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MLA Formatting and Style Guide
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The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA 9 th edition, including how to format the Works Cited page and in-text citations.
Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel .
Creating a Works Cited list using the ninth edition
MLA is a style of documentation that may be applied to many different types of writing. Since texts have become increasingly digital, and the same document may often be found in several different sources, following a set of rigid rules no longer suffices.
Thus, the current system is based on a few guiding principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules. While the handbook still describes how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves. This gives writers a flexible method that is near-universally applicable.
Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field.
Here is an overview of the process:
When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order:
- Title of source.
- Title of container,
- Other contributors,
- Publication date,
Each element should be followed by the corresponding punctuation mark shown above. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication and required different punctuation (such as journal editions in parentheses and colons after issue numbers) depending on the type of source. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (only commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics.
Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.
Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. Routledge, 1994.
Title of source
The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks.
A book should be in italics:
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House . MacMurray, 1999.
An individual webpage should be in quotation marks. The name of the parent website, which MLA treats as a "container," should follow in italics:
Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html.*
A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) article should be in quotation marks:
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature , vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.
A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks. The name of the album should then follow in italics:
Beyoncé. "Pray You Catch Me." Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/.
*The MLA handbook recommends including URLs when citing online sources. For more information, see the “Optional Elements” section below.
Title of container
The eighth edition of the MLA handbook introduced what are referred to as "containers," which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container.
Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.
The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works.
Wise, DeWanda. “Why TV Shows Make Me Feel Less Alone.” NAMI, 31 May 2019, www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/May-2019/How-TV-Shows-Make-Me-Feel-Less-Alone . Accessed 3 June 2019.
In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books , or watched a television series on Netflix . You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation , season 2, episode 21, NBC , 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962.
Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal , vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.
Other contributors
In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard , Vintage-Random House, 1988.
Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room . Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.
If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.
The Bible . Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.
If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation.
Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.
Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.
The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).
Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.
Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System . American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.
Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation . Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015.
Note : The publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, websites whose titles are the same name as their publisher, websites that make works available but do not actually publish them (such as YouTube , WordPress , or JSTOR ).
Publication date
The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on Netflix on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your writing. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication.
In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1999. Below is a general citation for this television episode:
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer , created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999 .
However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode on the date you’re citing.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999 .
You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.
An essay in a book or an article in a journal should include page numbers.
Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94 .
The location of an online work should include a URL. Remove any "http://" or "https://" tag from the beginning of the URL.
Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.
When citing a physical object that you experienced firsthand, identify the place of location.
Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York .
Optional elements
The ninth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. The following is a list of optional elements that can be included in a documented source at the writer’s discretion.
Date of original publication:
If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information.
Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.
City of publication:
The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they were published, your documentation may substitute the city name for the publisher’s name.
Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions . Boston, 1863.
Date of access:
When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time.
Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.
As mentioned above, while the MLA handbook recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion.
A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL.
Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology , vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1002/tox.20155.
Creating in-text citations using the previous (eighth) edition
Although the MLA handbook is currently in its ninth edition, some information about citing in the text using the older (eighth) edition is being retained. The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates the source you consulted. It should properly attribute any ideas, paraphrases, or direct quotations to your source, and should direct readers to the entry in the Works Cited list. For the most part, an in-text citation is the author’s name and the page number (or just the page number, if the author is named in the sentence) in parentheses :
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference. For example: (00:02:15-00:02:35).
Again, your goal is to attribute your source and provide a reference without interrupting your text. Your readers should be able to follow the flow of your argument without becoming distracted by extra information.
How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA
Entire Website
The Purdue OWL . Purdue U Writing Lab, 2019.
Individual Resources
Contributors' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL , Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date.
The new OWL no longer lists most pages' authors or publication dates. Thus, in most cases, citations will begin with the title of the resource, rather than the developer's name.
"MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL, Purdue U Writing Lab. Accessed 18 Jun. 2018.
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Sample Abstract from ERIC
The image below shows an example Abstract that includes the purpose, methods, results, and implications (in that order).
Save annotations in EBSCO account
Use the "Create Note" tool and write your annotation. Copy/paste it to your paper. Or sign up for an EBSCO account (free) so you can save notes.
