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Chicago/Turabian Style Citation Examples

• Books/eBooks
• Letters & Pamphlets
• Gov't/legal
• Social Media
• One Source Quoted in Another
• Ask a Librarian
• Author-Date style

BIBLIOGRAPHY (ONE AUTHOR)

  (Section 17.2., p. 187, 9th edition)

     NOTES (ONE AUTHOR)

        Format:

       1. First Name [ Middle Initial.]  Last Name, "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): page number, URL/DOI .        2. Last Name, "Article Title," page number.

       Example:

      1. Gerda Lerner, "The Grimke Sisters and the Struggle against Race Prejudice,"    The Journal of Negro History  48, no. 4 (October 1993): 278,  https://doi.org/10.2307.2716330.       2.  Lerner , “ The Grimke Sisters ,” 290 .

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAP HY (TWO AUTH ORS)

Last name, First name [ Middle Initial.], and First name Last name. "Article Title." Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication               date): page range. URL/DOI.

Kovan, Seth, and Sonya Michel. "Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States." American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1076-1108. https://doi.org/10.2307/2163479  .

     NOTES (TWO AUTHORS)

         1 . First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name and First name Last name, "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): number, URL/DOI.          2. Last name and Last name, "Article title," page number.

     Example:

      1.  Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, "Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States," American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1079, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163479.       2.  Koven and Michel, "Womanly Duties," 1077  . _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY (THREE AUTHORS)

Last name, First name [ Middle Initial.], First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name, and First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name . "Article           Title." Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): page range. URL/DOI.

Reddick, Christopher G., Akemi Takeokaand Chatfield, and Patricia A. Jaramillo. " Public Opinion on National Security Agency Surveillance Programs: A Multi-method Approach." Government Information Quarterly 32, no. 2 (April 2015): 129-141.  https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.giq.2015.01.003  .

     NOTES (THREE AUTHORS)

    Format:

      1. First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name,  First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name, and First name [Middle initial.] Last name, "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): number, URL/DOI.      2. Last name, Last name, and Last name, "Article title," page number.

    Example:

      1.  Christopher G. Reddick, Akemi Takeokaand Chatfield, and Patricia A. Jaramillo, " Public Opinion on National Security Agency Surveillance Programs: A Multi-method Approach," Government Information Quarterly 32, no. 2 (April 2015), 130, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.giq.2015.01.003.       2.  Reddick, Chatfield, Jaramillo, " Public Opinion on National Security Agency Surveillance Programs," 141  .

_________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY (FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS)

*Up to ten authors/editors should be included in the bibliography. For sources with more than ten authors/editors, include the first seven authors in the bibliography, followed by et al

Last name, First name [ Middle Initial.], First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name, First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name, and First name           [Middle Initial.]  Last name . "Article Title." Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): page range. URL/DOI.

Bovenschen, Silvia, Jeannine Blackwell , Johanna Moore , and Beth  Weckmueller . “The Contemporary Witch, the Historical Witch and the Witch Myth: The Witch, Subject of the Appropriation of Nature and Object of the Domination of Nature.” New German Critique no. 15, 1978: 83-119. https://doi.org/10.2307/487908  .

     NOTES (FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS)

      *For sources with more than three authors, include the lead author in the note, followed by et al

       1. First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name et al. , "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): number, URL/DOI.       2. Last name et al., "Article title," page number.

      1.  Silvia Bovenschen et al., "The Contemporary Witch, the Historical Witch and the Witch Myth: The Witch, Subject of the Appropriation of Nature and Object of the Domination of Nature," New German Critique no. 15 (1978): 110, https://doi.org/ 10.2307/487908.       2.  Bovenschen et al., "The Contemporary Witch, the Historical Witch and the Witch Myth," 85  .

  NOTES

      1.  Jon Lawrence , "Forging a Peaceable Kingdom: War, Violence, and Fear of  Brutalization  in Post-World War Britain,"  The Journal of Modern History  75, no. 3 (September 2003): 558 .       2.  Lawrence , “ Forging a Peaceable Kingdom ,” 290 .

BIBLIOGRAPHY (TWO AUTHORS)

(Section 17.3, p. 191, 9th edition)                       

      1.  Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy. “Game of Thrones.” Time , August 3, 2015. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=mih&AN=108557932&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=074-800.       2.  Gibbs and Duffy. “Game of Thrones.”  

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ BIBLIOGRAP HY (ONE AUTH OR, NAME OF COMMERCIAL DATABASE)

Eichenwald, Kurt. “The Shocking Truth: Colin Powell's Emails Don't Matter.” Newsweek , February 8, 2016. Opposing Viewpoints in Contex.

      1.  Kurt Eichenwald. “The Shocking Truth: Colin Powell's Emails Don't Matter,” Newsweek , February 8, 2016,  Opposing Viewpoints in Context.       2.  Eichenwald. “The Shocking Truth.” 

BIBLIOGRAPHY (TWO AUTHORS)

      1. Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy. “Game of Thrones.” U.S. News & World Report 147, no. 11, (September 3, 2010), 37 .       2.  Gibbs and Duffy. “Game of Thrones,”​ 41 .”

(Section 17.4, p. 192, 9th edition)

      1.  Howard LaFranchi, “Amid Brutal Crackdown, Syria Poised to Join UN Human Rights Council,” Christian Science Monitor , April 26, 2011. https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2011/0426/Amid-brutal-crackdown-Syria-poised-to-join-UN-Human-Rights-Council.

      2. LaFranchi, “Amid Brutal Crackdown.” ​

  ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Commercial Database Example) *use of this style should only be used with a DOI, perma/persistent link, or suitably short, direct URL is not available

               Erlanger, Steven .  “ E.U. Sees Real  Brexit  Talks at Last - and Real Dangers,”     New York Times ,   August 20, 2018. Nexis Uni.

     NOTES

      1.  Steven Erlanger, “E.U. Sees Real Brexit  Talks at Last - and Real Dangers,”  New York Times , August 20, 2018, Nexis Uni .       2.  Erlanger, “‘ E.U. Sees Real Brexit   Talks . ”

      1. Valentine Pop, “EU Ministers Fail to Agree on How to Redistribute Migrants More Equitably,” Wall Street Journal , September 15, 2015.       2. Pop, “EU Ministers Fail to Agree.  ” ​

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Citing articles: Chicago/Turabian (17th ed.) citation guide

On this page, journal article - online version, journal article - print version, magazine article - print and online version, newspaper article - print and online version.

This guide is based on The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. It provides examples of citations for commonly-used sources, using Notes and bibliography style only . For more detailed information consult directly The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th ed.) [ print ] or check the  Chicago Style Citation Quick Guide  for citation examples. 

For the Author-date style, see the  Social sciences/sciences system .

More guidelines for citing this type of material can be found in sections  14.167 - 14.175  .

     1. Mauri J. Palomaki and Allen G. Noble, "Greenhouse Horticulture and Economic Transition," Geographical Review  85, no. 2 (1995): 175, http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/stable/216061.

