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APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

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APA Style Help & Tools

{{page_title}}, best bet: apa's academic writer.

Academic Writer is the only authoritative and complete online environment for teaching, writing, and publishing in APA Style®, now updated to the 7th Edition. Designed to help users develop their writing and professional research skills, Academic Writer combines sophisticated learning and teaching tools, advanced writing and content management technology, and full integration of APA’s best-selling Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association® to create an unparalleled web-based suite of integrated services and tools.

Access Academic Writer anytime with this link:

library.purdueglobal.edu/academicwriter

Academic Writer Documentation & Tips

The below links lead to more information, tips, and training about the basics of using Academic Writer.

• Library Guide to Academic Writer
• Getting Started Guide (PDF)
• Creating Academic Writer Accounts (PDF)
• Accessing the Publication Manual (PDF)
• Technical Requirements

Using Academic Writer's Writing Tools

Academic Writer contains a Writing section where you can create and write a full APA-formatted paper.  You can write the entire paper in Academic Writer or just use it to setup the title page, headings, and references.  Export your work at any time to a Microsoft Word document.  Below are documents from Academic Writer about the essential features of their Writing tools.  

• Setting up the Title Page
• Adding References to Papers (PDF)
• Adding In-Text Citations (PDF)
• Adding Tables (PDF)
• Exporting Papers (PDF)

Featured Items from Academic Writer

Basics of APA Style

Learn the basics of APA Style, including how to format a manuscript, understand the form and function of common manuscript parts, organize and express your thoughts clearly and precisely, employ the mechanics of style, use graphic elements effectively, credit sources and acknowledge the contributions of others, and construct a comprehensive and reliable reference list.

Academic Writer

© 2020 American Psychological Association.

How to Avoid Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism

Learn how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism, including how to identify plagiarism, understand its risks and consequences, cite sources properly, and develop sound writing practices.

Learn how to set up the title page of an APA Style paper, including the page header and running head, title, author name and affiliation, and author note.

Paper Template: ("Merenda" Sample Student Paper)

This sample response paper presents a university student's personal reaction to an article about whether medication is prescribed too often to young children to treat psychological disorders. The title page demonstrates the simple default layout for a student paper. The paper has a simple setup with only a title page, body of text, and references. No "running head"! Response papers typically do not include author notes or abstracts, though this may vary by assignment.

Visit the Writing Center

Need writing help?  Visit the Writing Center to contact a tutor, submit your paper for review and feedback, or ask APA Style-related questions, as well as access dozens of writing tutorials, videos, webinars, and other instructional resources.

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PG Writing Center's Top APA Links

• Common Citations in APA Format
• APA Title Page and Running Head Video
• APA (7th Edition) Demystified in 5 Minutes Video
• Formatting an APA Style (7th Edition) Reference List Video
• Writing With Integrity (APA Style 7th Ed.)

eBook on APA Style 7th Edition

Zotero: Free Reference Management Tool

Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources. This tool is especially popular for heavy researchers at the grad level and above.

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Download the Guidelines for APA Writing Style and Format file. 

Using APA to Cite Sources

• Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing
• Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style® From APA Style®, these FAQs will help clarify frequent areas of confusion.
• Purdue Online Writing Lab APA resources
• Sample Paper from APA website Links to a PDF on the APA Style site that exemplifies of the use of bias-free language in scientific writing. Journal Article (January 2007)
• The Writer's Handbook: APA Documentation Guide Excellent guide to APA style from the Writing Center at the University of Wisconsin, Madison

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Many of the Libraries databases enable you to create alerts or feeds, so that you can be notified when new research is published. You can set up an alert based on your search criteria (keywords, author name, etc.), or based on when a new issue of a specific journal is published. Alerts can generally be set to arrive as RSS feeds or emails. 

You can also set up Google Alerts to monitor information on the web, including Google Scholar.

Citation Management

Citation management software can help you manage your citations and easily organize and format your citations in a wide variety of citation styles. Check out the links below for more information about these useful programs. 

• Citation Management Basics This guide provides an overview of citation management software options, including basic functions and the differences between the various options available, including EndNote, EndNote Web, and Zotero. Also provided is contact information for Purdue librarians available to provide citation management support for Purdue faculty, students, and staff.
• EndNote Basic This guide highlights the unique features of EndNote Basic (previously EndNote Web). EndNote Basic is free and can be used with or without EndNote Desktop software.
• Zotero Zotero is a free and open, web-based citation management program. This guide provides info on getting started and carrying out key functions, for students and instructors. It also includes video tutorials.
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Publication Manual, 7th edition

In Text Citing

Citing sources intext using APA-style can be confusing. The following text provides some examples. 

Citing in text: narrative or parenthetical citations

Use one of the following formats when citing a source in the context of a discussion board post, blog, or paper. The first two examples are if the idea of from the source is being paraphrased; the last two examples are if the source is directly quoted:

• Smith (2011) indicated that .......
• .............. (Smith, 2011).
• According to Smith (2011), ".............." (p.#).
• "...................." (Smith, 2011, p.#).

If you are including more than one citation in the parens ( ), the citations should be alphabetized and separated by a semicolon:

• (Abbot & Sims, 2011; Frank, 2014; Hapy & Gunter, 2014)

Proper Use of Et Al

Sometimes the in-text citations of source look remarkably similar, thus creating confusion. In the case where there are three or more authors, you can shorten the in-text citations, listing as many unique authors followed by et al to differentiate between sources. APA-style has a prescribed method for shortening in-text citations and using et al. The information in the linked resource provides a more detailed description and examples. You can also find the information in Section 8.18 in the Publication Manual (7th ed.).

Reference Examples (7th ed.)

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• Personal Communication

Currently, the advice from the American Psychological Association is to cite AI-generated information (e.g., ChatGPT) as personal communication. The purpose of the Reference entry is for people to get back to your sources, but they can't do that with sources like ChatGPT, which is why it's cited as if it were personal communication. While a Reference entry is not required for personal communication you may wish to include it for information pulled from an artificial intelligence generator. Another option would be to include the full transcript of the AI-generated information in an Appendix of your paper. The second example below demonstrates that process.

Taken from the APA Blog . Information is also adapted from Section 10.10 of the  Publication Manual  of the American Psychological Association  (2020)

Example Text

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

Reference Entry Example

OpenAI. (2023).  ChatGPT  (Mar 14 version) [Large language model].  https://chat.openai.com/chat

Sample In-Text Entries

• Parenthetical:  (OpenAI, 2023)
• Narrative: OpenAI (2023)

Example for AI-generated information in an Appendix

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Always verify formatting of electronically generated citations with either the  Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue , the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.), the APA blog . You may also consult with a librarian or Writing Center tutor regarding source citation formatting.  Make sure to double space and insert the hanging indent for all sources . You can submit your papers to either the online undergraduate or online graduate writing labs. This link provides more information.

Article from a reference work with an individual author or no author.

• ​ Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.),  Title of book  (pp. xxx-  xxx). https://www.xxxxxxxxxxxxxx [Include either the DOI or the URL, if there is no DOI]

Example 1:   Adamopoulos, J. (2004). Interpersonal behavior and culture. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.),  Encyclopedia of applied psychology . Elsevier Science & Technology. Credo Reference . https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/estappliedpsyc/interpersonal_behavior_and_culture/0?institutionId=4721

Parenthetical citation 1:  (Adamopoulos, 2004)

Narrative citation 1:  Adamopoulos (2004)

Example 2 :  Bradsher, B. (2023). Sports safety. In  CQ Researcher . CQ Press. https:// doi. org/10.4135/cqresrre20230616

Parenthetical citation 2:  (Bradsher, 2023)

Narrative citation 2:  Bradsher (2023) indicated that.....

If there is no author of the entry, use the following format:

• Title of entry. (date).  In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.),  Title of book  (pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher.