Save your annotations in your EndNote Basic Account
If you are using your EndNote Basic account to keep track of your references,
- write your annotation in the the "Reference Notes" field,
- then when you are FORMATING your paper and creating your BIBLIOGRAPHY, choose the STYLE APA ANNOTATION SENTENCE STYLE.
Example of Annotated Bibliographies entries (in APA format)
Goldschneider, F. K., Waite, L. J., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51, 541-554.
The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.
Graybosch, A., Scott, G.M. & Garrison, S. (1998). The Philosophy Student Writer's Manual. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Designed to serve as either as a writing guide or as a primary textbook for teaching philosophy through writing, the Manual is an excellent resource for students new to philosophy. Like other books in this area, the Manual contains sections on grammar, writing strategies, introductory informal logic and the different types of writing encountered in various areas of philosophy. Of particular note, however, is the section on conducting research in philosophy. The research strategies and sources of information described there are very much up-to-date, including not only directories and periodical indexes, but also research institutes, interest groups and Internet resources.
Examples of What Your Bibliography Should Not Look Like:
Marieb, Elaine N. (1992). Human Anatomy and Physiology Redwood City, CA: The Benjamin/ Cummings Co.
- I use this book to get the basic information about arthritis, it was very informative.
Keefe FJ., (1996) Pain in Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 24, 279-290
- I got all the facts about exercising with arthritis and the different types of exercise.
How to write an annotated blbiography
An annotated bibliography is....
- a list of citations to books, articles, and documents
- in an appropriate style format i.e.,APA, Chicago Manual of Style, etc.
- with brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraphs -- the annotations (or abstracts).
The annotations inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources; they expose the author's point of view, clarity and appropriateness of expression, and authority.
The Process
- First, locate books, articles, reports, etc. Use library databases like ERIC , Education Source or Google Scholar . Get help on this at http://guides.lib.purdue.edu/education .
- Select those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.
- Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style.
- Write ( do not copy the abstract from the database) a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or more sentences that:
o evaluate the authority or background of the author,
o comment on the intended audience,
o compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or
o explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.
The annotation should include most, if not all, of the following:
- Explanation of the main purpose and scope of the cited work;
- Brief description of the work's format and content ;
- Theoretical basis and currency of the author's argument ;
- Author's intellectual/academic credentials ;
- Work's intended audience ;
- Value and significance of the work as a contribution to the subject under consideration;
- Possible shortcomings or bias in the work;
- Any significant special features of the work (e.g., glossary, appendices, particularly good index);
- Your own brief impression of the work .
An annotated bibliography is an original work created by you . Don't copy the annotation from the book introduction or jacket. Write it yourself. Copying is plagiarism and intellectual dishonesty.
How to Write an Abstract
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TLTE New Researchers Guide : Writing an Annotated Bibliography
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What is an Annotated Bibliography?
The annotated bibliography consists of a list of citations with accompanying paragraphs that describe the relevance, accuracy and quality of the sources as they relate to the subject of the bibliography. The sources selected for the bibliography should give insight into the topic, offer a variety of perspectives, and contribute significantly to the discussion.
Writing & Style Guide Sources
Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) has a great set of resources on citing sources in all the major citation styles.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
The bibliography is formatted according to standard format styles and consists of three sections: (1) The introduction. (2) the Citations and (3)The Annotations and
The Introduction
This outlines the purpose and scope of the bibliography
- Coverage- Selective or Exhaustive
- Subject coverage; Describe the focus of the bibliography explain concisely what is covered and what is not covered.
- Arrangement- How is the bibliography organized: divided into sections by topic, by document format, chronologically, etc.
- Any other selection criteria- language choices, discipline choices etc.
THE CITATIONS
All citations should follow a standard citation format (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.) and sources should be selected according to relevance and criteria informed by the research topic as described in the introduction. Using a Citation Management tool will help you to manage your sources. See the "Citation/Reference Management Tools" tab on this guide.
Online Resource
Purdue University "Research and Citation Resources “The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 10 Mar. 2013. Web. 10 Feb 2016. URL: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/
Books available at University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries.
THE ANNOTATIONS
These are not only descriptive summaries (abstracts) of the sources but should also be evaluative and critical. It should give insight into the importance of the work, the author's views, what it contributes to the topic, how it compares with other text, etc. The type of annotation is dependent on the purpose and subject of the bibliography.