     2. Amy Dru Stanley, "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: The War Power, Slave Marriage, and Inviolate Human Rights," American Historical Review 115, no. 3 (2010): 755, https://doi:10.1086/ahr.115.3.732.

Bibliography

Palomaki, Mauri J., and Allen G. Noble. "Greenhouse Horticulture and Economic Transition." Geographical Review 85, no. 2 (1995): 173-84. http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/stable/216061.

Stanley, Amy Dru. "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: The War Power, Slave Marriage, and Inviolate Human Rights." American Historical Review 115, no. 3 (2010): 732-65. https://doi:10.1086/ahr.115.3.732

• Cite an online journal article the same as you would a print journal article (see 14.167 - 14.174 ) but include a DOI at the end of a note and bibliography entry, followed by a period.
• If DOI is not available, provide a URL of the journal article, followed by a period. A stable URL is preferable to the URL in your browser's address bar.
• Can't find the DOI? DOI Lookup (http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/)
• Chicago does not recommend that access dates be cited for electronic sources ( 14.12 ), but certain publishers,  disciplines, or your professor may require this information. If that is the case, the date of retrieval should be placed directly before the DOI or the URL.  Access dates should be written as follows: accessed December 12, 2009 (in a note) and Accessed December 12, 2009 (in the bibliography) ( 14.176 ).

More guidelines for citing this type of material can be found in sections  14.167 - 14.174 , 14.176 - 14.187 .

     1. S.R. Slings, "Written and Spoken Language: An Exercise in the Pragmatics of the Greek Sentence,"  Classical Philology 87, no. 2 (1992): 98.

Slings, S.R. "Written and Spoken Language: An Exercise in the Pragmatics of the Greek Sentence." Classical Philology 87, no. 2 (1992): 95-109.

• Provide the full journal title in italics, and include full publication details, including volume number (87 in the example above), issue number (no. 2) and date. Date may include the month or season, as well as year of publication , (e.g. April 1999 or Spring 1992) ( 14.170 ).
• If you are citing an article from a journal with continuous pagination within a volume, or if you include the month and year of publication, you may omit the journal issue number ( 14.170 ).
• If the journal volume or publication date is not apparent, state the issue number only, following the comma after the journal title ( 14.171 ).
• In notes , only the page number(s), where the cited reference appears, is given ( 14.174 ).
• For the bibliography , the page numbers for the entire article (i.e. from the first to the last page) are given ( 14.174 ).

More guidelines for citing this type of material can be found in sections  14.188 - 14.190 .

1. Charles Q. Choi, "Brain-Destroying Algae?," Scientific American , June 2005, 34.

Choi, Charles Q. "Brain-Destroying Algae?" Scientific American , June 2005, 34.

• Weekly or monthly magazines are cited by date (month/year) only, even if there is a volume/issue number ( 14.188 ).
• Note that there is a comma, not a colon, after the date in the bibliography entry ( 14.188 ).
• Include a DOI or URL at the end of the citation, followed by a period, if you viewed the magazine article online ( 14.190 ).
• If the article you are citing was found in a database , provide the database name after the publication details (e.g. CBCA Complete) and any identification number in parentheses ( 14.189 ).

More guidelines for citing this type of material can be found in sections  14.191 - 14.200 .

     1. Laurie Goodstein and William Glaberson, "The Well-Marked Roads to Homicidal Page," New York Times, April 10, 2000, national edition.

     2. Richard Spencer, "Panda Flees Roof to Roof in China," Vancouver Sun , July 19, 2005, A9.

Goodstein, Laurie, and William Glaberson. "The Well-Marked Roads to Homicidal Page." New York Times, April 10, 2000, national edition.

Spencer, Richard. "Panda Flees Roof to Roof in China." Vancouver Sun , July 19, 2005, A9.

• The essential information to provide when citing a newspaper article is the name of the author(s) , the article title and the date of issue , which includes: month/day/year ( 14.191 ).
• Page numbers may be omitted ( 14.191 ).
• Include an edition statement (e.g. national edition, weekend edition) ( 14.191 ).
• Include the URL for an online article ( 14.191 ).
• If the article you are citing was found in a database , provide the database name (e.g. Canadian Newsstream) and any identification number in parentheses after the publication details ( 14.165 ).
• Use sentence-style capitalization for article titles ( 14.192 , see also 8.158 - 8.159 ).
• The city and state or province should be added in parentheses after the name of the newspaper in italics ( 14.191 ).  For example: Globe and Mail (Toronto, ON).
• If a newspaper article is described in detail in your paper and included in a note, it is not necessary to list the article in the bibliography ( 14.198 ).
• If no author is provided, begin the citation with the article title and alphabetize according to the article title in the bibliography ( 14.191 ).

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The Turabian citation style is largely based on the Chicago style, but aims to be simpler for students who are not writing for publication. It was created by Kate Turabian, and the rules are published in the Manual for Writers .

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• Construct an evidence-based argument
• Structure academic papers in a logical way
• Cite sources (this is the part we can help with!)

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Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Chicago/Turabian Format Style Guide: Journal Articles

• Citation Practices
• Journal Articles
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Websites, Blogs, and Social Media
• Interviews and Personal Communications
• Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections
• Reference Works and Secondary Citations
• Older Works and Sacred Works
• Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts
• Public Documents

Notes-Bibliography Style

Journal articles are different from magazines in that they are scholarly and professional publications.  They are intended primarily for academic readership.

Many journal articles are available online through a library database.  To cite an online article, include the URL.  If the DOI is listed, include that in your entry.  If you consulted a commercial database, give the name of the database in place of the URL.

Entries may include: author, article title, journal title, issue information, and page numbers.  You may need to include information about an article such as if it was published in a special issue or supplement, or if it was an abstract.

Include author names exactly as they appear in the head of the article.  Names in notes are listed in standard order (first name first); in bibliographies, names are listed in inverted order (last name first).

Article Title

List complete titles and subtitles in quotation marks.  Terms normally italicized in text, such as species name and book titles, remain italicized. Terms quoted in the title are enclosed in single quotation marks.  Do not add a colon or a period after a title or subtitle that ends in a question mark or an exclamation point.  If the title would normally be followed by a comma, like in a shortened note, include both marks.

Titles in languages other than English should be capitalized sentence style according to the conventions of that language.  If you add a translation, enclose it in brackets, without quotation marks.

1. Quentin Taylor, "The Mask of Publius: Alexander Hamilton and the Politics of Expediency," American Political Thought 5, no. 1 (Winter 2016): 63, https://doi.org/10.1086/684559.

2. Lisa A. Twomey, "Taboo or Tolerable? Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls in Post-war Spain," Hemingway Review 30, no. 2 (Spring 2011): 55.

