the united states code annotated quizlet

U.S. Code: Table Of Contents

• TITLE 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS
• TITLE 2 - THE CONGRESS
• TITLE 3 - THE PRESIDENT
• TITLE 4 - FLAG AND SEAL, SEAT OF GOVERNMENT, AND THE STATES
• TITLE 5 - GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES
• TITLE 5a - FEDERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ACT
• TITLE 6 - DOMESTIC SECURITY
• TITLE 7 - AGRICULTURE
• TITLE 8 - ALIENS AND NATIONALITY
• TITLE 9 - ARBITRATION
• TITLE 10 - ARMED FORCES
• TITLE 11 - BANKRUPTCY
• TITLE 11a - BANKRUPTCY RULES
• TITLE 12 - BANKS AND BANKING
• TITLE 13 - CENSUS
• TITLE 14 - COAST GUARD
• TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE
• TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
• TITLE 17 - COPYRIGHTS
• TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
• TITLE 18a - UNLAWFUL POSSESSION OR RECEIPT OF FIREARMS
• TITLE 19 - CUSTOMS DUTIES
• TITLE 20 - EDUCATION
• TITLE 21 - FOOD AND DRUGS
• TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
• TITLE 23 - HIGHWAYS
• TITLE 24 - HOSPITALS AND ASYLUMS
• TITLE 25 - INDIANS
• TITLE 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE
• TITLE 27 - INTOXICATING LIQUORS
• TITLE 28 - JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
• TITLE 28a - JUDICIAL PERSONNEL FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
• TITLE 29 - LABOR
• TITLE 30 - MINERAL LANDS AND MINING
• TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
• TITLE 32 - NATIONAL GUARD
• TITLE 33 - NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS
• TITLE 34 - CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
• TITLE 35 - PATENTS
• TITLE 36 - PATRIOTIC AND NATIONAL OBSERVANCES, CEREMONIES, AND ORGANIZATIONS
• TITLE 37 - PAY AND ALLOWANCES OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES
• TITLE 38 - VETERANS’ BENEFITS
• TITLE 39 - POSTAL SERVICE
• TITLE 40 - PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PROPERTY, AND WORKS
• TITLE 41 - PUBLIC CONTRACTS
• TITLE 42 - THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
• TITLE 43 - PUBLIC LANDS
• TITLE 44 - PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS
• TITLE 45 - RAILROADS
• TITLE 46 - SHIPPING
• TITLE 47 - TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• TITLE 48 - TERRITORIES AND INSULAR POSSESSIONS
• TITLE 49 - TRANSPORTATION
• TITLE 50 - WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE
• TITLE 50a - WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE [ELIMINATED] Current through 114–86u1
• TITLE 51 - NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS
• TITLE 52 - VOTING AND ELECTIONS
• TITLE 53 - [RESERVED]
• TITLE 54 - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AND RELATED PROGRAMS

• Law Library

Federal Statutes

• Publication of Federal Statutes
• Introduction

Arrangement of Federal Statutes

Session laws, updating the codes.

• Finding Statutes
• Finding References to Statutes
• Uncodified, Private, & Superseded Laws

Accessing Resources

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Federal statutes are arranged in two different ways:

• Chronologically as slip laws and session laws.
• Topically (by subject) in codes. 

Federal statutes are first published as  slip laws  (individual pamphlets designated by public law number and containing the text of newly passed legislation).  At the end of each Congress, the slip laws are compiled and published in chronological sequence as  session laws  in the official session law publication for federal statutes,  United States Statutes at Large .  West Publishing publishes an unofficial session law set,  United States Code Congressional and Administrative News  ( USCCAN .)   USCCAN  is the standard working tool for session law research because it is far more current than either the official slip laws or  United States   Statutes at Large .

Print: 

• United States Code Congressional and Administrative News Call Number: Law Library East Reading Room KF48 Publication Date: 1952-
• Statutes at Large Call Number: Law Library East Reading Room KF50 Publication Date: 1789- present

Online (Restricted Databases): 

Online (free): 

• Public and Private Laws on GovInfo (1995-) PDFs of individual public and private laws, provided for free on the website of the official U.S. Government Publishing Office.
• Public Laws on Congress.gov (1973-) PDFs of individual public laws, provided for free on the official website of U.S. Congress.

The Codes are the standard working tool of the researcher delving into statutory law.  Codes represent a subject arrangement of statutes that are currently in effect. Codes generally preserve the original language of a session law but rearrange sections of the session law so that each section will appear with other statutory language on the same topic. Annotated codes provide case, law review and other annotations which aid in the understanding of the code section. 

Current federal codes are published in several separate sets.

United States Code (U.S.C.)

The U.S.C. is the official version of the Code. It is divided into 50 subject titles and subdivided by section. First published in 1926, a new edition is now issued approximately every six years. Bound cumulative supplements reflecting changes in the law are issued annually, but are often out-of-date by the time they are published.

• United States Code (U.S.C.) on GovInfo
• United States Code (U.S.C.) on U.S. House of Representatives website
• United States Code (U.S.C.) Call Number: Law Library East Reading Room KF62 2012

United States Code Annotated (U.S.C.A.)

The U.S.C.A., published by West, follows the same title and section arrangement as the official Code but includes annotations to judicial decisions, law review articles, legal encyclopedias, American Law Reports, and references to other West publications such as USCCAN and to the “key number” system. USCA is supplemented by annual pocket parts (updated throughout the year by pamphlets) and a Statutory Supplement.

