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To help you summarize and analyze your argumentative texts , your articles, your scientific texts, your history texts as well as your well-structured analyses work of art, Resoomer provides you with a "Summary text tool" : an educational tool that identifies and summarizes the important ideas and facts of your documents. Summarize in 1-Click, go to the main idea or skim through so that you can then interpret your texts quickly and develop your syntheses .

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In our modern, information-heavy world, processing large amounts of text efficiently is crucial. This AI-powered tool is specifically designed for professionals, students, and researchers who frequently need to extract key details from lengthy documents.

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We use state-of-the-art technology to summarize any text. Our core AI is based on the ChatGPT algorythm. ChatGPT uses a technique called extractive summarization to summarize text. Extractive summarization involves identifying and selecting the most important and relevant sentences or phrases from the original text and assembling them to create a summary. This is done by analyzing the text and determining the key concepts, entities and the relationships between them, then using this information to rank and select the most informative sentences. This technique is based on machine learning models such as transformer based models like GPT-2, GPT-3, etc. which are trained on large amounts of text data and are able to understand the meaning and context of the text. This enables the model to identify the most important and relevant information and generate a summary that accurately represents the main ideas and key points of the original text. ‍ We aren't just a summary tool, we use the latest AI models to make sure the summary is not just a shorter version of the text, but an actual summarization of the text with its more important and key takeaways.

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Our free tool allows you to easily upload and condense texts of up to 3000 words, which is roughly equivalent to four standard pages. The resulting summary will be a concise 200-300-word summary, or roughly half a page. Upgrade to a premium account to enjoy even more flexibility, such as the ability to upload longer texts and customize your summary length to your exact needs.

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How to Write a Summary (Examples Included)

Ashley Shaw

Have you ever recommended a book to someone and given them a quick overview? Then you’ve created a summary before!

Summarizing is a common part of everyday communication. It feels easy when you’re recounting what happened on your favorite show, but what do you do when the information gets a little more complex?

Written summaries come with their own set of challenges. You might ask yourself:

• What details are unnecessary?
• How do you put this in your own words without changing the meaning?
• How close can you get to the original without plagiarizing it?
• How long should it be?

The answers to these questions depend on the type of summary you are doing and why you are doing it.

A summary in an academic setting is different to a professional summary—and both of those are very different to summarizing a funny story you want to tell your friends.

One thing they all have in common is that you need to relay information in the clearest way possible to help your reader understand. We’ll look at some different forms of summary, and give you some tips on each.

Let’s get started!

What Is a Summary?

How do you write a summary, how do you write an academic summary, what are the four types of academic summaries, how do i write a professional summary, writing or telling a summary in personal situations, summarizing summaries.

A summary is a shorter version of a larger work. Summaries are used at some level in almost every writing task, from formal documents to personal messages.

When you write a summary, you have an audience that doesn’t know every single thing you know.

When you want them to understand your argument, topic, or stance, you may need to explain some things to catch them up.

Instead of having them read the article or hear every single detail of the story or event, you instead give them a brief overview of what they need to know.

Academic, professional, and personal summaries each require you to consider different things, but there are some key rules they all have in common.

Let’s go over a few general guides to writing a summary first.

1. A summary should always be shorter than the original work, usually considerably.

Even if your summary is the length of a full paper, you are likely summarizing a book or other significantly longer work.

2. A summary should tell the reader the highlights of what they need to know without giving them unnecessary details.

3. It should also include enough details to give a clear and honest picture.

For example, if you summarize an article that says “ The Office is the greatest television show of all time,” but don’t mention that they are specifically referring to sitcoms, then you changed the meaning of the article. That’s a problem! Similarly, if you write a summary of your job history and say you volunteered at a hospital for the last three years, but you don’t add that you only went twice in that time, it becomes a little dishonest.

4. Summaries shouldn’t contain personal opinion.

While in the longer work you are creating you might use opinion, within the summary itself, you should avoid all personal opinion. A summary is different than a review. In this moment, you aren’t saying what you think of the work you are summarizing, you are just giving your audience enough information to know what the work says or did.

Now that we have a good idea of what summaries are in general, let’s talk about some specific types of summary you will likely have to do at some point in your writing life.

An academic summary is one you will create for a class or in other academic writing. The exact elements you will need to include depend on the assignment itself.

However, when you’re asked for an academic summary, this usually this means one of five things, all of which are pretty similar:

• You need to do a presentation in which you talk about an article, book, or report.
• You write a summary paper in which the entire paper is a summary of a specific work.
• You summarize a class discussion, lesson, or reading in the form of personal notes or a discussion board post.
• You do something like an annotated bibliography where you write short summaries of multiple works in preparation of a longer assignment.
• You write quick summaries within the body of another assignment . For example, in an argumentative essay, you will likely need to have short summaries of the sources you use to explain their argument before getting into how the source helps you prove your point.

Regardless of what type of summary you are doing, though, there are a few steps you should always follow:

• Skim the work you are summarizing before you read it. Notice what stands out to you.
• Next, read it in depth . Do the same things stand out?
• Put the full text away and write in a few sentences what the main idea or point was.
• Go back and compare to make sure you didn’t forget anything.
• Expand on this to write and then edit your summary.

Each type of academic summary requires slightly different things. Let’s get down to details.

How Do I Write a Summary Paper?

Sometimes teachers assign something called a summary paper . In this, the entire thing is a summary of one article, book, story, or report.

To understand how to write this paper, let’s talk a little bit about the purpose of such an assignment.

A summary paper is usually given to help a teacher see how well a student understands a reading assignment, but also to help the student digest the reading. Sometimes, it can be difficult to understand things we read right away.

However, a good way to process the information is to put it in our own words. That is the point of a summary paper.

A summary paper is:

• A way to explain in our own words what happened in a paper, book, etc.
• A time to think about what was important in the paper, etc.
• A time to think about the meaning and purpose behind the paper, etc.

Here are some things that a summary paper is not:

• A review. Your thoughts and opinions on the thing you are summarizing don’t need to be here unless otherwise specified.
• A comparison. A comparison paper has a lot of summary in it, but it is different than a summary paper. In this, you are just saying what happened, but you aren’t saying places it could have been done differently.
• A paraphrase (though you might have a little paraphrasing in there). In the section on using summary in longer papers, I talk more about the difference between summaries, paraphrases, and quotes.

Because a summary paper is usually longer than other forms of summary, you will be able to chose more detail. However, it still needs to focus on the important events. Summary papers are usually shorter papers.

Let’s say you are writing a 3–4 page summary. You are likely summarizing a full book or an article or short story, which will be much longer than 3–4 pages.

Imagine that you are the author of the work, and your editor comes to you and says they love what you wrote, but they need it to be 3–4 pages instead.

How would you tell that story (argument, idea, etc.) in that length without losing the heart or intent behind it? That is what belongs in a summary paper.

How Do I Write Useful Academic Notes?

Sometimes, you need to write a summary for yourself in the form of notes or for your classmates in the form of a discussion post.

You might not think you need a specific approach for this. After all, only you are going to see it.

However, summarizing for yourself can sometimes be the most difficult type of summary. If you try to write down everything your teacher says, your hand will cramp and you’ll likely miss a lot.

Yet, transcribing doesn’t work because studies show that writing things down (not typing them) actually helps you remember them better.

So how do you find the balance between summarizing the lessons without leaving out important points?

There are some tips for this:

• If your professor writes it on the board, it is probably important.
• What points do your textbooks include when summarizing information? Use these as a guide.
• Write the highlight of every X amount of time, with X being the time you can go without missing anything or getting tired. This could be one point per minute, or three per five minutes, etc.

How Do I Create an Annotated Biography?

An annotated bibliography requires a very specific style of writing. Often, you will write these before a longer research paper . They will ask you to find a certain amount of articles and write a short annotation for each of them.

While an annotation is more than just a summary, it usually starts with a summary of the work. This will be about 2–3 sentences long. Because you don’t have a lot of room, you really have to think about what the most important thing the work says is.

This will basically ask you to explain the point of the article in these couple of sentences, so you should focus on the main point when expressing it.

Here is an example of a summary section within an annotation about this post:

“In this post, the author explains how to write a summary in different types of settings. She walks through academic, professional, and personal summaries. Ultimately, she claims that summaries should be short explanations that get the audience caught up on the topic without leaving out details that would change the meaning.”

Can I Write a Summary Within an Essay?

Perhaps the most common type of summary you will ever do is a short summary within a longer paper.

For example, if you have to write an argumentative essay, you will likely need to use sources to help support your argument.

However, there is a good chance that your readers won’t have read those same sources.

So, you need to give them enough detail to understand your topic without spending too much time explaining and not enough making your argument.

While this depends on exactly how you are using summary in your paper, often, a good amount of summary is the same amount you would put in an annotation.

