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How to Combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in One File (with Examples)

How to Combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in One File

When you’re working on a web project, it’s often helpful to keep all of your code in one place. This can make it easier to manage your files, and it can also help to improve performance. In this tutorial, we’ll show you how to combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in one file.

We’ll start by creating a new HTML file. Then, we’ll add our CSS and JavaScript code to the same file. Finally, we’ll test our code to make sure it’s working properly.

By the end of this tutorial, you’ll know how to combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in one file. This will give you a more streamlined development workflow and help you to create more efficient web pages.

Let’s get started!

HTML Table for How to Combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in One File

This is a heading

This is a paragraph

This code would create a simple website with a heading, a paragraph, and a button. When the button is clicked, the JavaScript function `showMessage()` would be called, which would display an alert message.

In this tutorial, we showed you how to combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in one file. This can be useful for creating small websites or prototypes, or for testing your code.

For more information on HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, please refer to the following resources:

• [HTML Tutorial](https://www.w3schools.com/html/)
• [CSS Tutorial](https://www.w3schools.com/css/)
• [JavaScript Tutorial](https://www.w3schools.com/js/)

Additional Resources

• [How to Combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in One File](https://www.codecademy.com/articles/combine-html-css-and-javascript)
• [Using External Stylesheets](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/External_stylesheets)
• [Adding JavaScript to Your Website](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Adding_JavaScript_to_your_website)

3. Embedded Stylesheets

Embedded stylesheets are not as efficient as external stylesheets, but they are more scalable than inline styling. This is because embedded stylesheets are only loaded once, regardless of how many times they are used in a document. Inline styling, on the other hand, is loaded for each element that uses it.

Embedded stylesheets are a good option for small websites or websites that need to be frequently updated. They are also a good option for websites that do not require a lot of styling.

4. Combining HTML, CSS, and JavaScript

There are a few different ways to combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript into one file. The best way to combine these files depends on the specific needs of your website.

Some of the most common methods for combining HTML, CSS, and JavaScript include:

Using a single HTML file with embedded CSS and JavaScript

Using a single html file with external css and javascript files.

• Using a single CSS file with embedded HTML and JavaScript
• Using a single JavaScript file with embedded HTML and CSS

Let's take a closer look at each of these methods.

The simplest way to combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript is to use a single HTML file with embedded CSS and JavaScript. This is the same method that is used for embedded stylesheets.

To embed CSS and JavaScript in an HTML file, you simply need to add the

This is my website.

When this HTML file is loaded in a browser, the CSS and JavaScript code will be embedded in the document. This means that the CSS and JavaScript code will not be loaded from a separate file.

This method is simple and easy to use, but it is not very scalable. If you have a lot of CSS and JavaScript code, it can become difficult to manage all of the code in a single HTML file.

Another way to combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript is to use a single HTML file with external CSS and JavaScript files. This is the most common method for combining these files.

When this HTML file is loaded in a browser, the CSS and JavaScript files will be loaded from their respective locations. This means that the CSS and JavaScript code will not be embedded in the document.

This method is more scalable than using embedded CSS and JavaScript, but it is also more complex. You need to make sure that the CSS and JavaScript files are linked to correctly.

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How to add CSS to HTML (With Link, Embed, Import, and Inline styles)

19 Feb 2009 — Updated 12 Mar 2023

Table of contents

• Link to a stylesheet file
• Embed CSS with a style tag
• Add inline styles to HTML elements
• Import a stylesheet file from within CSS
• Inject CSS with javascript

CSS and Page Performance

Adding CSS to HTML can be confusing because there are many ways to do it.

CSS can be added to HTML by linking to a separate stylesheet file, importing files from existing stylesheets, embedding CSS in a style tag, or adding inline styles directly to HTML elements. Many of these methods can also be done with javascript.

Today we're going to explore the pros and cons of each CSS method, see how they work, and learn when to use each one.

We'll also cover some of the common questions developers have when inserting CSS into HTML documents:

Let's get started.

1. Link to a Stylesheet File

This is the most common method of attaching CSS rules to HTML documents.

With this method, all your style rules are contained in a single text file that's saved with the .css extension. This file is saved on your server and you link to it directly from each HTML file. We use a link tag which is a simple line of HTML that you put in the head section of your HTML document, it looks like this:

The rel attribute is set to stylesheet to tell the browser that the linked file is a Cascading Style Sheet (CSS).

If you're using HTML5, the type attribute is not required, you can remove it and save a few bytes per page.

The href attribute is where you specify the path to your CSS file.

If the CSS file is in the same folder as your HTML file then no path is required, you only need to specify the filename like in the example above.

