apa 7 reference case study

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources / How to Cite a Case Study in APA, MLA, or Chicago

How to Cite a Case Study in APA, MLA, or Chicago

When citing a case study, the format in MLA and APA is similar to that of a report, and in Chicago style, it is similar to that of a book. For all three citation styles, you will need the name of the author(s), the title of the case study, the year it was published, the publishing organization/publisher, and URL (if applicable). The templates and examples below will demonstrate how to cite a case study in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles.

Author Last Name, Author First Name.  Title of Case Study . Edition (if applicable), volume number (if applicable), Publisher, year of publication, URL without http:// or https:// (if applicable).

Hill, Linda A., et al. HCL Technologies (A). Rev. edition, Harvard Business School, 2008, www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.

In-text Citation:

(Author Last Name(s) page #)

(Hill et al. 8)

Author Last Name, Author Initial. (Publication Year). Title of Case Study (Case # if applicable). Publishing Organization. URL

Hill, L., Khanna, T., & Stecker, E. (2008). HCL Technologies (A) (Case 408-004). Harvard Business School. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784

(Author Last Name, Publication Year)

(Hill et al., 2008)

Notes-bibliography style

Author Last Name, First Name.  Title of the Case Study . Publishing City: Publishing Organization, Publication Year. URL.

Hill, Linda A., Tarun Khanna, and Emily Stecker. HCL Technologies (A).  Boston: Harvard Business School, 2008. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.

1. Author First Name Last Name, Title of the Case Study (Publishing City: Publishing Organization, Publication Year), URL.

1. Linda A. Hill, Tarun Khanna, and Emily Stecker, HCL Technologies (A) ( Boston: Harvard Business School, 2008), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.

Author-date style

Author Last Name, First Name. Publication Year. Title of the Case Study . Publishing City: Publishing Organization. URL.

Hill, Linda A., Tarun Khanna, and Emily Stecker. 2008. HCL Technologies (A).  Boston: Harvard Business School. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.

In-text citation: 

(Author Last Name Publication Date)

(Holl, Khanna, and Stecker 2008)

Citation Guides

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• Citation Examples
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Page Numbers
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide
• Bibliography
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• View MLA Guide

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

Citation Basics

Harvard Referencing

Plagiarism Basics

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

APA Citation Guide (APA 7th Edition): Case Studies

• Advertisements
• Artificial Intelligence
• Audio Materials
• Books, eBooks, Course Packs, Lab Manuals & Pamphlets
• Business Reports from Library Databases

Case Studies

• Class Notes, Class Recordings, Class Lectures and Presentations
• Creative Commons Licensed Works
• Digital Assignments: Citing Your Sources This link opens in a new window
• Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
• Games & Objects
• Government Documents
• Images, Infographics, Maps, Charts & Tables
• Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers (Oral Communication)
• Journal Articles
• Legal Resources
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Personal Communications (including interviews, emails, intranet resources)
• Religious & Classical (e.g., Ancient Greek, Roman) Works
• Social Media
• Theses & Dissertations
• Websites (including documents/PDFs posted on websites)
• When Information is Missing
• Works in Another Language / Translations
• Works Quoted in Another Source (Indirect Sources)
• Quoting vs. Paraphrasing
• APA Citation FAQs
• Plagiarism This link opens in a new window
• APA for Faculty This link opens in a new window
• Case Study from a Library Database
• Case Study from a Website
• Case Study from a Book
• << Previous: Business Reports from Library Databases
• Next: Class Notes, Class Recordings, Class Lectures and Presentations >>
• Last Updated: May 24, 2024 11:59 AM
• URL: https://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/apa

• RRU Writing Centre
• WriteAnswers

Q. How do I cite a case study in APA Style?

• 3 Academic Integrity
• 48 Academic writing
• 42 APA Style
• 33 APA Style: Formatting
• 109 APA Style: In-text citations
• 107 APA Style: References
• 3 Generative AI
• 19 Legal citations
• 16 Paraphrasing
• 10 Punctuation
• 25 Quotations
• 17 Writing Centre information
• 65 Writing Centre resources

Answered By: Theresa Bell (she/her/hers) Last Updated: Nov 04, 2021     Views: 41957

APA Style (7th ed.)

Case study with a DOI

If the case study has an assigned DOI (print or online versions), include the DOI in the reference.

Khan, S. (2019). Managing a leadership transition in an non-governmental organization [Case study]. SAGE Business Cases Originals. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526465061

• In-text citation: (Khan, 2019, p. X)

Case study without a DOI retrieved from an academic research database

Peters, C., Thomas, J., Aponte, M., Connelly, R., & Judge, S. (2014).  Media Arts Group and the case of channel conflict [Case study]. Society for Case Research.

• In-text citation: (Peters et al., 2014, p. X)

American Psychological Association. (2020).  Publication manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

• Share on Facebook

Was this helpful? Yes 0 No 0

How to Write a Case Study in APA Format

Table of contents

• 1 What Is a Case Study In APA Format?
• 2.1 Sample Of APA Case Study Outline
• 3.1 Title Page in APA for Case Study Project
• 3.2 The Abstract for an APA case study

Whether you study social sciences or life sciences, you’re likely to encounter a case study analysis in your academic journey. These papers demand a lot from students. First, you must have impeccable research and analysis skills. Sample populations, particularly people, can be challenging to analyze. It’s easy to misinterpret data and come up with the wrong conclusions. Additionally, you’ll need to have a knack for writing to present your findings persuasively, backed up by evidence-based arguments that build confidence for your teacher to accept the results of your work. If you need to boost your paper, Papers Owl is here to help you with a wide range of guidelines on how to write a case study in APA.

What Is a Case Study In APA Format?

To make your success, first realize that a case study is detective work. Your research may have an unresolved question or to carry out some testing to validate a hypothesis; in this case, studies are born. Psychology, nursing, and business are common fields this method is applied. In this scientific method, you’ll approach an event, action, individual, etc. And apply a set of circumstances to observe outcomes. Most papers in this field are written in the APA format, which can be a burden for students, especially if they aren’t familiar with this style. If you lack time or motivation for writing, appeal to our professional writers to write a case study  in APA format, and we will ensure your paper is perfectly formatted and gets a high grade.

Structure of Case Study Report In APA

First, let’s look at the sections in writing a case study in APA, which shares a few similarities to a typical research paper.

Introduction: Introduce your topic to the reader. Be sure to include the state of current research and where you plan to develop the current state of knowledge. You should include an interesting fact to reinforce your work’s importance and develop an interest in your hypothesis. Finish off with a thesis statement that you’ll focus on your workaround.

Aims: In this section, you answer the questions regarding why you are conducting your research and any questions you’ll explore. Avid case study writer recommends focusing your questions around your thesis. You can develop a triangle with a diagram and drill down your questions in a logical format that matches your paper’s main purpose.

Methods: Writing a case study in APA requires a methods section that details how you conducted your research. Did you conduct any interviews, send out questionnaires, or observe any behaviors? Detail them in this section, and state the environment and circumstances surrounding your data collection.

Results: Now that you’ve identified what you’d planned to accomplish and how you went about it in your APA case study format, it’s time to post the results. Don’t be shy if things don’t go swimmingly. Often in studies, we have unexpected results, which sometimes makes your paper more interesting to read.

Discussion: It’s time for the heart and soul of your paper. After all your research and observation, it is time to have a discourse on the results. The key to how to write a case paper in APA hangs on your ability to interpret the results in a meaningful way. Be sure to focus the discussion on your stated methods and how they pertain to your aims.

Recommendations: Here you want to detail what is to follow your research. Professional case study writers advise stating any knowledge gaps in your work and any unanswered or new questions you had found in the process. Your insights will be useful for others to follow in your footsteps and expand on your analysis.

Sample Of APA Case Study Outline

Example of writing a case study analysis in APA format:

Writing a case study in APA Step By Step

Knowing how to write a case study in APA format is a common question for students. In addition to the typical academic standards, APA has its own requirements that must be adhered to. The first step is to create a heading, known as a running head, that will be present on each page of your paper. The running head includes:

• The page number on the right margin
• A shortened title of your paper in ALL-CAPS no longer than 50 characters to the right

Title Page in APA for Case Study Project

The title of a case study in an APA paper is a requirement. The purpose is to state the name of the work, who the author is, and the institution that sponsored the research. It has the following parts:

• The words “running head” at the top, followed by the actual running head
• The full title of your paper using APA titling no longer than 12 words
• Your name without any designations (Dr/Ph.D./Rev/etc.) and the institution you attend

The Abstract for an APA case study

The abstract of your paper works as a summary to give a brief overview of what it contains. Include the running head at the top; the first line should have the word “abstract” centered. Follow the abstract with 150-250 words summarizing your paper. You may also index some keywords to help find the contents of your work in academic databases. At the end of your summary, indent once, and in italics, indicate keywords related to your work.

Writing an effective college paper requires a lot of planning and formatting to get it done right. Brush up on these guidelines for how to write your paper in APA format . If you need someone to review your work or write any parts of your paper, reach out to our professional writers, who are always willing to lend a hand.

Additionally, with the help of our blog, you can make sure you create a professional PowerPoint presentation that clearly outlines the main points of your paper. If you need help with this, our professional writers can provide guidance.

Readers also enjoyed

WHY WAIT? PLACE AN ORDER RIGHT NOW!

Just fill out the form, press the button, and have no worries!

We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy.

APA Citation and University Writing: Examples

• GGU University Writing
• APA 7 Style Overview
• Citations, References
• Do-it-yourself
• Chat GPT & AI
• Citation Managers
• Tutoring Assistance

APA Style examples

These examples are references. The examples demonstrate the style and format required for a reference list.

Need help with in-text citation style? Click the tab Citations & Reference List . 

APA 7 Style Guide Examples

APA Style Notes

• Date of retrieval
• Missing Info

The examples on this page should only be used as a guide. The following links are official APA Style resources:

APA Style FAQ [APA Style]

Quick Answers - Reference

APA Tutorial: The Basics of APA Style

https://URL

URL where information was r etrieved  not required for library database citations.

Database where information was  retrieved not required in most instances except for special cases.

A citation for an article from a library database does not require the URL or name of the database.

ONLINE! URL

Do not include the words "Retrieved from" any longer before the URL

URL is important for items found freely available online. APA rules recommend using the homepage URL when an item can be easily located - such as URLs for news websites or online databases such as Hathi Trust and Internet Archive. Here is an example - only the homepage URL is used, not the full webpage URL.

Gallagher, D. (2018, Feb. 3 ) Is Google Losing to Amazon? Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com

Retrieved date is only included in a reference if the information cited is likely to change.

In general, do not include retrieved date within a citation, unless it is required by your instructor, or you are citing a blog, wiki, and a post from a personal website.

Example of information likely to change:

Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved August 8, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology

This is only in cases where this is no published date and the information is likely to change.

[Square Brackets] 

[Square Brackets] have several functions in APA Style. Regardless of the function, words within square brackets are your words .