Example:  Ruth, Babe (George Herman). (2004). In P. Cornelison, & T. Yanak,  The great American history fact-finder  (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin. Credo Reference. https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/hmgahff/ruth_babe_george_herman/0?institutionId=4721

Article from a Reference Work with a Group Author

• Group Author Name. (date). Entry title. In  Title of work . Retrieved date of retrieval, from url

Example:   Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Self-report. In  Merriam-Webster dictionary . Retrieved July 12, 2019, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-report

Chapter/Article in a Volume of a Multivolume Work 

Author. (date). Title of chapter. In names of editor(s) (Ed. or Eds.), Title of work: Vol. # .  Title of volume (edition, page numbers). Publisher. doi

Example:   Goldin-Meado, S. (2015). Gesture and cognitive development. In L. S. Liben & U. Mueller (Eds.),  Handbook of child psychology and developmental science, Vol.2 .  Cognitive processes  (7th ed., pp. 339-380). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy209

Entry from Wikipedia

• Entry title. (date). In  Wikipedia , url

Example:  High-functioning autism. (2020, February, 12). In  Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-functioning_autism

Parenthetical citation:  ("High-functioning Autism", 2020)

Narrative citation:  "High-functioning Autism" (2004)

If you quote directly from the source be sure to include the paragraph number where the quote resides in the parenthetical/narrative citations. (ex., "High-functioning autism", 2020, para. 4).

[Taken from pages 328 and 329, section 10.3, entries #45, #47, #48 and #49, in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

Always verify formatting of electronically generated citations with either the  Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue , the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed.), the  APA blog . You may also  consult with a librarian  or  Writing Center  tutor regarding source citation formatting.  Make sure to double space and insert the hanging indent for all sources .

Authored book with a doi.

• Author, A. A. (date).  Title of work . https://doi: xxxxxxx

Example:   Brown, L. S. (2018).  Feminist therapy  (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000

eBook from a library vendor or Google Books

• Name. (date). Title . Publisher. URL
• In the case of pulling the URL from Google Books, use TinyURL.com to create a shorter URL. Make sure the shorter link is functional.
• Example 1 below is from a library vendor; Example 2 is from Google Books with the full URL; Example 3 is from Google Books with the shortened URL, using tinyurl.com

Example :   Corcoran, J., & Walsh, J. (2016).  Clinical assessment and diagnosis in social work practice . Oxford University Press. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nnu-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4706603#

Example :   Gray, M., & Webb, S.A. (2012).  Social work theories and methods . Sage. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Social_Work_Theories_and_Methods/tbRlN0aXO08C?hl=en&gbpv=1

Example :   Gray, M., & Webb, S.A. (2012).  Social work theories and methods . Sage. https://tinyurl.com/yckz4zdz

Note: The third example is the preferred style for Google Books. The second example is a Google Book with the full URL.

Edited Book with a DOI

• Name(s) (Ed. or Eds.). (date).  Title  (edition, if any). Publisher. DOI

Example:  Bush, S., & Heck, A. L. (Eds.). (2018).  Forensic geropsychology: Practice essentials.  American Psychological Association. https://dx.doi.org/10.137/0000082-000

Chapter from an Edited Book with a DOI

• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.),  Title of book  (pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher. DOI

Example:  Balsam, K. F., Martell, C. R., Jones, K. P., & Safren. S.A. (2019). Affirmative cognitive behavior therapy with sexual and gender minority people. In G. Y. Iwamasa & P. A. Hays (Eds.),  Culturally responsive cognitive behavior therapy: Practice and supervision  (2nd ed., pp. 287-314). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000119-012

NOTE: For more information about source formatting for eBooks, refer to the  APA-style Blog .

[Taken from pages 321 through 323, 326 through 329, in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

American Counseling Association, American Nurses Association, American Psychological Association, National Association of Social Workers

Reference Entry Examples :

American Counseling Association. (2014). 2014  ACA code of ethics .  https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2014-code-of-ethics-finaladdress.pdf

American Nurses Association. (2015).  Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements . https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/coe-view-only/

American Psychological Association. (2017).  Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct  (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/

National Association of Social Workers (2021). Code of ethics . https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics

Parenthetical Citation Examples:

(American Counseling Association, 2014; American Nurses Association, 2015; American Psychological Association, 2017; National Association of Social Workers, 2021)

Narrative Citation Examples:

American Counseling Association (2014), American Nurses Association (2015), and American Psychological Association (2017), National Association of Social Workers (2021)

If you are citing a specific section or part:

Parenthetical Citations for specific Sections:

(American Counseling Association, 2014, Section A.1.d)

(American Nurses Association, 2015, Provision 1.4)

(American Psychological Association, 2017, Standard 3.04)

(National Association of Social Workers, 2021, Section 4.06)

Narrative Citations for specific Sections:

American Counseling Association (2014, Section A.1.d.)

American Nurses Association (2015, Provision 1.4)

American Psychological Association (2017, Standard 3.04)

National Association of Social Workers (2021, Section 4.06)

Information taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , Section 10.4, Entry #55 (page 330) and the APA Style Blog .

• Author or Group Name. (date).  Title  (series or version no.) [Data set]. Source/Publisher. DOI

Examples:  D'Souza, A., & Wiseheart, M. (2018).  Cognitive effects of music and dance training in children  (ICPSR 37080; Version V1) [Data set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37080.v1

National Center for Education Statistics. (2016).  Fast Response Survey System (FRSS): Teachers' use of educational technology in U.S. public schools, 2009  (ICPSR 35531; Version V3) [Data set and code book]. National Archive Data on Arts and Culture. https://doi.org/3886/ICPSR35531.v3

Pew Research Center. (2018).  American trends panel Wave 26  [Data set]. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/dataset/american-trends-panel-wave-26

Unpublished Raw Data

• Author. (date). [Type of data information]. Source .

Examples:  Baer, R. A. (2015). [Unpublished raw data on the correlations between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills]. University of Kentucky.

Oregon Youth Authority. (2018). Recidivism outcomes . [Unpublished raw data].

[Information taken from pages 337-338, section 10.9, entries #75 and #76, in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

Doctoral Dissertation or Master's Thesis from a Database

• Author, A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, name of institution).  Name of database.

Example:  Hollander, M. M. (2017).  Resistance to authority: Methodological innovations and new lessons from the Milgram experiment  (Publication No. 10289373) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Sullivan, W. D. (2017).  A case study exploring international student engagement at small, private colleges . https://nnu.whdl.org

Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis

• Author, A. (Year).  Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis  (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Name of institution. 

Example:  Sullivan, W. D. (2017).  A case study exploring international student engagement at small, private colleges .[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Northwest Nazarene University

Doctoral Dissertation or Thesis published Online (not in a database) 

• Author, A. (Year).  Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis  (Doctoral dissertation, Name of Institution). URL

Example:  Sullivan, W. D. (2017). A case study exploring international student engagement at small, private colleges [Doctoral dissertation, Northwest Nazarene University]. https://nnu.whdl.org

[Taken from pages 333-334, section 10.6, entries #64 through #66, in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

Always verify formatting of electronically generated citations with either the  Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue , and/or the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). You may also  consult with a librarian  or  Writing Center  tutor regarding source citation formatting.  Make sure to double space and insert the hanging indent for all sources .

DSM-V & ICD

• Corporate author. (date).  Title  (edition). doi

American Psychiatric Association. (2013).   Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders  (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

World Health Organization. (2019).  International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems  (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/

Parenthetical citation with abbreviation included:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (5th ed.; DSM-5 ; American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems  ( 11th  ed.; ICD-11 ). 

Narrative citation with abbreviation included:

American Psychiatric Association's (2013)  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  ( 5th ed.;  DSM-5 )

World Health Organization's (2019)  International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems  ( 11th  ed.;  ICD-11 )

Subsequent parenthetical citations:

(American Psychiatric Association, 2013; World Health Organization, 2019)

Subsequent narrative  citations :

American Psychiatric Association (2013) and World Health Organization (2019)

[Taken from page 324, section 10.2, entry #32, in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

Always verify formatting of electronically generated citations with either the  Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue , and/or the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). You may also  consult with a librarian  or  Writing Center  tutor regarding source citation formatting.  Make sure to double space and insert the hanging indent for all sources .