If it's saved in a folder, then you can specify the folder path relative to the HTML file like this:

You can also specify a path relative to the root of your domain by prefixing with a forward slash like this:

Absolute URLs also work:

The media attribute in a link tag specifies when the CSS rules are to be applied. Here are the most common values:

• screen indicates for use on a computer screen.
• projection for projected presentations.
• handheld for handheld devices (typically with small screens).
• print to style printed web pages.
• all (default value) This is what most people choose. You can leave off the media attribute completely if you want your styles to be applied for all media types.

Advantages of linking to a separate CSS file

Changes to your CSS are reflected across all pages: You only need to make a CSS change once in your single CSS file and all website pages will update.

Changing your website theme is easy: You can replace your CSS file to completely change the look of your website. Check out CSS Zen Garden for the best example of this.

Site speed increases for multiple page requests: When a person first visits your website their browser downloads the HTML of the current page plus the linked CSS file. When they navigate to another page, their browser only needs to download the HTML of the new page, the CSS file is cached so doesn't need to be downloaded again. This can make a big difference particularly if you have a large CSS file.

Disadvantages

• An additional HTTP request is required for each linked CSS file: Excess HTTP requests can delay the rendering of your page. We'll cover the solution to this problem shortly.

You can include as many CSS files in your HTML document as you like by adding multiple link tags, just remember, each file requires an additional HTTP request.

2. Embed CSS With a Style Tag

You can embed CSS rules directly into HTML documents by using a style tag. Here's what this looks like:

Similar to the link tag, the type attribute can be omitted for HTML5, and the media value controls when your styles are applied (leave it off to default to all devices).

Add your CSS rules between the opening and closing style tags and write your CSS the same way as you do in stand-alone stylesheet files.

CSS rules are render-blocking so it's recommended to add style tags into the <head> of the HTML document so they download as soon as possible. We'll discuss render-blocking CSS shortly.

Advantages of embedded style tags

Faster loading times: Because the CSS is part of the HTML document, the whole page exists as just one file. No extra HTTP requests are required. I use this method on my responsive columns demo layouts so when people view the source of the page they can see the HTML and the CSS code together.

Works great with dynamic styles: If you're using a database to generate page content you can also generate dynamic styles at the same time. Blogger does this by dynamically inserting the colors for headings and other elements into the CSS rules embedded in the page. This allows users to change these colors from an admin page without actually editing the CSS in their blog templates.

• Embedded styles must be downloaded with every page request: These styles cannot be cached by the browser and re-used for another page. Because of this, it's recommended to embed a minimal amount of CSS as possible.

3. How to Add Inline Styles to HTML Elements With the Style Attribute

Style rules can be added directly to any HTML element. To do this, simply add a style attribute to the element then enter your rules as a single line of text (a string of characters) for the value.

Here's an example of a heading with inline styles:

Advantages of inline styles

Inline styles override external styles: This is because inline styles have a higher specificity than external CSS.

Faster pages: Just like embedded CSS, no extra HTTP requests are required.

You can change styles without editing the main CSS file: Sometimes you might need to change a style rule but you don't have access to the main website stylesheet, with this method you can add rules directly to each element instead.

Great for dynamic styles: For example, you can add a background-image URL as an inline style if it's different for each element.

Useful for HTML emails: EDMs (Electronic Direct Marketing) can be tricky to get right in all email clients, often the best way is to use inline styles everywhere.

Excess styles can bloat your page: If you're specifying the same styles over and over your page weight will grow.

Maintenance can be tricky: Site-wide style changes will need to be made on every page, this can be tedious.

4. Load a Stylesheet File With the @import Rule

Another interesting way to add CSS to an HTML page is with the @import rule. This rule lets us attach a new CSS file from within CSS itself. Here's how this looks:

Just change "newstyles" to the name of your CSS file and be sure to include the correct path to the file too. Remember the path is relative to the current CSS file that we are in, if the CSS is embedded into the HTML page then the path is relative to the HTML file.

Advantages of the @import rule

• Adding new CSS files without changing HTML markup: Let's imagine we have a 1000 page website and we link to a CSS file from every page on the site. Now let's imagine we want to add a second CSS file to all of those pages. We could edit all 1000 HTML files and add a second CSS link or we could import the second CSS file from within the first file. We just saved ourselves many hours of work!

Extra HTTP requests required: Every imported CSS file requires an additional HTTP request which can slow down page rendering.

Slow serial HTTP requests: If you import a CSS file from an existing external CSS file then the browser cannot begin downloading the second file until after it has received the first file and read its contents. You want to avoid serial CSS requests whenever possible.

5. Inject CSS With Javascript

Sometimes we need to apply CSS from within Javascript. We can do this in the following ways:

Inject an external stylesheet file with javascript

To do this we create a link element, add our CSS file path as the href attribute value, then inject it into the page with javascript:

Want to inject CSS into a shadow DOM? See the instructions in my article: Style Blocker: How To Prevent CSS Cascade With Shadow DOM

Insert a block of rules into a page with javascript

This method creates a style element, inserts our CSS rules as a string, then attaches the element to the HTML head.