1) [Square brackets] identify source types. APA Style recommends (not requires) providing identifying information when the title and other information in the citation does not identify the source. Add [square brackets] when needed to clarify what the item is. For example, [Case study], [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Excel document], [Video], [Interview], [Data], [Data set].

Sasal, D. (2017, June 13)  Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework  [Video]. Youtube.      https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs

2)  Use square brackets If you’re referencing an unusual item.

APA Style Blog: Using Square Brackets

3) Use square brackets when there is missing information - for example, missing date and title.

APA Style Blog: Missing Pieces: How to Write an APA Style Reference Even Without All the Information

Do you have questions about authors?

• Click here. APA FAQ tab. Need help formatting AUTHOR names? No author, multiple authors, etc... In the AUTHOR box, click the tabs IN-TEXT or REFERENCE to learn how to handle 1-5 authors, and 6+ authors.

Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person as the author consider using a corporate/group name.

Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?

No author? Are you sure? Is it a Group/corporate Author?

APA Style Blog on group authors

If there is no author and no group/corporate author, begin the reference with the TITLE in the author-place. Use a shortened version of the title in when using in-text citations.

How to write an APA Style reference when information is missing

No date? Missing title? Missing source?

APA Style Blog on missing information

• Guidelines for missing information This PDF was created and made available by the APA Style Blog.
• Articles - Print
• Articles - Online
• Articles - Library database
• Articles - Library database with DOI

Working Papers

Article - print.

I ansiti , M., Lakhani, K. R., McBrien, K., & Moon, M. (2017). Managing our hub economy: Strategy, ethics, and network competition in the age of digital superpower. Harvard Business Review , 95 (5), 84-92.

Online Journal Article

Klein, G., & Aubry, M. (2017). Introducing the issue on megaprojects. Project Management Journal , 48 (6), 3-4. https://www.pmi.org/PMJ

Wang, J., Meric, G., Liu, Z., & Meric, I. (2010). A comparison of the determinants of stock returns in the 1987 and 2008 stock market meltdowns. Banking and Finance Review, 2 (1), 15-26. http://www.bankingandfinancereview.com/

Online Newspaper Article

Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com

Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com

APA Style Blog on citing newspapers

Is this website a newspaper, magazine or journal?

"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t." APA Style Blog

If the site does not refer to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source as a webpage - scroll down to Online - Webpage.

Articles from library databases without doi .

Journal Article:

Arruda-Filho, E., Cabusas, J., & Dholakia, N. (2010). Social behavior and brand devotion among iPhone innovators.  International Journal of Information Management,   30 (6), 475-480.

Magazine Article:

Barkin, E. (2010, April). Jetting to greener pastures.  Customer Relationship Management,   14 (4), 30-33,36.

Newspaper Article:

Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times , 157 (54418), A1.  https://www.nytimes.com/

Articles from library databases with doi.

Gonzalez, J., Ragins, B., Ehrhardt, K., & Singh, R. (2018). Friends and family: The role of relationships in community and workplace attachment. Journal of Business & Psychology , 33 (1), 89-104. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10869-016-9476-3

Holland, C. P. (1995). Cooperative supply chain management: The impact of interorganizational information systems. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 4 (2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8687(95)80020-Q

Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 14124). http://www.nber.org/papers/w14124

White papers.

Department for Business Innovation & Skills. (2016).  Success as a knowledge economy: Teaching excellent, social mobility and student choice  [White paper]. Crown.  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-success-as-a-knowledge-economy.pdf

APA Style on White Papers

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). Publisher.

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). http:// www.URL.com

Source: American Psychological Association, 2010, p.206.

• Books in print

Book in print

Brader, t. (2006). campaigning for hearts and minds: how emotional appeals in political ads work . university of chicago press., laudon, k.c. & traver, c.g. (2016). e-commerce: business, technology, society (12 th ed.). pearson., lewis, r., & dart, m. (2010). the new rules of retail: competing in the world's toughest marketplace . palgrave macmillan., miller, t. e., bender, b. e., & schuh, j. h. (2005). promoting reasonable expectations: aligning student and institutional views of the college experience . jossey-bass..

Book with no author, but has an editor or editors:   add (Ed.) or (Eds.)

Duncan , G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor . Russell Sage Foundation.

Ebooks (APA 7)

Ebook from a library database (ie. Ebook Central ProQuest)

Kerzner, H. (2017). Project management metrics, KPIS, and dashboards: A guide to measuring and monitoring project performance .  https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Ebook found online:

Barton, Clara. (1904). A story of the Red Cross: Glimpses of field work . D. Appleton and Company. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30230

Ebook accessed using a specific reader

Gladwell, M. (2011). Outliers: The story of success . Back Bay Books. https://www.amazon.com

Case Studies

Case study published by harvard business school publishing.

Thomas, D.A. (1999). Leaving. HBS No. 400033-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing. 

Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2010). Google, Inc. HBS No. 910036-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing. 

Case Study published by Ivey Publishing

Bernhut, S. (2013). The Ivey Business Journal Interview: State Capitalism, with Aldo Musacchio . Ivey ID: 9B13TB08. Ivey Publishing. 

• General Guidelines
• Library Database
• Website (including photo)
• Reference examples

Figures: graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photos, etc.

Looking for tables > use formatting information in the box Tables.

Click through the tabs and find in-text citation and reference examples.

Using Statista? Scroll down to the Statista box.

Video tutorial: APA Style for Figures and Tables

Looking for tables > using formatting information in the box Tables.

A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration or nontextual depiction. Any type of illustration other than a table is referred to as a figure.

When you use a figure that has been adapted or copied directly from another source, you need to reference that original source. This reference appears as a caption underneath the figure (image):

• don't include a title on top - the caption is your title
• concise explanation of the figure; i.e. a brief but descriptive phrase
• include copyright information
• format your caption - use italics and a capital F for Figure and sequential numbering (if you have more than one Figure)

Legend (if needed) :

A legend explains the symbols used in the figure. It should have the same kind and proportion of lettering that appear in the rest of the figure.

• capitalize major words in the legend
• place the legend within the figure (it may already be there if you have copied the graph from elsewhere)

General rules:

• Number all figures with Arabic numerals in the order in which they are first mentioned in text, regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of the figure occurs later in the paper. For example, Figure 1...Figure 2...etc.
• Refer to the figure in your writing - no italics, but with capital F, for example "In Figure 1..."
• Copyright permission for using figures and images in theses/dissertations/exegeses - obtain written copyright permission from the copyright holder if you reproduced or adapted a figure from a copyrighted source. If you are adapting material from multiple sources, and integrating them into a single figure, you might need to include multiple permission statements, one for each source.
• Figures must have a reference in your Reference List.

Multiple Sources:

See Simon Fraser University's instructions for citing multi-sources.

Created by Auckland University of Technology Library, and adapted with permission.

APA Style on citing Tables & Figures

Figure reproduced in your paper

Use this format for figures you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.

Caption Format - caption under a figure

Figure 1. FinSec's communication networks. Reprinted from Employment Relations in New Zealand (2nd ed., p.355), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright 2009 by Erling Rasmussen.

In-text citation:

Reference list entry:

Figure referred to and not reproduced in your paper

If you simply refer to a figure, format the in text-citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

Figure 1. Factors influencing the formation of tourists' needs. Reprinted from "Factors that Obstruct Tourism Development in Bangladesh", by N. Jahan and S. Rahman, 2016, CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7 (9) , p.53. Copyright 2016 by Chinniah Lakshmiammal Educational Academy & Research (CLEAR) Foundation.

If you simply refer to a figure and do not include it in your text, format the in text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

Caption Format - caption under a figure

Example from ACNielsen Market Information Digest database

Figure 1 . The market location and dollar sales of meat pies in New Zealand. SMAP is the segment of market for the Auckland Province, SMLNI for the Lower North Island, SMSI for the South Island; MAP is the moving annual total. Nielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand database. Copyright 2011 by The Nielsen Company.

Example: from Passport (Euromonitor) database

Figure 2 .  Trade volume of ready to drink high strength premixes sold in New Zealand, measured in 000 litres. Passport database. Copyright 2010 by Euromonitor International.

If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way:

Caption Format - caption under a figure

Figure 1 . Vermeer, J. (c. 1665). Girl with a pearl earring . From Mauritshuis Royal Picture Gallery, The Hague. http://www.mauritshuis.nl/index.aspx?Chapterid=2295. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 2 . America's Army screen dump showing soldiers and watch tower. From America's Army (Version 3). http://www.americasarmy.com. Copyright 2010 by America’s Army.

If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

• Not every reference to an artwork needs a reference list entry, for example, if you refer to a famous painting, as above, it would not need a reference.
• clicking on or hovering your mouse over the image
• looking at the bottom of the image
• looking at the URL
• if there is no title, create a short descriptive one yourself and put it in square brackets e.g. [...]

Reference List

Examples of references for figures.

Retrieved from a library database

Euromonitor International. (2013). Youth unemployment rate vs. total unemployment rate: 2006-2011 [Graph]. Euromonitor Passport database .

Format: Figure

Author. (year created). Title of work [Type of work], Database name or URL.

No author? Use a corporate/agency/company (as known as group author name), or a screen name. If this is not an option, use the title in place of the author.

• Library Databases
• Multiple sources

Tables: numerical values or text displayed in clearly designated columns and rows

Looking for: graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photos, etc. > see box Figures.

Created by Auckland University of Technology Library , and adapted with permission.

Tables usually show numerical value or textual information and are almost always characterized by a row-column structure. Any type of illustration other than a table is a  figure .

General notes on tables:

• Tables are located at the end of your paper, after the reference list and before any appendixes. Each table is on a separate page.
• Tables may use single-spacing or one-and-a-half spacing (p. 229).
• Information necessary for understanding the table and definitions of abbreviations used within the table appear in a table note. ( APA Style Blog )
• All tables must be cited in-text and discussed within the body of your paper, and be included in your reference list.

Basic instructions for formatting tables

Number t ables sequentially (i.e.if you have more than one table in your writing) e.g. Table 1, Table  2 .....

• Each table must be referred to in the text, using a capital T,  for example: ...as shown in Table 1

Title is placed directly a bove the table itself and below the table number.

• Brief but clear and explanatory, in italics and with major words capitalized with no full stop.

Note is placed directly below the table, the word "Note" in italics with a full stop, for example:  Note.

• Explain abbreviations, symbols etc
• Acknowledge the source of the table
• Include a copyright statement at the end of the note. 

     ​  For specific and probability note (section 5.16, p 138).

Ruling (Lines)

• Limit the use of lines to those that are necessary
• Appropriately positioned white space can be an effective substitute.
• Tables  may be submitted either single or double spaced. Consider readability (section 5.17, p 141).

Sales of  Take Home Ice Cream in New Zealand

Note . MAT= moving annual total, From ACNielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand .Copyright 2010 by The Nielsen Company.

Table reproduced in your paper

Use this format for tables you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.

Note format - note under a table

Note. Reprinted from Employment relations in New Zealand (p 98), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright (2009) by Erling Rasmussen. 