ERIC Documents (ED)

• Author, A. (Year).  Document title . (ED######). ERIC. URL or file name (pdf link)

Example:  Cochrane, T., Antonczak, L., Guinibert, M., & Mulrennan, D. (2014). Developing a mobile social media framework for creative pedagogies . (ED557171). ERIC. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED557241.pdf

NOTE: If the item in the ERIC database has an EJ before the number it is a journal article. Cite it as a journal article, not as an ERIC document.

[Taken from page 337, section 10.8, entry #74, in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed. ]

Always verify formatting of electronically generated citations with either the  Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue , the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed.), the  APA blog . You may also  consult with a librarian  or  Writing Center  tutor regarding source citation formatting. Also, use CrossRef to locate a doi if the database from which you found the article does not list one. Use the "Search an Article Title" option.  Make sure to double space and insert the hanging indent for all sources .

Journal Article with DOI

• Author, A., & Author, B. (Date). Title of article.  Title of Journal ,  volume (issue), page number(s). http..........

Example:   Berger, I. (2015). Educational leadership with an ethics of plurality and natality.  Studies in Philosophy & Education ,  34 (5),  475-487. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11217-014-9448-x

Parenthetical citation:   (Be rger, 2015)

If you use a direct quote from the source: (Berger, 2015, p.477)

Narrative citation:  Berger (2015) OR Berger demonstrated that ....... (2015)

If you quote directly from the source: Berger (2015, p. 477) noted, "......" OR Berger noted, "......." (2015, p.477)

Journal Article without a DOI and a nondatabase URL

• Author, A. (Date). Title of article.  Title of Journal ,  volume (issue), page number(s). URL

Example:   Ahmann, E., Tuttle, L. J., Saviet, M., & Wright, S. D. (2018). A descriptive review of ADHD coaching research: Implications for college students.  Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability ,  31 (1), 17-39. https://www.ahead.org/professonal-resources/publications/jped/archived-jped/jped-volume-31

Parenthetical citation:  ( Ahmann  et al., 2018)

  If you quote directly from the source: (Ahmann et al., 2018, p. 22)

Narrative  citation :  Ahmann  et al. (2018) OR  Ahmann  et al. ..... (2018)

If you quote directly from the source: Ahmann et al. (2018, p. 22) noted, "......" OR Ahmann et al. noted, "......." (2018, p.22)

Journal, Magazine, or Newspaper Article without a DOI, from most academic research databases or print version 

• Author, A. (Date). Title of article.  Title of Journal ,  volume (issue), page number(s). 

Examples:   Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequences.  Educational Leadership ,  76 (1),  26-33. 

                      Goldman, C. (2018, November 28). The complicated calibration of love, especially in adoption.  Chicago Tribune.

Parenthetical citation:  (Anderson, 2018; Goldman, 2018 )

 If you use a direct quote from the source: (Berger, 2015, p.30; Goldman, 2018, para.#)

Narrative citation: Anderson  (2018) OR Anderson demonstrated that ....... (2018); Goldman (2018) reported that....

If you quote directly from the source: Anderson (2018, p. 30) noted, "......" OR Anderson noted, "......." (2018, p.30)

Journal Article with Volume Number, No Issue

• Author last name, first initial. (year). Title of article.  Journal Title ,  volume (issue), page numbers [include full range, not just the first page]. 

Example:  Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching.  Computers in Human Behavior ,  72 , 67–78.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038

Parenthetical citation:  (Sanchiz, Chevalier, & Amadieu, 2017 )

 If you use a direct quote from the source: ( Sanchiz, Chevalier, & Amadieu, 2017 , p.72)

Narrative citation: According to Sanchiz, Chevalier, & Amadieu (2017)

If you quote directly from the source: Sanchiz, Chevalier, & Amadieu noted that, "........." (2017, p. 73).

Journal Article with Volume Number, No Issue, but an Article Number

Sometimes e-Journals will have an article number rather than an issue number and/or page numbers

• Author (last name, first initial). (date). Article title.  Journal Title ,  volume , Article number, pages numbers (if provided) and DOI URL

Example:  Arevalo, M-J., Cantera, M. A., Garcia-Marina, V., & Alves-Castro, M.. (2021). Analysis of university STEM students’ mathematical, linguistic, rhetorical–organizational assignment errors.  Education Sciences ,  11 , Article 173, 1-17.

Journal Article, Advance online publication

Sometimes you will find articles that have not yet officially published in a journal, but they are being released by the publisher ahead of "print". 

• Author. (Date). Title of article.  Title of Journal , Advance online publication. DOI URL

Example:  Fowler, S., Kennedy, J.P., Cutting, C., Gabriel, F., & Leonard, S. N. (2023). Self-determined learning in a virtual makerspace: A pathway to improving spatial reasoning for upper primary students.  International Journal of Technology and Design Education,  Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-023-09840-y

Journal Article with a DOI, 21 or more authors

• Author, 1, Author, 2, Author, 3, Author, 4, Author, 5, Author, 6 . . . last author. (Date). Title of article. Title of journal, volume(issue), page numbers. http.............

Example:   Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., ... & Zhu, Y. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project.  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ,  77 (3), 437-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077%3C0437:TNYRP%3E2.0.CO;2

[Taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed., p. 317, section 10.1, entries #1-5 ]

The UptoDate  database is unique in the sense that entries are peer-reviewed (like many journal articles), but it may also be considered an online reference work. The following outlines how you should cite an entry obtained through the UptoDate  database.

Author 1, & Author 2. (date). Title of entry. In first and middle initial last name (Ed.),  UpToDate.  Retrieved month day, year, from url of entry.

Twaddle, M. L., & McCormick, E. (2016). Palliative care delivery in the home.  UpToDate . Retrieved October 29, 2019, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/palliative-care-delivery-in-the-home

Parenthetical citation:   (Twaddle & McCormick, 2016)

If you quoted directly from the source, (Twaddle & McCormick, 2016, para. #)

Narrative citation:  Twaddle and McCormick (2016) OR Twaddle and McCormick indicated that ...... (2016)

If you quoted directly from the source, include the paragraph number for where the information is located.

[Information taken from page 319, section 10.1, entry #14, in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed. ]

• APA Blog Entry for UpToDate

Magazine Article

• Author, A. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of magazine, volume(issue), page numbers.

Example:   Turner, P. (2017, September/October). Catholics and the Protestant Reformation.  Holiness Today ​,  19 (5), 25-27.

Online Magazine Article

• Author., A. (Year, Month). Title of article.  Title of magazine . [insert URL of article] -- you can also do a shortened URL using tinyurl.com (see example below). Just make sure the URL works.

Example:  Wapner, J. (2018, June). Could fasting cure diabetes?: Evidence on not eating for long stretches is compelling-and controversial.  Newsweek . https://www.newsweek.com/could-fasting-cure-diabetes-evidence-not-eating-long-stretches-compelling-and-962014 OR https://tinyurl.com/yxx27wcr

Newspaper Article

• Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article.  Title of newspaper , page numbers.

Example:   Wright, S. (2018, June 6). Non-native shrimp dumped in the Boise River are thriving.  Idaho Statesman , pp.4A.

Online Newspaper Article

• Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article.  Title of newspaper.  (insert URL of newspaper website)  -- you can also do a shortened URL using tinyurl.com (see example below). Just make sure the URL works.