Just a few sentences will allow the reader to get an idea of the work before moving on to specific parts of it that might help your argument.

What’s the Difference Between Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Using Quotes?

One important thing to recognize when using summaries in academic settings is that summaries are different than paraphrases or quotes.

A summary is broader and more general. A paraphrase, on the other hand, puts specific parts into your own words. A quote uses the exact words of the original. All of them, however, need to be cited.

Let’s look at an example:

Take these words by Thomas J. Watson:

”Would you like me to give you a formula for success? It’s quite simple, really. Double your rate of failure. You are thinking of failure as the enemy of success. But it isn’t as all. You can be discouraged by failure—or you can learn from it. So go ahead and make mistakes. Make all you can. Because, remember, that’s where you will find success.”

Let’s say I was told to write a summary, a paraphrase, and a quote about this statement. This is what it might look like:

Summary: Thomas J. Watson said that the key to success is actually to fail more often. (This is broad and doesn’t go into details about what he says, but it still gives him credit.)

Paraphrase: Thomas J. Watson, on asking if people would like his formula for success, said that the secret was to fail twice as much. He claimed that when you decide to learn from your mistakes instead of being disappointed by them, and when you start making a lot of them, you will actually find more success. (This includes most of the details, but it is in my own words, while still crediting the source.)

Quote: Thomas J. Watson said, ”Would you like me to give you a formula for success? It’s quite simple, really. Double your rate of failure. You are thinking of failure as the enemy of success. But it isn’t at all. You can be discouraged by failure—or you can learn from it. So go ahead and make mistakes. Make all you can. Because, remember, that’s where you will find success.” (This is the exact words of the original with quotation marks and credit given.)

Avoiding Plagiarism

One of the hardest parts about summarizing someone else’s writing is avoiding plagiarism .

That’s why I have a few rules/tips for you when summarizing anything:

1. Always cite.

If you are talking about someone else’s work in any means, cite your source. If you are summarizing the entire work, all you probably need to do (depending on style guidelines) is say the author’s name. However, if you are summarizing a specific chapter or section, you should state that specifically. Finally, you should make sure to include it in your Work Cited or Reference page.

2. Change the wording.

Sometimes when people are summarizing or paraphrasing a work, they get too close to the original, and actually use the exact words. Unless you use quotation marks, this is plagiarism. However, a good way to avoid this is to hide the article while you are summarizing it. If you don’t have it in front of you, you are less likely to accidentally use the exact words. (However, after you are done, double check that you didn’t miss anything important or give wrong details.)

3. Use a plagiarism checker.

Of course, when you are writing any summary, especially academic summaries, it can be easy to cross the line into plagiarism. If this is a place where you struggle, then ProWritingAid can help.

Just use our Plagiarism Report . It’ll highlight any unoriginal text in your document so you can make sure you are citing everything correctly and summarizing in your own words.

Find out more about ProWritingAid plagiarism bundles.

Along with academic summaries, you might sometimes need to write professional summaries. Often, this means writing a summary about yourself that shows why you are qualified for a position or organization.

In this section, let’s talk about two types of professional summaries: a LinkedIn summary and a summary section within a resume.

How Do I Write My LinkedIn Bio?

LinkedIn is all about professional networking. It offers you a chance to share a brief glimpse of your professional qualifications in a paragraph or two.

This can then be sent to professional connections, or even found by them without you having to reach out. This can help you get a job or build your network.

Your summary is one of the first things a future employer might see about you, and how you write yours can make you stand out from the competition.

Here are some tips on writing a LinkedIn summary :

• Before you write it, think about what you want it to do . If you are looking for a job, what kind of job? What have you done in your past that would stand out to someone hiring for that position? That is what you will want to focus on in your summary.
• Be professional . Unlike many social media platforms, LinkedIn has a reputation for being more formal. Your summary should reflect that to some extent.
• Use keywords . Your summary is searchable, so using keywords that a recruiter might be searching for can help them find you.
• Focus on the start . LinkedIn shows the first 300 characters automatically, and then offers the viewer a chance to read more. Make that start so good that everyone wants to keep reading.
• Focus on accomplishments . Think of your life like a series of albums, and this is your speciality “Greatest Hits” album. What “songs” are you putting on it?

How Do I Summarize My Experience on a Resume?

Writing a professional summary for a resume is different than any other type of summary that you may have to do.

Recruiters go through a lot of resumes every day. They don’t have time to spend ages reading yours, which means you have to wow them quickly.

To do that, you might include a section at the top of your resume that acts almost as an elevator pitch: That one thing you might say to a recruiter to get them to want to talk to you if you only had a 30-second elevator ride.

If you don’t have a lot of experience, though, you might want to skip this section entirely and focus on playing up the experience you do have.

Outside of academic and personal summaries, you use summary a lot in your day-to-day life.

Whether it is telling a good piece of trivia you just learned or a funny story that happened to you, or even setting the stage in creative writing, you summarize all the time.

How you use summary can be an important consideration in whether people want to read your work (or listen to you talk).

Here are some things to think about when telling a story:

• Pick interesting details . Too many and your point will be lost. Not enough, and you didn’t paint the scene or give them a complete idea about what happened.
• Play into the emotions . When telling a story, you want more information than the bare minimum. You want your reader to get the emotion of the story. That requires a little bit more work to accomplish.
• Focus. A summary of one story can lead to another can lead to another. Think about storytellers that you know that go off on a tangent. They never seem to finish one story without telling 100 others!

To wrap up (and to demonstrate everything I just talked about), let’s summarize this post into its most essential parts:

A summary is a great way to quickly give your audience the information they need to understand the topic you are discussing without having to know every detail.

How you write a summary is different depending on what type of summary you are doing:

• An academic summary usually gets to the heart of an article, book, or journal, and it should highlight the main points in your own words. How long it should be depends on the type of assignment it is.
• A professional summary highlights you and your professional, academic, and volunteer history. It shows people in your professional network who you are and why they should hire you, work with you, use your talents, etc.

Being able to tell a good story is another form of summary. You want to tell engaging anecdotes and facts without boring your listeners. This is a skill that is developed over time.

Take your writing to the next level:

20 Editing Tips from Professional Writers

Whether you are writing a novel, essay, article, or email, good writing is an essential part of communicating your ideas., this guide contains the 20 most important writing tips and techniques from a wide range of professional writers..

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Check every email, essay, or story for grammar mistakes. Fix them before you press send.

Ashley Shaw is a former editor and marketer/current PhD student and teacher. When she isn't studying con artists for her dissertation, she's thinking of new ways to help college students better understand and love the writing process. You can follow her on Twitter, or, if you prefer animal accounts, follow her rabbits, Audrey Hopbun and Fredra StaHare, on Instagram.

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It extracts the best appropriate sentences and generates the perfect summary of the given text.

Why use our Text Summarizer?

Whether you have a research paper, blog content, news article, or any other document, this AI summarize tool will provide the exact information that you want.

The summarizer further provides the following features:

Accurate Summarized Text

The AI text summarizer tool uses advanced algorithms to create an accurate overview of your text.

Remember, it doesn’t change the meaning of any text. It only analyzes the text and generates the best-summarized text report.

You can use our paraphrasing tool to create a unique output of your content.

Copy the Result Data

This feature helps users to copy the condensed text just within a single click.

Download the File

The summary generator tool allows users to download the result file in doc format. 

Benefits of using an online Text Summarizer 

Generates instant results.

Now, there is no need to read the entire document to get the main ideas from it. The summarizing tool works quickly and provides you with important data within a blink of an eye.

Increases Productivity

When you are searching for some important information from an article on the web, it takes both time and effort. This tool increases your productivity by quickly providing a summary of the input text.

Boosts the Study Process

The summarization tool helps students instantly find the summary of their lengthy essays and other academic work. It helps them to easily summarize their assignments and notes without any hurdles.

Helps in Skimming

Our summarize tool helps you to skim the important text without performing the skimming process. It also helps you to review the large content within a fraction of a second.

Text summarizer Users

Our Text summarization tool is used by different people and organizations, such as:

Students have to summarize assignments on a regular basis, our summary generator can help with that. Also, students can quickly summarize large texts or articles for study.

Students can also use our thesis statement generator to write explanatory, argumentative, or analytical thesis statements.

Researchers

Researchers can use our summarizing tool to convert multiple articles into a manageable summary for their Literature review. For paper writing, researchers need an AI summarizer to synthesize information from multiple sources.

Businesses use this AI summary tool to summarize reports, emails, and other documents for easy reference and decision-making. News organizations summarize articles to generate news headlines.

Professional Writers

Too much content on the same topic? Let our summarizing tool help you with the best lines for your next publication.