Use the reference style for books - see go to box Books

Table referred to and not reproduced in your paper

If you simply refer to a table, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

Note format - note under a table

   In-text citation:

Use the reference style for articles - see box Articles .

Table referred to but not reproduced in your paper

Note Format : note below a table

Percentage of Men and Women Who Have Bought Fruit and Vegetable Products in the Last Four Weeks

Note.  wc = weighted count, shown in thousands; v% =vertical percentage, showing which % of the column group also belongs to the row group; h% = horizontal percentage showing which percentage of the row group also belongs to the column group. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand database. Copyright 2015 by Roy Morgan New Zealand Ltd. 

Reference  List entry:

Note format - note below a table

Percentage of New Zealand Population Who Have Never Worked by Age Group. By age group June 2016 quarter

Note . Adapted from  http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and_unemployment/people-never-worked.aspx . Copyright (2016) by Statistics New Zealand. 

Use the reference style for websites - see box Online , tab Websites.

If you refer to a table but don’t provide a copy of it in your assessment, simply give an in-text citation in the usual way

​ Reference list entry:

Table - compiled from a variety of sources

Multi source data

If you create your own table by compiling data from multiple sources, you will still need to cite where you got your information from. You do not need to give the full bibliographic citation in the note, an author and date is sufficient. 

Note format - note under table:

In-text citation: 

Multiple kinds of data

If you have multiple kinds of data (population figures, employment information... etc.) in one table you would describe each set of data)

Note format - note under Table:

 For more information see:

APA Style for figures & tables

Examples of references for tables.

Retrieved from a book

New Strategist. (2008). Women's time use by age, 2007 [Table]. In New Strategist Editors, American women: Who they are and how they live (4th ed.) . New Strategist Publications, Inc.

Retrieved from a online source

US Census Bureau. (2002). Industries in Which California Ranks First in Terms of Sales or Receipts Per Capita [Table]. 2002 Economic Census . http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/data/tops/TOPSTCA.HTM

National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). [Chart showing racial makeup of San Francisco Unified School District students under age 18]. Common Core of Data . http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/

If the table you find does not have a title, then describe the content in [square brackets].

Format: Table

Author. (Publication Date). Title of  table [Table]. In author or editor of work Title of work . Publisher.

Author. (Publication Date). Title of table [Table]. Title of website. URL

Author. (Publication Date). [Title of table] [Table]. Title of website. URL

Interviews, Emails, Personal Communications

• Interview, Email & Personal Communications

Personal interviews that you conduct do not have references. Personal interviews are considered personal communication. Include any relevant and important information about the interview in the body of your paper. APA Style states, "An interview is not considered recoverable data, so no reference to this is provided in the reference list. You may, however, cite the interview within the text as a personal communication." APA Style

Interviews - research participants .  APA Style

An interview you read has a citation and reference. Where did you find the interview? Is it from a magazine article, website, blog, etc.? Use the appropriate APA Style format to create the reference.

Email & Personal Communications

Email & personal communications do not have references at the end of your paper, but you will create a citation within the body of your paper.

Why do personal communications not have references? References are created to direct your reader to the sources of information you used in your paper. With personal communications you cannot direct the reader to the source - to the phone conversation you had, to your email inbox, to the day of the interview - the reader of your paper cannot access these sources.

Include any relevant and important information about the email and personal communication in the body of your paper.

Here is an example for the APA Style :

• Blogs & Wikipedia
• YouTube & Video

Social Media

• Help! More info for web sources...

Website (entire website, not a webpage)

No citation is needed for an entire website. Include the website within the body of a paper.

"In my paper, I mention a website. I refer to the website as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific webpage or an article within a website. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"

NO . All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.

Two examples - full websites mentioned within a paper.

1) The Department of Health has just released a new website to help people identify and compare health care programs available in their area. The website is called HealthCare.gov at http://www.healthcare.gov/ This resource is easy to use and the interface is intuitive, but the website will not support members of the population not using the internet.

2) Kidspsych ( http://www.kidspsych.org ) is a wonderful interactive website for children. This resource is appropriate for children ages 3 to 10.

APA Style Blog: Websites & Webpages

Webpage (not an online journal, magazine or newspaper > use article format) (APA 7)

Webpage with author:

Doyle, A. (2017, July 1). Best questions to ask at a job interview: What to ask the employer during a job interview. The balance careers. The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/questions-to-ask-in-a-job-interview-2061205

Webpage without a person as the author - there are options! (APA 7)

Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person listed as the author consider using a corporate/group name . Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?

Webpage with no person as author. Use a corporate/group author.  (APA 7)

United States government agency

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, February 14). Traumatic brain injury: FDA actions and research. http://usgov.info/2018/02/14/traumatic-brain-injury-fda-actions-and-research/

U.S. Small Business Association. (n.d.). Build your business plan. https://www.sba.gov/tools/business-plan/1?interiorpage2015

Ben & Jerry's. (n.d.). Our history. https://www.benjerry.com/about-us

Samsung. (2018). Vision 2020. https://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/vision/vision2020/

Kaiser Permanente. (2013, November). Measuring quality and patient safety. https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org

Webpage with no author

Effective business plans: Strategies for managers. (2018, March 4). Business Pros. http:// www.businesspros.com

Format:      Title of webpage. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Webpage. URL

In-text citation for no author:   ("First Few Words of Title," YEAR).    ("Effective Business Plans," 2018).

If the site refers to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source using an article format. Scroll up to Articles - Online.

"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t." 

Blogs, wikis, and posts on personal websites

Stephanie (2018, february 5). what to do if your obamacare 1095-a column b is zero. poorer than you . http://poorerthanyou.com/category/taxes/.

APA Style on citing Blogs

When citing Wikipedia, cite an archived version of a Wikipedia page so that readers can retrieve the version you used.

*Access the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting “View history” and then the time and date of the version you used.

*If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and a retrieval date.

Business performance management. ( 2018,  January 25 ). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_performance_ management

Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved December 15, 2017 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology

APA Style Blog on citing Wikipedia

Entire blog, wiki, or personal website

"In my paper, I mention a blog. I refer to the blog as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific blog post. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"

No. All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.

Two examples for mentioning the entire blog, wiki or personal website.  In the body of the paper:

1) At age 22, blogger Stephanee (Stephanie), started her the blog Poorer Than You (http://poorerthanyou.com). The posts are aimed at millennials and provide financial advice on a variety of topics.

2) I have learned a lot by reading the Psych Learning Curve blog (http://psychlearningcurve.org). This blog is an excellent resource for teachers.

Glass, I. (Producer). (2013, September 6). How I got into college [Audio podcast]. In  This American Life . http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/504/how-i-got-into-college

Purdue OWL  APA Style: How to Cite a Podcast

LastName, A. A. (Producer). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. In  Title of Podcast Series . Publisher. URL

Podcast without a series - stand alone

LastName, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast episode]. Publisher. URL

Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com

Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com

CNN. (2015, February 15). Boston sets new snow record [Video]. https://www.cnn.com/videos/weather/2015/02/15/newday-alesci-ripley-boston-sets-new-snow-record.cnn/video/playlists/top-news-videos/

Online Newspaper format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Newspaper . https://www.someaddress.com

Online Magazine format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Magazine, volume number (issue number if available). https://www.someaddress.com

Online News broadcast video:

Producer Name. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. Website host. https://www.someaddress.com

Youtube video

Forbes. (2018, January 19).  Facebook announces algorithm changes; Apple brings money back to U.S. [Video]. Youtube. https://youtube/39gFZawmKfM

Sasal, D. (2017, June 13) Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs

APA Style: How to Create a Reference for a YouTube Video

TikTok  video

Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2019, November 19). Alkali salts get lit. #chemistry #chemteacherphil #scienceexperiments #foryou #jobforme #trend #featurethis #science #vibecheck [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/xP1r1m

Washington Post [@washingtonpost]. (2019, December 3). News is all around us #frozen #newsroom #newspaper [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/x2sKUu

TikTok  Profile

Witherspoon, R. [@officialreesetiktok]. (n.d.). vsco mom [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://vm.tiktok.com/xS3B86

APA 7 TikTok Citation Guide

TED Talk video

If you viewed the video on the TED website:

Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking

If you viewed the video on YouTube, the same TED Talk would be referenced as follows:

TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g

APA Style Blog: How to Cite a TED Talk in APA Style

Film, Video, or DVD

Selick, H. (Director). (1993). The nightmare before Christmas [Film]. Touchstone.

Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [ Film ]. Paramount Pictures.

APA Style Film and TV

NY Review of Books. (2013, September 6). The total weight of jellyfish in the Black Sea is 10x greater than that of all fish caught around the world in a year. [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/nybooks/status/376055502880665600

Obama, M. (2013, February 28). “ We can give all our children the bright, healthy futures they so richly deserve .” —the First Lady on why healthier food options are good for American businesses   [Image attached] [Status update] .  Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php? fbid =10152608245040578& set=a.10150238318835578.467644.22092775577&type=1

Gaiman, N. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer out for dinner.  [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/10150574185041016

Reuters Top News [Reuters]. (2016, November 1). Inside David Bowie's art collection [Twitter moment]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i/moments/793575609028915200

APA Style: How to Cite a Twitter Moment

APA Style: How to Cite Facebook

APA Style: How to Cite Instagram

In APA Style there are no specific formatting rules for citing PDFs.

Why? PDF is just a file format. To cite this type of document, ask yourself: What is this?

You must determine what the nature of the PDF, and then use the corresponding format.

There are two common types of documents that appear as PDFs:

- Articles (magazines, newspapers, journals, newsletters, etc.)

- Reports (government report, company profile, company annual report, etc.)

Need help? Ask us by emailing [email protected]

For Webinar citations in APA 7, Please check out Purdue University APA 7 citation guide on Other Non-Print Sources available here:

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_other_non_print_sources.html

Rules for citing information found on the web:

No author? Start with the title and then the date. A screen-name can be used as the author. An organization/company can be the author.

Date? If a date is not specifically included with the item you are citing, look for the last updated date. No date type (n.d.)

Titles? Keep it simple - do not italicize website titles. This can get confusing:  If a webpage is part of a larger website, do not italicize the title of the page. If the webpage is an independent document on the website, do italicize the title of the page. This is also a judgment call that you will have to make. If you are not sure, do not italicize.

URL? Yes, include it. www.theURL.com

Retrieved on date? In general, do not include the retrieved date for most web sources. If a webpage is likely to change over time, such as a wiki or personal website, include the date that you looked at the page.

Author and website name? If the name of the website is the same as the name of the author, you do not need to include it a second time.

[Square Brackets]?  APA Style recommends providing identifying information - when needed for clarification. If the information in the citation and URL do not clearly identify what it is you are citing, add [square brackets]. For example, [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Video], [Interview], [Data].

Presentations

Instructors frequently require students to use APA Style within presentations. APA Style does not provide specific guidelines for PowerPoint presentations and visuals. You will be adapting APA Style guidelines. Check with your instructor about the format. You will likely need to have in-text citations on the slides throughout your presentation for images, data, quotes and paraphrased statements, AND a slide at the end for a reference list.