3. Twomey, "Taboo or Tolerable?," 56.

4. Antonio Carreno-Rodriguez, "Modernidad en la literature gauchesca: Carnavalizacion y parodia en el Fausto de Estanislao del Campo," Hispania 92, no. 1 (March 2009): 13-14, https://www.jsotr.org/stable/40648253.

Bibliography :

Taylor, Quentin. "The Mask of Publius: Alexander Hamilton and the Politics of Expediency."  American Political Thought 5, no. 1 (Winter 2016): 55-79, https://doi.org/10.1086/684559.

Lewis, Judith. "'Tis a Misfortune to Be a Great Ladie': Maternal Mortality in the British Aristocracy, 1558-1959." Journal of British Studies 37, no. 1 (January 1998): 26-53. https://www.jstor.org/stable/176034.

Kern, W. "Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?" [Where did Pigafetta collect his Malaysian words?]. Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land-en volkenkunde 78 (1938): 271-73.

Journal Title

After the item title, include the journal title in italics, with headline style capitalization (important words capitalized). Give the title exactly as it appears on the title page or journal website.  Do not use abbreviations, although you can remove the initial 'the.'  If the official title is an initialism, such as PMLA , do not expand it.

Issue Information

Most journal citations include volume number, issue number, month or season, and year.  

Volume and issue numbers

The volume number follows the journal title without intervening punctuation and is not italicized. Use arabic numbers even if the source uses roman numerals.  Issue number follows volume number, separated by a comma and preceded by  ' no.'.

1. Campbell Brown, "Consequentialize This," Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 752, https://doi.org/10.1086.660696.

Jonescu, Felicia. "Risky Human Capital and Alternative Bankruptcy Regimes for Student Loans." Journal of Human Capital 5, no. 2 (Summer 2011): 153-206. https://doi.org/10.1086.661744.

Beattie, J.M. "The Pattern of Crime in England, 1660-1800." Past and Present , no. 62 (February 1974): 47-95.

Date of Publication

The date of publication appears in parentheses after the volume and issue.  It must include the year, and may include season, month, or an exact day.  Capitalize seasons in the citation.  If an article has been accepted but not yet published, use 'forthcoming' in place of the date and page numbers.

1. Marjorie Garber, "Over the Influence," Critical Inquiry 42, no. 4 (Summer 2016): 735, https://doi.org/10.1086/686960.

Bibliography : Bartfield, Judi, and Myoung Kim. "Participation in the School Breakfast Program: New Evidence from the ECLS-K." Social Sciences Review 84, no. 4 (December 2010): 541-62. https://doi.org/10.1086/657109.

Page Numbers

If you cite a particular passage in a note, only give the specific page numbers for that section. In the bibliography, give the full span of the pages for the article.  Page numbers follow colons, not commas.

1. Tim Hitchcock, "Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-Century London," Journal of British Studies 44, no. 3 (July 2005): 478, https://doi.org/10.1086/429704.

Bibliography : Wang, ShiPu. "We Are Scottsboro Boys: Hideo Noda's Visual Rhetoric of Transracial Solidarity." American Art 30, no. 1 (Spring 2016): 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1086/686545.

Special Issues and Supplements

A journal issue devoted to a single theme is known as a special issue.  It carries a normal volume and issue number.  If a special issue has a title and editor of its own, include that in the citation.  If you need to cite a special issue as a whole, omit the article information.

1. Rajeswari Sunder Raja, "Zeitgeist and the Literary Text: India, 1947, in Qurratulain Hyder's My Temples, Too and Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children ," in "Around 1948: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Global Transformation," ed. Leela Ghandi and Deborah L. Nelson, special issue, Critical Inquiry 40, no. 4 (Summer 2014): 440-41, https://doi.org/10.1086/676415.

Sunder Raja, Rajeswari. "Zeitgeist and the Literary Text: India, 1947, in Qurratulain Hyder's My Temples, Too and Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children ." In "Around 1948: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Global Transformation," ed. Leela Ghandi and Deborah L. Nelson. Special Issue,  Critical Inquiry 40, no. 4 (Summer 2014): 439-65, https://doi.org/10.1086/676415.

Ghandi, Leela, and Deborah L. Nelson, eds. "Around 1948: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Global Transformation." Special Issue,  Critical Inquiry 40, no. 4 (Summer 2014).

A journal supplement may also have a title and an author or editor of its own.  It is numbered separately from the regular issues of the journal, often with an 'S' as part of its page numbers.

2. Ivar Ekeland, James J. Heckman, and Lars Nesheim, "Identification and Esimation of Hedonic Models," in "Papers in Honor of Sherwin Rosen," Journal of Political Economy 112, S1 (February 2004): S72, https://doi.org/10.1086/3788947.

Bibliography :  

Ekeland, Ivar, James J. Heckman, and Lars Nesheim. "Identification and Esimation of Hedonic Models." In "Papers in Honor of Sherwin Rosen," Journal of Political Economy 112, S1 (February 2004): S60-S109. https://doi.org/10.1086/3788947.

Cite information from abstracts in a note.  Include the full citation for the article, but insert the word 'abstract' into the citation following the title.

1. Campbell Brown, "Consequentialize This," abstract, Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 749.

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Turabian Style Quick-Guide

Examples are from Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (6th ed.)

Turabian Style suggests that writers in the humanities use footnote references to cite sources. A professor may also require a bibliography page. You should indicate sources for quotations (exact words) and paraphrases (ideas stated in your words) in your writing. A superscript numeral in the text indicates the use of an outside source; the corresponding footnote at the bottom of the page provides the source’s complete publication information.

Turabian Bibliography Page

Below are a list of some of the most commonly used citation categories and examples of what information should be included in that citation, as well as how the information should be arranged. When you need to cite a source, follow these steps:

Decide to which category your source belongs. Is it a book? Anthology? Online source? Journal article? Etc.?

Collect the necessary information from your source. Sometimes this takes a bit of digging, especially with the online sources.

Arrange the vital information exactly as it appears in the examples, including all styles and punctuation.

Once you have all of your citations written, arrange them in alphabetical order depending on the first word in the

citation on a “Bibliography” page at very end of your paper.

BASIC FORMAT FOR A BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY (BOOK):

Franklin, John Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

A WORK WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS:

Quirk, Randolf, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language . London, England: Longman Group Limited, 1985.

AN ARTICLE IN A PRINT JOURNAL (PAGINATED BY VOLUME):

Watson, George J. “Cultural Imperialism: An Irish View.” The Yale Review 75, no. 4 (Summer 1986): 503-16.

AN ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE:

Savalis, Telly. “Crime Story.” Variety , 24 September 1986, 74.

BOOK REVIEW IN A PRINT JOURNAL:

Rockland, James K. Review of The American Dream , by Jonathan Davies. History Journal 12, no. 1 (22 April 2000): 32-33.

Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights . December 1847. Internet on-line. Available from <http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/768>. [8 April 2020].

ONLINE DATABASE:

Rosenthal, Phil. “Last Spin for Michael J. Fox.” Chicago Sun-Time s, Late Sports Final Edition, 23 May 1999, Section 2 (Features), 31. Database on-line. Available from NewsBank/Infoweb <http://infoweb.newsbank.com>. [23 April 2000].