SEO Professionals

Meta title and meta description length matters in search engines. To display key points in meta title and description our summarize tool is perfect. You can also create meta descriptions by summarizing website content or you can use our paragraph generator to write summary paragraphs with a single click.

Summarize your customer reviews, feedback, or other data sources for sentiment analysis with our summary generator.

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AI Summary Generator | Summary Maker

AI Summary Generator offers a free, online summary generator and summary maker. Perfect for quickly condensing articles, papers, and paragraphs into clear, concise summaries. Ideal for students and professionals needing efficient content and text summarization.

AI Summary Generator & Summary Maker

Ever found yourself in a situation where you need to go through an entire document to understand the key points? Or spend hours of time reading news articles, essays, or business reports? Then you are in dire need of a tool that makes the whole thing a lot simpler and smoother.

This is where the summary generator - an AI-powered online tool comes to rescue you. It is built to transform the way you consume textual information. In this digital world, the information is overloaded. Whether it is to stay updated with global news, or to study for our exams, we often find ourselves buried in a big heap of information.

Manually summarizing this whole data would be a tremendous task. It's not just time-consuming but it requires a lot of effort and is always prone to missing out on crucial information. But with summarizing tools like this summarygenerator.ai, it is a cakewalk.

Revolutionizing Text Summarization

Summary generators utilize AI to condense extensive text into concise summaries, saving time and ensuring key information is retained amidst the daily deluge of data. These tools are particularly useful given the average American's exposure to about 34 gigabytes or 100,000 words of non-essential information each day

AI-driven summary generators excel by understanding semantics and context, moving beyond basic text reduction to deliver nuanced summaries. This capability helps users efficiently navigate large documents, focusing on relevant and crucial content without manual effort.

Struggling with slow and inefficient summarization tools?

Common issues with traditional summarization tools.

• Costly subscriptions or fees
• Single mode of summarization
• Delayed results due to processing time
• Fixed and rigid summary lengths
• Often requires software installation or updates

Benefits of Using SummaryGenerator.AI

• 100% Free, no hidden costs
• Dual modes: Summary Text or Bullet Points
• Generate summaries in seconds with real-time summarization
• Choose from Short, Medium, or Long summaries
• Fully online with no need for downloads or updates

AI Powered Online Summary Generator

Free to use.

• Completely free access to advanced text summarization.
• No cost involved at any stage of usage.
• Allows unlimited usage without any financial commitment.

How to Use Summary Generator tool?

Using SummaryGenerator.ai is a straightforward process. Let's walk through the steps you need to follow to generate your first summary.

Visit SummaryGenerator.ai website. Our platform is designed to be responsive, so you can use it on any device of your choice.

On the homepage, you will find a text input box. paste the text you want to summarize into this box., choose your summary mode - 'summary text mode' or 'summary points mode'. you can leave this option as is to get the summary in text mode., next, select the length of your summary. depending on your needs, you can choose from short, medium, or long summary options. this is an optional field., click on the 'generate summary' button. in just a few seconds, you'll have a summary of your text.

Using SummaryGenerator.ai is as simple as that! Our platform is designed to make summarizing a hassle-free process for you. With clean UI and clear navigation, anyone can use the platform with ease.

There are certain points you need to keep in mind to get the best results out of this tool. The quality of the summary text is highly dependent on the kind of input we are feeding. We have kept restrictions on the minimum length of the text we need to keep it to get the summary.

• Input length should be between 100-500 words.
• Choose the summary mode and length for the best results.
• You can review and refine the results by adding more clear input text.

By following these tips, you will always get a simple and readable summary format.

Leveraging Summarizer Generators for Students, Professionals, and More

An online summary generator is a versatile platform that offers a wide range of applications for different sets of users.Whether you are a student struggling to go through lengthy study material or a professional dealing with complex reports, this tool can streamline your summarization process.

For Students:

• In the academic world, tools like summarizers help students to condense lengthy study materials or prepare notes for exams. This is one of the go-to software for them to prepare and consume knowledge better.
• You can summarize text from research papers, books, or lecture notes in a matter of seconds. By going through the summarized concepts, students can focus on the core knowledge without getting lost in the details.

For Professionals:

• Time is a priceless commodity in the professional world. Whether you are going through annual reports, technical documents, or news, professionals need to process a huge wealth of information in a short span. This is where the summary generator helps you boost productivity.
• Our platform is designed and tested to distill lengthy texts to produce the key points out of it. From business analytics to technical managers, marketers to content creators, this platform is the perfect choice for you.
• Get the gist of news data or any market research data much easier now with a free online text summarizer tool like this one.

Feature of this Summary Generator

This summarizing tool is not any other ordinary text summarize tool, it is equipped with advanced features designed to provide comprehensive and flexible summaries.

Let's take a look at a few features that make summarygenerator.ai stand out from other platforms and best for your requirements.

1. Dual Mode for Comprehensive Summaries

Have you ever been in a need of summary of a document in a list of bullet points? With this tool, you can have the leverage to generate summaries in two different formats - Summary mode and Summary Points mode.

• 1. Summary Mode: This mode is the classic text summary mode. It condenses your input text into a concise summary in paragraphs. It maintains the essential points while reducing the overall length. It's perfect for anyone who needs shorter paragraphs of what is there in a lengthy text.
• 2. Summary Points mode: Need a quick overview at a glance? Switch to the points mode. This mode represents the summary in the form of bullet points, making it clear to go through the text in easy-to-read bullet points.

With these dual modes in place, you can select anything that suits your needs.

2. Customizable Summary Length

What's the use when you feed 1000 words news article and it summarizes in 500 words? Every content is different and we understand it is pretty tough to generalize on the summary length. That's why we implemented this customization option for the users to choose the summary length.

• 1. Short - Choose this option when you want a brief overview or if you are short on time. It’s the perfect option to quickly understand what the content is about.
• 2. Medium - When you need a little more details but still want to keep things concise, opt for a medium summary. It offers that balance between the length and depth of the information.
• 3. Long - If you don’t want to miss out on any key points from the lengthy document, choose this option.

This customizable feature is one of the cool and truly makes the "summary generator" It puts you in control of your summaries, ensuring that you are the best one to decide on how you want to read.

Frequently Asked Questions

SummaryGenerator.ai employs advanced AI algorithms to analyze the context and main ideas of the input text. It then condenses these ideas into a coherent and concise summary, making it easier to grasp the essential information quickly.

Yes! SummaryGenerator.ai is completely free to use. You can summarize as many texts as you need without any charge, providing an accessible tool for users across various disciplines.

Absolutely, you can! Our AI-powered summary generator is designed to handle a wide range of text types. Whether it's academic papers, business reports, news articles, or blog posts, SummaryGenerator.ai efficiently produces summaries that capture the core content of your documents.

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Get the Most Out of Your Summarizing Tool: Tips and Tricks for Effective Text Summarization

Select the text size of your conclusion:, what is the term "summarizing tool".

• It is an essential aspect of content creation research and analysis. It can help condense huge quantities of information into a manageable and concise format that is simpler to comprehend and remember. There are numerous summarizing software available for purchase however, which one is the most efficient? This article we'll examine the top summarizing software and evaluate their features to help you decide on the best choice for your needs.
• A summarizing tool is an element of software or an online platform that is able to automatically condense a large amount of content into a short and more concise overview. It can be beneficial in a variety of tasks like creating content, conducting research and analysis. summarizing tools can be utilized to find the most important information in texts, including the principal points, the important concepts, and the most significant quotations.

What to Look For in the Summarizing Tool?

When you are evaluating tools to summarize there are many important aspects to be considered. They include:

accuracy:  The tool should be able to pinpoint the most important concepts and points in the text.

Flexible:  The tool should be capable of handling a vast spectrum of different types of text such as news articles and research papers.

customization:  The tool should let you customize the summary to meet your needs specifically like by changing the length, or focusing on certain keywords.

Usability:  The tool should be simple to understand and use and have an interface that is user-friendly.

If you want to learn coding you can check out code examples to learn faster.

What is summarizing tool?

A computer program or web-based platform referred to as a summarizing software can automatically reduce text to a more concise, manageable summary. Numerous different tasks, including research, creation of content, and analysis, can be benefited by this. Important information from the text, including the most important ideas, the key concepts, as well as important quotations, can be discovered through summarizing methods.

You can quickly and easily summarize any English-language materials with the help of our summary tool. This tool will aid you in saving time and effort , whether you're conducting research to write a paper, composing blog posts or trying to comprehend a difficult work. Our advanced algorithms analyze the text, identify essential information, and provide a summary for you.

Write a summary of any English text, including academic papers, books and articles.

Get the most important data and then present it in a short and clear summary

Advanced algorithms guarantee accuracy and precision

Improve productivity and save time

The user-friendly interface is easy to utilize

Trials for free are available.