• Statistics & Data Sets
• Dictionary / Definitions

Barr, J. G. (2018). Artificial intelligence . Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies database.  MarketLine . (2013, April 29). NIKE, Inc.: Company profile . 

Annual Report

American Psychological Association. (2013). 2012 annual report of the American  Psychological Association . http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/2012-report.pdf

Unilever. (2015). Annual report and accounts 2015 strategic report.  https://www.unilever.com/Images/annual_report_and_accounts_ar15_tcm244-478426_en.pdf

APA Style on citing annual reports

Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q.  Arrow International, Inc. (2009). 10-K Annual Report 2009 .

Government Report

San Francisco Department of Public Health. (2016). San Francisco community health needs assessment 2016 . https://www.sfdph.org/dph/hc/HCAgen/HCAgen2016/May%2017/2016CHNA-2.pdf

U.S. Department of Education. (2014). Profile of undergraduate students: 2011-12. Web tables (NCES 2015-167). https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2015/2015167.pdf

National Cancer Institute. (2016). Taking part in cancer treatment research studies  (Publication No. 16-6249). https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/CRS.pdf

Office of the Inspector General U.S. Department of Justice. (2017, May). Review of the handling of sexual harassment and misconduct allegations by the department’s Civil Division . https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2017/e1703.pdf

APA Style: How to Cite Government Report

U.S. Constitution

APA Style Blog states, "All citations of the U.S. Constitution begin with U.S. Const. , followed by the article, amendment, section, and/or clause numbers as relevant."   APA Style Blog: How to Cite the U.S. Constitution in APA Style

In-text                   (U.S. Const. amend. II)

Reference             U.S. Const. amend. II

Congressional Bill

Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental Illnesses Act of 1993, S. 671, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993).

Federal Statutes

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654 (2006).

FORMAT: Name of the Statute, Tile number Source  § Section number(s) (Year).

APA Style: Writing References for Federal Statutes

Statistics & Data Sets

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Consumer price index - all urban consumers, 1956-2016 [Time series]. http://data.bls.gov

Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, jobs and broadband [Data file and codebook]. http://www.pewresearch.org

World Bank, World Development Indicators. (2016). Firms using banks to finance working capital (% of firms) [Data file]. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.FRM.BKWC.ZS?view= chart

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). Indiana income limits [Data set]. http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf

APA Style on citing data sets

U.S. Census

U.S. Census Bureau (2011). Selected housing characteristics, 2007-2011 American community survey 5-year estimates [Data file]. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_DP04

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2009). Cahaba River Natural Refuge. https://www.fws.gov/cahabariver/maps.html

International Monetary Fund. (2017, May 8). IMF lending at a glance. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/map/lending/

WOU APA Style on citing maps

Google Maps

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Ingolstadt, Germany, to Geneva, Switzerland]. Retrieved August 4, 2015 from https://goo.gl/maps/ILt8O

APA Style on citing online map s

IAC. (n.d.).  Impact investing. In Investopedia . Retrieved May 15, 2016 from  https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/impact-investing.asp

Merriam Webster (n.d.). R eliability. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved January 11, 2020 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reliability

Dictionary references in APA 7

BizJournals (via American City Business Journals)

Dittmer, M. (2018, March 16). Busiest Bay Area airlines. San Francisco Business Times .

Britannica Academic & Encyclopaedia Britannica

Library database fisher, w. w. (2018). patent. encyclopaedia britannica ., online britannica, t. editors of encyclopaedia (2019, november 20). prohibition. encyclopedia britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/prohibition-united-states-history-1920-1933 note: encyclopedia britannica online  has a citation tool., business source complete.

Is it an article?  Use the format: Articles - library database

Is it a report? >> Use the format: Reports

The database Business Source Complete has a citation tool. Click CITE and select APA citation format. Review the citation and edit it.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed): DSM–5

American psychiatric association. (2013). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).      https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596, (american psychiatric association, 2013), faulkner reports.

Reports from these databases: Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies (FAITS), and Faulkner Security Management Practices.

Barr, J. G. (2019). Artificial intelligence . Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies.

Keston, G. (2019). Network access control . Faulkner Security Management Practices.

Gale Ebooks

Agile software. In Encyclopedia of Emerging Industries (7th ed., pp. 5-10). Gale. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3664200008/GVRL?u=ggusf_main&sid=GVRL&xid=4c07cc09

Harvard Business Review

Is it an article? >> Use the article format .

Is it a case study? >> Use the case study format .

Mergent Online

Mergent Inc. (n.d.). Apple, Inc.: Business segments .

Mergent Inc. (2014, February 28). McDonald's Corp.: Ford Equity research report .

Apple Inc. (2013, October 30). Form 10-K . 

Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q.  

Morningstar Investment Research Center

Google , Inc. (2011, December 31). Form 10-K .

Morningstar . (n.d.). Google: Key ratios . Retrieved March 13, 2014, from Morningstar Investment Research.

Morningstar . (2014, February 28) Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Rating and risk .  Morningstar Investment Research.

Reichart, K. R. (2014, March 6). Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Fund analyst repor t. Morningstar Investment Research database.

Summer, R. (2014, February 25). Google, Inc.: Stock analyst report . Morningstar Investment Research database.

Pew Research Center

Lopez, G., Ruis, N.G. & Patten, E. (2017, September 8) Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/08/key-facts-about-asian-americans/

Shearer, E. & Gottfried, J. (2017, September 6). In 2017, two-thirds of U.S. adults get news from social media [Table]. In News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2017. http://www.journalism.org/2017/09/07/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2017/pi_17-08-23_socialmediaupdate_0-01/

Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, Jobs and Broadband [Data file and code book]. http://www.pewresearch.org

Pew Research Center. (2018, January 2018). They’re waiting longer, but U.S. women today more likely to have children than a decade ago: More than half of never-married women in their early 40s have given birth [Report]. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/18/theyre-waiting-longer-but-u-s-women-today-more-likely-to-have-children-than-a-decade-ago/

S&P Global NetAdvantage

Industry survey.

Snyder, K. (2017, October). Health care equipment and supplies. CFRA Industry Surveys [PDF].

Library database - Statista - citing data and charts

When you are viewing data, look for the citation button. SELECT CITATION. From the drop-down menu, click APA. We recommend you edit the citation. Note, Statista uses many difference SOURCES - the source is in the place of the author.

Atlas Van Lines. (May 27, 2020). Internal factors that influenced employee relocations in the United States in 2020 [Chart]. In Statista - The Statistics Portal . Retrieved April 08, 2021 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/763368/internal-factors-on-employee-relocation-us/

Airnow. (February 17, 2021). Leading iPhone apps in the Apple App Store worldwide in January 2021, by revenue (in million U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In  Statista . Retrieved April 08, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/271103/top-iphone-apps-worldwide-by-revenue/

Library database - Statista - citing a full report

Collignon , H. & Sultan, N. (2014, November). Winning the business of sports 2014 . Retrieved from Statista database.

Janßen , B., Krützfeldt, W., Ramcke, K., & Staffa, V. (2014, August).  Industry report - Computer and electronic product manufacturing NAICS Code 334 . Retrieved from Statista database.

Statista. (2018). Coffee market in the U.S. [Report]. Retrieved from Statista database.

Online - using Statista's website - citing data and charts

When there is no author name, use the SOURCE name in place of the author. Statista uses many difference SOURCES. Look under the table or figure for the word SOURCE.

ITU. (2011, October). Number of active mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide from 2005 to 2011 (in millions) [Chart].  In Statista . Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/186337/number-of-mobile-broadband-subscriptions-worldwide-since-2005/

Value Line Publishing. (2010, November 26). Ford Motor. Value Line Investment Survey .

• << Previous: Do-it-yourself
• Next: Chat GPT & AI >>
• Last Updated: Mar 27, 2024 1:28 PM
• URL: https://ggu.libguides.com/apa

• Case studies

General format

There is no specific way to reference a case study in APA style. Case studies are typically published as an article or report, or within a book. Format the reference list entry according to the type of publication. Following are some examples of case studies in business.

Business case study

Author(s). (Year).   Title of case study . Number of case study. URL

Harvard business school case study

Dey, A. (2022). Corporate governance: A three pillar framework. HBS No. 491-009.  https://hbsp.harvard.edu/cases/

Ivey business school case study

Dunbar, C., & Southam, C. (2005). London youth symphony. Ivey ID: 9B05009.  http://iveycases.com

Style notes

• If the case study is not numbered, leave it out of the reference entry.
• If the source is a book, format the reference according to the rules for books.
• If the source is a journal, format the reference according to the rules for journal articles.
• << Previous: Book and chapter
• Next: Dictionary or encyclopaedia entry >>
• Indigenous authors
• In-text citations
• Artificial intelligence tools
• Book and chapter
• Dictionary or encyclopaedia entry
• Health information sources
• Journal article
• Newspaper or magazine article
• Thesis or dissertation
• Webpage or website
• Writing style resources & sample papers

Griffith University

Popular sites

Home > Library > Study and assignment skills > Referencing > APA 7

Referencing guide

APA 7 examples

• How to create in-text citations
• How to format a reference list

Official manual and style blog

• How to print or save guide

Ask the library

• About the library
• Resources and borrowing
• Study and assignment skills
• Research and publishing
• Visit our libraries
• Study spaces
• Student orientation
• Staff orientation
• Corporate information
• Culturally respectful library
• Course resources
• Library guides
• Borrowing and my account
• Interlibrary loan
• Library catalogue help
• Library apps
• Resolve access issues
• Manage your time
• Read effectively
• Think critically
• Make effective notes
• Work in groups
• Prepare for exams
• Assess your skills
• Record and edit video

Social media

• Effective email communication
• Understand your assessment
• Prepare to search
• Search for information
• Evaluate your sources
• Structure assignments
• Assignment types
• Write with academic style
• Edit and proofread
• Use feedback
• AGPS Harvard
• Chicago 17 Notes and Bibliography
• Chicago 17 Author-date
• Academic integrity matters
• Manage and plan
• Find and reuse
• Create and capture
• Process and analyse
• Share and archive
• Research metrics
• Researcher profiles
• Before you publish
• Develop a publishing strategy
• Promote your research
• Engage with open research
• Make research open
• Discover open research
• Read and publish agreements
• Academic writing for researchers
• Search and find research literature
• Organise your research literature
• Literature management software
• Systematic-style reviews
• Research repository
• Guide for students
• Staff setup guide
• Add resources
• Structure reading lists
• Request digitisations
• Resources for teaching
• Workshops and eLearning
• Academic skills model
• Support for individual students
• Contact the library

This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference for your assignment. It contains examples to help you format your in-text citations and reference list.

The American Psychological Association 7th edition (APA 7) is an author-date style, meaning in-text citations (author, year) are used to acknowledge the author(s) of ideas and quotes you have included in the body of your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at the end of your assignment.

Generative Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) tools

Check your assessment or course details to determine if you are permitted to use generative AI tools to complete your assessment. Further information is available on the Why Academic integrity matters web page.