• United States Code Annotated (U.S.C.A.) Call Number: Law Library East Reading Room KF62 1927 .W47

United States Code Service (U.S.C.S.)

The U.S.C.S., published by Lexis, also follows the same title and section arrangement as the official Code and provides annotations with references to judicial decisions, law review articles, Am. Jur., American Law Reports, and other secondary sources. USCS is supplemented by annual pocket parts, quarterly “ Cumulative Later Case and Statutory Service ” supplements and monthly Advance pamphlets.

• United States Code Service (U.S.C.S.) Call Number: Law Library East Reading Room KF62 1972 .U5

Because of the timeliness of the supplementation as well as the presence of annotations, either USCA or USCS , rather than the official USC , is usually the preferred starting place for federal statutory research. It is important to note that the annotations in USCA and USCS are not entirely duplicative. You should always check both annotated sources to ensure fuller coverage of your Code section.

Before relying on a statute as authority, you must verify that it has not been amended or repealed. In addition to checking the annual pocket parts and updated supplements, you should check one of the following resources for the current status of your Code section. These resources can also be used to find the text of newly passed statutes.

1. U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News ( USCCAN ) is a chronological compilation of federal legislation passed. It includes the text of the legislation as well as selected legislative history materials for each Public Law. USCCAN is published monthly and each issue contains a subject index, a popular name table, and tables of laws enacted and code sections affected.  

2. USCS Advance Sheets , a monthly update to USCS , publishes the text of new Public Laws, Executive Orders and Presidential Documents and includes tables of Acts by Popular Name and of Code Sections Affected by new legislation.  

3. USCA Statutory Supplement, a pamphlet update to the USCA providing the text of Public Laws from the current session, prior to being codified. The supplement follows a similar arrangement and pagination as the Statutes at Large; however , it also includes annotations and tables indicating which Code title and section are affected, as well as legislative history for the Public Law sections.

• Public and Private Laws on GovInfo (1995-)
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United States Code

Last updated on 12-18-2023

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United States Code, 1994 to Present

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About the United States Code

What is the united states code.

The United States Code , is the codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States. It is divided by broad subjects into 54 titles and published by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the U.S. House of Representatives .

The U.S. Code was first published in 1926. The next main edition was published in 1934, and subsequent main editions have been published every six years since 1934. In between editions, annual cumulative supplements are published in order to present the most current information.

Of the 54 titles, the following titles have been enacted into positive (statutory) law : 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, 28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 49, 51, and 54. When a title of the Code was enacted into positive law, the text of the title became legal evidence of the law. Titles that have not been enacted into positive law are only prima facie evidence of the law. In that case, the Statutes at Large still govern. Note: Title 52 is an editorially-created title, and Title 53 is currently reserved. For the current list of titles, see http://uscode.house.gov .

What is available?

• GovInfo contains virtual main editions of the U.S. Code from 1994 forward.
• The information contained in the U.S. Code on GovInfo has been provided to GPO by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the U.S. House of Representatives. While every effort has been made to ensure that the U.S. Code on GovInfo is accurate, those using it for legal research should verify their results against the printed version of the U.S. Code available through the Government Publishing Office or a Federal Depository Library .

Searching the United States Code

Basic Search – Use keywords, search operators, and metadata fields in the single search box. Search over just the U.S. Code by adding collection:uscode to your Basic Search query.

Advanced Search – Click here to select a date or date range, collection, and up to 5 fields to search in. Select United States Code under Refine by Collection first! Then, fields custom to the U.S. Code will populate automatically in the box under Search In.

Citation Search – Click here to retrieve a single United States Code document in PDF format if you know the Year, Title Number, and Section Number of the document.

Browse – Click here to browse the United States Code by year then Title.

General govinfo Search Tips

Search Examples

Search by United States Code Citation These examples will search for 5 U.S.C. 303.

• Using Basic Search, enter: collection:uscode citation:"5 U.S.C. 303"
• Using Advanced Search, select United States Code under Refine by Collection, then under Search In select Citation from the first box and enter "5 U.S.C. 303" in the next box
• Using Citation Search, select United States Code from Select Collection box, select Most Recent from Select Year box, select Title 5 from Select Title Number box, and enter 303 in the Section Number box

Search by Title Number These examples will search for documents from Title 27 of United States Code.

• Using Basic Search, enter: collection:uscode usctitlenum:27
• Using Advanced Search, select United States Code under Refine by Collection, then under Search In select U.S. Code Title Number from the first box and select Title 5 in the next box.

Search by Short Title These examples will search for documents with the short title "Congressional Budget Act."

• Using Basic Search, enter: collection:uscode and shorttitle:"congressional budget act"
• Using Advanced Search, select United States Code under Refine by Collection, then under Search In select Short Title from the first box and enter "congressional budget act" in the next box.

Search by Public Law Citation This example will search for documents that reference Public Law 90-83.

• Using Basic Search, enter: collection:uscode plawcitation:"Public Law 90-83"

Search by Statutes at Large Citation This example will search for documents that reference 77 Stat. 81.

• Using Basic Search, enter: collection:uscode and statutecitation:"77 Stat. 81"

Search by Keyword These examples will search for documents with emissions in the full text of the publication.

• Using Basic Search, enter: emissions collection:uscode
• Using Advanced Search, select United States Code under Refine by Collection, then under Search In enter "congressional budget act" in the next box.

Sample United States Code URLs

GovInfo uses two key pieces of information to construct predictable URLs to documents and Details pages.

• Package ID is used to identify an individual yearly title of the United States Code.
• Granule ID is used to identify an individual document that exists within the yearly title of the United States Code.