ERIC DOCUMENT:

Robson, Barbara. The Cubans: Their History and Culture . Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, Refugee Service Center, 1996. ERIC, ED 398322.

Turabian Footnotes

Entries on footnotes differ from the bibliography page in the following ways:

Subsequent lines are not indented.

Entries are numbered.

Entries do not appear alphabetically, but they appear in the order they are referenced in the paper.

Entries begin with first name and then last name.

Publication city and publisher are in parentheses.

Entries indicate specific pages cited.

BASIC FORMAT FOR A QUOTATION, PARAPHRASE, OR SUMMARY: Text: Jevons tried to develop a program of scientific economics from Bentham’s doctrine, creating out of the combination a “calculus of pleasure and pain.”1

Footnote: 1. William Stanley Jevons, The Theory of Political Economy , 2d ed. rev. (London: Macmillan, 1879), 21.

SUBSEQUENT REFERENCE TO A SOURCE ALREADY CITED:

2. Jevons, Political Economy , 27.

A WORK WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS: Two or three authors: 3. Robert Lynd and Helen Lynd, Middletown: A Study in American Culture . (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929), 67.

Four or more authors:

4. Martin Greenberger and others, eds., Networks for Research and Education: Sharing of Computer and Information Resources Nationwide (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974), 50.

AN ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL (PAGINATED BY VOLUME):

5. Lawrence P. Smith, “Sailing Close to the Wind,” Politics in Action 10, no. 4 (1993): 82, 99-100.

6. Bruce Weber, “The Myth Maker: The Creative Mind of E. L. Doctorow,” New York Times Magazine , 20 October 1985, 42.

BOOK REVIEW IN A JOURNAL:

7. Dwight Frankfather, review of Disabled State , by Deborah A. Stone, Social Service Review 59 (September 1985): 524.

PUBLISHED INTERVIEW:

8. John Fowles, “A Conversation with John Fowles,” interview by Robert Foulke (Lyme Regis, 3 April 1984), Salmagundi , nos. 68-69 (fall 1985-winter 1986): 370.

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Chicago/Turabian Citation

• Citing a Book
• Citing a Chapter or Essay in a Book
• Citing an Article

Citing Web Sources

Basic website, example website.

• Additional Resources

Writing Center

Visit the Writing Center for help with brainstorming, organization, revising, citations, and other writing assistance! 

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Book an appointment  with a Writing Center consultant. 

Both Chicago and Turabian do not always require formal citations for certain web content, and a mention, with access date, of where the content was found may be enough. Web periodicals such as scholarly journals or news articles should always be formally cited and can done using the rules in the Citing an Article section.

Ask your instructor how web content should be cited.

Footnote/Endnote

Author First M. Last Name [if available], "Page Title," last modified date (if known), accessed date, URL .

Short version: Last Name, "Page Title."

Bibliography

Author Last Name, First M. [if available].  "Page Title."  Last modified date (if known).  Accessed date.   URL.

American Historical Association, "Why Study History?," accessed January 22, 2014,  http://www.historians.org/teaching-and- learning/why-study-history.

Short version: American Historical Association, "Why Study History?".

American Historical Association.  "Why Study History?."   Accessed  January 22, 2014.   http://www.historians.org/teaching-and- learning/why-study-history

Roopika Risam, "Job Search 2.0: Breaking the Silence,"  Roopika Risam Blog , November 5, 2012, accessed January 22, 2014,   http://roopikarisam.com/2012/11/05/job- search-2-0-breaking-the-silence/.

Short version: Risam, "Job Search 2.0."

Risam, Roopika.   "Job Search 2.0: Breaking the  Silence."   Roopika Risam Blog .   November  5, 2012.  Accessed January 22, 2014.   http://roopikarisam.com/2012/11/05/job- search-2-0-breaking-the-silence/.

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A MANUAL FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS —also known as “Turabian”—is the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas. An introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation generation, the manual aids students in clear writing, citing, and research practice. At the heart of Turabian is the idea that, no matter the format, the foundations of good research remain the same: to do it carefully, present it clearly and accurately, and follow academic standards for citation, style, and format.

THE NINTH EDITION INCLUDES:

• comprehensive guidelines for formatting papers and preparing them for submission
• authoritative guidance on all matters of style
• updated to reflect The Chicago Manual of  Style , 17th edition
• thorough coverage of Chicago-style formatting and citation
• extensive guidelines on conducting research in digital environments

Writers need a strong research question, an evidence-based argument, to structure their work in a logical way, and to cite their sources. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , remains one of the most popular books for writers because of its timeless focus on achieving these goals. The ninth edition filters decades of expertise into modern standards. Recognizing that most students will be doing their work largely or entirely online and on screens, this new edition builds information literacy by addressing digital forms of both research and writing.

Through eight decades and millions of copies, A Manual for Writers has helped generations shape their ideas into compelling research papers. This new edition continues as the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic disciplines.

Turabian Footnote/Endnote Style

Table of Contents: Books E-books Journal Articles (Print) Journal Articles (Online) Magazine Articles (Print) Magazine Articles (Online) Newspaper Articles Review Articles Websites For More Help

The examples in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (seventh edition) .  Kate Turabian created her first "manual" in 1937 as a means of simplifying for students The Chicago Manual of Style ; the seventh edition of Turabian is based on the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual . For types of resources not covered in this guide (e.g., government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further detail and examples, please consult the websites listed at the end of this guide, the handbook itself or a reference librarian .

Whenever you refer to or use another's words, facts or ideas in your paper, you are required to cite the source. Traditionally, disciplines in the humanities (art, history, music, religion, theology) require the use of bibliographic footnotes or endnotes in conjunction with a bibliography to cite sources used in research papers and dissertations. For the parenthetical reference (author-date) system (commonly used in the sciences and social sciences), please refer to the separate guide Turabian Parenthetical/Reference List Style . It is best to consult with your professor to determine the preferred citation style.

Indicate notes in the text of your paper by using consecutive superscript numbers (as demonstrated below). The actual note is indented and can occur either as a footnote at the bottom of the page or as an endnote at the end of the paper. To create notes, type the note number followed by a period on the same line as the note itself. This method should always be used for endnotes; it is the preferred method for footnotes. However, superscript numbers are acceptable for footnotes, and many word processing programs can generate footnotes with superscript numbers for you.

When citing books, the following are elements you may need to include in your bibliographic citation for your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author or editor; 2. Title; 3. Compiler, translator or editor (if an editor is listed in addition to an author); 4. Edition; 5. Name of series, including volume or number used; 6. Place of publication, publisher and date of publication; 7. Page numbers of citation (for footnote or endnote).