What are the best summarizing tools?

Automatic Summarizer  The tool employs advanced algorithms to summarize text in just a few minutes. It allows for a great degree of personalization, allowing users to change your summary's length as well as concentrate on certain keywords.

Summary Tool  It is an easy-to-use and simple option to quickly summarize text. It gives you a range of options for personalizing the summary, such as the option to alter the length of the summary and to focus on particular keywords.

SmallSEOTools The SmallSEOTools is free online summarizing tool that lets you quickly compress text into a brief summary. It also gives a variety of options to customize the summary, which includes the option to alter the length of the summary and concentrate on particular keywords.

SummarizeBot  The tool makes use of natural machine learning and language processing to automatically summarize texts. It provides a high level of precision and versatility, and can process a wide variety of different types of text.

Smmry  It is an easy and quick way to organize text, with a particular focus on highlighting the most important points and concepts. The tool also gives a variety of options to personalize the summary, such as the option of adjusting the length of the summary and concentrate on particular keywords.

In terms of the summarizing tools there are a variety of alternatives available. The right tool for you will be based on your particular requirements and preferences. Take into consideration the precision and flexibility, as well as the customization and the ease of use of each tool before making your choice. Through comparing the top summary tools and comparing their capabilities, you can choose the best choice for your requirements.

How do you use an effective summarizing tool?

The summarizing tool works by analysing the text and identifying most significant phrases and sentences, in accordance with factors such as the frequency of keywords and their relevance to the topic in general. The tool then creates the summary of the most important sentences and phrases and can also eliminate irrelevant or redundant data.

Utilizing a summarizing tool efficiently involves a few steps. First, you must select the text you would like to summarize and paste that text to the software. Then, choose the summary length , then select "summarize." The program will create an overview of your text. Check the summary to be sure that it accurately reflects the major elements of the text.

Best practices for summarizing text

When using a summarizing tool is essential to keep some good practices in your mind. First, you should use the tool with a range of different types of text, including reports, articles and emails, to gain an understanding of how it functions on different kinds of text. Also, make sure to review the summary to ensure it accurately reflects the key elements of the text. Also, you should consider using several summary tools to evaluate the results to determine the one that best suits your requirements.

The most common mistakes to avoid using a summarizing tool

When using a tool to summarize is important to stay clear of some of the most common mistakes. Don't solely rely on the tool to understand the text. Always go through the original text to gain a greater understanding. Don't use the tool to summarise text that is already concise and short. Also, don't make use of the tool to summarise text that is complex or technical because the tool might not be able identify the most important aspects.

Who is our summarizing tool for or who uses it?

No matter if you're a student professional or researcher our summarizing tool can assist you in reducing time and improve the efficiency of your work. It employs sophisticated algorithms to determine and highlight the most significant information from any text so that you can concentrate on the essential points, without getting lost with unnecessary details. With our easy-to-use interface and adjustable settings, you can customize the software to meet your personal requirements and preferences. Test it today and see all the benefits of a comprehensive summarizing tool!

Furthermore, our summarizing tool isn't limited to text. It can be used to summarize video and audio content also. This makes it a perfect tool for podcasters , journalists and video creators who want to compress their content to meet the demands of audience members with limited time. With the capability to summarize video and audio this tool gives you greater flexibility in your work. In the modern world of speed time is a precious commodity and our summarizing tool will help you maximize your time. When you're trying to learn the contents of a research paper simplify a lengthy piece of writing, or make a summary from an episode of a podcast Our tool has the job covered. With its sophisticated algorithms and flexible settings, it's an most effective solution to summarize text. Test it today and see how it will assist you!

Another feature that is unique to our summarizing tool is the capacity to recognize the language used in the text input that makes it suitable for people from all over the world. It is compatible with multiple languages such as English, Spanish, French, German, Chinese and numerous others. This makes it a tool that can be utilized by any user, regardless of the language they prefer.

Additionally to that, our summarizing tool has a built-in plagiarism checker to ensure that the summary created is unique and not copied from another source. This guarantees that the summary created is unique and is able to use for educational or professional use without legal concerns.

In the end the summarizing tool we offer is a powerful and flexible tool that will help you to save time and boost effectiveness when working. It can be used to do audio, text and video summarization. It supports different languages, and also comes with an ability to check for plagiarism. Test it today to find out how it can help you.

In the modern, fast-paced world of digital the issue of information overload is a problem confronted by many people as well as organizations. With all the information accessible online it can become difficult to locate the most pertinent information. This is where the tools to summarize are useful.

The summarizing tools, are made to extract automatically the most significant details from text. It allows users to quickly and quickly take a quick snapshot of the essential points, without needing to read every word of text.

How does our summarizing tool work?

Our text summarizer makes use of a combination of natural machine learning and language processing methods to study the text and pinpoint the most crucial details. It usually works by looking at the frequentity of words and phrases in addition to structuring of text to identify the most important elements.

One of the main advantages of our tool is it's capacity to manage large volumes of text efficiently and quickly. This makes our summarizing tool especially useful for companies that must keep track of a huge amount of data, including research institutes , news media and other institutions .

The benefits of using summarizing tool

There are many benefits of using summarizing tools such as:

• Time savings  By swiftly and easily separating the most important details from text, synthesis tools help users save time which would otherwise be spending reading the whole text.
• Improved productivity  by simplifying the process of searching for relevant data, summary tools can boost productivity for both organizations and individuals.
• Helping to make better decisions  By giving a concise and clear outline of the key elements summarize tools will help users make better educated decisions.

What's the Future of Summarizing Tools?

As natural machine learning and language processing technologies advance the likelihood is that summarizing tools will grow even more accurate and precise. They will be able to process even greater amounts of text and offer additional detailed and pertinent summary.

In the end, summarizing tools are an essential tool for those trying to stay abreast of the vast amounts of information accessible online. If you're a journalist, researcher or a professional in the field A good summary tool can aid you in saving time, boost productivity, and take better choices.

In the end, summarizing tools are becoming more of an essential part of our technological age, where overload of information is a prevalent issue. Summarizing-tool.com is among the most effective summarizing tools online and allows you to quickly extract the most important details from a text. It makes use of a combination of natural machine learning and language processing methods to provide you with an accurate short summary of essential elements. Its ability to process massive amounts of text fast effectively, the program will aid you in increasing productivity, make more informed decisions , and also save time. As natural machine learning and language processing technology continues to develop and improve, summarizing tools will become increasingly useful.

What Can a Summarizing Tool Help You?

Another benefit of our summary tool is its capacity to summarize different kinds of texts, including news articles, research papers ebooks, and much more. It is a flexible instrument that could be employed to serve a variety of applications, such as research for academics as well as news analysis and creating content. No matter if you're a student researcher or an expert, this summary tool will keep you current and informed about the most recent developments in your area of expertise.

Additionally the summarizing tool that we offer is also an excellent tool to improve your comprehension of reading and retention. In reducing long text into short summaries it is easier to comprehend and retain the most important aspects. This is particularly beneficial to students studying for their exams or for professionals who have to keep up-to-date with the most recent developments in their subject.

Furthermore the summarizing tool we offer can be used to create summary of customer reviews and feedback. This is useful for companies and other organizations who are looking to gain a quick understanding of the opinions and sentiments of their clients. By analyzing reviews and feedback from customers businesses can discover patterns and trends that could assist them in improving their offerings and services.

Our summarizing tool is an effective and flexible tool that could be used for a vast array of applications. It will aid you in saving time, improve efficiency, and increase your recall and comprehension. Take a look now and find out how it could assist you.

You can instantly summarize your text online using Our tool

Get fast and precise summary of any text by using our online summary tool. Test it out now and discover how it will benefit you.

What kinds of texts can be written down using a summarizing tool?

A summary tool can be utilized to simplify a variety of texts, such as news articles essays, research papers, research papers and much more. It works with short-form and long-form texts and is used to summarize written as well as spoken texts.

Is our summarizing tool works correctly?

The precision of a summarizing tool will differ based on the software itself and the accuracy algorithm used. Some summarizing software is more precise than others, and it is important to assess the results of the tool prior to using it for critical tasks.

Summarizing tools can be used to check plagiarism?

Although summarizing tools can be used to reduce texts, they are not specifically designed to be used for checking plagiarism. There are additional tools specifically designed to detect plagiarism in writing for example, Turnitin.

Can you use our summarizing tool to manage large documents?

Yes, the summarizing tool is designed to handle huge documents. It is able to quickly and effectively summarize even the longest of texts.

Can I alter how long the summarization produced by the summarizing tool?

The summarizing tool allows you to alter the length of your summary to meet your requirements regardless of whether you require just a short summary or a more thorough one.

Does our summarization tool support different languages?