Add inline styles to individual elements with javascript

In this method we first get a handle on the element(s) we want to change, then we add CSS properties.

Important note: In Javascript, multi-word CSS properties have their hyphens replaced with camel case, so background-color becomes backgroundColor (notice the capital 'C').

So now we've covered all the methods of adding CSS to HTML the next step is to learn how to put them all together and improve your website speed.

How to minify CSS to speed up your website

CSS in its hand-written state is quite verbose. We can reduce its file size by a process of minification.

What is CSS minifying?

Minifying CSS is the process of removing redundant data without affecting the browser's rendered output, this includes removing whitespace, line breaks, comments, unused code, and switching to shorthand properties to save space.

I recommend using CSS minifyer , it's a free online tool. Just make sure you keep a copy of your unminified CSS as your source code.

How to Inline Your Above-The-Fold CSS to Improve Page Rendering Time

If you want your page to load fast then you need to prioritize your above-the-fold content.

Above-the-fold content is any content that is visible in the viewport before you scroll down the page, naturally, this will be different for different sized devices and screens.

There is no exact answer to where the 'fold' is — you need to decide how far down the page is right for you based on the screen sizes of your website visitors. Check your site statistics for insights on this.

Once you've made a call on your page fold, identify all elements that appear above it, then inline that CSS in a style tag.

Next, link to your main stylesheet in a non-render-blocking way. For most modern browsers you can do this by adding the following attributes to your link tag:

Check async CSS loading on icanuse.com for the latest support stats.

If you need to support older browsers, use the loadCSS polyfill which does the same thing with javascript.

This method works by utilizing browser caching for the main stylesheet and maximizes rendering speed by inlining CSS that's required for the initial page load, very neat!

Use Minimal CSS for Additional Speed Gains

The most important thing you can do to stop CSS from slowing down your website is to use as little as possible. It's surprising how little CSS you need to make a beautiful-looking website.

I aim for a stylesheet small enough to be inlined on every page eliminating extra HTTP requests. This ensures my pages load with a single request (not including images).

So now you've learned all the methods of adding CSS to HTML and you've seen how they can work together to speed up your website.

I hope you've found this tutorial valuable.

Do you use <div> tags to structure your website? Read this first: Replace Divs With Custom Elements For Superior Markup

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How To Use CSS In HTML

In this section, we are going to learn how to use CSS in HTML. We will go through the different 3 ways of using CSS in HTML with its pros and cons.

CSS is a style sheet language that describes the presentation of a document written in HTML. CSS describes how HTML elements should be displayed on the screen, on paper, in print, or in other media.

But both HTML and CSS are not the same things they are two different languages. So we need to connect them to make them work together.

Include CSS In HTML

There are 3 different ways to include CSS in HTML.

• Inline CSS - Inline CSS is the CSS code that is written inside the HTML tag.
• Internal CSS - Internal CSS is the CSS code that is written inside the HTML file in the <style> tag.
• External CSS - External CSS is written in a separate CSS file and is included in the HTML file using the <link> tag.

1. Inline CSS

Inline CSS is written directly inside the HTML tag using the style attribute on the element.

The CSS properties are written in property: value pair. If there is more than one property then they are separated by semicolons.

2. Internal CSS

Internal CSS is also called embeded CSS. The CSS code is written within the HTML file in the <style> tag.

The <style> element is placed in the head of the HTML file.

While writing internal CSS you have to target the element first by using CSS selectors and then write the CSS properties in property: value pairs separated by semicolons.

3. External CSS

External CSS is the best way to write CSS code. It is written in a separate CSS file and is included in the HTML file using the <link> tag.

Here are the complete steps to create and include an external CSS file in the HTML file.

• Create a CSS file with an extension of .css .
• Target the element from the desired HTML file and write the CSS code in it.
• Include the CSS file in the HTML file using the <link> tag. Set path to the CSS file using href attribute.

Your external file is now linked to the HTML file and you can link it to as many HTML files as you want.

• External CSS

Import in CSS

Importing a CSS file within another CSS file is a great way to reuse CSS code.

To import a CSS file use the @import at-rule and set the path to the CSS file using url('') . Example @import url('./style.css') .

You can import CSS files directly in HTML file within the <style> tag or in external CSS file.

You can import multiple CSS files in the same CSS file. Example @import url('./style.css'); @import url('./style2.css'); . Once imported, the importing CSS file will have all the properties of the imported CSS file.

Note : The @import rule must come at the beginning of the CSS file. Also importing a stylesheet in another file is not recommended for the performance issues.

You can include CSS style in HTML files in 3 different ways inline, internal and external. You can also import CSS files into another CSS file.

External style is a recommended way to include CSS style in HTML files this way you can control the style of the entire website.