Books with One Author or Corporate Author

Author: Charles Hullmandel experimented with lithographic techniques throughout the early nineteenth century, patenting the "lithotint" process in 1840. 1

Editor: Human beings are the sources of "all international politics"; even though the holders of political power may change, this remains the same. 1

Corporate Author: Children of Central and Eastern Europe have not escaped the nutritional ramifications of iron deficiency, a worldwide problem. 1

First footnote:

1 Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

1 Valerie M. Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy (Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997), 5.

1 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , edited by Alexander Zouev (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 44.

Note the different treatment of an editor's name depending on whether the editor takes the place of an author (second example) or is listed in addition to the author (third example). 

Subsequent footnotes:

       Method A: Include the author or editor's last name, the title (or an abbreviated title) and the page number cited.

2 Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy, 10.

2 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy, 48.

       Method B: Include only the author or editor's last name and the page number, leaving out the title.  

2 Twyman, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., 10.

2 UNICEF, 48.

Use Method A if you need to cite more than one reference by the same author.

1. Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850  (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

Ibid., short for ibidem, means "in the same place."  Use ibid. if you cite the same page of the same work in succession without a different reference intervening.  If you need to cite a different page of the same work, include the page number.  For example:   2 Ibid., 50.

Bibliography:

Hudson, Valerie, N., ed. Culture and Foreign Policy . Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997.

Twyman, Michael. Lithography 1800-1850 . London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

UNICEF.  Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the             Former Soviet Union . Edited by Alexander Zouev. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.

Books with Two or More Authors or Editors

1 Russell Keat and John Urry, Social Theory as Science, 2d ed. (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982), 196.

1 Toyoma Hitomi, "The Era of Dandy Beauties," in Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  eds. Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker ( Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 157.

For references with more than three authors, cite the first named author followed by "et al." Cite all the authors in the bibliography.

1 Leonard B. Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , ed. Berel Lang (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 56.

2 Keat and Urry, Social Theory as Science , 200.

2 Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , 90.

Keat, Russell, and John Urry. Social Theory as Science , 2d. ed. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982.

Hitomi, Toyoma. "The Era of Dandy Beauties." In Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  edited by Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker, 153-165.   Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.

Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. The Concept of Style . Edited by Berel Lang.  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.  

Electronic Books

Follow the guidelines for print books, above, but include the collection (if there is one), URL and the date you accessed the material.

1 John Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy (Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834), in The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

2 Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy .

Rae, John.  Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy. Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834. In The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

For periodical (magazine, journal, newspaper, etc.) articles, include some or all of the following elements in your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author; 2. Article title; 3. Periodical title; 4. Volume or Issue number (or both); 5. Publication date; 6. Page numbers.

For online periodicals   , add: 7. URL and date of access; or 8. Database name, URL and date of access. (If available, include database publisher and city of publication.)

For an article available in more than one format (print, online, etc.), cite whichever version you used.

Journal Articles (Print)

1 Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 52.

Here you are citing page 52.  In the bibliography (see below) you would include the full page range: 39-56.

If a journal has continuous pagination within a volume, you do not need to include the issue number:

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 520.

Subsequent footnotes :

2 Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," 49.   

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 545.

Freedman, Lawrence. "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict."   Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 39-56.

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor."  American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 517-554.  

Journal Articles (Online)

Cite as above, but include the URL and the date of access of the article.

On the Free Web

1 Molly Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Through a Subscription Database

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

1 Michael Moon, et al., "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 32, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Subsequent Footnotes:

2 Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia."

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 527. 

2 Moon, "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," 34. 

Shea, Molly. "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Moon, Michael, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Benjamin Gianni, and Scott Weir. "Queers in (Single-Family) Space." Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 30-7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Magazine Articles (Print)

Monthly or Bimonthly

           1 Paul Goldberger, "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile," Architectural Digest, October 1996, 82.

1 Steven Levy and Brad Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," Newsweek , March 25, 2002, 45.

          2 Goldberger, "Machines for Living," 82.

          2 Levy and Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," 46.

Goldberger, Paul.  "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile." Architectural Digest, October 1996.

Levy, Steven, and Brad Stone. "Silicon Valley Reboots." Newsweek , March 25, 2002.

Magazine Articles (Online)

Follow the guidelines for print magazine articles, adding the URL and date accessed.

1 Bill Wyman, "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble," Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

1 Sasha Frere-Jones, "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Wyman, Bill. "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble." Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

Frere-Jones, Sasha. "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Newspaper Articles

In most cases, you will cite newspaper articles only in notes, not in your bibliography. Follow the general pattern for citing magazine articles, although you may omit page numbers.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition, in LexisNexis Academic (accessed June 27, 2009).

Note: In the example above, there was no stable URL for the article in LexisNexis, so the name of the database was given rather than a URL.

Review Articles

Follow the pattern below for review articles in any kind of periodical.

1 Alanna Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard," review of Basket Case, by Carl Hiassen, New York Times , February 3, 2002, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=105338185&sid=2&Fmt=6&clientId=5604&RQT=309&VName=PQD (accessed June 26, 2009).  

1 David Denby, "Killing Joke," review of No Country for Old Men , directed by Ethan and Joel Coen,  New Yorker, February 25, 2008, 72-73, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fah&AN=30033248&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009). 

Second footnote:

2 Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard."

2 Denby, "Killing Joke."

In most cases, you will be citing something smaller than an entire website. If you are citing an article from a website, for example, follow the guidelines for articles above. You can usually refer to an entire website in running text without including it in your reference list, e.g.: "According to its website, the Financial Accounting Standards Board requires ...".

If you need to cite an entire website in your bibliography, include some or all of the following elements, in this order:

1. Author or editor of the website (if known) 2. Title of the website 3. URL 4. Date of access

Financial Accounting Standards Board .  http://www.fasb.org  (accessed April 29, 2009).

FOR MORE HELP

Following are links to sites that have additional information and further examples:

Turabian Quick Guide (University of Chicago Press)

Chicago Manual of Style Online

RefWorks Once you have created an account, go to Tools/Preview Output Style to see examples of Turabian style.

Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) Excellent source for research, writing and citation tips.

Citing Sources Duke University's guide to citing sources. The site offers comparison citation tables with examples from APA , Chicago , MLA and Turabian for both print and electronic works.

How to Cite Electronic Sources From the Library of Congress. Provides MLA and Turabian examples of citing formats like films, photographs, maps and recorded sound that are accessed electronically.

Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications The examples in this excellent guide from the University of Memphis are based on the Chicago Manual of Style and Kate Turabian's Manual .

Chicago/Turabian Citation Style: Citing Internet Resources

• Getting Started
• Citing Books
• Citing Articles
• Citing Internet Resources
• Citing Other Resources

Web Site Resources

Internet resources:.

Author. Title .  Date of web site. <web address> (Date of       access).

Stewart, Mark D. Citing Electronic Documentation: APA,       Chicago & MLA Styles.   9 December 2000.       < http://www.rhetoric.umn.edu/Student/Graduate/       %7Emstewart/citations/ > (8 May 2002).