Our summarization tool supports many languages, which allows you to summarize texts in a variety of languages like English, Spanish, French, German, Italian etc.

Is the summarizing tool accessible online and/or as download software?

The summarizing tool is available online online or as download software. You can access it from any device that has an internet connection, or install it on your personal computer to use offline.

What kind of texts can the summarizing tool be applied on?

summarizing tools can be utilized to summarize a range of text types, including news papers, articles, legally-based documents and many more. They're especially useful when writing long-form documents, like books or reports.

Are there any limitations to the use of a summarizing tool?

While summarizing tools can be helpful in quickly grasping the key elements of a text they are not without limitations. They can miss crucial details or the context of the text, and they are less effective for texts that are extremely complicated or technical. Furthermore your summary's quality could differ based on the software that is being utilized. So, it's crucial to study the summary thoroughly and make use of it as a starting base for further study instead of relying entirely on it.

How can I determine the extent to which my text editing is working?

Rewriting your text is successful when it effectively communicates the same meaning of the original text, but in a different format without introducing additional information, or mistakes. In addition, it must be grammatically correct, and easy to comprehend.

Could you provide examples of when you utilize the process of rewriting text?

A good illustration of text-rewriting may be taking an article on the benefits of exercise regularly and then rewriting it to create an article that focuses that covers the same subject with a new perspective or focus.

Automate the Generation of your Text Summary by utilizing our tool

Improve efficiency and save time by using our automated transcription summary software. Test it today and see the impact it has on your productivity.

Make professional executive summaries with Our Generator. Make your mark with succinct and clear executive summary documents that you have created by the executive summary creator. Take a look now. Learn how to utilize a summarizing tool quickly and effectively summarize text for better understanding. The ultimate guide to summarizing text covers the top practices, common errors and other things." "Maximize your productivity and comprehendibility by using a summary tool. Our step-by step guide will cover everything you need to efficiently summarize text. ""Get the most value from your summarizing tool with our complete guide. Learn the best methods to avoid common errors, and enhance your text summarization abilities."

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Write a Quick Summary: 4 Effective Tips

Table of Contents

Why do you need to write a quick summary ? Well, the reason is simple.

What Is a Summary?

A summary is a shortened version of a longer text that provides comprehensive knowledge to the reader. It is a condensed version of a section that contains the most significant information. It can go into great depth on some issues or be a basic retelling of the passage’s main point.

But either way, the convenience of the summary is that it takes less time to comprehend the idea entirely. When you summarize a text, you give a quick overview of the main themes in your own words.

What Is the Purpose of a Quick Summary?

Quick summaries are meant to provide a bit of a recap of a written document. It can be a chapter in a book, a list of research publications, or a review of a company’s trends and developments.

A quick summary can also help learners who are taking notes from a lecture to grasp what was discussed and what was left unexplained.

4 Tips to Write an Effective Summary

A summary is a quick and concise explanation of what you have read in a long dissertation or piece of content. And a summary is a key to reading comprehension.

With so much content online, it’s hard to filter the useful information from the unhelpful. To write a quick, effective, and engaging summary, here are four tips to help you out.

1. Find your central idea

A helpful summary distills the original information down to its most relevant point to give a clear understanding to the reader.

Choose one central point to convey to the reader and make the most of your limited sentences. To help you organize your thoughts, make a few mental notes.

2. Keep it short

A summary is a concise synopsis of the original piece, not a rewrite. The average length of a summary paragraph is usually five to eight sentences to ensure short and focused content.

Remove any redundancies or repeating language to keep your paragraph simple and brief.

3. Write without bias

Often, we fall into the trap of writing from a biased perspective. If you are trying to persuade someone into reading your work, you don’t have to try and trick them.

You just need to present your writing without judgment. And when summarizing an original text, you’re compiling and consolidating the key information and not reviewing it. So, write in your own words and avoid slipping your opinion into the summary.

4. Ensure a smooth flow

Transitions are crucial when it comes to building momentum in your writing. Make sure your sentences flow together and properly explain your summary using transition words.

You must know how to present your main idea in an organized and coherent manner.

A summary serves as a quick overview of what you want to share or say . The purpose of a quick summary is to provide a brief explanation of an idea or argument.

You could be researching, seeking a new method to start a story, or just attempting to get across a broad notion. If you want to write a compelling summary, you need to keep it simple, theme-based, and easy to comprehend.

Pam is an expert grammarian with years of experience teaching English, writing and ESL Grammar courses at the university level. She is enamored with all things language and fascinated with how we use words to shape our world.

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Alice Munro, Master of Short Story, Dies at 92

Alice Munro , the Nobel Prize-winning Canadian author who perfected the art of the contemporary short story , died on Monday, May 13, Penguin Random House Canada has confirmed. She was 92 years old. 

In 14 short story collections, including The Beggar Maid; Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage; and Dear Life, the author captured the familiar quandaries and complications of everyday life. Children leave home and return to find it changed. Family units unravel when they are hit with unexpected and tremendous loss. Lovers become partners, then parents, then people they don’t quite recognize. Munro depicted these narratives with masterful levels of wit, humor, and care, and in doing so, challenged the tenets of fiction writing to showcase the power of the short story.

"Thank you, Alice Munro , for one glittering jewel of a story after another. Thank you for the many days and nights I spent lost in your work," Jane Smiley wrote in a tribute to the author in the Guardian in 2013. "Thank you for your unembarrassed woman's perspective on the lives of girls and women, but also the lives of boys and men. Thank you for your cruelty as well as your kindness, because the one plus the other is the essence of truthfulness."

Munro’s first book of short stories, Dance of the Happy Shades , was published in 1968 and received Canada’s Governor General Award for Literary Merit that year. In the decades that followed, Munro went on to win two additional Governor General Awards for Literary Merit. Her work was celebrated through a number of prizes, including a 1997 PEN/Malamud Award and a 2005 Medal of Honor for Literature from the U.S. National Arts Club. In 2009, she was awarded the Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work. Four years later, Munro became the second Canadian author to win the Nobel Prize for Literature .

“There's a kind of tension that if I'm getting a story right I can feel right away, and I don't feel that when I try to write a novel,” Munro told the New York Times in 1986 . “I kind of want a moment that's explosive, and I want everything gathered into that.''

Life in Canada

Munro was born Alice Ann Laidlaw on July 10, 1931 in Wingham, Ontario to Anne Clarke (née Chamney), a schoolteacher, and Robert Eric Laidlaw, a farmer. Munro’s father built their family home, a red-brick farmhouse flanked by trees on a country road, where he raised foxes and mink. 

Much of Munro’s work is anchored in the towns of Western Ontario, giving readers glimpses into the author’s upbringing and family life. In the introduction to her 1996 collection, Selected Stories , Munro described why she loved to set her narratives in the areas of her youth: “I am intoxicated by this landscape, by the almost flat fields, the swamps, the hardwood bush, by the continental climate with its extravagant winters.” 

Munro fell in love with reading as a young girl, and started writing poetry after she discovered Alfred Tennyson’s work. One of her favorite books was Wuthering Heights . By the time she was 14, Munro aspired to become a writer. “But back then you didn’t go around announcing something like that,” she told the New York Times in 2013 . 

When she wasn’t reading, Munro’s adolescence was spent tending to chores around the house as her father struggled with his business and her mother grappled with the symptoms of early onset Parkinson’s disease . She explores this time at the end of her last collection, Dear Life, through four narratives that she writes are “autobiographical in feeling, though not, sometimes, entirely so in fact.” In the revealing pieces, she reflects on growing up as her parents suffered financially and physically. “The strange thing is that I don’t remember that time as unhappy,” Munro wrote in the titular story in Dear Life . “There wasn’t a particularly depressing mood around the house. Maybe it was not understood then that my mother wouldn’t get any better, only worse.” 

As a high school student, Munro’s passion for literature catapulted her to academic success. In 1949, she became her high school class valedictorian and she received a scholarship to study at the University of Western Ontario as a result of her achievements in English. But when the money from her scholarship ran out in 1951, Munro could no longer afford to stay enrolled. Instead of returning home, she married her first husband, James Munro, a history student from an upper-class family, whom she met at college. 

James Munro was supportive of his wife’s ambitions as a writer. In 2006, Munro spoke to the Virginia Quarterly Review about starting out at a time when she did not know of many women who wanted to write professionally, and noted she was lucky to be married to a man who supported her career. “I was so fortunate that way,” she said. “Because I don’t know anybody else who would have wanted the wife to do something that took away from her ‘normal’ role—or might have been seen as competition.” 

Finding the short story form

Alice and James Munro moved to Vancouver in 1951. Between 1953 and 1966, the couple had four daughters: Sheila, Catherine, Jenny and Andrea , although Catherine died shortly after she was born. While her husband went to work, Munro found pockets of time to write while caring for their children, which meant writing in short spurts during nap times and at odd hours of the day.