Tip: You can also use the link service and API to construct predictable links.

Details Page for a United States Code Title

Structure: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/ {Package ID}

Example: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2006-title2

PDF File for a United States Code Title

Structure: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/ {Package ID}/pdf/{Package ID}.pdf

Example: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2006-title2/pdf/USCODE-2006-title2.pdf

HTML File for a United States Code Title

Structure: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/ {Package ID}/html/{Package ID}.htm

Example: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2006-title2/html/USCODE-2006-title2.htm

Details Page for a United States Code Granule

Structure: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/ {Package ID}/{Granule ID}

Example: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2008-title28/USCODE-2008-title28-partI-chap5-sec82

PDF File for a United States Code Granule

Structure: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/ {Package ID}/pdf/{Granule ID}.pdf

Example: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2008-title28/pdf/USCODE-2008-title28-partI-chap5-sec82.pdf

HTML File for a United States Code Granule

Structure: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/ {Package ID}/html/{Granule ID}.htm

Example: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2008-title28/html/USCODE-2008-title28-partI-chap5-sec82.htm

United States Code Metadata Fields and Values

Metadata fields and values can be used to increase the relevancy of your searches. The metadata fields available for the United States Code are listed in the table below. Metadata fields and values are used throughout GovInfo for

• Narrowing Your Search,
• Browsing Government Publications,
• Field Operators,
• Advanced Search, and
• Display on Details Pages.

Metadata fields and values can be entered into the Basic Search box using field operators. The field operators available for the United States Code are listed in the table below, along with examples for each metadata field. Using Field Operators

Some of these metadata fields are made available for use in Advanced Search . The metadata values can be entered in the same format for the fields available on the Advanced Search Page. Using Advanced Search

Related Resources

• Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules for the Code of Federal Regulations and the United States Code - 2009, 2011, and 2013 forward
• Contact your local Federal Depository Library - To access a physical copy of volumes of the United States Code
• Purchase Select Printed Volumes - From GPO's Online Bookstore
• United States Code Classification Tables - View where recently enacted laws will appear in the United States Code and which sections of the Code have been amended by those laws, from the Office of the Law Revision Counsel.

Basic Legal Research Guide: Statutes and Codes

• Getting Started
• Dictionaries
• Encyclopedias
• Law Reviews
• Restatements
• Statutes and Codes
• Administrative Law
• Illinois Resources
• Research Strategy

Accessing Codes in Print

The United States Code Service ( U.S.C.S ) is shelved on the 3rd floor of the Law Library at call number KF 62 1972 .L38 , and the United States Code Annotated ( U.S.C.A .) is shelved at call number KF 62.W4 on the 3rd floor. A second set of the U.S.C.A. is shelved on the 4th floor at the same call number. See the map below for the location of the U.S.C.A. on the 4th floor in relation to the stairwell.

Contrasting U.S.C.A. and U.S.C.S. (print)

There are some differences between the two unofficial versions of the U.S.C.: 

• The U.S.C.A. seeks to be comprehensive in its case annotations, including every relevant case that discusses the statute, while the U.S.C.S. includes only selected cases in its annotations.
• While both print sets include references to related administrative regulations, only the U.S.C.S. includes references to cases decided by administrative law courts (the print U.S.C.A. does not).
• While both sets include references to law journal articles , ALR annotations , and AmJur articles , there are differences in the coverage of secondary source materials in the annotations. Since the U.S.C.A. is published by West, you will find references to print treatises published by West but not to those published by Lexis.  Additionally, CJS citations are only included in the U.S.C.A. Likewise, since the U.S.C.S. is published by Lexis, it will contain references to print treatises published by Lexis but not those published by West.  
• Since it is published by West, the U.S.C.A. contains references to the West Key Number System , while the U.S.C.S. does not.

Therefore, if you have access to both the U.S.C.A. and the U.S.C.S., it's a good idea to check a statute in both sets to ensure that you aren't missing a potentially relevant source.

About Statutes

Statutes are laws written and enacted by the legislative branch of government. Most new laws are created through statutes (as opposed to being created by judges through case opinions); therefore, it is important to know that you will frequently begin your research projects by looking at a statute rather than cases.

At the federal level , each statute is published in three versions . First, a statute is enacted as a slip law , which is printed on a single sheet or in pamphlet form. When a slip law is published, it will be assigned a Public Law Number to identify it. The Public Law Number (e.g., Pub.L. No. 112-25) consists of two parts: The first number represents the number of the Congress that passed the law, while the second number represents the chronological order in which the law was passed. In the above example, Pub.L. No. 112-25 is the 25th law passed by the 112th Congress.  Slip laws/Public Laws are available in print or online through the Library of Congress's  Congress.gov site.

Next, the statute is published as a session law . Session laws are the slip laws bound chronologically by Congressional session (each Congress lasts two years and is divided into two sessions). The Statutes at Large is the official U.S. government compilation of federal session laws.

While it's important to acknowledge the existence of slip laws and session laws, there are several problems with researching statutes using these formats:

• Usually you will be searching by subject, and neither slip laws nor session laws are arranged by subject.
• A statute may cover several subjects, and the subject matter you are looking for may not be apparent from the title of the statute. For example, would it be obvious from looking at the title of the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 that this statute includes tax law provisions? 
• Each time a statute is amended, a separate Public Law must be passed, so you may have to read through several slip laws to get the complete and current version of a statute's language.
• Finally, from looking at slip laws or session laws, there's no way to tell if a statute has been repealed.