Citing AI/ChatGPT

AI tools are changing constantly as are suggestions by style guides for use of and citations for them. You may wish to access the information in Chicago Manual of Style Online.

You should mention in the text that you used ChatGPT or any other AI model, but you should NOT include it in a reference or works cited section, because the material is not available to any other user.

The suggested in-text note is:

• AI tool, response to "prompt" Date created. Company.
• ChatGPT, response to “Are signed languages appropriate for deaf babies?" May 9, 2023, OpenAI.

If you use the Author-Date format, the in-text citation should be:

(AI tool, Date created)

(ChatGPT, March 7, 2023)

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Bariatric Surgery Reduces Breast Cancer Incidence in a Prospective Trial

• 1 Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
• Original Investigation Breast Cancer Risk After Bariatric Surgery and Influence of Insulin Levels Felipe M. Kristensson, MD; Johanna C. Andersson-Assarsson, PhD; Markku Peltonen, PhD; Peter Jacobson, MD, PhD; Sofie Ahlin, MD, PhD; Per-Arne Svensson, PhD; Kajsa Sjöholm, PhD; Lena M. S. Carlsson, MD, PhD; Magdalena Taube, PhD JAMA Surgery

In this issue of JAMA Surgery , Kristensson et al 1 build on their previous research using participants from the Swedish Obese Subjects Study (SOS), a prospective, controlled trial comparing bariatric surgery to usual care. The SOS investigators initially reported a decrease in cancer incidence after bariatric surgery in women, but not in men. 2 Subsequently, in the cohort of women participants, they reported that bariatric surgery reduced the incidence of female-specific cancers, particularly in those women who had hyperinsulinemia at baseline. 3 In this current study, women were followed up for a median of 23.9 years after bariatric surgery or usual care. The authors found a significantly lower incidence of breast cancer in the surgery group compared to the usual care group in premenopausal women and in women with elevated median insulin levels and insulin resistance at the time of enrollment. 1 This study is the first prospective study with long-term follow-up to report an association between bariatric surgery and a reduction in breast cancer incidence. While cancer incidence was not a prespecified end point and the SOS study was not randomized, a significant strength of the study is that both the surgery and usual care arm patients were eligible for bariatric surgery, which allowed for a more unbiased comparison of the 2 groups.

Read More About

Kulkarni SA , Sterbling HM. Bariatric Surgery Reduces Breast Cancer Incidence in a Prospective Trial. JAMA Surg. Published online May 15, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2024.1158

Manage citations:

© 2024

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Turabian Citation Style Guide 9th Edition: E. Magazine Article from Online Magazine

• General Guidelines
• A. One Author
• B. Two or Three Authors
• C. More than Three Authors
• D. Chapter in an Edited Book with Multiple Authors
• E. Volume with a Specific Title in a Multi-Volume Work
• F. Organization Author
• G. No Author
• I. Reference Book
• J. Edition other than the First
• A. Basic Journal Article
• B. Journal Article from Online Periodical
• C. Journal Article from Article Database
• D. Magazine Article
• E. Magazine Article from Online Magazine
• F. Newspaper Article
• G. Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
• A. Basic Web Page
• B. Web Page No Author
• C. Blog Entries and Comments
• A. Motion Picture
• B. Television and Radio Programs
• A. Image from Electronic Source
• B. Published Photograph
• A. Interviews & Personal Communications
• B. Lectures
• C. Pamphlets, Brochures, & Reports
• D. Scriptural References
• E. Secondary Sources
• F. Government Publications

About Citing Articles

For each type of source in this guide, the general form and specific examples will be provided for both the Notes-Bibliography and the Author-Date style options of Turabian.

This information and several of the examples were drawn from A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations (9th edition). Numbers in parentheses refer to specific pages in the manual.

For further information, please ask your instructor or refer to the Turabian manual.

Magazine Article from an Online Magazine

      Bibliographic Entry:

       (Black 2011)

• Turabian Quick Guide Examples for the publisher's website.
• Purdue Owl Chicago Style Information and examples from Purdues Online Writing Lab.
• University of Wisconsin's Writing Center Chicago/Turabian information and examples.
• Turabian Style Guidelines Summary of guidelines provided by the MSUB Academic Support Center.
• Sample Paper Sample of a Turabian-style paper provided by the Academic Support Center at MSUB.
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In the tech world and beyond, new 5G applications are being discovered every day. From driverless cars to smarter cities, farms, and even shopping experiences, the latest standard in wireless networks is poised to transform the way we interact with information, devices and each other. What better time to take a closer look at how humans are putting 5G to use to transform their world.

What is 5G?

5G (fifth-generation mobile technology  is the newest standard for cellular networks. Like its predecessors, 3G, 4G and 4G LTE, 5G technology uses radio waves for data transmission. However, due to significant improvements in latency, throughput and bandwidth, 5G is capable of faster download and upload speeds than previous networks.

Since its release in 2019, 5G broadband technology has been hailed as a breakthrough technology with significant implications for both consumers and businesses. Primarily, this is due to its ability to handle large volumes of data that is generated by complex devices that use its networks.

As mobile technology has expanded over the years, the number of data users generate every day has increased exponentially. Currently, other transformational technologies like  artificial intelligence (AI),  the  Internet of Things (IoT ) and  machine learning (ML)  require faster speeds to function than 3G and 4G networks offer. Enter 5G, with its lightning-fast data transfer capabilities that allow newer technologies to function in the way they were designed to.

Here are some of the biggest differences between 5G and previous wireless networks.

• Physical footprint : The transmitters that are used in 5G technology are smaller than in predecessors’ networks, allowing for discrete placement in out-of-the-way places. Furthermore, “cells”—geographical areas that all wireless networks require for connectivity—in 5G networks are smaller and require less power to run than in previous generations.
• Error rates : 5G’s adaptive Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), a schematic that wifi devices use to transmit data, is more powerful than ones in 3G and 4G networks. This makes 5G’s Block Error Rate (BER)—a metric of error frequency—much lower. 
• Bandwidth : By using a broader spectrum of radio frequencies than previous wireless networks, 5G networks can transmit on a wider range of bandwidths. This increases the number of devices that they can support at any given time.
• Lower latency : 5G’s low  latency , a measurement of the time it takes data to travel from one location to another, is a significant upgrade over previous generations. This means that routine activities like downloading a file or working in the cloud is going to be faster with a 5G connection than a connection on a different network.

Like all wireless networks, 5G networks are separated into geographical areas that are known as cells. Within each cell, wireless devices—such as smartphones, PCs, and IoT devices—connect to the internet via radio waves that are transmitted between an antenna and a base station. The technology that underpins 5G is essentially the same as in 3G and 4G networks. But due to its lower latency, 5G networks are capable of delivering faster download speeds—in some cases as high as 10 gigabits per second (Gbps).