This, she explained to the Atlantic in 2001 , contributed to her use of the short story form—she simply did not have the time to dedicate to writing a novel. “I couldn’t look ahead and say, this is going to take me a year, because I thought every moment something might happen that would take all time away from me.” 

Though she likely didn’t know it then, those years Munro spent as a housewife and young mother would become guiding forces in her fiction. She would spin stories rooted in domestic drama, from daughters who didn’t understand their mothers to partners pulled apart due to their different upbringings. Munro also experienced her share of romantic strife—she and James Munro divorced in 1972. Four years later, she married geographer Gerald Fremlin , and it was then that her career finally started to take off. 

Munro was 37 when her first short story collection was published in 1968. Dance of the Happy Shades won the most prestigious literary prize in Canada, the Governor’s General Award, and was a defining first step in building her reputation as an accomplished writer. She then published Lives of Girls and Women in 1971 and Something I’ve Been Meaning to Tell You in 1974. 

In the late 1970s, Munro gained even wider acclaim through the publication of her stories in the New Yorker.  In 1977, she published “Royal Beatings,” which centered on the complicated relationship between a young girl and her step-mother. A year later, the same story appeared in Munro’s collection Who Do You Think You Are? (published outside of Canada as The Beggar Maid ), which followed the two women over several decades in 10 interconnected stories. The book received the 1978 Governor’s General Award and was nominated for the Booker Prize in 1980.

As more of Munro’s stories were published in the New Yorker , her prominence as a writer grew. She crafted narratives on realistic female characters and their relationships with growing up, growing old, and the losses that accompany entering different stages of life. These themes are often the backbones of lengthy novels, but Munro was able to render her characters’ struggles in aching specificity in just a single story. 

In the 1980s, Munro began debuting stories and books with greater frequency. Her stories appeared in the pages of the Paris Review , the Atlantic Monthly , and more. As the years passed, Munro continued writing books of short stories to critical acclaim. Each built on the momentum of the last, culminating in Munro’s last five collections in the 2000s that comprise what could be considered her best work. 

In novelist Jonathan Franzen’s New York Times review of Munro’s 2004 collection, Runaway, he wrote that Munro kept writing the same story, with the same fundamental elements of love, loss, and dislocation, but was able to reveal more about the human condition with each one. “Reading Munro puts me in that state of quiet reflection in which I think about my own life: about the decisions I’ve made, the things I’ve done and haven’t done, the kind of person I am, the prospect of death.”

Her lasting legacy

In 2013, Munro won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Typically, the prize is awarded to novelists, but Munro’s win further elevated the power of the short story form. The award capped off her massive contribution to how authors think about the architecture of a story, and she was quick to acknowledge the importance of the win for the genre she nearly perfected. She told Nobel Media after accepting her prize that she hoped it would help raise the status of the short story for all authors—advancing the form beyond what many writers work on before they launch their careers as novelists. 

Her devotion to the short story structure has influenced some of the most celebrated contemporary fiction writers. Pulitzer Prize winner Jhumpa Lahiri told the New Yorker that Munro’s work felt revolutionary for her: “She taught me that a short story can do anything. She turned the form on its head. She inspired me to probe deeper, to knock down walls.” 

Kristin Cochrane, CEO of Penguin Random House Canada, which has long published Munro’s work under its McClelland & Stewart imprint, responded to news of her death in a statement: “Alice Munro is a national treasure—a writer of enormous depth, empathy, and humanity whose work is read, admired, and cherished by readers throughout Canada and around the world,” she said. “Alice’s writing inspired countless writers too, and her work leaves an indelible mark on our literary landscape.”

After winning the Nobel Prize, Munro continued living a quiet life in Canada. She had announced her retirement from writing a few months before winning the Nobel Prize—and remained true to her word. Dear Life, published in 2012, was her last collection. When discussing her retirement with the National Post in June of 2013 , editor Mark Medley remarked that her fans would be disappointed. Munro responded in her typical, forthright fashion: “Well, tell them to go read the old ones over again. There’s lots of them.” 

Write to Annabel Gutterman at [email protected] .

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Release Date: May 14, 2024

STEO Perspectives: How might gasoline prices change if U.S. refiners face production and distribution limitations?

Analysis summary and key findings.

Refinery closures and increased gasoline production costs have increased gasoline prices, crack spreads , and household expenditures for gasoline over the past few summers. In our base case, we forecast U.S. retail gasoline prices will average about $3.70 per gallon (gal) for the summer driving season, which runs from May to September when the United States will have 3%, or 620,000 barrels per day (b/d) less refinery capacity compared with the 2019 peak. Falling refinery capacity and rising production costs suggest uncertainty and volatility in the gasoline supply chain could re-emerge this year.

Gasoline prices are determined by crude oil prices, refinery production costs, distribution and marketing costs, and taxes. These factors can differ by region or state in the United States.

In this report, we analyze retail gasoline prices in our High Refining Cost scenario where gasoline yields and production fall to recent historical lows because of constraints on the production of high-octane blending components, which are necessary for a gasoline blend stock that complies with summer fuel specifications . We also vary retail gasoline price premiums in two populous and high gasoline-consuming regions in the United States—the East Coast (PADD 1) and the West Coast (PADD 5)—and assume tight market conditions will push up regional prices to attract supplies. By extrapolating recent historical examples to the rest of 2024, we model the effects on retail gasoline prices and consumption heading into the summer driving season. We compare this scenario with our baseline case, which we published as our May 2024 Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO) forecast.

In the High Refining Cost scenario, U.S. regular grade retail gasoline prices in the summer average just under 10 cents/gal higher than in our base case.

Scenario design

We used the May 2024 STEO regular grade retail gasoline price as our base case, using our forecasts of Brent crude oil price, global oil production, global oil consumption, U.S. refinery production, and wholesale petroleum product margins.

In our May STEO, we forecast the Brent crude oil spot price to remain near its April average of $90 per barrel (b) until October 2024. Similarly, we forecast the U.S. average regular grade retail gasoline prices to increase to $3.70/gal by June 2024 but fall to $3.40/gal by the end of 2024. We expect global inventory withdrawals in the second quarter of 2024, followed by mostly balanced markets in the second half of 2024 through 2025.

U.S. gasoline production is the result of refiners’ gasoline yield from crude oil and unfinished oil inputs to refineries. Our base case forecasts U.S. refinery utilization will be above the five-year average (2019-2023) this summer and near an operationally safe maximum rate. Gasoline yields will also be at or near average rates. We do not forecast refinery utilization or gasoline production by region.

Retail gasoline price spreads between the East Coast and the Gulf Coast vary seasonally and are responsive to local supply and demand conditions. In January, the East Coast premium to the Gulf Coast was 30% higher than the five-year average. In our base case, we forecast the premium to decline from the January high to an average of about 14% above the five-year average for the remainder of 2024. The highest premium in our base case is 25% in both May and June of 2024.

Similarly, West Coast retail gasoline prices are higher than those in the rest of the country and can develop wide price premiums, depending on local supply and demand conditions. As with the East Coast, the West Coast premium to the Gulf Coast has been increasing over the last five years. In April, the West Coast gasoline retail price premium to the Gulf Coast was $1.57/gal, 42% higher than the five-year average for April. In our base case, we estimate that this price premium will decrease, resulting in an annual average price premium that is 21% above the five-year average, for the remainder of 2024.

High Refining Cost scenario

Structural changes in U.S. refining since 2019 have increased production costs for summer-grade gasoline , which meets specifications for octane, volatility, and emissions. Lower refinery capacity, secondary conversion capacity , and tighter sulfur standards have all increased production costs. In this scenario, we analyzed U.S. gasoline prices if U.S. refineries produce less gasoline because of difficulties producing enough high-octane, low-sulfur gasoline blending components. Our analysis involved reducing our U.S. gasoline production yield from our base case to match the lowest motor gasoline yields during the past five years.

We calculate refinery motor gasoline yield by determining how much motor gasoline is produced relative to total refinery inputs of crude oil and unfinished oils. We account for refinery production of motor gasoline from petroleum by subtracting net inputs of fuel ethanol , butanes , and pentanes plus .

After reducing refinery production of gasoline to adjust the yield of gasoline to the five-year low through the summer, we analyzed the impact of this reduced production on gasoline wholesale prices, assuming a short-term price elasticity of demand equal to 0.3 . Price elasticity of demand reflects a percentage change in quantity demanded (from consumers) or quantity supplied (from producers) given a percentage change in price. Our assumption is based partially on academic studies of price elasticity and partially on observed wholesale gasoline price changes following gasoline production disruptions from unplanned refinery outages.