Therefore, when researching, you'll want to use the third version of a statute, which is published in a code . A code arranges the statutes by topic (rather than chronologically), indexes statutes to allow for subject access, and incorporates any amendments and repealed language such as to always give you the current picture of the law.

About Codes

The official codification (i.e., the version published by the U.S. government) of federal statutes is the United States Code ( U.S.C .). The U.S.C. is broken down into 53 subject Titles , with each Title representing a major subject area (e.g., Banks and Banking, Labor, Transportation). The newest Title (Title 54) covers the National Park Service and was added in December 2014 (note that there is currently not a Title 53). The U.S.C. is published in full every six years , but cumulative bound supplements are issued each year in between. Publication of the full code and annual supplements may lag several years behind; for example, the Law Library didn't receive the complete set of 2006 U.S.C. bound volumes until 2009. Because of these long delays, and because the U.S.C. doesn't contain any explanatory material to help researchers understand the statutory language, it's more efficient and effective to use an unofficial code . An unofficial code is a commercially published version of an official code, which is used for legal research. Unofficial codes include references (called annotations ) to primary and secondary sources that relate to each code section and are updated much more frequently than the U.S.C. 

There are two unofficial code print versions of the U.S.C.: United States Code Annotated (the  U.S.C.A ., published by West) and the United States Code Service (the U.S.C.S ., published by Lexis). Both sets include the entire U.S.C., as well as other material (e.g., the Constitution, Federal Court Rules, Federal Rules of Evidence). All of the content is annotated with references to case law and secondary sources (such as law reviews, treatises, and ALR annotations) that interpret the statutory language; plus there are cross-references to related regulations. Both versions also include a multivolume index at the end of the sets, along with a Popular Name Table that facilitates searching for a code section when you know the name of the statute (e.g., USA PATRIOT Act, Megan's Law). Both versions also include volumes that contain tables showing parallel references for Public Laws, session laws, and code sections. Both versions are updated annually with pocket parts and/or softbound pamphlet supplements (just as we saw with the digests ), and both include advance legislative service volumes that show changes to the code sections in between the times when the pocket parts are issued. You can also use an online citator to determine if a statute is still valid and to find cases and other materials that analyze or interpret the statutory language. Use KeyCite (in Westlaw ) for the U.S.C.A and Shepard's (in Lexis ) for the U.S.C.S.

Online Annotated Codes

Each of the major online subscription services has its own annotated code, and each allows researchers to perform full-text keyword searches. However, when searching in online annotated codes , it's important to remember that statutes are not individual documents; rather, they are part of a larger scheme. Therefore, it's a good idea to take advantage of the Table of Contents feature in any online code. The Table of Contents will allow you to browse for related sections (especially definition sections ) as well as view a single statutory section in the context of related sections. As for the annotations to related, non-statutory material, each service differs slightly.

• When you find a relevant statutory section while searching in Bloomberg Law's United States Code database, click on the " Smart Code " tab to view cases that interpret the statutory language. For some areas of law, Bloomberg Law also provides tabs that link to related CFR ( Code of Federal Regulations ) provisions, secondary sources, and other administrative agency materials. Keep in mind that Bloomberg Law is still developing its annotations, so you may not find as much interpretive material in Bloomberg Law as you would in the other online annotated codes. Also keep in mind that, from the Table of Contents view in Bloomberg's U.S.C. database, you have access to the U.S.C. Popular Name Table (at the bottom of the screen).
• To access the online version of the U.S.C.S. in Lexis + , type "United States Code Service" in the main search box, and USCS - United States Code Service - Titles 1 through 54 will auto-complete. Click on "USCS" to search by keyword, or click on "View Table of Contents" to see the Code's Table of Contents.
• U.S.C.A. in Westlaw includes an index and Popular Name Table (both found on the right side of the screen under "Tools & Resources"). When you click on a statutory section, you will see the following tabs that allow you to access the annotations: " Notes of Decisions " (cases that interpret the statutory language, grouped by subject); " Citing References " (citations to additional interpretive cases, cross-references to related statutes and administrative law materials, and secondary sources); and " Context & Analysis " (citations to law review articles, ALRs, legal encyclopedias, and the West Key Number System). The " History " tab displays the history of the statute, including cases and proposed legislation that may negatively affect it (look also for KeyCite flags), as well as legislative history materials.

Subject Guide

CALI LibTour - U.S.C.A. and U.S.C.S.

As part of its  LibTour podcast series, CALI created this brief introduction to the U.S.C.A. and U.S.C.S. Follow the link below to the podcast.

• CALI LibTour Podcast - U.S.C.A. & U.S.C.S.

How to Cite Codes - Examples

Rule B12.1.1 (Bluepages) of The Bluebook (21st edition) covers how to cite to U.S. federal statutes in non-academic legal documents. Per this rule, a full citation of a federal statute includes: 1) the official name of the act; and 2) the published source in which the act can be found. It may also include a parenthetical indicating either i) the year the source was published (used for codes); or ii) the year the statute was passed (used for session laws). The Bluebook provides the following examples (see p. 18):

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601–9675. 

In this example, the legislation at hand appears in title 42 of the United States Code in sections 9601 through 9675.  

Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. No. 89-670, § 9, 80 Stat. 931, 944–47 (1966). 

In this example, the legislation is listed as a session law: it appeared in section 9 of Public Law Number 89-670 (the 670th law passed during the 89th Congress). The text of the Public Law appears in volume 80 of the Statutes at Large, starting on p. 931. The referenced legislation appears on pages 944 through 947. The year the statute passed was 1966. 