Example:   Myers, S. L., & Perlez, J. (2018, June 6). A medical mystery grows as U.S. consulate workers in China fall ill.  Seattle Times . https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/medical-mystery-grows-as-more-u-s-consulate-workers-in-china-fall-ill/  OR https://tinyurl.com/6zk2knmu

Webpage from an Online News Source

• Author. (date).  Article title . Source. URL

Example:   Andrews, S. (2020, February 24). A heat wave in Antarctica melted 20% of an island's snow in 9 days . CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/24/world/antarctica-heat-wave-melt-february-trnd/index.html OR shorter URL using tinyurl.com 

• Author. (date). Title [Editorial].  Source ,  volume (issue), page #. doi

Example:  Elders, M. J. (2012). Coming to grips with the U.S. adolescent birth rate [Editorial].  American Journal of Public Health ,  102 (112), 2205-2206. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300978  

[Information taken from pages 320, entries #15 through #19, and page 351, entry #110 in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

Test, Scale, or Inventory

• Author. (date).  Title . URL

Example:  Project Implicit. (n.d.).  Gender-Science IAT . https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html

Database Record for a Test

• Author. (date).  Title  [Database record]. Name of database. DOI (if available)

Example:  Soares, L. M., & Soares, A. T. (1999).  Self-Perceptions Inventory [1999 Revision] (The)  [Database record]. Mental Measurements Yearbook. 

Manual for a Test, Scale, or Inventory

• Author. (date).  Title.  Publisher.

Example:  Tellegen, A., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2011).  Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF): Technical manual . Pearson.

[Taken from pages 340 and 341, section 10.11, entries #81 through #83, in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

Works, such as the Bible, Qur'an, and Torah, will now have entries in the Reference list. In previous editions of APA-style, such works had only parenthetical references.

King James Bible . (2017). King James Bible Online. https://kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work published 1769)

The Qur'an (M. A. S. Abdel Haleem, Trans.). (2004). Oxford University Press.

The Torah: The five books of Moses (3rd ed.). (2015). The Jewish Publication Society. (Original work published in 1962).

Parenthetical citation:

( King James Bible , 1769/2017; The Qur'an , 2004; The Torah , 1962/2015)

Narrative citation :  

King James Bible ( 1769/2017), The Qur'an (2004), and The Torah (1962/2015)

[Taken from page 325, section 10.2, entry #35 in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

Sometimes you may need to reference an entire an entire mobile app rather than individual pieces of information from the app. The example below provides guidance on how to cite an app.

Format for an entire application.

Creator of app. (date).  App title  (Version) [Mobile app]. Vendor name (e.g. App Store). URL.

Example: Lexicomp. (2019).  Lexicomp   (Version 5.02) [Mobile app]. Google Play Store.  https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.lexi.android 

Parenthetical citation: (Lexicomp, 2019)

Narrative citation: Lexicomp (2019)

Format for a reference entry from a mobile application

Creator of app. (date). Entry title. In  App title  (Version) [Mobile app]. Vendor name (e.g. App Store). URL.

Example: Lexicomp. (2019). Drug interactions: ibuprofen and melatonin. In  Lexicomp: evidence-based drug treatment information  (7.4.1) [Mobile app]. App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lexicomp/id313401238

[Information taken from page 340, entries # 79 and 80, in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

• Author. (date). Title of post. Source title + URL OR Source URL

Examples:  Klymkowski, M. (2018, September 15). Can we talk scientifically about free will?  Sci-Ed . https://blogs.plos.org/scied/2018/09/15/can-we-talk-scientifically-about-free-will/

Bal, R. (n.d.). Emotional charge of trauma. https://rolandbal.com/emotional-charge/

Social Media

• Author and Twitter handle. (date).  Title . [notation] [form]. Twitter. URL

Example:  APA Education [@APAEducation]. (2018, June 29).  College students are forming mental-health clubs--and they're making a difference @washingtonpost  [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/apaeducation/status/1012810490530140161

Facebook Post

• Name. (date).  Title  [notation][type of post]. Facebook. URL

Example: Gaiman, N., (2018, June 29).  100,000+ Rohingya refugees could be at serious risk during Bangladesh's monsoon season.  My fellow UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Cate Blanchett is  [Image attached][Status update]. Facebook. http://bit.ly/2JQxPAD

Webpages and Websites

Webpage on a website with a group author and with no date.

• Author or Group.  (Date of publication). Title of page . URL

Example: Right to Life of Idaho. (n.d.). Legislation . http://www.rtli.org/legislation.html

Webpage on a Website with an Individual Author

• Author, A. A. (date). Title . URL

Examples:  Graham, L. (2016, November 29). Mindfulness, self-compassion and resilience . Resources for Recovering Resilience. https://lindagraham-mft.net/mindfulness-self-compassion-and-resilience/

[Information taken from pages 320 and 350 through 352, sections 10.1, entry #17 & 10.16, entries #111 through #114, in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

YouTube Videos

Author, A. (person or organization who posted the video) (Year, Month Day video posted). Title of video [Video]. YouTube. URL

Example: Mind, the mental health charity.  (2014, October 8). Mental health: In our own words [Video]. YouTube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ y97VF5UJcc

Speaker name.  (Year, Month). Title of video [Video].TED Conferences. URL 

Example:  Blum, N. (2017, January). The mental health system: A call for change [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= gI9Ddz0yW7o

[Information taken from pages 343 and 344, section 10.12, entries #88 and #90, in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed. ]

Personal communications is defined as email correspondence, text messages, interviews, live speeches, classroom lectures, memos, etc.. Since these works are not easily replicated or recoverable, references to the content should be cited in the text. 

Parenthetical citation:  (T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

Narrative citation:  T. Nguyen (personal communication, February 24, 2020)

[Taken from page 260, section 8.9, in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

APA General Formatting Basics

Setting up an apa-style paper in google drive  (video).

Before you upload to file to Canvas you may want to download the file as a PDF rather than a MS Word document. This will better preserve the spacing and indentation.

Setting up an APA-style Paper in MS Word (video)

Running head, one important change to note between apa 6 and apa 7 is the omission of the running head for student papers. if you are planning to submit your manuscript for publication, the running head is required. please refer to the following information regarding running heads from the  online writing lab (owl) @ purdue ..

You may also find the information on page 37 (entry #2.8) in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.

Font, Margins, Spacing

Font type and size should be consistent throughout the entire document.

• sans-seriff font (e.g., 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 10-Lucida)
• seriff font (e.g.,12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern)

Margins should be 1" on all sides.

Entire document should be double-spaced.

[Information taken from pages 44-45 in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed.]

Section 2.27 (pages 47 to 49) defines the types and usage of headings.

Punctuation & Italics

"Punctuation establishes the cadence of a sentence, telling readers where to pause (comma, semicolon, and colon), stop (period and question mark), or take a detour (dash, parentheses, and square brackets). . . different kinds of punctuation indicate different kinds and lengths of pauses" ( Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 2019, p.153).

• Period (section 6.2, page 154) : D efines the cases of when to and not to use a period. A single space between the period is the start of the next line is rule .
• Comma (section 6.3, page 155): D efines the cases of when to and not to use a comma.
• Semicolon  (section 6.4, page 156):  D efines the cases of when to and not to use a semicolon.
• Colon  (section 6.5, pages 156-157):  D efines the cases of when to and not to use a colon.
• Dash (section 6.6, page 157):  D efines the cases of when to and not to use a dash.
• Quotation Marks  (section 6.7, pages 157-159):  D efines the cases of when to and not to use quotation marks.
• Parentheses (section 6.8, pages 159-160):  D efines the cases of when to and not to use parentheses.
• Square Brackets  (section 6.9, page 160):  D efines the cases of when to and not to use square brackets.
• Slash (section 6.10, pages 160-161):  D efines the cases of when to and not to use a slash.
• Italics (section 6.22-6.23, pages 170-172):  D efines the cases of when to and not to italics.

Capitalization & Abbreviations

• Capitalization  (sections 6.13 through 6.21, pages 165 to 169): Defines the cases of when to and not to use capitalization.
• Abbreviations  (sections 6.24 through 6.31, pages 172 to 178): Defines the cases of when to and not to use abbreviations.