In this scenario, we forecast 1% less U.S. gasoline production than the base case this summer and about 2% less during the summer driving season (May—September). This decrease contributes to about a $0.04/gal increase in the U.S. average wholesale gasoline price forecast during the summer period. This price increase flows through to all U.S. regions, including the Gulf Coast.

We also varied regional prices in response to uncertainty regarding lower regional gasoline production. We assumed that lower supply results in higher prices in demand centers to attract supplies from other U.S. regions or imports. We analyzed what would happen to the U.S. average retail gasoline price if conditions in each region were tight enough that they pushed the relative price premiums higher.

The effects of higher octane costs and lower regional gasoline production result in tight market conditions on the East Coast and West Coast. On the East Coast, we analyze market conditions by increasing the price premium compared with the U.S. Gulf Coast to 30% above the five-year average for the rest of 2024, which aligns with the year-to-date high in January 2024. We analyze the West Coast by increasing the price premium to the Gulf Coast to 42% above the five-year average, which aligns with the year-to-date high in April 2024. These adjustments in this scenario contrast with the base case, where we forecast these spreads to fall over the summer. Gulf Coast prices in the High Refining Cost scenario increased slightly as a result of higher gasoline wholesale prices but are unchanged as a result of any additional regional factors.

Our High Refining Cost scenario targets four key changes in the refining industry and gasoline markets over the past five years:

• Gasoline specifications: Changing specifications, including tighter sulfur specifications since 2020, have increased prices for premium grade 93 octane gasoline blend stock relative to regular grade 87 octane gasoline blend stock. The widening spread reflects increasing costs of certain gasoline components that increase octane content while keeping Reid vapor pressure (RVP) and sulfur content low. Changing one specification often affects others, creating operational limitations. For example, refiners can reduce the sulfur content of gasoline components by hydrotreating—binding the sulfur in gasoline components with hydrogen—but doing so reduces the octane of the gasoline. In the STEO, our estimate of the octane price is reflected in the difference between the U.S. average retail price for regular gasoline and the U.S. average retail price for all grades.
• Reduced East Coast refinery capacity: When the Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) refinery—at the time the largest refiner on the East Coast—closed in summer 2019, the East Coast lost significant refinery capacity. Although the region still has some refinery capacity, petroleum product supply mostly comes by pipeline from the U.S. Gulf Coast, with growing pipeline volumes from the Midwest (PADD 2). The East Coast also imports gasoline from Canada and Europe. Significant pipeline infrastructure exists to supply the East Coast with petroleum products from the U.S. Gulf Coast, and additional volumes can be shipped over water to supply states like Florida. However, reduced refining capacity on the East Coast and increasing refining capacity on the Gulf Coast with no increase in pipeline capacity have widened price differentials between the two regions. In the STEO, we estimate the difference in price between the two regions by comparing regular-grade retail prices in the East Coast and Gulf Coast. Following the loss of PES, the price spread between the East Coast and the Gulf Coast has been increasing over the past five years. In 2019, East Coast retail prices ranged from $0.19/gal to $0.31/gal more than the Gulf Coast, and in 2023, the range increased from $0.22/gal to $0.48/gal.
• Reduced West Coast refinery capacity: When Marathon’s Martinez refinery closed in 2020 and petroleum refining operations at the Phillips 66 Rodeo refinery ended earlier this year, West Coast refinery capacity was reduced. Unlike the East Coast, the West Coast has historically been more isolated from other U.S. regional markets. It has very limited pipeline capacity connecting it to refining capacity on the U.S. Gulf Coast and faces higher costs associated with receiving waterborne gasoline from elsewhere in the United States because of geographic constraints. Supply constraints on the West Coast present a significant risk for heightened gasoline prices in the region that are further elevated by structural factors such as taxes, California’s unique CARB-gasoline formulation , and state Low Carbon Fuel Standards.
• Additional Gulf Coast refining capacity: The U.S. Gulf Coast added some refinery capacity in 2023 but it was less than the toal capacity lost due to closures on the East and West Coasts. Transportation costs and other constraints mean geographic changes in the refinery fleet can reduce refined product supply in some regions of the country that cannot be easily met from refinery expansions elsewhere. These transportation constraints can make gasoline imports more competitive than increasing transfers from elsewhere in the United States to meet marginal increases in demand. Furthermore, each refinery produces a unique yield of motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, jet fuel, and other products based on its configuration, secondary unit capacity, and the specific crude oil grades it processes. As a result, a refinery closing in one part of the country and added capacity at another refinery somewhere else are unlikely to balance out, contributing to marginal changes in the broader yield structure of the U.S. refining fleet. Although each refinery has some ability to adjust its yield in response to price signals, this ability is significantly constrained by the refinery’s equipment and configuration and the crude oil grades available.

Key assumptions

Refiners face production limitations. In the High Refinery Cost scenario, we assume that limitations on refiners’ ability to produce high-octane blend components will reduce overall gasoline production and yield. Reduced gasoline production will widen crack spreads for gasoline and increase retail gasoline prices. We also assume that difficulty producing more octane will increase prices for premium-grade gasoline relative to regular grade.

Crude oil inputs to refineries do not change. We assume no changes to refinery crude oil net input volumes processed in the High Refinery Cost scenario compared with our base forecast, partially because in our base case, our U.S. refinery utilization forecast indicates that refiners will operate at above-average run rates. Although higher gasoline prices may encourage increased crude oil inputs to refineries, we assume refiners would be unable to increase crude oil purchases and arrange new supplies in time to increase runs. In addition, any increase in crude oil inputs presents challenges with overproducing lower-value gasoline components (such as low octane, straight run naphtha ), putting conflicting pressure on refiners.

Changes in marginal transportation costs are reflected in retail price spreads. We assume that the difference in regional average retail price spreads reflect the cost of transporting higher volumes of motor gasoline from one region to another. As lower-cost transportation capacity, like petroleum product pipelines, is filled, we assume higher inter-region retail price spreads reflect costs associated with acquiring more expensive gasoline cargoes, such as transfers by barge, or imports. The spreads also reflect more fixed elements such as state and local taxes.

No additional changes to gasoline consumption. We kept our modeled price elasticity of demand the same in both cases, resulting in a small decline in gasoline consumption because of higher retail prices in the High Refining Coast scenario. In the STEO, we do not forecast U.S. gasoline consumption by region.

Crude oil prices are the same as in the base case. Crude oil accounts for the largest share of the U.S. retail gasoline price, so changes in crude oil prices can contribute to large changes in gasoline prices. Crude oil prices can change in response to various factors, including global macroeconomic conditions, increases or decreases in crude oil production, or geopolitical risks, among others. However, we do not vary crude oil prices in the High Refinery Cost scenario compared with the base case because our purpose was to isolate the effects of refinery operations on fuel prices.

No adjustments to Midwest or Rocky Mountain price spreads. We made no additional changes to gasoline retail price spreads for the Midwest and Rocky Mountain regions, both of which meet a larger share of their internal gasoline consumption from local refinery production.

The High Refinery Cost scenario changes to gasoline production, wholesale prices, and retail price spreads on the East Coast and West Coast increased U.S. average regular grade retail gasoline prices compared with the base case. Retail gasoline prices increased by about $0.10/gal in this scenario compared with the base case. Total U.S. gasoline consumption is affected slightly because of the higher prices, reducing consumption by about 5,000 b/d compared with the base case.

Refinery and gasoline production limitations result in a U.S. average regular grade retail gasoline price of $3.80/gal in the summer, compared with $3.70/gal in the base case.

Just like the U.S. average, retail gasoline prices in the East Coast are also $0.10/gal higher in the High Refinery Cost scenario. Prices remain just below $3.70/gal at their highest point in August in our High Refinery Cost scenario. Gulf Coast gasoline prices remain almost unchanged (increasing by less than $0.05/gal) in response to reduced production, while West Coast gasoline prices increase by nearly $0.20/gal compared with the base case. The stronger impact on the West Coast pushes prices to more than $5.00/gal for several months in our scenario.

The limited impact on gasoline wholesale prices alone compared with the base case suggests that there would not necessarily be a call for additional, higher refinery runs overall. Although we do not model refinery runs on a regional basis in the STEO, this outcome does suggest that refiners on the East Coast and West Coast would have a stronger incentive to increase utilization relative to the Gulf Coast in the High Refining Cost scenario. This would also present a stronger opportunity for imports into these regions—annual average net imports of total gasoline increase by over 60,000 b/d in the High Refining Cost scenario compared with the base case.