How to Add CSS to HTML: Understanding Inline, Internal & External CSS

Published: April 03, 2024

If you’re building a website, HTML is your best friend. With it, you create all of your page content, including headings, paragraphs, images, tables, forms, lists, and so on. However, you can’t control how these elements look on the page, at least not with HTML alone. That’s why we have CSS.

CSS determines how the contents of a web page look when shown in browser. It can be used for a huge range of stylistic purposes, from changing colors and animating elements to determining the whole layout of your page.

HTML and CSS go hand in hand, but it’s up to you to decide how they’re joined. So, let's learn how to add CSS to your HTML.

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How to Add CSS to HTML

There are three ways to add CSS to HTML:

• Inline CSS places the CSS inside an HTML tag and affects only that element.
• Internal CSS is placed inside a <style> element, which goes inside the <head> of the HTML document.
• External CSS exists in a separate file called an external stylesheet, and requires a <link> element placed inside the head section of an HTML file.

Let’s walk through each of these methods in more detail and discuss their ideal use cases.

How to Add Inline CSS to HTML

Inline CSS, also called an embedded stylesheet, goes "inside" the HTML. To add inline CSS, use a style attribute inside the opening tag of an HTML element. Here's the syntax:

Inline CSS will override any other CSS targeting the same element. Because it's the “closest” to the HTML, browsers determine that inline CSS declarations are the most relevant to the HTML element and should be applied.

For this reason, inline CSS is effective for targeting a single element with unique style properties. However, it should be avoided if it's possible to use internal or external CSS, since inline CSS is difficult to maintain and it’s generally considered a better practice to keep your HTML and CSS separate.

Inline CSS Example

Say you want to change the color of a single word in a paragraph to a bright orange. Wrap the key term in span tags, then add a style attribute with the color property inside the opening <span> tag. Then, set the color property to your shade of orange. Here’s what that looks like:

See the Pen Inline CSS Example by HubSpot ( @hubspot ) on CodePen .

How to Add Internal CSS to HTML

Internal CSS is placed inside an HTML document inside <style> tags in the <head> section of the document. A CSS property and value is still set, but instead of being placed inside a style attribute, it is placed inside brackets and defined by a CSS selector .

Using internal CSS is considered a better practice than using inline CSS because it is easier to maintain and results in less code. Internal CSS allows you to style groups of elements at once, rather than having to add the same style attributes to elements over and over again.

Also, since internal CSS separates the CSS and HTML into different sections but keeps it in the same document, internal CSS is ideal for simple, one-page websites. All your code is in one file, making it easy to access.

But, if you have a multi-page site and would like to make changes across your site, you'll have to open up each HTML file representing those pages and add or change the internal CSS in each head section. That’s why it’s better to use external CSS in this case.

Internal CSS Example

Say you want to change the text color of every paragraph on a page to orange. Add <style></style> tags to the <head> section of the HTML document. Inside the <style> tags, add a rule that sets the color property to orange. Assign this sule to the p selector.

Here's what the HTML file would look like:

And here's the result:

How to Add an External CSS File to HTML

External CSS is formatted like internal CSS, but it isn’t wrapped in <style> tags or placed in your HTML file. Instead, it’s placed in a separate file called an external stylesheet. This file ends with the extension “.css.”

In the <head> section of your HTML document, you just need to add a link to this external stylesheet using the <link> Element. Here’s what that looks like:

Using external CSS is considered the best practice for a few reasons.

• Since you can make changes across your site by changing the CSS in this external file, it’s the most time-effective method.
• It’s the most SEO-friendly. Storing CSS in another file makes your HTML file easier to read for search engines.
• It enables a visitor’s browser to cache the CSS file to load your website faster for their next visit.

External CSS Example

Let’s use external CSS to style a div in HTML. Here’s how the HTML and CSS files would look:

Here’s how the div would look on the front-end:

See the Pen external css example by HubSpot ( @hubspot ) on CodePen .

Working With All Three Types of CSS

Technically, you can use all three styles of CSS on the same website. However, to understand how your HTML will actually look on the front end, you need to understand how CSS determines hierarchy.

CSS stands for “Cascading Style Sheets.” The “cascading” bit is important — it means that styles can inherit and override other styles that had previously been declared.

Inline CSS added to an element always overwrites any other internal CSS, which overwrites any external CSS. Here’s an easy way to remember: Whatever style of CSS is closest to the HTML is considered more relevant by browsers and will therefore be applied. This hierarchy is known as CSS specificity .

Customize your site with CSS.

Changing the look of your site is easy with CSS. Using any of the methods above, you can quickly and easily add CSS to your website to match the unique look and feel of your brand.

Editor's note: This post was originally published in May 2021 and has been updated for comprehensiveness.

Don't forget to share this post!

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HTML Tutorial

Html graphics, html examples, html references, html introduction.

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

What is HTML?

• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
• HTML describes the structure of a Web page
• HTML consists of a series of elements
• HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
• HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a paragraph", "this is a link", etc.

A Simple HTML Document

Example explained.

• The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document
• The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
• The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
• The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)
• The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
• The <h1> element defines a large heading
• The <p> element defines a paragraph

What is an HTML Element?

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!

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Web Browsers

The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents and display them correctly.

A browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to display the document:

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

Note: The content inside the <body> section will be displayed in a browser. The content inside the <title> element will be shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab.

HTML History

Since the early days of the World Wide Web, there have been many versions of HTML:

This tutorial follows the latest HTML5 standard.

Video: HTML Introduction

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Organizing your CSS

• Overview: CSS building blocks

As you start to work on larger stylesheets and big projects you will discover that maintaining a huge CSS file can be challenging. In this article we will take a brief look at some best practices for writing your CSS to make it easily maintainable, and some of the solutions you will find in use by others to help improve maintainability.

Tips to keep your CSS tidy

Here are some general suggestions for ways to keep your stylesheets organized and tidy.

Does your project have a coding style guide?

If you are working with a team on an existing project, the first thing to check is whether the project has an existing style guide for CSS. The team style guide should always win over your own personal preferences. There often isn't a right or wrong way to do things, but consistency is important.

For example, have a look at the CSS guidelines for MDN code examples .

Keep it consistent

If you get to set the rules for the project or are working alone, then the most important thing to do is to keep things consistent. Consistency can be applied in all sorts of ways, such as using the same naming conventions for classes, choosing one method of describing color, or maintaining consistent formatting. (For example, will you use tabs or spaces to indent your code? If spaces, how many spaces?)

Having a set of rules you always follow reduces the amount of mental overhead needed when writing CSS, as some of the decisions are already made.

Formatting readable CSS

There are a couple of ways you will see CSS formatted. Some developers put all of the rules onto a single line, like so:

Other developers prefer to break everything onto a new line:

CSS doesn't mind which one you use. We personally find it is more readable to have each property and value pair on a new line.

Comment your CSS

Adding comments to your CSS will help any future developer work with your CSS file, but will also help you when you come back to the project after a break.

A good tip is to add a block of comments between logical sections in your stylesheet too, to help locate different sections quickly when scanning it, or even to give you something to search for to jump right into that part of the CSS. If you use a string that won't appear in the code, you can jump from section to section by searching for it — below we have used || .

You don't need to comment every single thing in your CSS, as much of it will be self-explanatory. What you should comment are the things where you made a particular decision for a reason.

You may have used a CSS property in a specific way to get around older browser incompatibilities, for example:

Perhaps you followed a tutorial to achieve something, and the CSS isn't very self-explanatory or recognizable. In that case, you could add the URL of the tutorial to the comments. You will thank yourself when you come back to this project in a year or so and can vaguely remember that there was a great tutorial about that thing, but can't recall where it's from.

Create logical sections in your stylesheet

It is a good idea to have all of the common styling first in the stylesheet. This means all of the styles which will generally apply unless you do something special with that element. You will typically have rules set up for:

• h1 , h2 , h3 , h4 , h5
• The table properties

In this section of the stylesheet we are providing default styling for the type on the site, setting up a default style for data tables and lists and so on.

After this section, we could define a few utility classes, for example, a class that removes the default list style for lists we're going to display as flex items or in some other way. If you have a few styling choices you know you will want to apply to lots of different elements, they can be put in this section.

Then we can add everything that is used sitewide. That might be things like the basic page layout, the header, navigation styling, and so on.

Finally, we will include CSS for specific things, broken down by the context, page, or even component in which they are used.

By ordering things in this way, we at least have an idea in which part of the stylesheet we will be looking for something that we want to change.

Avoid overly-specific selectors

If you create very specific selectors, you will often find that you need to duplicate chunks of your CSS to apply the same rules to another element. For example, you might have something like the selector below, which applies the rule to a <p> with a class of box inside an <article> with a class of main .

If you then wanted to apply the same rules to something outside of main , or to something other than a <p> , you would have to add another selector to these rules or create a whole new ruleset. Instead, you could use the selector .box to apply your rule to any element that has the class box :

There will be times when making something more specific makes sense; however, this will generally be an exception rather than usual practice.

Break large stylesheets into multiple smaller ones

In cases where you have very different styles for distinct parts of the site, you might want to have one stylesheet that includes all the global rules, as well as some smaller stylesheets that include the specific rules needed for those sections. You can link to multiple stylesheets from one page, and the normal rules of the cascade apply, with rules in stylesheets linked later coming after rules in stylesheets linked earlier.

For example, we might have an online store as part of the site, with a lot of CSS used only for styling the product listings and forms needed for the store. It would make sense to have those things in a different stylesheet, only linked to on store pages.

