There are 3 systems of creating a CSE citation.

2.1 The citation-sequence system gives guidelines for both in-text citation and references. For citations in the main body of the paper, superscripted numbers are put above the cited pieces of text, and all the numbers are mentioned in the bibliography, starting from 1, independent of the alphabetical order.

Here is an example of the CSE bibliography format. The number of elements in one entry depends on the type of the source:

CSE book citation : Hawking SW. Title. Edition. City of publication: Publisher; 2018.

Book with 2-10 authors : Hawking SW, Einstein A. Title. Edition. City of publication: Publisher; 2018.

Chapter of a book : Hawking SW. Title of chapter. In: editor name, editor. Title of the book. Edition. City of publication: Publisher, 2018. Page(s)

Electronic book : Hawking SW. Title. Edition. City of publication: Publisher; 2018. Page(s). Available from: URL (DOI is preferable)

Article from a journal : Hawking SW. Title of the article. Abbreviated title of the journal. 2018; volume/issue: page(s).

Electronic article from a database : Hawking SW. Title of the article. Abbreviated title of the journal. 2018; volume/issue: page(s). Available from: URL (DOI is preferable)

CSE website citation : Hawking SW. Title of the webpage. City of publication: Publisher; 2018. Available from: URL (DOI is preferable)

Online video : Hawking SW. Title of the video. Edition (if any). City of publication (if any): Publisher; 2018. Available from: URL (DOI is preferable)

2.2 Citation-name system guidelines on in-text citing coincide with the instructions of the previously stated system. The superscripted numbers are put above the citation for in-text references, but in the reference list, the works mentioned are listed alphabetically. When the list is completed, the entries are assigned numbers starting from 1 for the first entry according to the alphabet.

The order of informational elements in source entries is the same as in the citation-sequence formatting system.

2.3 Name-year system : in the text, the references are cited using the last name of the author and the year of publication, which are enclosed in parentheses, without commas between the elements (Lastname 2018). The sources are listed in the bibliography alphabetically—the last name of the author is the first element of each entry.

These are some examples of the CSE formatting of different media using the name-year system:

Book : Hawking, S. W. 2018. Title. Edition. City of publication: Publisher.

Chapter of a book : Hawking, S. W. 2018. Title of chapter. In: editor(s) name, editor(s). Title of the book. Edition. City of publication: Page(s)

Electronic book : Hawking, S. W. 2018. Title [Internet]. Edition. City of publication: Publisher. Page(s). Available from: URL (DOI is preferable)

Article from a journal : Hawking, S. W. 2018. Title of the article. Abbreviated title of the journal. Volume/issue: page(s).

Electronic article from a database : Hawking, S. W. 2018. Title of the article. Abbreviated title of the journal. Volume/issue: page(s). Available from: URL (DOI is preferable)

Website : Hawking, S. W. 2018. Title of the webpage. City of publication: Publisher. Available from: URL (DOI is preferable)

Online video : Hawking, S. W. 2018. Title of the video. Edition. City of publication: Publisher. Available from: URL (DOI is preferable)

If there is no author available for a work, the name-year system of the CSE format citation guide allows putting the title of the work cited at the beginning of an entry.

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Citation Styles

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• What is the CSE format?
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Where to Look for Help

• IEEE Author Center
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• IEEE Citations as described by the Naval Postgraduate School Well presented, thorough and a tiny bit scary. But REALLY complete.
• Reference format for many source types (IEEE)
• Force 11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles A set of guiding principles for data within scholarly literature, another dataset, or any other research object. The Data Citation Principles cover purpose, function and attributes of citations. These principles recognize the dual necessity of creating citation practices that are both human understandable and machine-actionable.

IEEE Style Manual

IEEE citation style is a standard set by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The citation style takes the form of a number within square brackets, inside the punctuation, in the text. The number refers to a numbered list of references.

Example (from IEEE website)

Basics of IEEE Citations

This tutorial refers to a bibliography, which IEEE calls References. 

If you cannot access the above video, you can watch it here

How to Create in-Text Citations

In IEEE citations, the references should be numbered and appear in the order of appearance in the text. 

According to [4], the complexity of mechanical and electrical systems and applications of vibratory equipment in them have increased markedly in recent years. For example, vibration is put to work in vibrating power tools like jackhammers and chainsaws, vibratory feeders and conveyors, hoppers, sieves, electric toothbrushes, dentist’s drills, mobile phones, including the fitness machines in recent times [5]. 

[1]     M. C. Potter and R. Mackiewicz, Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2015, pp. 17–19.

[2]     J. D. Bellamy, Introduction to Machine Vibration. New York: Wiley, 2010.

[3]     C. Jacks, Machinery Vibration and Rotordynamics. New York: Penguin Random House, 2013, pp. 175–225.

[4]     A. Brandon, “Vibration analysis resolves vibration equipment problems,” in Fundamental and Advanced Vibration Analysis. New York: Wiley, 2014, ch. 7, pp. 129–134.

[5]     Engineers Australia (2014, June). Vibration Analysis: Design and Troubleshooting, Engineers Australia, Canberra. Accessed on: Feb. 1, 2017. [Online]. Available: www.engineersaustralia.org.au/vibration-analysis-design-troubleshooting

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