When citing content produced by these tools follow the examples in the AI section of the referencing guide.

Using generative AI ethically and responsibly module

This advice updated April 14th, 2023 based on the official APA style blog .

(Author, Year)

Author (Year) stated...

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Quick author summary

Notes on et al..

• For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
• To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

Author, editor, translator

• The term "Author" refers to the author's last name (if an individual), or the name of the organisation producing the work.
• Record organisation names in full for the initial citation and include the abbreviation of the organisation (if there is one) in a bracket. Use the abbreviation for any subsequent citations, for example:

Author (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (Author, Year).

Author (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx).

"Direct quote from source" (Author, Year, p. xx).

Rational-emotive therapy developed as a cognitive, positivist therapy (Ellis, 2004).

Health institutions have a key role to play in reducing the burden of violence in society (World Health Organization [WHO], 2002).

Ellis (2004) claims that rational-emotive therapy is "highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive" (p. 69).

The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) advises “the health sector has a key role to play” (p. 1).

Reference list

• The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Albert Ellis becomes: Ellis, A.
• Spell out in full the name of the organisation in the reference list entry followed by a full stop: Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services.

Book - print

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Book - chapter

Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.),  Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx

Journal article

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Journal, Volume (issue) ,  Pages .  https://doi.org/xxxx

Watson, J. (2012).  Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Ellis, A. (2004). Reflections on rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.),  Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice  (pp. 69-73). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Mantie, R. (2013). A comparison of "popular music pedagogy" discourses.  Journal of Research in Music Education, 61 (3), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413497235

Two authors

• The term "Author" refers to the author's last name.
• Add authors in the order listed on the source being cited.

FirstAuthor and SecondAuthor (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (FirstAuthor & SecondAuthor, Year).

FirstAuthor and SecondAuthor (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)

"Direct quote from source" (FirstAuthor & SecondAuthor, Year, p. xx)

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2000).

Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2000, p. 171).

• The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Anthony Bohm becomes: Bohm, A.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

ChapterAuthor, A. A., & ChapterAuthor, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.),  Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Journal, Volume (issue) ,  Pages .  https://doi.org/xxxx

Bohm, A., & Chaudhri, D. P. (2000). Securing Australia's future: An analysis of the international education markets in India . IDP Education Australia.

Haaga, D. A. F., & Davison, G. C. (2004). An appraisal of rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.),  Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice  (pp. 69-73). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Draper, P., & Harrison, S. (2018). Beyond a doctorate of musical arts: Experiences of its impacts on professional life. British Journal of Music Education, 35 (3), 271-284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051718000128

Three to twenty authors

• For a work with three or more authors, include only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation.

FirstAuthor et al. (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (FirstAuthor et al., Year).

FirstAuthor et al. (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)

"Direct quote from source" (FirstAuthor et al., Year, p. xx)

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Mahoney et al., 2004).

According to Mahoney et al. (2004) psychology in the 20th century was "a period of sweeping conceptual changes and methodological developments" (p. 103).

• Provide last names and initials for up to and including 20 authors.
• When there are 2 to 20 authors, use an ampersand before the final author's name. For example Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.

Book - electronic

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

ChapterAuthor, A. A., ChapterAuthor, B. B., & ChapterAuthor, C. C. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.),  Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., & Author, F. F. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Journal, Volume (issue) ,  Pages .  https://doi.org/xxxx

Greig, A., Taylor, J., & MacKay, T. (2013). Doing research with children: A practical guide (3rd ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526402219

Mahoney, M. J., Miller, H. M., & Arciero, G. (2004). Constructive metatheory and the nature of mental representation. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.),  Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice  (pp. 103-120). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Bartleet, B.-L., Bennett, D., Bridgstock, R. S., Draper, P., Harrison, S., & Schippers, H. (2012). Preparing for portfolio careers in Australian music: Setting a research agenda. Australian Journal of Music Education, 1 , 32-41. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1000243

Twenty-one or more authors

Students when preparing for exams enjoy listening to indie pop bands (Wiskunde et al., 2019).

Wiskunde et al. (2019) state that "indie pop music is preferred by many university students" (p. 1935).

• When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors' names, insert an ellipsis ... (but no ampersand) and then add the final author's name.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F.,  Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N.,  Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q.,  Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z.  (Year).  Title of article.  Title of Journal, Volume (issue) ,  Pages .  https://doi.org/xxxx

Nath, A. P., Ritchie, S. C., Grinberg, N. F., Tang, H. H., Huang, Q. Q., Teo, S. M., Ahola-Olli, A. V., Wurtz, P., Havulinna, A. S., Santalahti, K., Pitkanen, N., Lehtimaki, T., Kahonen, M., Lyytikainen, L. P., Raitoharju, E., Seppala, I., Sarin, A. P., Ripatti, S., Palotie, A., . . . Inouye, M. (2019). Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of a cytokine network reveals variants with widespread immune, haematological, and cardiometabolic pleiotropy.  American Journal of Human Genetics, 105 (6), 1076-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.001

Corporate/government authors

• The term "Author" refers to the name of the corporation, organisation, group or government agency or department.
• Spell out full Corporate name for first citation. Subsequent citations can use abbreviated name. For example: (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2019).

CorporateAuthor (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (CorporateAuthor., Year).

CorporateAuthor (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx).

"Direct quote from source" (CorporateAuthor Year, p. xx)

Up to 22% of Australian children are in informal care (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2019).

Subsequent citation

Up to 22% of Australian children are in informal care (ABS, 2019).

The ABS (2019) state "data on the use of care back to 1996 shows little change in the use of care" (para. 3).

• Spell out the full name of a corporate author in the reference list entry, followed by a full stop. For example Griffith University.
• Do not include the any corporate author abbreviation in the reference list.

CorporateAuthor. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Government publication

GovernmentAuthor. (Year).  Title of document: Subtitle  (Report number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Industry report

CorporateAuthor. OR Author, A. A. (Year).  Title of report: Subtitle (Report number) OR [Description]. Publisher. https://xxxx

The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia. (2009). Financial reporting handbook 2009: Incorporating all the standards as at 1 January 2009. Wiley.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019, July).  Childhood education and care, Australia (No. 4402.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/education/childhood-education-and-care-australia/latest-release

Euromonitor International. (2023).  Tobacco in Greece . [Country report]. https://www.euromonitor.com/tobacco-in-greece/report

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Fetherston, T. (Ed.). (2007).  Becoming an effective teacher . Thomson Learning.

Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999).  Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts . American Psychological Association.

Griffith, J. P.,  Posner, J., & Barker, G. R. (Eds). (2013).  The textbook of pharmaceutical medicine  (7th ed.) . Wiley-Blackwell.

Kryger, M. H., Roth, T., & Dement, W. C. (Eds.). (2005).   Principles and practice of sleep medicine (4th ed.). Elsevier/Saunders.

Translators and Classics

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published Year)

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.; Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx (Original work published Year)

Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manual therapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Churchill Livingstone. (Original work published 2002)

Rosenkranz, K. (2015). Aesthetics of ugliness: A critical edition (A. Pop & Widrich, M, Eds.; Trans.). Bloomsbury Academic. (Original work published 1853)

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child. (H. Weaver, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1966)

Republished work

Shakespeare, W. (2005). Much ado about nothing (B. A. Mowat & P. Werstine, Eds.). Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1623)

• When citing a translated or a republished work in-text use the following format.

Author (Original publication year / translation year)

(Author, Original publication year / translation year)

(Ylinen, 2002/2008)

Rosenkranz (1853/2015)

(Shakespeare, 1623/1995)

• A work is treated as having no author when its author is unknown or cannot be reasonably be determined.
• In this situation move the title of the work to the author position

Book with no author

( Title , Year)

Article with no author

("Title", Year)

( Higher Education in Australia: The Facts , 2004)

In Higher Education in Australia: The Facts (2004) it is stated that.....

("Understanding Sensory Memory", 2018)

In "Understanding Sensory Memory" (2018) it is stated that...

• If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation.
• If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference, use double quotation marks around the title in the in-text citation.
• Capitalize these titles in the text using title case. For example: Interpersonal Skills
• When the author of the work is indicated as "Anonymous", then use Anonymous in place of the author in the in-text citation. For example: (Anonymous, 2017)

Title. (Year). Publisher.

Article title. (Year). Title of source, Volume (issue), Pages. https://xxxx

Title of entry. (Year). Title of source . Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Higher education in Australia: The facts . (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.

Lipitor. (2020).  MIMS Online . Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.mimsonline.com.au/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=lipitor&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=37190001_2%22

Abbreviations

Note: Abbreviations in references. Adapted from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Associations (7th ed.), 2020, p. 306. Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association.

Quote, cite, missing details

Quoting from sources

• Use the following formats to create direct quotes from sources.

Short quote less than 40 words

Rational-emotive therapy is "highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive" (Ellis, 2004, p. 69).

• Enclose quoted text with quotation marks " ".

Block quote 40 words or more

Ellis (2004) states:

As the first of today's cognitive-behavioural therapies, RET in 1955 was highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive. Its ABC theory of human disturbance held that people experience undesirable activating events, that they have rational and irrational beliefs about these stimuli, and that they create appropriate emotional and behavioral consequences with their rational beliefs or they create inappropriate and dysfunctional consequences with their irrational beliefs. (p. 69)

• Indent all lines of the block quote
• Do not enclose block quote with quotation marks
• Add page number after final full stop

See section 8.27 of the APA 7 manual for further information

Citing parts of a source - page number, paragraph, time stamp, section

• To cite a specific part of a source, provide an author-date citation for the work plus information about the specific part.
• Indicate the specific part when directly quoting from a source.
• There are many possible parts to cite including: pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures, supplemental materials, footnotes, chapters; forewords, time stamps of video and audio book; slide numbers in powerpoints.

Page numbers

Author (Year, p. xx)

( Title , Year, p. xx)

Author (Year, para. xx)

("Title", Year, para. xx)

• To obtain paragraph number count from the top of the source.

Author (Year, hh:mm:ss)

("Title", Year, hh:mm:ss)

• hh:mm:ss refers to hours:minutes:seconds.
• Use time stamp to indicate specific time point in a video or audio source

Author (Year, "Heading title" section)

("Title", Year, "Heading title" section)

• When citing webpages use the heading title of the section to show where in the source the direct quote was taken from.

Gillard (2020, p. 37)

( Higher Education in Australia: The Facts , 2004, p. 15)

Hogan (2015, para. 7)

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012, para. 19)

Griffith University (2020, 01:45:10)

("Top 10 music videos of 2017", 2020, 23:13)

Griffith University (2020, "In-text citations" section)

(Downing, 2020, "For fitness junkies" section)

Sources citing other sources

...(Primary author, year, as cited in Secondary author, year)…

The study (Sleajndro & Reid, 2002, as cited in Cowie, 2019) found that the….

Cowie, S. (2019). Libraries are the best places. Griffith University Library.

• In the reference list only refer to the source where you found the information, not the original source.
• If the year of the publication of the primary source is known, also include it in the text.
• If year of the primary source publication is unknown omit from the in-text citation, for example: (as cited in Cowie, 2019).