For guidance on citations of individual statutory sections, see rule B12.1.1 (Bluepages) (p.19). 

Whenever possible, cite the current official code for statutes currently in force (although note that it's best to use an unofficial annotated code for research). A citation of an official or unofficial code includes the following components: 1) the title number; 2) the abbreviated name of the code; 3) the section number(s) in which the act is codified; and 4) the year of the cited code edition (not the year the act was passed). The year of the cited code edition, however, may be omitted when citing the official or unofficial U.S.C ., while citations to an unofficial code (such as the U.S.C.A. and the U.S.C.S.) must include the name of the publisher in a parenthetical.  The Bluebook provides the following examples in rule B12.1.1 (Bluepages) (see p. 19):

1 U.S.C. § 1.

15 U.S.C.A. § 205 (West).

Rule 12 (Whitepages) of The Bluebook covers how to cite to statutes and codes in academic works. If available, cite statutes currently in force to the current official code or its supplement (see p. 121 for alternatives when the current U.S.C. is not available). The Bluebook provides these examples (see  p. 121) :

42 U.S.C. § 1983.

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 § 102, 42 U.S.C. § 4332. 

Note that citations to both the official and unofficial federal codes do not require a date. 

Rule 12.5 (Whitepages) explains how to cite a code contained in an electronic database . Per this rule, give parenthetically the name of the database and the currency of the database as provided by the database itself (rather than the year of the code) . Also provide the name of the publisher, editor, or compiler per rule 12.3.1(d) (Whitepages) unless the code is published, edited, compiled by, or under the supervision of government officials.  The Bluebook includes the following examples (p. 127):

18 U.S.C.S. § 1956 (LEXIS through Pub. L. No. 113-108).

In this example, the citation is to the United States Code Service (an annotated code published by Lexis). The United States Code Service database used in this example is current through Public Law No. 113-108 (the 108th law passed during the 113th Congress). You can find the currency of the U.S.C.S. database in Lexis listed underneath the statutory section you are viewing, and it will be listed by the Public Law Number. 

18 U.S.C.A. § 1956 (Westlaw through Pub. L. No. 113-93 (excluding Pub. L. No. 113-79)). 

In this example, the citation is to the United States Code Annotated (an annotated code published by West). The United Stated Code Annotated database used in this example is current through Public Law No. 113-93, excluding Public Law No. 113-79. You can find the currency of the U.S.C.A  in Westlaw at the bottom of the screens for individual statutory sections where it says "Current through . . . ."

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Statutory Research- Federal & State: What are statutes?

• What are statutes?
• United States Code
• Annotated United States Code
• State Statutes
• Commercial Databases
• Oklahoma Free Resources
• Oklahoma Commercial Sites
• Texas Free Resources
• Texas Commercial Sites

Statutes Defined

Statutes are laws passed by a legislative body and usually arranged by subject. Read the definition of a statute as provided by Black's Law Dictionary .

Global Lex has prepared a A Guide to U.S. Federal Legal System that provides excellent information about research statutes.

Researching Statutes PowerPoint

• Statutes Power Point

Statutes in Print

The Law Library currently maintains in print copy of the United States Code, the Oklahoma and Texas statutes, and the Oklahoma Statutes Annotated.

Statute Research Guides

Research guides are always a great starting point when researching any area of law. Two useful research guides on the topic of Federal Statutes :

Research Guide from Harvard University

Research  Guide from NYU.

Two useful research guides on the topic of the   Oklahoma Statutes :

Research Guide from the Library of Congress

Research Guide from Georgetown University.

A useful research guide for the Texas Codes :

Research Guide from the Library of Congress .

Legislative History

Legislative history is the material resulting from the process of a bill becoming a law in Congress. Some materials found when researching legislative history include text of the bill, amendments, reports, and debates. Read more about Legislative History from the Legislative History LibGuide linked below. 

• Federal Legislative History by Timothy Gatton Last Updated Sep 24, 2020 741 views this year

Codification Process

Codified Statutes and Session Laws

Session Laws are the publication of Congressional bills (and resolutions) and state legislation as they are passed by Congress or a state legislature. Codified statutes are the bills as they have been codified and are arranged by topic.

Annotated Statutes

Official Statutes v. Statutes Annotated

Most jurisdictions publish an official statute series or set. These official versions contain very few extra research tools other than an index and select tables. Annotated statutes  are commercial publications of the statutes with references to other sources of law, most often case law which defines, broadens, or narrows the scope of that statute. Annotations also provide references to law review articles, ALRs, treatises, and other research references.

Online Quick Reference

Are Statutes Available Online?

Both Federal and State Statutes are available from online resources.

1. LLMC Digital: Click here for online access to this title (requires Adobe Acrobat or other PDF reader)

2. HeinOnline : U.S. Congressional Documents Library

                              Session Laws Library

                              Treaties and Agreements Library

                             Statutes at Large Library

                                       United States Code Library

3. FDsys.gov

4. Westlaw Law School

5. LexisNexis Law School

6.  ProQuest Congressional

• Next: United States Code >>
• Last Updated: Sep 24, 2020 2:41 PM
• URL: https://libguides.okcu.edu/statutoryresearch

ERISA: Research Guide to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act

• General Sources
• Statutory Law
• Administrative Law
• Legislative Histories
• Statistical Sources
• Other Resources
• Off Campus Access to Databases
• Law Library Useful Links
• Get Help & About the Author

When a law is passed, it is first published as a Session Law.  Eventually it is reworked into a subject arrangement of the law which is called a code.  Most researchers will make use of an annotated version of the code which often cites to case law, secondary sources, other relevant statutes and regulations that will help you with your research.