Numbers, Statistical & Mathematical, and Lists

• Numbers  (sections 6.32  through 6.39 , pages 179  to 181 ): Defines the cases of when to and not to use numbers.
• Statistical & Mathematical  (sections 6.40  through 6.45 , pages 181  to 188 ): Defines the cases of when to and not to use statistical and mathematical expressions
• Lists (sections 6.49  through 6.52 , pages 189  to 191 ): Defines the cases of when to and not to use lists​

Additional Topics 

• Figures & Tables
• References page: The word  References  should be centered.  Double-space all entries.  Use a hanging indent (first line flush left and subsequent lines are indented)
• Creating an APA 7-style Reference page video . (This is a long video, nearly 24 minutes long. Use the labeled time stamp to find the section or topic in which you are most interested).
• Sample APA-style Paper  (courtesy of the American Psychological Association) 
• << Previous: APA (6th ed.)
• Next: Chicago & Turabian >>
• Last Updated: Apr 3, 2024 10:31 AM
• URL: https://library.nnu.edu/writing-center

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

APA Citation Generator

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A comprehensive guide to apa citations and format, overview of this guide:.

This page provides you with an overview of APA format, 7th edition. Included is information about referencing, various citation formats with examples for each source type, and other helpful information.

If you’re looking for MLA format , check out the Citation Machine MLA Guide. Also, visit the Citation Machine homepage to use the APA formatter, which is an APA citation generator, and to see more styles .

Being responsible while researching

When you’re writing a research paper or creating a research project, you will probably use another individual’s work to help develop your own assignment. A good researcher or scholar uses another individual’s work in a responsible way. This involves indicating that the work of other individuals is included in your project (i.e., citing), which is one way to prevent plagiarism.

Plagiarism? What is it?

The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin word, plagiare , which means “to kidnap.” The term has evolved over the years to now mean the act of taking another individual’s work and using it as your own, without acknowledging the original author (American Psychological Association, 2020 p. 21). Plagiarism can be illegal and there can be serious ramifications for plagiarizing someone else’s work. Thankfully, plagiarism can be prevented. One way it can be prevented is by including citations and references in your research project. Want to make them quickly and easily? Try the Citation Machine citation generator, which is found on our homepage.

All about citations & references

Citations and references should be included anytime you use another individual’s work in your own assignment. When including a quote, paraphrased information, images, or any other piece of information from another’s work, you need to show where you found it by including a citation and a reference. This guide explains how to make them.

APA style citations are added in the body of a research paper or project and references are added to the last page.

Citations , which are called in-text citations, are included when you’re adding information from another individual’s work into your own project. When you add text word-for-word from another source into your project, or take information from another source and place it in your own words and writing style (known as paraphrasing), you create an in-text citation. These citations are short in length and are placed in the main part of your project, directly after the borrowed information.

References are found at the end of your research project, usually on the last page. Included on this reference list page is the full information for any in-text citations found in the body of the project. These references are listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name.

An APA in-text citation includes only three items: the last name(s) of the author(s), the year the source was published, and sometimes the page or location of the information. References include more information such as the name of the author(s), the year the source was published, the full title of the source, and the URL or page range.

Why is it important to include citations & references

Including APA citations and references in your research projects is a very important component of the research process. When you include citations, you’re being a responsible researcher. You’re showing readers that you were able to find valuable, high-quality information from other sources, place them into your project where appropriate, all while acknowledging the original authors and their work.

Common ways students and scholars accidentally plagiarize

Believe it or not, there are instances when you could attempt to include in-text and full references in the appropriate places, but still accidentally plagiarize. Here are some common mistakes to be aware of:

Mistake #1 - Misquoting sources: If you plan to use a direct quote, make sure you copy it exactly as is. Sure, you can use part of the full quote or sentence, but if you decide to put quotation marks around any words, those words should match exactly what was found in the original source. Here’s a line from The Little Prince , by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry:

“Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them.”

Here’s an acceptable option:

“Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves,” stated de Saint-Exupéry (1943, p. 3).

Here’s a misquote:

“Grown-ups barely ever understand anything by themselves,” stated de Saint-Exupéry (1943, p. 3).

Notice the slight change in the words. The incorrect phrasing is an instance of accidental plagiarism.

Mistake #2 - Problems with paraphrasing: When we paraphrase, we restate information using our own words and writing style. It’s not acceptable to substitute words from the original source with synonyms.

Let’s use the same sentence from The Little Prince .

A correct paraphrase could be:

de Saint-Exupéry (1943) shares various ways adults frustrate children. One of the biggest being that kids have to explain everything. It’s too bad adults are unable to comprehend anything on their own (p. 3).

An incorrect paraphrase would be:

de Saint-Exupéry (1943) shares that adults never understand anything by themselves, and it is exhausting for kids to be always and forever clarifying things to them (p.3).

Notice how close the incorrect paraphrase is from the original. This is an instance of accidental plagiarism.

Make sure you quote and paraphrase properly in order to prevent accidental plagiarism.

If you’re having a difficult time paraphrasing properly, it is acceptable to paraphrase part of the text AND use a direct quote. Here’s an example:

de Saint-Exupery (1943) shares various ways adults frustrate children. One of the biggest being that kids have to explain everything, and “it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them” (p. 3).

Information About APA

Who created it.

The American Psychological Association is an organization created for individuals in the psychology field. With close to 121,000 members, they provide educational opportunities, funding, guidance, and research information for everything psychology-related. They also have numerous high-quality databases, peer-reviewed journals, and books that revolve around mental health.

The American Psychological Association is also credited with creating their own specific citation and reference style. Today, this format is used by individuals not only in the psychology field, but many other subject areas as well. Education, economics, business, and social sciences also use APA style quite frequently. Click here for more information . This guide covers general information about the style, but is not affiliated with the American Psychological Association.

Why was this style created?

This format was first developed in 1929 to form a standardized way for researchers in science fields to document their sources. Prior to the inception of these standards and guidelines, individuals were recognizing the work of other authors by including bits and pieces of information in random order. There wasn’t a set way to format citations and references. You can probably imagine how difficult it was to understand the sources that were used for research projects!

Having a standard format for citing sources allows readers to glance at a citation or APA reference and easily locate the title, author, year published, and other critical pieces of information needed to understand a source.

The evolution of this style

The guide below is based on APA style 7th edition, which was released in 2020. In previous versions of APA format, researchers and scholars were required to include the publisher location for books and the date that an electronic resource was accessed. Both are no longer required to be included.

Details on the differences between the 6th and 7th editions is addressed later in this guide.

Citations & References

The appearance of citations & references.

The format for references varies, but most use this general format:

%%Author’s Last name, First initial. (Date published). Title . URL

Researchers and scholars must look up the proper format for the source that they’re attempting to cite. Books have a certain format, websites have a different format, periodicals have a different format, and so on. Scroll down to find the proper format for the source you’re citing or referencing.

If you would like help citing your sources, CitationMachine.com has a citation generator that will help make the APA citation process much easier for you. To start, simply click on the source type you're citing:

• Journal articles

In-text citations

An APA in-text citation is included in research projects in three instances: When using a direct quote, paraphrasing information, or simply referring to a piece of information from another source.

Quite often, researchers and scholars use a small amount of text, word for word, from another source and include it in their own research projects. This is done for many reasons. Sometimes, another author’s words are so eloquently written that there isn’t a better way to rephrase it yourself. Other times, the author’s words can help prove a point or establish an understanding for something in your research project. When using another author’s exact words in your research project, include an APA in-text citation directly following it.

In addition to using the exact words from another source and placing them into your project, these citations are also added anytime you paraphrase information. Paraphrasing is when you take information from another source and rephrase it, in your own words.

When simply referring to another piece of information from another source, also include a citation directly following it.

Citations in the text are found near a direct quote, paraphrased information, or next to a mention of another source. To see examples of some narrative/ parenthetical citations in action, look at the image above, under “All About Citations & References.”

Note: *Only include the page or paragraph number when using a direct quote or paraphrase. Page numbers have a p. before the number, pp. before the page range, and para. before the paragraph number. This information is included to help the reader locate the exact portion of text themselves. It is unnecessary to include this information when you’re simply referring to another source.

Examples of APA in-text citations:

“Well, you’re about to enter the land of the free and the brave. And I don’t know how you got that stamp on your passport. The priest must know someone” (Tóibín, 2009, p. 52).