Multiple works by the same author published in the same year

• To differentiate references with the same author and year, place a lowercase letter after the year in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry.

Ramsden (1998a, 1998b) lists several reasons for what makes a university effective.

Ramsden, P. (1998a). Learning to lead in higher education . Routledge.

Ramsden, P. (1998b). What makes a university effective? Griffith University.

• In the reference list order multiple works by the same author published in the same year alphabetically by title, disregarding the words “A”, “An”, and “The”.
• When no date is available and n.d. is used, insert a hyphen before the lowercase letter e.g. (Author, n.d.-a).

Multiple references in one citation

• List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons.

Many agree that Australia has some of the best beaches in the world (Brown, 2006; Scott, 1976; Turner, 2019).

Australian beaches are the best in the world (Jones, 2012, 2016, 2018; Scott, 1976; Turner, 2019).

• For two or more works by the same authors when citing in-text arrange them by year of publication. For example (Jones, 2012, 2016, 2018).
• For works without a date or year of publication use the abbreviation n.d.

(Royal Institute of British Architects, n.d.)

Royal Institute of British Architects (n.d.)

Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Shaping the future: Careers in architecture . http://ww.careersinarchitecture.net/

• For works without a title, include a description of the work in square brackets instead.

Shakespeare, W. (2010). [Playscript for a 3 act play with 4 characters]. [Unpublished manuscript].

First Peoples materials

We respectfully advise that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be aware that this guide may contain images or names of people who have passed away.

You are encouraged to use this guide when working with sources created by First Peoples. Refer to the notes for further guidance on how to appropriately reference and acknowledge the creator(s) Nation, Country and/or language group.

First Peoples Intro Notes

Notes for using this guide

Terminology

• Nation—refers to a culturally distinct group of people associated with a particular culturally defined area of land or country.
• Country—refers to First People's family origins and associations with particular parts of Australia and the connections of blood-line back to Country.
• Place of Country—refers to the geographic location of the Country. For example, the Country of Yuggera is located in Queensland, Australia. Map of Indigenous Australia.

For more information refer to Griffith's Guidelines for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Terminology.

Cultural Information

• Critically evaluate the work you wish to cite and reference to determine if including First Peoples information about nation, country and language is right for you. If in doubt follow standard APA7 formatting rules.
• If an author's cultural information (nation, country and language) is not present in the published work (the author's by-line or in text of the work), then there is no need to include it in the reference.
• Work with what is in the published work or available in the archive/library catalogue record for the author, document and/or object details. Do not guess this information. There is no expectation for you to investigate the author to find this information.

Author treatment in the reference list

First peoples author treatment.

• Apply the author treatment to First Peoples materials references (artwork, designs, objects, and images) to acknowledge the country and language of First Peoples authors and creators.
• If appropriate apply the author treatment to other First Peoples created resources such as books, chapters, journal articles, and other types. Follow the standard APA7 formatting rules for these resources.

Author, A. A. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title ...

Behrendt, L. (Eualeyai, Kamillaroi, North-Western New South Wales). (2012). Indigenous Australia for dummies. Wiley. https://www.perlego.com/book/1013920/indigenous-australia-for-dummies-pdf

Nganampa Health Council (Anangu Pitjantjatjara, North-Western South Australia). (1991). Anangu way.

• Omit cultural information if not known.
• If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.
• If the title is not known, use [Untitled] in place of the Title.
• If no date is available, use (n.d.).
• Omit the publisher if the author and publisher are the same.

DOIs / URLs

• Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.
• Format the DOI as a web link: https://doi.org/xxxx .
• Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
• If the resource has both a DOI and URL , include only the DOI in the reference list. Use the URL only if the resource has no DOI .
• Use a URL that links directly to the cited work. Do not include a URL if the resource is from a database or library-provided service where a login is required.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p. 296-301.

…a way of understanding cultural greetings can be seen in Murphy and Kennedy (2016).

…a way of understanding cultural greetings (Murphy and Kennedy, 2016).

Behrendt (2012) states that “Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (p. 50).

“Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (Behrendt, 2012, p. 50).

Author, A. A. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country), & Author, B. B. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title ...

Book - Print

Author, A. & Author, B. (Year).  Title . Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author A); Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author B). Publisher.

Timbery, E. (Bidjigal/Eora, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia), & Jones, J. (Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi, New South Wales, Australia). (2015). Shell wall [Installation]. Barangaroo Delivery Authority, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. https://www.barangaroo.com/shell-wall-2015

Murphy, J. (Wurundjeri, Melbourne, Victoria) & Kennedy, L. (Trawlwoolway, Tasmania). (2016). Welcome to country. Blackdog Books.

Murphy, J. & Kennedy, L. (2016).  Welcome to country.  Wurundjeri, Melbourne, Victoria (Murphy), Trawlwoolway, Tasmania (Kennedy). Blackdog Books.

First Peoples author(s) and non-Indigenous author(s)

Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title ...

Author, A. A. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country), Author, B. B., &  Author, C. C. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year).   Title ...

Art - Viewed online

Artist, A., & Artist, B. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (First Peoples Author). Source. URL.

Broadhust, H., & Watson, J. (Waanyi, North Queensland). (1996). [Untitled] [Public sculpture, goanna]. Boundary St, West End, Brisbane, Queensland.

Jagamara, M. N., & Tillers, I. (2017). Metafisica Australe 2017 [Painting]. Warlpiri/ Luritja, Papunya region, Northern Territory, Australia (Jagamara). Queensland Art Gallery of Modern Art (QAGOMA), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. https://blog.qagoma.qld.gov.au/michael-nelson-jagamara-imants-tillers-metafisica-australe/

Unrecorded. (Year). Title [Medium]. Object’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country. Museum name, Museum location.

Unrecorded. (n.d.). Didgeridoo (TH2004.183) [Aboriginal musical instrument]. Tweed Museum, Tweed, New South Wales, Australia. https://ehive.com/collections/5051/objects/354323/didgeridoo

Artwork, designs, objects or images - viewed online

Author/Creator/Artist, A. (Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title [Medium]. Source. https://xxxx

Whiskey, K. (Indulkana, APY Lands, South Australia). (2018). Kaylene TV [Painting]. Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/prizes/sulman/2018/29987/

George, W. (APY Lands, South Australia), & Cooper, T. (APY Lands, South Australia ). (2018). Piltati and Malara: A story of love and war [Painting]. APY Lands, South Australia. Hazelhurst Gallery, Gymea, New South Wales, Australia. https://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Community/Hazelhurst/Exhibitions/Previous-Exhibitions/2018/Weapons-For-The-Soldier

Artwork, designs, objects or images - viewed in person

Author/Creator/Artist, A. (Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title [Medium]. Museum name, Museum location.

Broadhust, H., & Watson, J. (Waanyi, North Queensland). (1996). [Untitled] [Public sculpture, goanna]. Boundary St, West End, Brisbane, Queensland.

Oral history/Personal communication with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

Personal communication is only included in the body of your work.  It does not require a matching entry in the reference list.

A. Author (Country/Nation, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, personal communication, Month Day, Year) OR

(A. Author, Country/Nation, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

… in recent indigenous artworks (E. Timbery, Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia, personal communication, April 23, 2015).

• Can replace “personal communication” with “yarn” if appropriate. For example, if using a yarning methodology.
• If you are yourself a First Peoples author and are sharing your own experiences, you do not need to provide any form of citation (either in-text or in the reference list). However, you should describe yourself in the text to contextualise the information you are sharing (this would include what nation you belong to and where you live).

Book, chapter, encyclopedia

Book – electronic

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Gunderman, R. B. (2011).  Achieving excellence in medical education  (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-307-7

Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426

Kerr, A., Chekar, C. K., Ross, E., Swallow, J., & Cunningham-Burley, S. (2021). Personalised cancer medicine: Future crafting in the genomic era. Manchester University Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567277/

Book – print

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition) . Publisher.

Watson, J. (2012). Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• Publisher location not required

Book chapter

Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher.  https://doi.org/xxxx

Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher.

Kaur, V., Kare, P. K., & Madaan, H. (2018). Quality control in a clinical laboratory. In P. K. Kare & R. Shrestha (Eds.), Advances in biochemistry & applications in medicine Vol. 4 (pp. 1-9). Open Access eBooks. https://www.openaccessebooks.com/biochemistry-applications-in-medicine-volume-4.html

Sherren, K. (2006). Pillars of society: The historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia. In W. Filho & D. Carpenter (Eds.), Sustainability in the Australasian university context (pp. 11-32). Peter Lang.

• Use (Ed.). for a single editor or (Eds.). for multiple editors

Book with editor

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle . Publisher.

Fetherston, T. (Ed.). (2007). Becoming an effective teacher . Thomson Learning.

Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts . American Psychological Association.

Book review

Reviewer, A. A. (Year of review). Title of review [Review of the book Title of book , by A. A. Author] . Journal Title, Volume (issue), Pages. https://xxxx

Brooks, T. A. (2002). The social life of information [Review of the book  The social life of information , by J. S. Brown, & P. Duguid].  The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 28 (5), 340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-1333(02)00334-8

• Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets (book, motion picture, television program, etc.).
• If the reviewed item is a book, include the author names after the title of the book, separated by comma.
• If the reviewed item is a film, DVD, or other media, include the year of release after the title of work, separated by a comma.

Encyclopedia

Author, A. A. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year). Encyclopedia title (Edition) . Publisher. https://xxxx

Entry Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Title of entry. (Year). In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Wherry, F. F., & Schor, J. B. (Eds.). (2015).  The Sage encyclopedia of economics and society. Sage Publications.

Hanink, P. A. (2015). B movies. In F. F. Wherry & J. B. Schor (Eds.), The Sage encyclopedia of economics and society. Sage Publications.

Bass trumpet. (2003). In Grove music online . Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J457200

• When an online reference work is continually updated (and not archived), use (n.d.) as the year of publication and include a retrieval date, for example: Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://xxxx

Author, A. A. (n.d.). Dictionary title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Entry Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor, & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Darvill, T. (2009). The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001

Darvill, T. (2009). Abacus. In T. Davill (Ed.), The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001

• Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

Journal, newspaper article

Journal article – electronic

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Journal, Volume (issue) ,  Pages OR Article [number] .  https://doi.org/xxxx

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Journal, Volume (issue) ,  Pages .  https://xxxx

Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., & Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22 (4), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013020

Eades, S. J., & Banks, E. (2017). 50 years since citizenship: Successes and challenges in Indigenous health. Public Health Research & Practice, 27 (4), Article e2741730. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp2741730

Campos, J. J. (1983). The importance of affective communication in social referencing: A commentary on Feinman.  Merrill-Palmer Quarterly ,  29 (1), 83–87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23086193

Journal article – advance online publication and in press

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal . Advance online publication. https://doi.org/xxxx

Author, A. A. (in press). Title of article. Title of Journal .

Fox, G., & Manley, M. (2009). Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf900623w

Fox, G., & Manley, M. (in press). Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

• Advance online publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works before they have gone to print. It may not have had a final edit or be formatted for final production.
• In press publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works that have been accepted for publication in a future issue of a journal.