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 APA & Writing
IntroductionWhat is an annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 - 300 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. Annotations vs. AbstractsAbstracts are the purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in periodical indexes. Annotations are descriptive and critical; they may describe the author's point of view, authority, or clarity and appropriateness of expression. They may also comment on the relevance of a source to your particular research. Types of annotationsThe Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) breaks annotations into several categories:
Why write an annotated bibliography?Writing an annotated bibliography is an excellent way to prepare for a research project. Writing a critical evaluation of each source requires you to read more carefully and thoroughly, and to collect resources more intentionally. Professional annotated bibliographies, which are often published, provide a comprehensive overview of important themes, issues, and arguments on a given topic. These can be useful for understanding the state of a particular field of study, and seeing where your research fits within it. How to write an annotated bibliographyFor each citation in your bibliography, write a short paragraph beneath it, and consider the following questions. The length of your annotation will depend on its purpose. A simple summary may be shorter than an annotation that contains analysis or evaluation:
Annotated bibliography examples in APA style: Formatting an annotated bibliography is the same as formatting an APA reference list. You use the same author-date style and place the elements in the same order. Indent the annotation five spaces. You can find examples at the links below:
This 14:48 minute video walks through the steps of writing and formatting your annotated bibliography, including a discussion of the three types of annotation. You can use the timestamps below to navigate to the various sections. 00:00 Introduction 00:33 What is an annotated bibliography? 1:15 Formatting annotated bibliography 5:35 Researching pro tips 7:28 Three types of annotations AttributionContent on this page adapted with permission from Olin Library Reference, Research & Learning Services Cornell University Library and Cornish College of the Arts Library ; and Burkhardt J. M., MacDonald M. C. & Rathemacher A.J. (2010). Teaching information literacy : 50 standards-based exercises for college students (2nd ed.). American Library Association.
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Sample APA Annotated BibliographyWhat is an annotated bibliography, purpose of an annotated bibliography, video: annotated bibliography formatting (apa 7).
Annotated Bibliographies An annotated bibliography is a list of references with an added feature - a paragraph below each reference called an annotation. An annotation may include the following information:
Your instructor will explain the details she/he wants included in an annotation for a specific assignment. The annotations for each source are written in paragraph form. The length of the annotations can vary depending on the purpose and your instructor's directions. Information adapted from the Annotated Bibliographies created by the OWL Purdue Online Writing Lab. Depending on the assignment, the annotated bibliography may serve a number of purposes, including but not limited to:
Always ask your instructor what she wants you to include and if there are any formatting guidelines she would like followed.
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Annotated Bibliographies
Formats for MLA CitationsThere is a separate format for citing each of the types of content that contribute to your research. Do not be overwhelmed! Use one of the websites below, and just copy methodically from their examples until you become familiar with the process. Time consuming at first and frankly picky beyond belief, but it will get easier.
What is it?An annotated bibliography consists of two elements : the bibliography and the annotations. These two elements are blended together: each citation is followed by an annotation. The bibliography is a list of works cited in MLA, APA or another citation style; the annotations describe responses to the content; can be long or short. Their purpose is to make clear to a reader what was in the article or book cited and in some cases, the researcher's response to it. This response should reflect the researcher's larger purpose in composing the bibliography. A typical annotation consists of:
All these elements are not required however . It is up to you to decide what to include. The form of the annotation is a piece of prose writing . It may help to think of it as a narrative of your response to the article or book you read. Make sure you find out from your instructors what citation style they require. Set up your works cited list accordingly, and insert the annotations following each entry. Examples in MLA Style The citations and formatting of the bibliography should follow the current MLA Style guide , which is the 9th edition. Your instructor may prefer an earlier edition, so find out before you start. Annotated Bibliography Book by one author: (note, the author's last name is the only text that is flush left.) Vickery, Amanda. The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England. Yale University Press, 1998 . The Gentleman's Daughter provides an account of the lives of genteel women - the daughters of merchants, the wives of lawyers and the sisters of gentlemen. Based on a study of the letters, diaries and account books of over 100 women from commercial, professional and gentry families, mainly in provincial England, this book provides an account of the lives of genteel women in Georgian times. It challenges the currently influential view that the period witnessed a new division of the everyday worlds of privileged men and women into the separate spheres of home and work. Works Cited List, (bibliography) Book by one author: Vickery, Amanda. The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England . Yale University Press, 1998.