As more and more devices are built for 5G speeds, demand for 5G connectivity is growing. Today, many popular Internet Service Providers (ISPs), such as Verizon, Google and AT&T, offer 5G networks to homes and businesses. According to Statista,  more than 200 million homes  and businesses have already purchased it with that number expected to at least double by 2028 (link resides outside ibm.com).

Let’s take a look at three areas of technological improvement that have made 5G so unique.

New telecom specifications

The 5G NR (New Radio) standard for cellular networks defines a new radio access technology (RAT) specification for all 5G mobile networks. The 5G rollout began in 2018 with a global initiative known as the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3FPP). The initiative defined a new set of standards to steer the design of devices and applications for use on 5G networks.

The initiative was a success, and 5G networks grew swiftly in the ensuing years. Today, 45% of networks worldwide are 5G compatible, with that number forecasted to rise to 85% by the end of the decade according to  a recent report by Ericsson  (link resides outside ibm.com).

Independent virtual networks (network slicing)

On 5G networks, network operators can offer multiple independent virtual networks (in addition to public ones) on the same infrastructure. Unlike previous wireless networks, this new capability allows users to do more things remotely with greater security than ever before. For example, on a 5G network, enterprises can create use cases or business models and assign them their own independent virtual network. This dramatically improves the user experience for their employees by adding greater customizability and security.

Private networks

In addition to network slicing, creating a 5G private network can also enhance personalization and security features over those available on previous generations of wireless networks. Global businesses seeking more control and mobility for their employees increasingly turn to private 5G network architectures rather than public networks they’ve used in the past.

Now that we better understand how 5G technology works, let’s take a closer look at some of the exciting applications it’s enabling.

Autonomous vehicles

From taxi cabs to drones and beyond, 5G technology underpins most of the next-generation capabilities in autonomous vehicles. Until the 5G cellular standard came along, fully autonomous vehicles were a bit of a pipe dream due to the data transmission limitations of 3G and 4G technology. Now, 5G’s lightning-fast connection speeds have made transport systems for cars, trains and more, faster than previous generations, transforming the way systems and devices connect, communicate and collaborate.

Smart factories

5G, along with AI and ML, is poised to help factories become not only smarter but more automated, efficient, and resilient. Today, many mundane but necessary tasks that are associated with equipment repair and optimization are being turned over to machines thanks to 5G connectivity paired with AI and ML capabilities. This is one area where 5G is expected to be highly disruptive, impacting everything from fuel economy to the design of equipment lifecycles and how goods arrive at our homes.

For example, on a busy factory floor, drones and cameras that are connected to smart devices that use the IoT can help locate and transport something more efficiently than in the past and prevent theft. Not only is this better for the environment and consumers, but it also frees up employees to dedicate their time and energy to tasks that are more suited to their skill sets.

Smart cities

The idea of a hyper-connected urban environment that uses 5G network speeds to spur innovation in areas like law enforcement, waste disposal and disaster mitigation is fast becoming a reality. Some cities already use 5G-enabled sensors to track traffic patterns in real time and adjust signals, helping guide the flow of traffic, minimize congestion, and improve air quality.

In another example, 5G power grids monitor supply and demand across heavily populated areas and deploy AI and ML applications to “learn” what times energy is in high or low demand. This process has been shown to significantly impact energy conservation and waste, potentially reducing carbon emissions and helping cities reach sustainability goals.

Smart healthcare

Hospitals, doctors, and the healthcare industry as a whole already benefit from the speed and reliability of 5G networks every day. One example is the area of remote surgery that uses robotics and a high-definition live stream that is connected to the internet via a 5G network. Another is the field of mobile health, where 5G gives medical workers in the field quick access to patient data and medical history. This enables them to make smarter decisions, faster, and potentially save lives.

Lastly, as we saw during the pandemic, contact tracing and the mapping of outbreaks are critical to keeping populations safe. 5G’s ability to deliver of volumes of data swiftly and securely allows experts to make more informed decisions that have ramifications for everyone.

5G paired with new technological capabilities won’t just result in the automation of employee tasks, it will dramatically improve them and the overall  employee experience . Take virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), for example. VR (digital environments that shut out the real world) and AR (digital content that augments the real world) are already used by stockroom employees, transportation drivers and many others. These employees rely on wearables that are connected to a 5G network capable of high-speed data transfer rates that improve several key capabilities, including the following:

• Live views : 5G connectivity provides live, real-time views of equipment, events, and even people. One way in which this feature is being used in professional sports is to allow broadcasters to remotely call a sporting event from outside the stadium where the event is taking place.
• Digital overlays : IoT applications in a warehouse or industrial setting allow workers that are equipped with smart glasses (or even just a smartphone) to obtain real-time insights from an application. This includes repair instructions or the name and location of a spare part.
• Drone inspections : Right now, one of the leading causes of employee injury is inspection of equipment or project sites in remote and potentially dangerous areas. Drones, which are connected via 5G networks, can safely monitor equipment and project sites and even take readings from hard-to-reach gauges.

Edge computing , a computing framework that allows computations to be done closer to data sources, is fast becoming the standard for enterprises. According to  this Gartner white paper  (link resides outside ibm.com), by 2025, 75% of enterprise data will be processed at the edge (compared to only 10% today). This shift saves businesses time and money and enables better control over large volumes of data. It would be impossible without the new speed standards that are generated by 5G technology. 

Ultra-reliable edge computing and 5G enable the enterprise to achieve faster transmission speeds, increased control and greater security over massive volumes of data. Together, these twin technologies will help reduce latency while increasing speed, reliability and bandwidth, resulting in faster, more comprehensive data analysis and insights for businesses everywhere.

5G solutions with IBM Cloud Satellite  

5G presents significant opportunities for the enterprise, but first, you need a platform that can handle its speed. IBM Cloud Satellite® lets you deploy and run apps consistently across on-premises, edge computing and public cloud environments on a 5G network. And it’s all enabled by secure and auditable communications within the IBM Cloud®.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / How to Cite a Newspaper in Chicago/Turabian

How to Cite a Newspaper in Chicago/Turabian

Newspaper articles are a reliable and widely available source to cite when writing a paper. This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for both print and online newspaper articles using the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style .

Guide Overview

• Citing a newspaper article in print
• Citing an online newspaper article
• What you need

Citing a Newspaper Article in Print

Chicago style newspaper citation structure:.

1. First name Last name, “Article Title,” Newspaper Title , Month Date, Year of publication.

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title , Month Date, Year of publication.

*Note: According to the Chicago Manual of Style, newspaper articles are usually cited directly in-text or in a footnote and not included in bibliographies . Please see CMoS section 14.198 for further details. If your instructor requires you to cite newspaper articles, please use the  format provided here.

Chicago Style Newspaper Citation Example:

1. Lee Bowman, “Bills Target Lake Erie Mussels,” The Pittsburgh Press , March 7, 1990.

Bowman, Lee. “Bills Target Lake Erie Mussels.” The Pittsburgh Press , March 7, 1990.

Citing an Online Newspaper Article

Chicago style online newspaper citation structure:.