Journal article – print

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal , Volume (issue), Pages.

Day, R. (2006). Two principles of perception revealed by geometrical illusions. Australian Journal of Psychology, 58 (3), 123-128.

Newspaper article

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title. https://xxxx

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title , Page.

Article title. (Year, Month Day). Newspaper title , Page.

Apples for best teachers. (2007, October 26). The Sydney Morning Herald , 14.

Sykes, J. (2018, January 4). The good the bad and the incomprehensible. Sydney Morning Herald .

Kenigsberg, B. (2020, January 13). Australian sisters honoured as pioneering filmmakers. Sydney Morning Herald . https://www.smh.com.au/culture/movies/australian-sisters-honoured-as-pioneering-filmmakers-20200113-p53r05.html

• Print newspaper articles require page numbers. If an article continues across discontinuous pages list them all, separated by a comma (e.g. pp. 21, 26, 28-29).
• If no author of article is available use the title.

News webpage

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). News webpage title.  Publisher. https://xxxx

Scott, S. (2019, December 19).  After Australia’s hottest day the heatwave continues, so what are the signs of heat stress and how can you avoid dehydration?  ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-19/heatwave-health-effects-medical-dangers-of-high-temperature/11811910

• Use this format for news website such as ABC News, CNN, HuffPost, Reuters.
• If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading  or paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to " Quote, cite, missing details " in this APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.

Report, government, thesis

Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Queensland Government. (2020). Land Act 1994: Temporary closing of roads notice (No. 1). Queensland Government Gazette: Natural Resources, Mines and Energy , 383 (26), 103.  https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/6e572ca6-bbeb-4a8d-9041-b6f1748e188a/resource/3961f6f6-d956-4664-bb42-7615c914eea6/download/07.02.20-combined.pdf

Queensland Health. (2015). The Hunter Review: Review of the Department of Health's structure, governance arrangements and high level organisational capability. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/439012/hunter-review-report.pdf

Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report: Subtitle (Report number) OR [Description]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Euromonitor International. (2020). Tobacco in Greece [Country report]. Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/tobacco-in-greece/report

Johnson, S. (2019). House construction - Australia market research report (IBIS World industry report OD5214). IBIS World. https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/construction/building/house-construction.html

Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services. (2021). QANTAS annual report 2021. https://investor.qantas.com/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/doLLG5ufYkCyEPjF1tpgyw/file/annual-reports/2021-Annual-Report.pdf

• Adjust date format to (YYYY, Month Day) if report content is likely to be updated.
• Use the corporate author when no individual author is available, for example: Morningstar, Economist Intelligence Unit, Griffith University.

Conference paper

Presenter, A. A., & Presenter, B. B. (Year, Month Day).  Title of contribution: Subtitle [Type of contribution]. Conference name, Location of conference. https://xxxx

Chasman, J., & Kaplan, R. F. (2006, June 15-17). The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive functioning in dementia [Poster presentation]. Excellence in clinical practice, 4th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, Philadelphia, USA.

Draper, P., & Harrison, S. (2013, July 1-3). Artistic research training in music: Perspectives on pedagogy, higher degrees and professional practice [Paper presentation]. EDULEARN13: 5th international conference on education and new learning technologies, Barcelona, Spain. https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/59583/87114_1.pdf

• Use the [types of contributions] to describe the conference presentation such as paper presentations, poster presentations, keynote address, symposium.

Thesis or dissertation – from a database

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle (Publication number in database) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of institution awarding the Degree]. Database Name.

Donnelly, J. A. (2016). The relationship between physical fitness and school performance in middle school girls (Publication No. 10003548) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses Global.

• The thesis publication number is listed in the ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses Global database under the heading: Dissertation/thesis number

Thesis or dissertation – from a university or institutional repository

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of institution awarding the Degree]. Publisher. DOI or URL

Allard, T. (2005). Closed circuit television in prison [Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University]. Griffith Research Online. https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718

Video, audio, music, scripts

Video stream – database

Author, A. A. (Contribution). (Year). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Production company. https://xxxx

Barger, E., Jr. (Producer). (2013). First steps: Trips for young children [Streaming video]. Chip Taylor Communications.

• Credit people involved such as the director, producer and executive producer in place of the author.

(Author, Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss)

Author (Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss) stated...

In the video the lead character develop a deeper understanding of their social situation (Spielberg, 2000, 1:30:25).

• When creating in-text citations for video or audio you can refer to a specific part of the source by adding a timestamp after the author and year.
• Add timestamps in the following format (hour: minutes: seconds). For example: hh:mm:ss; 1:45:07

Video stream – YouTube or Vimeo

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Platform name. https://xxxx

Uploader, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Platform name. https://xxxx

Griffith University (Producer). (2016, December 13). Griffith University Gold Coast campus tour [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jBf-tSeiYk

Severin, A. (2016, September 13). Medical animation: Peritoneal dialysis [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/182605222

• The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author for retrievability, even if they did not create the work.
• Note the contributions of others who appear in the video in the text of your assignment.

Video physical – DVD or Blu-ray

Writer, A. A. (Writer), Director, D. D. (Director), & Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Year). Title: Subtitle [Format]. Production company.

Smith, S. (Producer). (2007). English language teaching [Film; educational DVD]. Sunburst Media.

• The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for example: [Film], [Film; three disc special ed. on Blu-ray], [Film; educational DVD]
• For additional information on when to credit directors, writers and producers see section 10.12 Audiovisual Works in the manual

Audio stream or podcast

Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Title of work: Subtitle [Format]. https://xxxx

Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (Episode number) [Format]. In Podcast series title . https://xxxx

Allbury, A. (Executive Producer). (2019, October 9). Good game: How games play us . [Audio podcast]. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/good-game-how-games-play-us/

Yeo, A. (Presenter/Producer). (2019, October 9). Can a videogame get you high? (No. 1) [Audio podcast episode]. In A. Allbury (Executive Producer), Good game: How games play us . ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/good-game-how-games-play-us/

• List the host/presenter of the podcast as author and other people such as the executive producer
• Specify the type of podcast, for example: [Audio podcast], [Video podcast]
• Provide the episode number, but omit if not available
• If the URL of the podcast is unknown, for example if accessed via an app, omit the URL

Audio physical – LP, CD, Tape

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of album [Album recorded by xxxx]. Label.

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Recorded by xxxx]. On Title of album [Album; Format]. Label. (Original work published Year).

Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Recorded by Staats-kapelle Dresden]. On Beethoven: Complete symphonies . Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)

Page, S. (2010). Hanukkah blessings [Recorded by Barenaked Ladies]. On Barenaked for the holiday s [Album; CD]. Raisin Records.

U2. (2000). All that you can't leave behind [Album; CD] . Island .

• The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for example: [Album], [Album; CD], [Album; extended edition LP]
• Include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieving the work, for example: SoundCloud or artist's website
• For additional information see section 10.13 Audio Works in the manual

When citing a track from an album include the track number in the in-text citation, for example:

Lyrics from the song “From little things big things grow” (Kelly, 1997, track 10) were used in recent television advertisements.

Music scores

ComposerLastName, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher.

Author, A. A. (Composer), & Author, B. B. (Lyricist). (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx (Original work published Year)

Bernstein, L. (1988). Facsimile: Choreographic essay for orchestra [Miniature score]. Boosey & Hawkes.

Britten, B. (Composer), Piper, M. (Librettist), & Matthews, C. (Piano reduction). (1975). Death in Venice: An opera in two acts, Op.88 [Vocal score]. Faber Music.

Gershwin, G. (Composer), & Campbell-Watson, F. (Ed.). (1987). Concerto in F for piano and orchestra [Miniature score]. E. Eulenburg. (Original work published 1942)

Lerch, L. (Compiler). (2001). Stepsister’s lament from Grease in The teen’s musical theatre collection: Young women’s edition [Piano vocal score]. Hal Leonard.

Monteverdi, C. (Composer), Busenello, F. (Librettist), Leppard, R. (Arranger), & Kenny, C. (Arranger). (1977). L'incoronazione di Poppea (The coronation of Poppea): Opera in two acts and a prologue [Score]. (G. Dunn & K. R. Marz, Trans.). Faber.

Tchaikovsky, P. (ca. 1920). Serenade for string orchestra, Op. 48 [Score]. Breitkopf & Hartel. http://imslp.org/wiki/Serenade_for_String_Orchestra,_Op.48_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr) (Original work published 1880)

• When you cite a republished work present the in-text citation with both the original published date and republished date: For example: Gershwin (1942/1978) uses various melodic components in his work.......

Music scores - unpublished

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Format] [Unpublished manuscript].

Tidrow, T. (2014). [ Piece pour Coline ] [Music score] [Unpublished manuscript].

• If there is uncertainty regarding the title of the unpublished score, then place the working title inside square brackets.

Music encyclopedias and dictionaries

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of work: Subtitle . Publisher. https://xxxx

Entry title. (Year). In Title of work: Subtitle . Publisher. https://xxxx

Bass trumpet. (2003). In Grove music online . Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J457200

Kelly, B. L. (2001). Ravel, (Joseph) Maurice. In Grove music online . Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52145

Kwakwa, P. A. (1997). Dance in communal life. In R. M. Stone (Ed.), Garland encyclopedia of world music volume 1: Africa (pp. 301-308). Routledge.

• If there is no author available use the title.

Playscripts

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Playscript] (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Playscript] (Edition). Publisher.

Shakespeare, W., & Synder, S. (Ed.). (2008.). All's well that ends well [Playscript]. Oxford University Press. (Originally published 1623)

Shakespeare, W. (n.d.). The tragedy of Macbeth [Playscript]. Project Gutenberg.  https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1129/pg1129.html (Original work published 1606)

Data, statistics, standard

Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dataset (Version Number) [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Queensland Health. (2017). Consumer perceptions of care survey outcomes [Dataset]. https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/your-experience-of-service-queensland-health-mental-health-services

Euromonitor International. (2023). Company shares: Chocolate confectionery (2014-2019) [Data file]. Passport.

• Usually statistical data may not have a proper title, in that case describe the dataset inside square brackets.

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report No.). Publisher. https://xxxx

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia . https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/research-and-experimental-development-higher-education-organisations-australia/2016

• Year is the publication year or the most recent revision
• If a catalogue number is given, include it after the title, in parentheses, for example: (Catalogue No. 1304.2)

Standards Organization. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Standards Australia, & Standards New Zealand. (2018). Bridge design: Scope and general principles (AS 5100.1:2018).

Standards Australia. (2013). Gas installations. Part 1, general installations (AS/NZS 5601.1:2013).

Inventor, A. A. (Year the patent issued). Title of patent: Subtitle (Patent number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Hall, R. (2018). Mobile fuel delivery system (Australian Patent No. AU 2019904531). IP Australia. http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2019904531

Satoshi, Y., Yoshi, K., Kosuke, M., & Aiko, S. (2017). Water storage control method and water storage control system (JP2018076764A). Espacenet. https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/060570381/publication/JP2018076764A?q=pn%3DJP2018076764A

• Author is the name of the inventor to whom the patent was issued.
• Year is the year the patent was issued not filed.