Student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers (Kent & Giles, 2017, p. 12).

If including the author’s name in the sentence, place the year in the parentheses directly next to his or her name. Add the page number at the end, unless it’s a source without any pages or paragraph numbers (See Section 8.10 of the Publication manual for more details).

In-text citation APA example:

According to a study done by Kent and Giles (2017), student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers.

The full references, or citations, for these sources can be found on the last part of a research project, titled the “References.”

Here’s how to create in-text citations for specific amounts of authors:

APA citation with no author

When the source lacks an author’s name, place the title, year, and page number (if available) in the text. The title should be in italics if it sits alone (such as a movie, brochure, or report). If the source is part of a whole (as many web pages and articles are), place the title in quotation marks without italics (See Section 8.14 of the Publication manual ).

Structure of an APA format citation in the text narratively, with the author's name missing:

Title of Source (Year) or “Title of Source” (Year)

Structure of an APA style format citation, in parentheses at the end of the sentence, with the author’s name missing: (Title of Source, Year) or (“Title of Source,” Year)

Structure for one author

In the text, narratively: Last name of Author (Year)...(page number).

In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author, Year, page number).

Structure for two authors

Place the authors in the order they appear on the source. Only use the ampersand in the parenthetical citations (see Section 8.17 of the Publication manual ). Use ‘and’ to separate the author names if they’re in the text of the sentence.

In the text, narratively: Last name of Author 1 and Last name of Author 2 (Year)....(page number).

In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author 1 & Last name of Author 2, Year, page number).

Structure for three or more authors

Only include the first listed author’s name in the first and any subsequent citations. Follow it with et al.

(Last name Author 1 et al., Year, page number)

(Agbayani et al., 2020, p. 99)

Last name of Author 1 et al. (Year)...(page).

Agbayani et al. (2020)...(p. 99)

One author, multiple works, same year

What do you do when you want to cite multiple works by an author, and the sources all written in the same year?

Include the letters ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ and so on after the year in the citation.

(Jackson, 2013a)

Jackson (2013a)

Writers can even lump dates together.

Example: Jackson often studied mammals while in Africa (2013a, 2013b).

On the APA reference page, include the same letters in the full references.

Groups and organizations

Write out the full name of the group or organization in the first citation and place the abbreviation next to it in brackets. If the group or organization is cited again, only include the abbreviation. If it doesn’t have an abbreviation associated with it, write out the entire organization’s name each and every time (see Section 8.21 of the Publication manual ).

First APA citation for an organization with an abbreviation: (World Health Organization [WHO], Year)

World Health Organization (WHO, Year)

Notice in the example directly above, the name of the organization is written out in full in the text of the sentence, and the abbreviation is placed in parentheses next to it.

Subsequent APA citations in the text for an organization with an abbreviation: (WHO, Year) OR WHO (Year)

All citations in the text for an organization without an abbreviation: (Citation Machine, Year) or Citation Machine (Year)

One in-text citation, multiple works

Sometimes you’ll need to cite more than one work within an in-text citation. Follow the same format (author, year) format but place semicolons between works (p. 263).

(Obama, 2016; Monroe et al., 1820; Hoover & Coolidge, 1928)

Reminder: There are many citation tools available on CitationMachine.com. Head to our homepage to learn more, check out our APA citation website, and cite your sources easily! The most useful resource on our website? Our APA citation generator, which doesn’t just create full references, it’s also an APA in-text citation website! It’ll do both for you!

Click here to learn more about crediting work .

Reference list citation components

References display the full information for all the citations found in the body of a research project.

Some things to keep in mind when it comes to the references:

• All references sit together on their own page, which is usually the last page(s) of a paper.
• Title the page ‘References’
• Place ‘References’ in the center of the page and bold it. Keep the title in the same font and size as the references. Do not italicize, underline, place the title in quotation marks, or increase the font size.
• The entire page is double spaced.
• All references are listed in alphabetical order by the first word in the reference, which is usually the author’s last name. If the source lacks an author, alphabetize the source by the title (ignore A, An, or The)
• All references have a hanging indent, meaning that the second line of text is indented in half an inch. See examples throughout this guide.
• Remember, each and every citation in the text of the paper MUST have a full reference displayed in the reference list. The citations in the text provide the reader with a quick glimpse about the sources used, but the references in the reference list provide the reader with all the information needed to seek out the source themselves.

Learn more about each component of the reference citation and how to format it in the sections that follow. See an APA sample paper reference list at the end of this entire section.

Author’s names

The names of authors are written in reverse order. Include the initials for the first and middle names. End this information with a period (see Section 9.8 of the Publication manual ).

Format: Last name, F. M.

• Angelou, M.
• Doyle, A. C.

Two or more authors

When two or more authors work together on a source, write them in the order in which they appear on the source. You can name up to 20 authors in the reference. For sources with 2 to 20 authors, place an ampersand (&) before the final author. Use this format:

Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.

Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.

Kent, A. G., Giles, R. M., Thorpe, A., Lukes, R., Bever, D. J., & He, Y.

If there are 21 or more authors listed on a source, only include the first 19 authors, add three ellipses, and then add the last author’s name.

Roberts, A., Johnson, M. C., Klein, J., Cheng, E. V., Sherman, A., Levin, K. K. , ...Lopez, G. S.

If you plan on using a free APA citation tool, like the one at CitationMachine.com, the names of the authors will format properly for you.

###No authors

If the source lacks an author, place the title in the first position in the reference (Section 9.12 of the Publication manual ). When the source’s title begins with a number (Such as 101 Dalmatians ), place the reference alphabetically as if the number was spelled out. 101 Dalmatians would be placed in the spot where ‘One hundred’ would go, but keep the numbers in their place.

Additionally, if the title begins with the words ‘A’, ‘An,’ or ‘The,’ ignore these words and place the title alphabetically according to the next word.

See the “Titles” section below for more information on formatting the title of sources.

###Corporate/Organization authors

On an APA reference page, corporate authors are always written out in full. In the text of your paper, you may have some abbreviations (such as UN for United Nations), but in the full references, always include the full names of the corporation or organization (following Section 9.11 of the official Publication manual ).

%%United Nations. (2019). Libya: $202 million needed to bring life-saving aid to half a million people hit by humanitarian crisis. https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/02/1031981

Publication date & retrieval date

Directly after the author’s name is the date the source was published. Include the full date for newspapers and magazine articles, and only the year for journals and all other sources. If no date is found on the source, include the initials, n.d. for “no date.”

%% Narducci, M. (2017, May 19). City renames part of 11th Street Ed Snider Way to honor Flyers founder. The Philadelphia Inquirer . http://www.philly.com/

If using our APA Citation Machine, our citation generator will add the correct format for you automatically.

Giving a retrieval date is not needed unless the online content is likely to be frequently updated and changed (e.g., encyclopedia article, dictionary entry, Twitter profile, etc.).

%%Citation Machine [@CiteMachine]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://twitter.com/CiteMachine

When writing out titles for books, articles, chapters, or other non-periodical sources, only capitalize the first word of the title and the first word of the subtitle. Names of people, places, organizations, and other proper nouns also have the first letter capitalized. For books and reports, italicize the title in the APA citation.

Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

Roots: The saga of an American family.

For articles and chapters in APA referencing, do not italicize the title.

Wake up the nation: Public libraries, policy making, and political discourse.

For newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other periodicals, capitalize the first letter in each word and italicize the title.

The Seattle Times.

A common question is whether to underline your title or place it in italics or quotation marks in the reference list. Here’s a good general rule: When a source sits alone and is not part of a larger whole, place the title in italics. If the source does not sit alone and is part of a larger whole, do not place it in italics.

Books, movies, journals, and television shows are placed in italics since they stand alone. Songs on an album, episodes of television shows, chapters in books, and articles in journals are not placed in italics since they are smaller pieces of larger wholes.

The Citation Machine citation generator will format the title in your citations automatically.