This can make it easier to keep your CSS organized, and also means that if multiple people are working on the CSS, you will have fewer situations where two people need to work on the same stylesheet at once, leading to conflicts in source control.

Other tools that can help

CSS itself doesn't have much in the way of in-built organization; therefore, the level of consistency in your CSS will largely depend on you. The web community has developed various tools and approaches that can help you to manage larger CSS projects. Since you are likely to come across these aids when working with other people, and since they are often of help generally, we've included a short guide to some of them.

CSS methodologies

Instead of needing to come up with your own rules for writing CSS, you may benefit from adopting one of the approaches already designed by the community and tested across many projects. These methodologies are essentially CSS coding guides that take a very structured approach to writing and organizing CSS. Typically they tend to render CSS more verbosely than you might have if you wrote and optimized every selector to a custom set of rules for that project.

However, you do gain a lot of structure by adopting one. Since many of these systems are widely used, other developers are more likely to understand the approach you are using and be able to write their own CSS in the same way, rather than having to work out your own personal methodology from scratch.

Most of the approaches you will encounter owe something to the concept of Object Oriented CSS (OOCSS), an approach made popular by the work of Nicole Sullivan . The basic idea of OOCSS is to separate your CSS into reusable objects, which can be used anywhere you need on your site. The standard example of OOCSS is the pattern described as The Media Object . This is a pattern with a fixed size image, video or other element on one side, and flexible content on the other. It's a pattern we see all over websites for comments, listings, and so on.

If you are not taking an OOCSS approach you might create a custom CSS for the different places this pattern is used, for example, by creating two classes, one called comment with a bunch of rules for the component parts, and another called list-item with almost the same rules as the comment class except for some tiny differences. The differences between these two components are the list-item has a bottom border, and images in comments have a border whereas list-item images do not.

In OOCSS, you would create one pattern called media that would have all of the common CSS for both patterns — a base class for things that are generally the shape of the media object. Then we'd add an additional class to deal with those tiny differences, thus extending that styling in specific ways.

In your HTML, the comment would need both the media and comment classes applied:

The list-item would have media and list-item applied:

The work that Nicole Sullivan did in describing this approach and promoting it means that even people who are not strictly following an OOCSS approach today will generally be reusing CSS in this way — it has entered our understanding as a good way to approach things in general.

BEM stands for Block Element Modifier. In BEM a block is a stand-alone entity such as a button, menu, or logo. An element is something like a list item or a title that is tied to the block it is in. A modifier is a flag on a block or element that changes the styling or behavior. You will be able to recognize code that uses BEM due to the extensive use of dashes and underscores in the CSS classes. For example, look at the classes applied to this HTML from the page about BEM Naming conventions :

The additional classes are similar to those used in the OOCSS example; however, they use the strict naming conventions of BEM.

BEM is widely used in larger web projects and many people write their CSS in this way. It is likely that you will come across examples, even in tutorials, that use BEM syntax, without mentioning why the CSS is structured in such a way.

Read more about this system BEM 101 on CSS Tricks.

Other common systems

There are a large number of these systems in use. Other popular approaches include Scalable and Modular Architecture for CSS (SMACSS) , created by Jonathan Snook, ITCSS from Harry Roberts, and Atomic CSS (ACSS) , originally created by Yahoo!. If you come across a project that uses one of these approaches, then the advantage is that you will be able to search and find many articles and guides to help you understand how to code in the same style.

The disadvantage of using such a system is that they can seem overly complex, especially for smaller projects.

Build systems for CSS

Another way to organize CSS is to take advantage of some of the tooling that is available for front-end developers, which allows you to take a slightly more programmatic approach to writing CSS. There are a number of tools, which we refer to as pre-processors and post-processors . A pre-processor runs over your raw files and turns them into a stylesheet, whereas a post-processor takes your finished stylesheet and does something to it — perhaps to optimize it in order that it will load faster.

Using any of these tools will require that your development environment be able to run the scripts that do the pre- and post-processing. Many code editors can do this for you, or you can install command line tools to help.

The most popular pre-processor is Sass . This is not a Sass tutorial, so I will briefly explain a couple of the things that Sass can do, which are really helpful in terms of organization even if you don't use any of the other Sass features. If you want to learn a lot more about Sass, start with the Sass basics article, then move on to their other documentation.

Defining variables

CSS now has native custom properties , making this feature increasingly less important. However, one of the reasons you might use Sass is to be able to define all of the colors and fonts used in a project as settings, then to use that variable around the project. This means that if you realize you have used the wrong shade of blue, you only need change it in one place.

If we created a variable called $base-color , as in the first line below, we could then use it through the stylesheet anywhere that required that color.

Once compiled to CSS, you would end up with the following CSS in the final stylesheet.