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What is an Annotated Bibliography
Sample Annotated BibliographiesRefer to these annotated bibliographies as you create your own. Note the similarities: what are common features across all annotated bibliographies? Note the differences: what is unique to a discipline, an author, or the reason why the bibliography was written? Citation style: APA, except embedded links to the articles which are for your convenience, but do not adhere to APA style. Citations should also have hanging indents. See Purdue's OWL for proper APA formatting . ArchitectureUrbanova, T. (2009). How to support avian diversity in an urban landscape: A bibliography. Journal of Planning Literature 24 (2), 123-136. doi:10.1177/0885412209347155 Brownlie, D. (2007). Towards effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41 (11), 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161 Kendall, G., Knust, S., Ribeiro, C., & Urrutìa, S. (2010). Scheduling in sports: An annotated bibliography. Computers & Operations Research, 37 (1), 1. doi:10.1016/j.cor.2009.05.013 Conte, S. (2015). Learning community literature: Annotated bibliography. New Directions for Student Services, 2015 (149), 91-100. doi:10.1002/ss.20120 Newnham-Kanas, C., Gorczynski, P., Morrow, D., & Irwin, J. D. (2009). Annotated bibliography of life coaching and health research. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 7 (1), 39-103. doi:10.1.1.556.2042 [In class example]. EngineeringAustbø, B., Løvseth, S. W., & Gundersen, T. (2014). Annotated bibliography—Use of optimization in LNG process design and operation. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 71 , 391-414. doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2014.09.010 Furman, K., & Sahinidis, N. (2002). A critical review and annotated bibliography for heat exchanger network synthesis in the 20th century doi:10.1021/ie010389e Mohamed, O. (2006). Progressive collapse of structures: Annotated bibliography and comparison of codes and standards. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 20 (4), 418-425. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2006)20:4(418) Emerson, J. (2010). Mary Lincoln: An annotated bibliography. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1998-), 103 (2), 180-235. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25701283 [in-class example] Masschelein, A., Meurée, C., Martens, D., Vanasten, S., & Willem, G. (2014). The literary interview: An annotated bibliography. Poetics Today, 35 (1-2), 51-116. doi:10.1215/03335372-2646854 Siddiqui, F. (2014). Annotated bibliography on participatory consultations to help aid the inclusion of marginalized perspectives in setting policy agendas. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13 (1), 124. doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0124-0 Westfall, Matthew Y., Overholser, Linda, Zittleman, Linda, & Westfall, John M. (2015). Cancer survivorship for primary care: Annotated bibliography. Journal of Cancer Policy, 4 , 7-12. doi:10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.03.001 [in-class example] Social SciencesNelson, S. L. (2011). The connection between animal abuse and family violence: A selected annotated bibliography. (Bibliography). Animal Law, 17 (2), 369-414. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2158944 Scott, K. A., & Boocock, S. S. (2007). Sociology. In V. Bowman (Ed.), Scholarly resources for children and childhood studies (pp. 210-238). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
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 APA Citation Guide
Annotated BibliographiesAn annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each source, which is called an annotation. Depending on your assignment, your annotations may include one or more of the following: Summarize : Some annotations merely summarize the source.
Assess : After you summarize a source, it may be helpful to evaluate it.
Reflect : Next, determine how the source fits into your research.
Use the links below to access more information and samples. 
Writing Annotated Bibliographies
Contact a Librarian!  Annotated Bibliography: The BasicsAn annotated bibliography "provides a summary of each source or an explanation of that source’s relevance to your research. Often, an annotated bibliography is a stepping stone in a larger research process." -- Credo Instruct
Try it out! Common Annotated Bibliography Citation Styles
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VIDEO
COMMENTS
A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).
Some annotations may address all three of these steps. Consider the purpose of your annotated bibliography and/or your instructor's directions when deciding how much information to include in your annotations. Please keep in mind that all your text, including the write-up beneath the citation, must be indented so that the author's last name ...
Boston: MIT P, 2001. This is the annotation of the above source, which is formatted according to MLA 2016 (8 th ed.) guidelines for the bibliographic information listed above. If one were really writing an annotation for this source, one would offer a brief summary of what this book says about stem cell research.
Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) provides guidance on creating an annotated bibliography. Below are a few topics covered by the OWL. Below are a few topics covered by the OWL. Annotated Bibliographies - Definitions & Format
APA Style (7th Edition) These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
APA Stylistics: Basics. APA Stylistics: Avoiding Bias. Footnotes & Appendices. Numbers & Statistics. Additional Resources. APA Headings and Seriation. APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation. APA Sample Paper. Tables and Figures.
The Online Writing Lab (the Purdue OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out ...
The Purdue OWL, Purdue U Writing Lab. Accessed 18 Jun. 2018. MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations ...
Purdue Online Writing Lab; APA Style Guide; ... How to Write as a Graduate Student. The OWL Provides some helpful tips on writing as a graduate student. Here are some topics covered. The ... Genres. Writing a Thesis/Dissertation. Creating an Annotated Bibliography. The OWL also provides guidance on creating an annotated bibliography, a common ...
An annotated bibliography is a list of references with an added feature - a paragraph below each reference called an annotation. ... Information adapted from the Annotated Bibliographies created by the OWL Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purpose Of An Annotated Bibliography. Depending on the assignment, the annotated bibliography may serve a number ...
Collection of short tutorials and help screens designed for Purdue's College of Education students and faculty. ... Example of Annotated Bibliographies entries (in APA format) Goldschneider, F. K., Waite, L. J., & Witsberger, C. (1986). ... the Manual contains sections on grammar, writing strategies, introductory informal logic and the ...
Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL): Annotated Bibliographies. Purdue OWL: What is an Annotated Bibliography? Purdue OWL Video Link. Next: Annotated Bibliography Resources >> Last Updated: Jan 29, 2024 5:06 PM; Subjects: Teaching, Learning, and Information Literary Resources; Tags: writing;
Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) has a great set of resources on citing sources in all the major citation styles. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY The bibliography is formatted according to standard format styles and consists of three sections: (1) The introduction.
The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) breaks annotations into several categories: Summarize: Some annotations merely summarize the source. What are the main arguments? What is the point of this book or article? ... Writing an annotated bibliography is an excellent way to prepare for a research project. Writing a critical evaluation of each source ...
The OWL at Purdue University. OWL at Purdue. The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University has many resources to assist in writing an annotated bibliography. Easy Definition. Annotated Bibliography Elements. Next: Examples of Annotated Bibliographies >>
An annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each source, which is called an annotation. Depending on your assignment, your annotations may include one or more of the following: ... From Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) Annotated Bibliography Samples. From Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) << Previous: More; Next: Ask Us ...
An annotated bibliography is a list of references with an added feature - a paragraph below each reference called an annotation. ... Information adapted from the Annotated Bibliographies created by the OWL Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purpose Of An Annotated Bibliography. Depending on the assignment, the annotated bibliography may serve a number ...
OWL @ Purdue. OWL @ Purdue. Purdue Online Writing Lab produced this excellent guide to compiling an annotated bibliography. Purdue OWL: What is an Annotated Bibliography? Purdue OWL Video Link. Next: Annotated Bibliography Resources >> Last Updated: Jan 29, 2024 5:06 PM;
Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) is easy to navigate and very complete instructions. What is it? An annotated bibliography consists of two elements: the bibliography and the annotations. These two elements are blended together: each citation is followed by an annotation.
Annotated Bibliographies - (Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL), Purdue University) Definitions of and reasons for an annotated bibliography, and brief information on what an annotation might contain. ... See section on writing an Annotated Bibliography. Brief explanation of an annotated bibliography, along with information on two types of entries ...
Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides a definition, explanation, and formatting for annotated bibliographies. It focuses primarily on MLA and APA styles. ... A critical review and annotated bibliography for heat exchanger network synthesis in the 20th century doi:10.1021/ie010389e . Mohamed, O. (2006). Progressive collapse of structures ...
An annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each source, which is called an annotation. Depending on your assignment, your annotations may include one or more of the following: ... From Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) Annotated Bibliography Samples. From Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) << Previous: Websites; Next: Ask Us ...
An annotated bibliography "provides a summary of each source or an explanation of that source's relevance to your research. Often, an annotated bibliography is a stepping stone in a larger research process." ... Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL): Annotated Bibliographies.