Additional information about the title

If you feel it would be helpful to include additional information about the source type, include a descriptive noun or two in brackets immediately following the title. Capitalize the first letter.

%%Kennedy, K., & Molen, G. R. (Producers), & Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Jurassic Park [Film]. USA: Universal.

Besides [Film], other common notations include:

• [Audio podcast]
• [Letter to the editor]
• [Television series episode]
• [Facebook page]
• [Blog post]
• [Lecture notes]
• [PowerPoint presentation]
• [Video file]

If you are using Citation Machine citing tools, additional information about the title is automatically added for you.

Publisher information

For books and reports, include the publisher name but not the location (see Section 9.29 of the Publication manual ). Older editions of the style required the city, state and/or country, but this hasn't been the case since the 7th edition was released.

It is not necessary to include the entire name of the publisher. It is acceptable to use a brief, intelligible form. However, if Books or Press are part of the publisher’s names, keep these words in the reference. Other common terms, such as Inc., Co., Publishers, and others can be omitted.

For newspapers, journals, magazines, and other periodicals, include the volume and issue number after the title. The volume number is listed first, by itself, in italics. The issue number is in parentheses immediately after it, not italicized. There is no space after the closing parenthesis and before the volume number.

%%Giannoukos, G., Besas, G., Hictour, V., & Georgas, T. (2016). A study on the role of computers in adult education. Educational Research and Reviews , 11 (9), 907-923. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2688

After including the publisher information, end this section with a period.

Perseus Books.

Electronic source information:

For online sources, the URL or DOI (Direct Object Identifier) are included at the end of an APA citation.

DOI numbers are often created by publishers for journal articles and other periodical sources. They were created in response to the problem of broken or outdated links and URLs. When a journal article is assigned a DOI number, it is static and will never change. Because of its permanent characteristic, DOIs are the preferred type of electronic information to include in APA citations. When a DOI number is not available, include the source’s URL (see Section 9.34 in the Publication manual ).

For DOIs, include the number in this format:

http://doi.org/xxxx

For URLs, type them in this format:

http:// or https://

Other information about electronic sources:

• If the URL is longer than a line, break it up before a punctuation mark.
• Do not place a period at the end of the citation/URL.
• It is unnecessary to include retrieval dates, unless the source changes often over time (like in a Wikipedia article).
• It is not necessary to include the names of databases

If using the Citation Machine APA citation website autocite features, the online publication information will be automatically replaced by the DOI. The Citation Machine APA template will properly cite your online sources for you.

Make sure you run your completed paper through the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader, which scans for grammar, spelling, and plagiarism. Whether it’s an adjective , verb , or pronoun out-of-place, our technology helps edits your paper for you!

Annotated bibliographies:

An APA annotated bibliography is a full bibliography that includes a small note for each reference citation. Each note should be short (1-2 paragraphs) and contain a summary or your evaluation about each source. When creating your citations on CitationMachine.net, there is a field at the bottom of each form to add your own annotations.

Follow the publication manual guidelines on paper format and writing style. Let your instructor guide other details about your annotations. Still confused? Read our guide on annotated bibliographies .

These types of projects look different depending on the style you’re using. Use the link at the top of the page to access resources related to the Modern Language Association’s style. Here’s information related to Chicago citation style .

Page formatting

Need help with the design and formatting of your paper? Look no further! This section provides the ins and outs of properly displaying the information in your APA essay.

• Times New Roman, 12-point size.
• Calibri, Arial, or Georgia, 11-point size
• Lucida, Sans Unicode, or Computer Modern, 10-point size
• Indents = Every paragraph should start with an indent.
• Margins = 1 inch around the entire document
• Spacing = Double space everything!

Arrange your pages in this order:

• Page 1 - APA Title Page (see below for information on the title page)
• Page 2 - Abstract (If your professor requests one)
• Page 3 - First page of text
• References begin on their own page. Include the list of references on the page after the text.
• Tables and figures

Keep in mind that the order above is the recommendation for papers being submitted for peer review. If you’re writing an APA style paper for a class, your professor may be more lenient about the requirements. Also, if you’re submitting your paper for a specific journal, check the requirements on the journal’s website. Each journal has different rules and procedures.

Just a little nudge to remind you about the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader. Whether it’s a conjunction or interjection out of place, a misspelled word, or an out of place citation, we’ll offer suggestions for improvement! Don’t forget to check out our APA citation maker while you’re at it!

Running heads

In older editions of APA, running heads were required for all papers. Since the 7th edition, that’s changed.

• Student paper: No running head
• Professional paper: Include a running head

The running head displays the title of the paper and the page number on all pages of the paper. This header is found on every page of a professional paper (not a student paper), even on the title page (sometimes called an APA cover page) and reference list (taken from Section 2.8 of the Publication manual ).

It's displayed all in capital letters at the top of the page. Across from the running head, along the right margin, is the page number.

• Use the header feature in your word processor. Both Google Docs and Word have these features available.
• Use one for the recommended fonts mentioned under "Page formatting."

Title pages

A title page, sometimes called an APA cover page, graces the cover of an essay or paper. An APA title page should follow rules from Section 2.3 of the official Publication manual and include:

• Page number, which is page 1
• Use title case and bold font
• The title should be under 12 words in length
• The title should be a direct explanation of the focus of the paper. Do not include any unnecessary descriptors such as “An Analysis of…” or “A Study of…”
• Exclude any labels such as Mr., Ms., Dr, PhD...
• Name of the school or institution
• Course number and/or class name
• Name of your instructor, including their preferred honorifics (e.g., PhD, Dr., etc.)
• Paper’s due date
• If this is a professional paper, also include a running head. If this is a student paper, do not include one.

Follow the directions for the running head and page number in the section above. Below the running head, a few lines beneath, and centered in the middle of the page, should be the title. The next line below is the author’s name(s), followed by the name of the school or institution, the class or course name, your instructor’s name, and the paper’s due date.

All components on this page should be written in the same font and size as the rest of your paper. Double space the title, names, name of school or institution, and all other information on the page (except for the running head and page number).

Example - Student Title Page APA:

Example - Professional Title Page APA:

If you’re submitting your paper to a journal for publication, check the journal’s website for exact requirements. Each journal is different and some may request a different type of APA format cover page.

Looking to create an APA format title page? Head to CitationMachine.com’s homepage and choose “Title Page” at the top of the screen.

An abstract briefly but thoroughly summarizes dissertation contents. It’s found in the beginning of a professional paper, right after the title page. Abstracts are meant to help readers determine whether to continue reading the entire document. With that in mind, try to craft the lead sentence to entice the reader to continue reading.

Here are a few tips:

• Be factual and keep your opinions out. An abstract should accurately reflect the paper or dissertation and should not involve information or commentary not in the thesis.
• Communicate your main thesis. What was the examined problem or hypothesis? A reader should know this from reading your abstract.
• Keep it brief. Stick to the main points and don’t add unnecessary words or facts. It should not exceed 250 words.
• Consider your paper’s purpose. It’s important to cater your abstract to your paper type and think about what information the target audience for that paper type would want. For example, an empirical article may mention methodology or participant description. A quantitative or qualitative meta-analysis would mention the different variables considered and how information was synthesized.
• Use verbs over noun equivalents, and active voice. Example: “There was research into…” becomes “We researched…”

Formatting guidelines:

• The abstract goes after the title page.
• It should have the same font (size and type) as the rest of the paper.
• It should stick to one page.
• Double-space all page text.
• Center and bold the word “Abstract” at the top of the paper.
• Don’t indent the first line of the abstract body. The body should also be in plain text.
• For the keywords, place it on the line after the abstract and indent the first line (but not subsequent lines). The word “Keywords:” is capitalized, italicized, and followed by a colon. The actual keywords are sentence case and in plan font.
• List each keyword one after the other, and separate them by a comma.
• After the last keyword, no ending punctuation is needed.