Tips for Locating Statutes

• Use an index to search by subject
• Use the popular name table to search by name
• Use the conversion table to search by public law number
• Retrieve by citation
• Search online using Terms & Connectors or Natural Language

Statutes & Codes

ERISA is codified in various sections of the United States Code.  The two most pertinent are: Title 26 (tax) and Title 29 (labor).  The following sources provide access to the relevant USC sections. 

• United States Code (U.S.C.) The United States Code is the codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States.
• West's Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and Treasury regulations Contains the complete text of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended through the end of the First Session of the 113th Congress. The book is designed to be used with Title 26 of the United States Code Annotated® for historical notes and notes of decisions construing the Code.
• CCH Cheetah Pension & Employee Benefits Provides the text of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 as well as amending legislation from the most recent Congress. Also provides a detailed topical index that uses key words to direct you to specific ERISA topics.
• United States Code Service (USCS) Published by LexisNexis, the USCS provides an annotated version of the United States Code based on the Statutes at Large . Annotations provide access to historical notes, cross-references to other statutes/regulations, and references to relevant secondary sources. The USCS also includes general and title specific indexes.
• United States Code Annotated (USCA) Published by Thomson Reuters, the USCA provides an annotated version of the United States Code published by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives. Annotations provide access to historical notes, cross-references to other statutes/regulations, and references to relevant secondary sources. The USCA also includes general and title specific indexes.
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• Last Updated: Mar 11, 2024 12:02 PM
• URL: https://guides.libraries.uc.edu/erisa

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Statutes Research Guide

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Federal Statutes

Federal laws are issued by Congress in slip law form immediately after they become law, and are made available on the web, Lexis, and Westlaw immediately after they are passed by Congress.

After the slip laws are issued, the laws of each session of Congress are printed together in volumes called "session laws." The  official  version of the federal session laws is called the  United States Statutes at Large . Another version of the session laws is a series called the  United States Code Congressional and Administrative News   (U.S.C.C.A.N.) . 

Finally, federal statutes are officially "codified" (meaning they are compiled and arranged by subject) in the  United States Code  (U.S.C.) .  The U.S. Code also comes in two annotated versions called the  United States Code Service   (U.S.C.S.) , and the  United States Code Annotated   (U.S.C.A.) . The  unofficial versions come out much more quickly than the official versions , and contain notes, references and certain other features which are designed to make them easier to use. The U.S.C.S. is available exclusively on Lexis and the U.S.C.A. is available exclusively on Westlaw . However, in scholarly and court documents, you must cite to the official version, provided it has the current text of the statute. Refer to your  Bluebook   for further citation information.

Citations & Sources: Federal

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• Last Updated: Apr 11, 2024 10:53 AM
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Federal Statutes and Legislative Information

• Session Laws
• US Constitution
• Legislative History
• Procedural Records, Calendars and Rules
• Congressional Offices

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Click the link to chat with a librarian and ask any questions that you might have or submit a request here .

Research Checklist - Codes

Research Checklist:

1.   Analyze  your legal problem and come up with relevant search terms.

2.   Use a full-text  search engine or an index (print or online) to find relevant statutory sections.

3.   Read statutory  sections and pertinent annotations, if in an annotated code (U.S.C.S. or U.S.C.A.).

4.   Look for  cross-references or other applicable sections, such as definitions.

5.   Update  the statutory section.

   a.   Use KeyCite  or Shepard's to make sure there hasn't been negative treatment of the statute.

   b.   Double-check for  any new legislation by checking the  Office of Law Revision Counsel's Classification Tables .

6.   Review Secondary  Sources for better understanding of the legal issues.

USC General Index

Print:   Available for the offical U.S.C., the U.S.C.S. and the U.S.C.A. 

Lexis.com path:  Legal > Federal Legal - U.S. > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > United States Code Service    (USCS) Materials > United States Code Service - Titles 1 through 51 - Index  

Westlaw Classic database identifier:  USCA-IDX Westlaw path:  Home > Statutes & Court Rules > United States Code Annotated (USCA) > USCA Index or enter USCA Index in search box to find database

Online Resources for the U.S. Code

Online resources for the U.S. code.

• Lexis This link opens in a new window Provides current annotated text of U.S.C.S. Personal password required Lexis.com path: Legal > Federal Legal - U.S. > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > USCS - United States Code Service: Code, Const, Rules, Conventions & Public Laws Prior versions of U.S. Code available on Lexis.com, not on LexisAdvance (as of Feb. 2014) Lexis Advance: Use the Browse Sources feature to isolate the United States Code Service database. more... less... Personal passwords are restricted by our contract to currently enrolled law students and law faculty only.
• Westlaw This link opens in a new window Provides current annotated U.S.C.A. and Constitution in one file Westlaw Classic Database Identifier: USCA Westlaw path: Home > Statutes & Court Rules > United States Code Annotated (USCA) or type USCA in search box to find database. more... less... Personal passwords are restricted by our contract to currently enrolled law students and law faculty only.
• U.S. Code This link opens in a new window Text of the current official U.S. Code, as prepared by the Office of Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives. Includes a search engine for Code data and a sophisticated advanced searching option. This site also includes classification tables for current and previous Congresses, a Cite Checker , and access to USC prelim (advance posting of the next online version).
• ProQuest Congressional Publications This link opens in a new window Provides its own search interface to the official code. more... less... BC Access: Resource is available via computers connected to the BC network. Off-campus access requires a BC username and password, and is available to the BC Community only (current students, faculty and staff.)
• Bloomberg Law (BLAW) This link opens in a new window Select Search & Browse > Legislative & Regulatory >United States Code (USC). Includes the current U.S. Code. Prior editions are available under Prior Annual Editions of the U.S. Code. more... less... Registration Required. Register Online.