Compiling component stylesheets

I mentioned above that one way to organize CSS is to break down stylesheets into smaller stylesheets. When using Sass you can take this to another level and have lots of very small stylesheets — even going as far as having a separate stylesheet for each component. By using the included functionality in Sass (partials), these can all be compiled together into one or a small number of stylesheets to actually link into your website.

So, for example, with partials , you could have several style files inside a directory, say foundation/_code.scss , foundation/_lists.scss , foundation/_footer.scss , foundation/_links.scss , etc. You could then use the Sass @use rule to load them into other stylesheets:

If the partials are all loaded into an index file, as implied above, you can then load that entire directory into another stylesheet in one go:

Note: A simple way to try out Sass is to use CodePen — you can enable Sass for your CSS in the Settings for a Pen, and CodePen will then run the Sass parser for you in order that you can see the resulting webpage with regular CSS applied. Sometimes you will find that CSS tutorials have used Sass rather than plain CSS in their CodePen demos, so it is handy to know a little bit about it.

Post-processing for optimization

If you are concerned about adding size to your stylesheets, for example, by adding a lot of additional comments and whitespace, then a post-processing step could be to optimize the CSS by stripping out anything unnecessary in the production version. An example of a post-processor solution for doing this would be cssnano .

This is the final part of our building blocks module, and as you can see there are many ways in which your exploration of CSS can continue from this point — but now you can go on to testing yourself with our assessments: the first one is linked below.

To learn more about layout in CSS, see the CSS Layout module.

You should also now have the skills to explore the rest of the MDN CSS material. You can look up properties and values, explore our CSS Cookbook for patterns to use, or continue reading in some of the specific guides, such as our Guide to CSS grid layout .

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The operation of this free online tool with built-in HTML cleaner is very intuitive and it's working in your web browser without installing any additional program. Compose your text using the WYSIWYG editor on the left and adjust formatting of the source code on the right. To convert Microsoft Word, PDF or any other rich-text documents to HTML, simply paste it in the visual editor. Perform bulk operations on the HTML code by clicking the Clean button after adjusting the settings.

Before you start composing the content for a live website I advise you to experiment with the features populating the work area with a demo text clicking the Quick Tour menu option.

The visual editor works like a regular text composer, just use the commands above the text area to adjust the content and in the meantime you'll notice the source editor changing with it. If you're familiar with HTML code composing then you can adjust the code on the right.

Being a free demonstration for the pro version, this tool has its limitations such as showing ads and having fewer options.

The Control Panel of the WYSIWYG Editor

Div Table Styling

Make sure you apply the CSS code below when you publish tables converted to div elements. Try the interactive online table styler which can generate grids from both div and table elements.

Please note that the class names used by us are slightly different than the ones used by DivTable.com.

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Other important features.

Use these HTML editor features to practice and to maximize your coding efficiency.

• Document converter To convert any visual document like Excel, PDF, Word to HTML just paste the doc in the visual editor and the markup will show up instantly on the right.
• Online text editor Compose documents, just like in any rich text editor . Use the control panel to include images, tables, headings, lists and other items in your paper.
• Copy - paste The editor won't allow you to save the documents. For this you have to copy your generated code into a blank text file, change its extension to .html and open it in a web browser . If you use a CMS , like Wordpress, then you have to copy the code in the back-end and publish the page/article.
• Work with tables Using the WYSIWYG editor panel you can create a table of any dimmension with only 2 clicks. There's a cleaning option to convert them to structured and styled DIV tags.
• Undo Both editors have this function which allows to revert back to a previous state if something goes wrong. For example, to restore the document before performing the cleaning.
• Interactive demo Take a 4-step tour going through the features clicking the Quick Tour menu item. Learn how to use the redactor and experiment with the demo text.

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Inline CSS Guide – How to Style an HTML Tag Directly

You’ve written some HTML and now need to style it with CSS. One way is to use inline styles, which is what this article is about.

Before we jump into the nuances of inline styles—when, why, and how to use them—it’s important to be aware of the other ways to style your HTML. That way, you choose the best option for your code.

Here’s a summary of your options.

External Stylesheet

Developers typically keep all of their CSS in an external stylesheet. In your HTML file, use the <link> element to link to your external stylesheet, which contains your CSS.

Inside the file, index.css, we have our CSS rules.

Internal stylesheet

Another option for styling CSS is using an internal stylesheet. This means defining your CSS rules inside the <style> element in your HTML file.

Inline Styles

Less frequently, you’ll find yourself reaching for inline styles. But they’re still important to know about because there are certain occasions when they come in handy.

With inline styles, you’ll add the style attribute to an HTML tag followed by your CSS to style an element.

So in our case, the text of the first paragraph is red with a font-size of 20px. The second one, however, remains unchanged.

Let’s take a closer look at how and when to use inline styles. We'll also uncover why only one of our paragraphs is styled.

What’s an HTML Tag?

With inline styles, you apply CSS to the style attribute in the opening HTML tag.