Tables & Figures

If your paper includes a lot of numerical information or data, you may want to consider placing it into a table or a figure, rather than typing it all out. A visual figure or simple, organized table filled with numerical data is often easier for readers to digest and comprehend than tons of paragraphs filled with numbers. Chapter 7 of the Publication manual outlines formatting for tables and figures. Let's cover the basics below.

If you’d like to include a table or figure in your paper, here are a few key pieces of information to keep in mind:

• At the end of the paper after the APA reference page
• In the text after it is first mentioned
• The table first mentioned in the text should be titled ‘Table 1.’ The next table mentioned in the text is ‘Table 2,’ and so on. For figures, it would be 'Figure 1,' 'Figure 2,' and so forth.

• Even though every table and figure is numbered, also create a title for each that describes the information it contains. Capitalize all important words in the title.
• For tables, do not use any vertical lines, only use horizontal to break up information and headings.
• Single spacing is acceptable to use in tables and figures. If you prefer double spacing your information, that is okay too.
• Do not include extra information or “fluff.” Keep it simple!
• Do not include the same exact information in the paper. Only include the complete information in one area—the table or the text.
• All tables and figures must be referenced in the text. It is unacceptable to throw a table or figure into the back of the paper without first providing a brief summary or explanation of its relevance.

Publication Manual 6th Edition vs 7th Edition

The 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was released in 2009. The current 7th edition came out in the fall of 2019 and was designed to be more student focused, provide more guidance on accessibility, and address changes that have developed over the last 10 years.

Below, we’ve listed what we feel are the most relevant changes related to APA format.

Journals and DOIs

DOI stands for “digital object identifier.” Many journal articles use and have a unique DOI that should be included in a full citation.

When including a DOI in a citation, format it as a URL. Do not label it “DOI.” Articles without DOIs from databases are treated as print works. For example:

6th edition:

%%Gänsicke, B. T., Schreiber, M. R., Toloza, O., Fusillo, N. P. G., Koester, D., & Manser, C. J. (2019). Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, 576 (7785), 61–64. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8

7th edition:

%%Gänsicke, B. T., Schreiber, M. R., Toloza, O., Fusillo, N. P. G., Koester, D., & Manser, C. J. (2019). Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, 576 (7785), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8

Citing Books

There are few new guidelines when you are citing a book. First, the publisher location no longer needs to be indicated.

%%Zack, P. O. (2001). The shoals of time. Bloomington, IN: First Books Library.

%%Zack, P. O. (2001). The shoals of time. First Books Library.

Second, the format of an ebook (e.g., Kindle, etc.) no longer needs to be indicated.

%%Niven, J. (2012). Ada Blackjack: A true story of survival in the Arctic [Kindle].

%%Niven, J. (2012). Ada Blackjack: A true story of survival in the Arctic .

Lastly, books from research databases without DOIs are treated the same as print works.

When using a URL in a citation, you no longer need to include the term “Retrieved from” before URLs (except with retrieval dates). The font should be blue and underlined, or black and not underlined.

6th Edition:

%%Flood, A. (2019, December 6). Britain has closed almost 800 libraries since 2010, figures show. The Guardian . Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show

7th Edition:

%%Flood, A. (2019, December 6). Britain has closed almost 800 libraries since 2010, figures show. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show

Within a full APA citation, you may spell out up to 20 author names. For two to 20 authors, include an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. For sources with 21 or more authors, structure it as follows:

Structure: First 19 authors’ names, . . . Last author’s name.

7th edition example: Washington, G., Adams, J., Jefferson, T., Madison, J., Monroe, J., Adams, J. Q., Jackson, A., Van Buren, M., Harrison, W. H., Tyler, J., Polk, J. K., Taylor, Z., Filmore, M., Pierce, F., Buchanan, J., Lincoln, A., Johnson, A., Grant, U. S., Hayes, R. B., Garfield, . . . Trump, D.

When creating an in-text citation for a source with 3 or more authors, use “et al.” after the first author’s name. This helps abbreviate the mention.

6th Edition: (Honda, Johnson, Prosser, Rossi, 2019)

7th Edition: (Honda et al., 2019)

Tables and Figures

Instead of having different formats for tables and figures, both use one standardized format. Now both tables and figures have a number, a title, name of the table/figure, and a note at the bottom.

If you’re still typing into Google “how to cite a website APA” among other related questions and keywords, click here for further reading on the style .

When you’re through with your writing, toss your entire paper into the Citation Machine Plus plagiarism checker , which will scan your paper for grammar edits and give you up to 5 suggestions cards for free! Worry less about a determiner , preposition , or adverb out of place and focus on your research!

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (2020). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Updated March 3, 2020

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Wendy Ikemoto. Michele Kirschenbaum has been an awesome school librarian since 2006 and is an expert in citing sources. Wendy Ikemoto has a master’s degree in library and information science and has been working for Citation Machine since 2012.

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Free APA Citation Generator

Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?

An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?

College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

• Save a considerable amount of time
• Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
• Be rewarded with a higher grade

In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?

Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

• Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
• MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
• Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
• Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Spring 2024 - ENGL 101 Capstone Project - Prof. Stewart

• Your Assignment
• Finding Sources Using OneSearch
• Finding Sources Using Databases
• Statistics and Data
• Finding Sources on the Open Web
• Evaluating Sources on the Open Web
• Annotated Bibliography
• Citing in MLA 9th Style
• Citing in APA 7th Style
• Getting Help @ the Library

How to Cite A Source in APA 7 Style

• Cite A Book in APA 7 (Purdue Owl)
• Cite A Scholarly Article in APA 7 (Purdue Owl)
• Cite A Website in APA 7 (Purdue Owl)
• Create In-Text Citations in APA 7 (Purdue Owl)
• Cite An Interview, Conference Presentation in APA 7 (Purdue Owl)

Schedule an Appointment with a Librarian

Updated: video tutorials on apa 7th. ed..

UPDATED: APA Basics and Sample Student Papers

This American Psychological Association tutorial introduces students to APA Style, including formatting papers, citing sources, and references.

For student papers, the first page of an APA style paper is the title page. This should include in order:

• Title of paper, capitalized. For example: Branching Paths: A Novel Teacher Evaluation Model for Faculty Development
• Author's name and institution or school
• Course number and name. For example: ENGL 105
• Instructor name. For example: Dr./Instructor James Khachikian
• Assignment due date. For example: December 12, 2021

After the title page, APA style student papers include the abstract. An abstract is the summary of the paper and the main ideas presented. The abstract page should be numbered and have the same running header. The page should have the Abstract, in bold font centered on the page . The abstract text should be in an accessible font like 12-point Times News Roman . It should be followed by Keywords, italicized . The keywords should be the main ideas from your paper.

HEADERS 

APA style papers must use specific formatting for headers. Each level of headers must be followed as outlined below.

Chart from the APA Headings website .

• UPDATED: Sample Student Paper in APA Format This sample paper is from the official APA website. This is an updated version per the 7th edition of the APA Manual.
• UPDATED: Sample Annotated Student Paper in APA Format This sample paper is from the official APA website. This is an updated version per the 7th edition of the APA Manual.

UPDATED: GCC Library's Guide to APA Style

This 2-page guide has been updated and is also available in print in the Library. There is now only one guide that replaces the older guides. A separate guide for print and electronic resources is no longer needed. 

• UPDATED: APA Style for Reference List: A Brief Guide This guide was last updated Fall 22

UPDATED: APA Style Guide from OWL Purdue & Other Resources

From Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL)

• UPDATED: APA Style, 7th edition
• Citing AI/ChatGPT Note: APA reccommends the use of AI for students and researchers to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript.

UPDATED: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition

This manual is the authority on the APA Style. The GCC Library has 2 copies of this book. One is available for checkout. The other is located at the Research Help Desk (cannot be checked out, but always available for use in the Library. Ask for it at the Research Help Desk).

• << Previous: Citing in MLA 9th Style
• Next: Getting Help @ the Library >>
• Last Updated: May 21, 2024 9:02 AM
• URL: https://campusguides.glendale.edu/spring2024-English101-Stewart

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