1. First name Last Name, “Article Title,” Newspaper Title , Month Date, Year of publication, URL.

Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title , Month Date, Year of publication. URL.

Note that an access date is only needed if no publication date is available for the article.

Chicago Style Online Newspaper Citation Example:

1. Karen Kaplan, “Flu Shots May Reduce Risk of Heart Attacks, Strokes and Even Death,” Los Angeles Times , October 22, 2013,  https://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/22/science/la-sci-sn-flu-shot-heart-attack-stroke-death-20131022.

Kaplan, Karen. “Flu Shots May Reduce Risk of Heart Attacks, Strokes and Even Death.” Los Angeles Times , October 22, 2013.  https://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/22/science/la-sci-sn-flu-shot-heart-attack-stroke-death-20131022.

What You Need

A citation for a newspaper article usually includes the following:

• Author name
• Article title
• Name of the publication/newspaper
• Publication date
• URL (if accessed online)

The name of the article should be in headline case and enclosed in quotation marks, and the name of the publication should be italicized. Most newspaper articles will have a publication date, but if none is available, you should include the date you accessed the article instead.

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Musical Recording

Citation Examples

• Thesis or Dissertation
• Encyclopedia
• Sheet Music
• YouTube Video

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• Published: 08 May 2024

Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3

• Josh Abramson   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0000-3496-6952 1   na1 ,
• Jonas Adler   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9928-3407 1   na1 ,
• Jack Dunger 1   na1 ,
• Richard Evans   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-8469 1   na1 ,
• Tim Green   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3227-1505 1   na1 ,
• Alexander Pritzel   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-9040 1   na1 ,
• Olaf Ronneberger   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4266-1515 1   na1 ,
• Lindsay Willmore   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4314-0778 1   na1 ,
• Andrew J. Ballard   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-5304 1 ,
• Joshua Bambrick   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0003-3908-0722 2 ,
• Sebastian W. Bodenstein 1 ,
• David A. Evans 1 ,
• Chia-Chun Hung   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5264-9165 2 ,
• Michael O’Neill 1 ,
• David Reiman   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-7197 1 ,
• Kathryn Tunyasuvunakool   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8594-1074 1 ,
• Zachary Wu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2429-9812 1 ,
• Akvilė Žemgulytė 1 ,
• Eirini Arvaniti 3 ,
• Charles Beattie   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1840-054X 3 ,
• Ottavia Bertolli   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-3216 3 ,
• Alex Bridgland 3 ,
• Alexey Cherepanov   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5227-0622 4 ,
• Miles Congreve 4 ,
• Alexander I. Cowen-Rivers 3 ,
• Andrew Cowie   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-1434 3 ,
• Michael Figurnov   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1386-8741 3 ,
• Fabian B. Fuchs 3 ,
• Hannah Gladman 3 ,
• Rishub Jain 3 ,
• Yousuf A. Khan   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0201-2796 3 ,
• Caroline M. R. Low 4 ,
• Kuba Perlin 3 ,
• Anna Potapenko 3 ,
• Pascal Savy 4 ,
• Sukhdeep Singh 3 ,
• Adrian Stecula   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-6743 4 ,
• Ashok Thillaisundaram 3 ,
• Catherine Tong   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7570-4801 4 ,
• Sergei Yakneen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7827-9839 4 ,
• Ellen D. Zhong   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6345-1907 3 ,
• Michal Zielinski 3 ,
• Augustin Žídek   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0748-9684 3 ,
• Victor Bapst 1   na2 ,
• Pushmeet Kohli   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7466-7997 1   na2 ,
• Max Jaderberg   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9033-2695 2   na2 ,
• Demis Hassabis   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-9917 1 , 2   na2 &
• John M. Jumper   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6169-6580 1   na2  

Nature ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

• Drug discovery
• Machine learning
• Protein structure predictions
• Structural biology

The introduction of AlphaFold 2 1 has spurred a revolution in modelling the structure of proteins and their interactions, enabling a huge range of applications in protein modelling and design 2–6 . In this paper, we describe our AlphaFold 3 model with a substantially updated diffusion-based architecture, which is capable of joint structure prediction of complexes including proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, ions, and modified residues. The new AlphaFold model demonstrates significantly improved accuracy over many previous specialised tools: far greater accuracy on protein-ligand interactions than state of the art docking tools, much higher accuracy on protein-nucleic acid interactions than nucleic-acid-specific predictors, and significantly higher antibody-antigen prediction accuracy than AlphaFold-Multimer v2.3 7,8 . Together these results show that high accuracy modelling across biomolecular space is possible within a single unified deep learning framework.

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Author information.

These authors contributed equally: Josh Abramson, Jonas Adler, Jack Dunger, Richard Evans, Tim Green, Alexander Pritzel, Olaf Ronneberger, Lindsay Willmore

These authors jointly supervised this work: Victor Bapst, Pushmeet Kohli, Max Jaderberg, Demis Hassabis, John M. Jumper

Authors and Affiliations

Core Contributor, Google DeepMind, London, UK

Josh Abramson, Jonas Adler, Jack Dunger, Richard Evans, Tim Green, Alexander Pritzel, Olaf Ronneberger, Lindsay Willmore, Andrew J. Ballard, Sebastian W. Bodenstein, David A. Evans, Michael O’Neill, David Reiman, Kathryn Tunyasuvunakool, Zachary Wu, Akvilė Žemgulytė, Victor Bapst, Pushmeet Kohli, Demis Hassabis & John M. Jumper

Core Contributor, Isomorphic Labs, London, UK

Joshua Bambrick, Chia-Chun Hung, Max Jaderberg & Demis Hassabis

Google DeepMind, London, UK

Eirini Arvaniti, Charles Beattie, Ottavia Bertolli, Alex Bridgland, Alexander I. Cowen-Rivers, Andrew Cowie, Michael Figurnov, Fabian B. Fuchs, Hannah Gladman, Rishub Jain, Yousuf A. Khan, Kuba Perlin, Anna Potapenko, Sukhdeep Singh, Ashok Thillaisundaram, Ellen D. Zhong, Michal Zielinski & Augustin Žídek

Isomorphic Labs, London, UK

Alexey Cherepanov, Miles Congreve, Caroline M. R. Low, Pascal Savy, Adrian Stecula, Catherine Tong & Sergei Yakneen

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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Max Jaderberg , Demis Hassabis or John M. Jumper .

Supplementary information

Supplementary information.

This Supplementary Information file contains the following 9 sections: (1) Notation; (2) Data pipeline; (3) Model architecture; (4) Auxiliary heads; (5) Training and inference; (6) Evaluation; (7) Differences to AlphaFold2 and AlphaFold-Multimer; (8) Supplemental Results; and (9) Appendix: CCD Code and PDB ID tables.

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Abramson, J., Adler, J., Dunger, J. et al. Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w

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Received : 19 December 2023

Accepted : 29 April 2024

Published : 08 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w

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