Archival Versions of the U.S. Code

Access archival versions of the U.S. code.

• Lexis This link opens in a new window Archival code files. USCS versions back to 1992. Lexis.com path: Legal > Federal Legal - U.S. > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > United States Code Service (USCS) Materials > United States Code Service Materials (Archived) more... less... Personal passwords are restricted by our contract to currently enrolled law students and law faculty only.
• Westlaw This link opens in a new window Archival code files. USCA versions back to 1990 Westlaw Classic Database Identifier: USCA[XX], for example USCA90) Westlaw path: Home > Statutes & Court Rules > Historical Statutes > United States Code Annotated - Historical or type USCA historical into search box to find database. more... less... Personal passwords are restricted by our contract to currently enrolled law students and law faculty only.
• HeinOnline. U.S. Code Includes United States Code dating back to 1925-1926 plus the complete collection of federal statute compilations prior to the US Code.
• GovInfo U.S. Code Official U.S.C. versions back to 1994
• << Previous: Home
• Next: Slip Laws >>
• Last Updated: Oct 3, 2023 12:23 PM
• URL: https://lawguides.bc.edu/federalstatutes

Researching Statutes: Popular Names Tables/Indexes

• Table of Contents

Popular Names Tables/Indexes

• Keyword Searching
• Annotated Codes
• Legislative History
• How do you cite to a statute?

Almost every act of Congress is given a "popular name" by which it should be cited, i.e. No Child Left Behind Act, the Patriot Act, etc.  Popular names tables or indexes link the popular name of a statute to its citation(s) in the United States Code.  Often times, these tools also link the popular name with its Public Law number and/or Statute at Large citation. For example, if looking at the entry for the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, one would see its Public Law number is PL 107-110; its Statute at Large citation is 115 Stat 1425; and its location in sections 20 USCA 6301, 20 USCA 6052, 20 USCA 6053e, 20 USCA 6054b, etc. of the United States Code.  These finding tools are found both online and in print.

Federal Sources

Print Sources

The "Table of Popular Names" appears at the end of the volume set of the United States Code, the United States Code Annotated, and the United States Code Service.  All of these sets can be found on the second floor of the library.

Online Sources

Click the links below to access Westlaw's or Lexis' Popular Name Tables for the United States Code.

• Westlaw's USCA Popular Name Table
• Lexis' USCS Popular Name Table

New York State Sources

The "Table of Popular Names" appears in the last volume of the general index, following the letter "Z", in both McKinney's and the Consolidated Law Service. The general index to both of these sets can be found on the second floor of the library.

Only Westlaw provides online versions of the Table of Popular Names for state codes.  To access the Table of Popular Names for New York, click on the link below and enter the New York Statutes Annotated database on Westlaw. Then click on the highlighted text "New York Statutes Popular Name Table" in the Tools and Resources box on the right side of the screen.

• New York Statutes Popular Name Table
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• Last Updated: May 8, 2024 3:09 PM
• URL: https://guides.brooklaw.edu/statutes

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Federal Statutes and Regulations

Federal statutes and regulations follow a similar publication pattern: they are published first in chronological order and are later codified by subject. The uses of various publications and web sites that describe the regulations promulgated by Federal agencies and the statutes passed by the U.S. Congress are examined here.

A typical statute may establish an obligation or a mandate on behalf of a Federal agency. In order to comply with that mandate, the agency will promulgate a regulation as to how the agency will enforce compliance with the statutory requirements. This is a simplified version of the relationship between statutes and regulations.  

Finding Public Laws and Federal Statutes

To understand how to locate specific statutes by subject or different forms of citation it is necessary to recognize how a statute is created. The U.S. Congress meets in a two-year term which consist of two annual sessions, which is termed as a Congress. During each Congress, the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives consider over 5000 bills and enact several hundred statutes in the form of acts and joint resolutions. The statutes can range from simple designations of commemorative days to complex legislation regarding environmental, economic and social issues, which will span hundreds of pages of text.

Each law passed is designated as either a public law or a private law, and is assigned a number indicating the chronological order in which it is passed. Public laws are designed to affect the general public while private laws are passed to meet the special needs of an individual or group. Only public laws become part of the statutory code, the U.S. Code . Both will appear in separate series in the session laws, the U.S. Statutes at Large .

HeinOnline's U.S. Statutes at Large Library provides searchable, online access to Public Laws, Private Laws, Presidential Proclamations, and Treaties published in the U.S. Statutes at Large from its inception in 1789 to 2011.

As bound volume sources of session laws, The Library maintains the U.S. Statutes at Large (K42 .A3), which are published by the Government Publishing Office and the West publication that features selective legislative history documents, which is entitled the United States Code and Congressional Administrative News (K35 .U5).

The Interior Library also provides access to session laws within the paperback advance sheets of two commercial publications: the United States Code and Congressional Administrative News (K35 .U5) and the U.S. Code Annotated (KF 62 .W45). Session laws in the form of slip laws constitute the official text of a statute; they are housed in the Library near the U.S. Statutes at Large .

The public and private law numbers run in sequence, starting anew at the beginning of each Congress. Since 1957, the public laws have been prefixed for easier identification by the number of the Congress. For example, the first Public Law of the 106th Congress is designated Public Law (or PL) 106-1. Prior to 1957, public and private laws had citations as chapters and as a Statute at Large.