Examples of HTML tags include:

• <body>...</body>
• <h1>...</h1>
• <p>...</p>

Opening and closing tags are often part of the HTML element , which can contain text, data, an image, or nothing at all.

Here, we have an element of text.

We can use inline styles to style this element by adding the style attribute to the opening tag, followed by CSS property-value pairs.

Let’s walk through how we used inline styles.

How to Use Inline Styles

Add the style attribute to the tag you want to style, followed by an equals sign. Start and end your CSS with double quotation marks.

Add property-value pairs to the style attribute. Add a semicolon after each property-value pair.

So when we put everything together, it looks like this:

Key Points to Know

Unlike internal and external stylesheets, inline styles don’t contain curly braces or line breaks. That is, write your CSS all on the same line when using inline styles.

Also, keep in mind that inline styles only affect the specific element that you add the style attribute with CSS property-value pairs to.

For example, in the code below only the first paragraph is styled red with a font-size of 20px.

If we want to style the text of both paragraphs with inline styles, then we need to add CSS to the style attribute to the second <p> as well.

However, if we used an external stylesheet, for example, we could easily style both paragraphs without duplicating our code by using a single CSS selector.

This brings us to an important topic: when to use and when not to use inline styles.

When to Use (and when NOT to use) Inline Styles

Say you have an HTML file with ten or more paragraph tags. Can you imagine styling each one individually with inline styles?

Doing so will quickly clutter your code, making it hard to read and maintain.

Besides, inline styles can introduce specificity issues if you’re also using internal or external stylesheets.

That’s because inline styles have a high specificity . This means they'll override most other rules in internal and external stylesheets, except for the !important declaration.

For example, we added inline styles to two paragraph elements. We’ve also added an internal stylesheet.

The CSS from our inline styles override the CSS in the internal stylesheet. So we end up with two blue paragraphs.

External stylesheets are also much easier to maintain when you or someone else needs to make a change. This is because a style from an external or internal stylesheet can apply to multiple elements, while an inline one must be applied to each element individually.

For example, say you need to update a style to ten elements. It’s easier to make the change once in an external stylesheet, instead of ten different times in your HTML file.

In general, it’s often best practice to put your CSS into a separate file. That way, your HTML file contains the structure and content of your website, and your CSS file contains your styles. Doing so makes your code easier to read and manage.

However, there are times when it may make sense to use inline styles:

• Add a style and see the change quickly, which can be useful for testing .
• Use the style attribute in JavaScript to apply styling.

Most of the time you’ll want to use external stylesheets. But you’ll occasionally find yourself using inline styles, most commonly in the above situations.

I write about learning to program, and the best ways to go about it on my blog at amymhaddad.com .

Programmer and writer | howtolearneffectively.com | dailyskillplanner.com

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How to put HTML, CSS and JS in one single file

So I have created a landing page for a client's website. They apparenlty can't upload the folder with the JS files, so they need all the JS and CSS in one same file.

I started putting (before the body section) all the CSS putting it into and the JS putting in into , but all the animations inside the JS don't work.

Is there any way/advice on how to put it all together?

Ps: I could give more info if needed!

• Are the animations done in jquery? Are you importing any JS libs locally? –  Bojan Ivanac Commented Nov 15, 2017 at 11:44
• How do you expect us to tell you what's wrong without sharing your code ???? –  anteAdamovic Commented Nov 15, 2017 at 11:45
• Welcome to SO! " I could give more info if needed ": looks like it is needed. Please make sure to provide an MCVE in your questions. –  ghybs Commented Nov 15, 2017 at 11:52
• Add your code of JS. –  Naveed Ramzan Commented Nov 15, 2017 at 11:53
• I doubt their inability to upload a folder to their hosting. I'd spend the time you're wasting stuffing all the content in to a single file trying to upload the correct content structure instead –  Rory McCrossan Commented Nov 15, 2017 at 11:57

2 Answers 2

You just need to add a style section and a scripts section in the head

• 2 Would be interesting if there is a Webpack Plugin that does this. –  Polv Commented Aug 17, 2019 at 4:19
• @Polv did you have further infos for this ? –  moutonjr Commented Sep 23, 2019 at 8:55
• Isn't the <script> tag supposed to go after the body? –  Joel 8 bitar Commented Oct 28, 2022 at 11:55
• @Joel8bitar - it can actually go anywhere and modern browsers will do their thing and render it. In fact, if your script is very large and will delay rendering, it'll be better after as it won't impact the page load time. There's also considerations if your script is manipulating the DOM, as the DOM elements need to exists at he moment the script is ran. You can handle this before the body using a document onload event, or after the body using an IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) –  Tree Frog Commented Oct 31, 2022 at 12:54

you cannot save all the file extension into one single file. Css is .css, Javascript is .js. but you can link all those files into your html

for javascript

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