Previous Supplements

How might gasoline prices change if U.S. refiners face production and distribution limitations? May 2024

U.S. hydropower generation expected to increase by 6% in 2024 following last year’s lows April 2024

Mild winter weather may lead to persistently high natural gas inventories through 2025 April 2024

How accurate were EIA’s Winter Fuels Outlook forecasts? April 2024

Four countries could account for most near-term petroleum liquids supply growth March 2024

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​Takeaways From the Times Investigation Into ‘The Unpunished’

Radical forces in Israeli society have moved from the fringes to the mainstream and put Israel’s democracy in peril. Here are the takeaways from our investigation.

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By Ronen Bergman and Mark Mazzetti

Ronen Bergman, a reporter in Israel, and Mark Mazzetti, based in Washington, interviewed more than 100 people, including current and former Israeli government officials, for this investigation.

For decades, most Israelis have considered Palestinian terrorism the country’s biggest security concern. But there is another threat that may be even more destabilizing for Israel’s future as a democracy: Jewish terrorism and violence, and the failure to enforce the law against it.

Our yearslong investigation reveals how violent factions within the Israeli settler movement, protected and sometimes abetted by the government, have come to pose a grave threat to Palestinians in the occupied territories and to the State of Israel itself. Piecing together new documents, videos and over 100 interviews, we found a government shaken by an internal war — burying reports it commissioned, neutering investigations it assigned and silencing whistle-blowers, some of them senior officials.

It is a blunt account , told in some cases for the first time by Israeli officials, of how the occupation came to threaten the integrity of the country’s democracy.

Settlers Pursuing a Theocratic State Have Become Lawmakers

Officials told us that once fringe, sometimes criminal groups of settlers bent on pursuing a theocratic state have been allowed for decades to operate with few restraints. Since Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s coalition government came to power in 2022, elements of that faction have taken power — driving the country’s policies, including in the war in Gaza.

The lawbreakers have become the law.

Bezalel Smotrich, the finance minister and the official in Netanyahu’s government with oversight over the West Bank, was arrested in 2005 by the Shin Bet domestic security service for plotting road blockages to halt the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza. He was released with no charges. Itamar Ben-Gvir, Israel’s national security minister, had been convicted multiple times for supporting terrorist organizations and, in front of television cameras in 1995, vaguely threatened the life of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, who was murdered weeks later by an Israeli student.

Settler Violence Has Been Protected and Abetted for Decades

All West Bank settlers are in theory subject to the same military law that applies to Palestinian residents. But in practice, they are treated according to the civil law of the State of Israel, which formally applies only to territory within the state’s borders. This means that Shin Bet might probe two similar acts of terrorism in the West Bank — one committed by Jewish settlers and one committed by Palestinians — and use wholly different investigative tools.

The job of investigating Jewish terrorism falls to a division of Shin Bet known commonly as the Jewish Department. But it is dwarfed both in size and prestige by the Arab Department, the division charged mostly with combating Palestinian terrorism.

Jews involved in terror attacks against Arabs over the past decades have received substantial leniency, which has included reductions in prison time, anemic investigations and pardons. Most incidents of settler violence — torching vehicles, cutting down olive groves — fall under the jurisdiction of the police, who tend to ignore them. When the Jewish Department investigates more serious terrorist threats, it is often stymied from the outset, and even its successes have sometimes been undermined by judges and politicians sympathetic to the settler cause.

The two-tier situation has only become worse during the past year. We scrutinized a sample of three dozen cases from the West Bank since Oct. 7 that shows how much the legal system has decayed. In cases ranging from stealing livestock to arson to violent assault, not a single suspect was charged with a crime; in one case, a settler shot a Palestinian in the stomach while an Israel Defense Forces soldier looked on, yet the police questioned the shooter for only 20 minutes and never as a criminal suspect.

Ami Ayalon, the head of Shin Bet in the late 1990s, told us that government leaders “signal to the Shin Bet that if a Jew is killed, that’s terrible. If an Arab is killed, that’s not good, but it’s not the end of the world.”

But Jews have also been targets of ultranationalists. Prime Minister Rabin was murdered after rabbis passed what amounted to a death sentence on him for his support of the Oslo peace process.

Critics Have Been Silenced and Investigations Buried

In 1981, after a group of professors in Jerusalem raised concern about possible collusion between the settlers and the authorities and illegal “private policing activity” against Palestinians in the occupied territories, Judith Karp, then Israel’s deputy attorney general for special duties, was asked to lead a committee to look into the issue. Their report found case after case of trespassing, extortion, assault and murder, even as the military authorities and the police did nothing or performed notional investigations that went nowhere.

The minister of the interior at the time responded to their report with a scolding. “I understood that he wanted us to drop it,” Karp told us.

Another report two decades later met a similar fate. Talia Sasson, who was tapped to draw up a legal opinion on the “unauthorized outposts,” found that in a span of just over three years, the Construction and Housing Ministry had issued dozens of illegal contracts in the West Bank. In some cases, the ministry even paid for their construction.

Sasson and her Justice Ministry colleagues called the separate laws under which they saw the West Bank being administered “utterly insane.”

The report had little impact, powerless against the machine in place to expand settlements.

Security Officials Are Speaking Out in Alarm

In the West Bank, a new generation of ultranationalists has taken an even more radical turn against the very notion of a democratic Israeli state. Their objective is to tear down Israel’s institutions and to establish “Jewish rule”: anointing a king, building a temple in place of the Jerusalem mosques sacred to Muslims worldwide, imposing a religious regime on all Jews.

It was always clear, Lior Akerman, a former Shin Bet official, told us, “that those wild groups would move from bullying Arabs to damaging property and trees and eventually would murder people.”

This past October, according to a classified document we saw, Maj. Gen. Yehuda Fox, the head of Israel’s Central Command responsible for the West Bank, wrote a letter to his boss, the chief of Israel’s military staff, saying that the surge of Jewish terrorism and violence carried out in revenge for the Oct. 7 attacks “could set the West Bank on fire.”

Another document describes a meeting in March, when Fox wrote that since Smotrich took office, the effort to clamp down on illegal settlement construction has dwindled “to the point where it has disappeared.”

Gaza has refocused the world’s attention on Israel’s long inability to address the question of Palestinian autonomy. But it is in the West Bank, in the hands of emboldened settlers, some of whom are now in power, that the corrosive effects of the occupation on both Palestinians and Israel’s rule of law are most apparent.

Ronen Bergman is a staff writer for The New York Times Magazine, based in Tel Aviv. His latest book is “Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel’s Targeted Assassinations,” published by Random House. More about Ronen Bergman

Mark Mazzetti is an investigative reporter based in Washington, D.C., focusing on national security, intelligence, and foreign affairs. He has written a book about the C.I.A. More about Mark Mazzetti

Our Coverage of the Israel-Hamas War

News and Analysis

Israel said that it would send more troops to Rafah, the southernmost city in Gaza and the current focal point in the war between Israel and Hamas. Fighting in the city has closed off a vital border crossing, forced hundreds of thousands to flee  and cut off humanitarian aid.

President Biden is pushing for a broad deal that would get Israel to approve a Palestinian nation  in return for Saudi recognition of Israel. But officials need to overcome Israeli opposition.

The Arab League called for a United Nations peacekeeping force to be deployed in the Gaza Strip and the Israeli-occupied West Bank until a two-state solution can be negotiated , in a statement that also called for the U.N. Security Council to set a time limit for that process.

FIFA Delays a Vote: Soccer’s global governing body postponed a decision to temporarily suspend Israel  over its actions in Gaza, saying it needed to solicit legal advice before taking up a motion submitted by the Palestinian Football Association.

PEN America’s Literary Gala: The free-expression group has been engulfed by debate  over its response to the Gaza war that forced the cancellation of its literary awards and annual festival. But its literary gala went on as planned .

Jerusalem Quartet Will Perform: The Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, one of the world’s most prestigious concert halls, said that it would allow the Jerusalem Quartet to perform , two days after it had canceled the ensemble’s concerts amid security concerns.

A Key Weapon: When President Biden threatened to pause some weapons shipments to Israel if it invaded Rafah, the devastating effects of the 2,000-pound Mark 84 bomb  were of particular concern to him.

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• Education, training and skills
• School curriculum

School music development plan: summary template

A template to support schools to publish a summary of their music development plan on their website.

Applies to England

MS Word Document , 28 KB

All schools should have a music development plan, as set out in the  national plan for music education .

We are asking schools to publish a summary of their music development plan on their website before the start of the 2024 to 2025 academic year. Schools should then update the summary before the start of each new academic year.

Publishing a summary will help schools to:

• raise awareness of their music development plan
• promote the school music offer to parents and prospective parents
• give greater opportunity for schools and music hubs to work together

The Department for Education worked with teachers and leaders at both primary and secondary level to design the summary template.

The template is not mandatory, and schools should feel free to adapt it. For example, although it is designed for the whole-school level, some schools might find it helpful to adapt it for particular key stages.

Schools can contact their local  music hubs  for support with their music development plan.

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