A typical statute cite will read, for example, (both before and after the 1957 change in numbering public laws) as 99 Stat. 713, which meant that it could be located in volume 99 of the U.S. Statutes at Large at page 713.

Tables that correlate Public Law and U.S. Statutes at Large cites are published in the Table volumes of the U.S. Code Annotated and at the end of each volume that completes a legislative session of the United States Code and Congressional Administrative News (K35 .U5). These tables will also provide access to specific citations to the codifications embodied in the U.S. Code and the U.S. Code Annotated .

The U.S. Code, the U.S. Code Annotated, the United States Code and Congressional Administrative News, and the U.S. Statutes at Large contain subject indices and Popular Name Tables to facilitate the location of specific statutes. The U.S. Code Annotated has several features that appear with each statute which none of the other statutory search tools contain. These include:

• annotations in the form of summaries of holdings of cases that have construed the statute
• annotations in the form of notes on the history of and amendments to the statute
• annotations to relevant practice sets, legal periodicals and treatises
• cross-references to similar and related statutes

To summarize, the following chart illustrates what each tool contains relevant to the act with the popular name "Forest Resources and Conservation and Shortages Relief Act of 1990" and the different citations used as a reference point in each set.

A: Subject index B: Popular name index C: Annotations to case law D: Annotations to law review articles, legal encyclopedias, digest key numbers E: Legislative history notes F: Selective legislative history documents  

Many sources can also be found on the Internet: 

• United States Code 1994 to 2022, through govinfo.gov (GPO)
• United States Code provided by the Legal Information Institute at Cornell University, this version is generated from the most recent official version made available by the US House of Representatives. For more information about the currency of any particular section of the United States Code, and the differences between the printed and online versions, see the Office of Law Revision Counsel website .
• Public and Private Laws 104th Congress (1995) to the present, through govinfo.gov (GPO)
• Public Laws 82nd Congress (1951/1952) to the present, through Congress.gov

Finding Regulations

In its simplest form, the system of publishing Federal agency regulations is based on a daily publication entitled the Federal Register, which constitutes a counterpart to the session laws, and a codification of promulgated regulations entitled the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Each of these publications contain other components as detailed below.

The location of Federal agency regulations in these official publications involves the use of a variety of Federally and commercially produced indices publications as described below. The Internet provides opportunities to search specific annual sequences of both publications at the following web sites:

• Federal Register 1936 (v.1) to the present, through govinfo.gov (GPO)
• Code of Federal Regulations   1996 to the present, through govinfo.gov (GPO)

The Federal Register has been published daily, Monday through Friday since March 14, 1936, pursuant to the Federal Register Act, 49 Stat. 500, 44 U.S.C. 301 et seq. The Federal Register publishes the following types of documents:

• Presidential documents - these include Proclamations and Executive Orders
• Rules and regulations - these are published with a summary, effective dates, contact persons, and relevant supplementary information
• Proposed rules - documents which notify the public of proposed regulations and solicits comments within a specific time frame
• Notices - notices of hearings and investigations, committee meetings, agency decisions and rulings, delegation of authority, filing of petitions and applications, and statements from agencies regarding organization and functions

Each daily issue of the Federal Register contains the following "Reader Aids":

• Customer Service telephone numbers
• Web site addresses
• E-mail addresses for PENS (Public Law Electronic Notification Service) and Federal Register reference questions
• Table of Federal Register pages published for each specific date in the current month
• List of CFR parts affected/changed during the current month - this cumulative list provides the user with appropriate Federal Register cite to locate specific CFR changes
• Reminders - these include reminders of specific rules going into effect on that day (and on the next day also in Friday's issue), comments due next week and a list of public laws passed this week

Each Monday, the Federal Register contains a CFR checklist, which describes the order of CFR titles, stock numbers, and the prices and revision dates for each issue published; this list provides an inventory of what a current set of CFR should contain.

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) annual edition is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the departments and agencies of the Federal Government. It is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation. The 50 subject matter titles contain one or more individual volumes, which are updated once each calendar year, on a staggered basis. The annual update cycle is as follows: titles 1-16 are revised as of January 1; titles 17-27 are revised as of April 1; titles 28-41 are revised as of July 1; and titles 42-50 are revised as of October 1. Each title is divided into chapters, which usually bear the name of the issuing agency. Each chapter is further subdivided into parts that cover specific regulatory areas. Large parts may be subdivided into subparts. All parts are organized in sections, and most citations to the CFR refer to material at the section level.

The revision dates are printed on the cover and title pages of each issue. The revision dates on each CFR issue is crucial to the updating of each section therein. That date allows users to rely upon the List of Sections Affected to locate updates and proposed changes to regulations as published in the Federal Register. The List of Sections Affected is also available on the Internet.

The Library maintains a variety of subject indices to support research in the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations . These include:

• CFR Index - official GPO publication, maintained since 1970
• List of Sections Affected - official GPO publication, maintained since 1949
• Federal Register Index - official GPO publication, 1936-82
• CIS Federal Register Index - 1984-98

A tutorial on the uses of the Federal Register is available on the Internet and is in the Library collection as The Federal Register: What It Is and How to Use It (KF70 .A2U58 1992). Detailed procedures for the submission of proposed rules, comments and rules to the Federal Register are available in the Federal Register Document Drafting Handbook (KF70 .A21 1997).

Library Staff make available each week a selective compilation of Federal Register Items of Interest to the Department of the Interior . Items are arranged by date, then by agency.  

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