Website, social media, software, AI

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of work . Site name. https://xxxx

Griffith University. (2023).  Study spaces. https://www.griffith.edu.au/library/study

Bennett, E. (2023, May 31). Man in critical condition after alleged assault outside of restaurant. 9News . https://www.9news.com.au/national/michael-hayes-hospitalised-after-hope-island-incident-gold-coast-university-hospital-queensland-police/82e2f7ad-a163-4299-8399-fcb11a09f549

• If a website does not have an obvious author, use the name of the website company, organisation or government department as the author.
• If author and website name are the same, omit the website name from the source element.
• Use the most specific date possible. (Year, Month Day) or (Year, Month) or (Year).
• If no date is available, use n.d.
• If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to "Quote, cite, missing details" in this APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.
• If the webpage content is designed to change over time,  add a retrieval date as shown on the APA Style manual .

Web document

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document . Publisher. https://xxxx

Radloff, A., & Coates, H. (2010). Doing more for learning: Enhancing engagement and outcomes: Australasian survey of student engagement [Australasian student engagement report]. Australian Council for Educational Research. https://www.acer.org/files/AUSSE_Australasian-Student-Engagement-Report-ASER-2009.pdf

Translink. (2019). Gold Coast line [Timetable]. Queensland Government. https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/timetables/train/t/gold-coast-line

• For unusual items, include the format in square brackets after the document title.

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Site Name . https://xxxx

Abram, S. (2019, December 14). This library is showing the way for reading spaces in the digital age. Stephen's Lighthouse . https://stephenslighthouse.com/2019/12/14/this-library-is-showing-the-way-for-reading-spaces-in-the-digital-age/

• Do not italicise title of posts

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. https://xxxx

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Griffith University Library. (2019, August 6). New to Griffith [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/griffithunilibrary

Griffith University Library. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved August 6, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/griffithunilibrary

Twitter / Instagram / LinkedIn

Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. https://xxxx

Author, A. A. [@username]. (n.d.). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (2019, August 6).  First trimester student [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/griffithlibrary

Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (n.d.).  Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://twitter.com/GriffithLibrary

Griffith University Library [@griffithlibrary]. (2019, April 16). Express your selfie [Instagram photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/griffithlibrary/

Griffith University Library [@griffithlibrary]. (n.d.). Photographs [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://www.instagram.com/griffithlibrary/

Ardern, J. (n.d.). Home [LinkedIn page]. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://nz.linkedin.com/in/jacindaardern?trk=people-guest_people_search-card

Computer software

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of software (Version Number) [Format or Description]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Schlining, B., & Jinks, E. (2019). Mbari-media-management/vars-annotation: Vars-annotation 0.3.0 (Version 0.3.0) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3361742

Rovio Entertainment Corporation. (2019). Angry Birds Transformers (Version 1.49.4) [Mobile app]. Google Play Store. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rovio.angrybirdstransformers&hl=en_US

Generative AI tools

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

• Check the details of your assessment and/or course to determine if you are permitted to use generative artificial intelligence tools to complete your assessment.​
• Describe how you have used the AI tool in your work.
• Include an in-text citation and a reference list entry for the AI tool used.
• Do not include the publisher if this is the same as the author.
• Use the home page of the software for the URL source.
• Use the format or description field to describe the type of software/model. The APA style blog recommends "Large language model" for ChatGPT. See the APA style blog for more information.

(Author, Year)                 OR

Author (Year) generated...

Is there a gap between knowledge and theory in space exploration, ChatGPT answered this question, saying there is a gap due to the cost of experimentation (OpenAI, 2023).

“The cost of experimentation makes space travel to the stars prohibitive” (OpenAI, 2023), is the conclusion that ChapGPT draws when prompted on the issue.

Clinical, medical, legal

Clinical and medical, clinical, medical.

Cochrane database systematic review

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of systematic review. Name of Database . http://doi.org/xxxx

Roaldsen, M. B., Lindekleiv, H., Mathiesen, E. B., & Berge, E. (2018). Recanalisation therapies for wake-up stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010995.pub2

Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of entry. Title of source . Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Title of entry. (Year).  Title of source . Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Morey, M. C. (2019). Physical activity and exercise in older adults. UpToDate . Retrieved August 22, 2019, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physical-activity-and-exercise-in-older-adults

Amiloride: Drug information. (2020).  UpToDate.  Retrieved May 14, 2020

• Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.
• Add double quotation marks around the title.
• Use the year of last update in the date element.
• Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions of the page are not archived.
• Note the title of the article is not italicised, only the title of the database or source.

MIMS Online

Australian Medicines Handbook

Rivaroxaban. (2021). Australian Medicines Handbook . Retrieved November 03, 2021 from https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/blood-electrolytes/anticoagulants/factor-xa-inhibitors/rivaroxaban?menu=home

BMJ Best Practice / StatPearls

Passmore, P. (2021). Vascular dementia. BMJ Best Practice . Retrieved November 03, 2021 from https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/319

Ischaemic stroke. (2021). BMJ Best Practice . Retrieved November 03, 2021 from https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000114

Shaw, P. M., Loree, J., & Gibbons, R. C. (2023). Abdominal aortic aneurysm. StatPearls . Retrieved March 07, 2023 from   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470237/

• Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shortened version in the in-text citation.

DynaMed Plus

Melanoma. (2018). DynaMed . Retrieved November 03, 2021, https://www.dynamed.com/condition/melanoma

• DynaMed articles may have a named topic editor. For DynaMed Plus use the title in place of the author.

Legislation

• The APA 7 manual covers US legal sources and refers users to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (2015, 20th ed.) for legal sources from other jurisdictions.
• For more help with referencing Australian legislation, consult The Bluebook pages 310-318.

Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s Subdivision number-if applicable (Country abbreviation if not evident from context). https://xxxx

Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 No 42 (NSW) s 36AA (Austl.). https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1983/42/part2/div2/sec36aa

Lands Acquisition Act 1989 (Cth) pt V div 2 (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00827

Land Title Act 1994 (Qld) s 18A (Austl.). http://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/qld/consol_act/lta1994109/s18a.html

Victims of Crime Assistance and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2017 (Qld) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/asmade/act-2017-008

• When an act does not have a short title, the long title should be used.
• Capitalise the names of Acts when referring to them in-text and in reference list.
• If referring to the Act as a whole, or citing multiple sections in text, do not give section numbers in the reference list.
• Where multiple abbreviations and numbers are needed, no comma should be used between them, for example: pt III div 2
• Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:

With subdivison/s

Parenthetical.

(Short title including year (jurisdiction abbreviation), subdivision/s).

'Subdivision/s' discusses ... (Short title including year (jurisdiction)).

'Subdivision/s' of the Short title including year (jurisdiction).

Without subdivison/s

(Short title including year (jurisdiction)).

... according to short title including year (jurisdiction).

(Australian Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation Authority Regulation 2009 (Cth), s 6).

Section 6 of the regulations outline the handling of patient information (Australian Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation Authority Regulation 2009 (Cth)).

According to part 4 of the Victims of Crime Assistance and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2017 (Qld)...

(Victims of Crime Assistance Act 2017 (Qld)).

... as outlined in the Victims of Crime Assistance Act 2017 (Qld).

Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s Subdivision number - if applicable (Country abbreviation if not evident from context). https://xxxx

Marriage Act Amendment (Recognition of Foreign Marriages for Same-Sex Couples) Bill 2013 (Cth) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013B00115

University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld) ch 2 pt 3 (Austl.). https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/bill.first/bill-2016-002#ch.2-pt.3

Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 (Cth) (Austl.). LawOne.

Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic) (Austl.).

• Titles of bills are not italicized.

...(University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld), ch 2 pt 3)

Chapter 2 part 3 highlights ...... (University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld)).

Chapter 2 part 3 of the University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld) discusses...

...(The Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic)).

The Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 (Cth) extends this to...

First Named Plaintiff v First Named Defendant (Year) Volume Law Report Title Abbreviation First page number, Pinpoint page number (if required) (Country abbreviation if not evident from context).

Mabo v Queensland (1989) 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).

Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5 (Austl.).

Minister for Immigration v Khawar (2002) 187 ALR 574 (Austl.).

Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017) 260 CLR 367 (Austl.).

DPP (Vic) v Stanojlovic and Another (2017) 53 VR 90 (Austl.). Lexis Advance Pacific Research.

• Only the name of the first plaintiff and first defendant should be cited.
• Where there are multiple proceedings between same parties include the decision number in square brackets.
• All case names are in italics
• The abbreviation "v" for "versus" is not followed by a full stop.
• Where the Attorney-General and Department of Public Prosecutions are listed parties cite as "A-G" and "DPP" followed by the relevant jurisdiction short abbreviations in parentheses, for example: DPP (Vic)
• The Crown is abbreviated as "R" except as a respondent, when it is cited as either "The Queen" or "The King".
• A pinpoint page number should be separated from the First page number by a comma for example:  Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5 (Austl.).
• For in-text citations, subdivision references should appear as paragraph or page numbers as shown in the decision or report.

( Name v Name , Year, subdivision/s).

Name v Name (Year, subdivision/s).

Subdivision/s ... ( Name v Name , Year).

Subdivision/s of Name v Name (Year).

( Name v Name , Year).

Name v Name (Year).

( Quarmby v Keating , 2009, para. 11).

In Quarmby v Keating (2009, para. 11) rules …

Paragraph 11 breaks down … ( Quarmby v Keating , 2009).

Paragraph 11 in Quarmby v Keating (2009) highlights …

It was reported in Ross v Chambers (1956) “...” (p. 2).

( Mabo v Queensland , 1989).

... case such as Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017).

Image, table, lecture, unpublished

Title of Diagram/Map/Chart/Plot/Photo/Image

From journal

Note . Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] “Title of Article,” by A. Author and B. Author, Year, Title of Journal, Volume (issue), p. xx. (https://xxx). Copyright [Year] by Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.

Note . Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] Title of Book (Edition/Volume, p. xx), by A. Author and B. Author, Year, Publisher. (https://xxxx). In the public domain.

From website

Note . Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] Title of Web Document/Site/Image, by A. A. Author/Organisation, Year (https://xxxx). Creative commons license abbreviation eg. CC BY-SA.

Map of Australia

Note.  This map highlights where the state of Queensland is within Australia. From Maps of Australia , 2008, ( https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Australia ). In the public domain.

• Figure # (bold) appears before the title. The figure number starts at 1 and increments for each figure used.
• Figure Title is italicized and uses headline case, for example: Mean Regression Slopes in Experiment 1
• Note. (italicized heading only) appears below the figure to describe content such as copyright attribution, abbreviations, definitions and symbols not included in the legend or defined anywhere else.
• Figures can be embedded in the text of your assignment or on a new page after the reference list.
• If figure is reproduced from another source include it in your reference list.
• Copyright attribution is required for a figure (reprinted or adapted) indicating its origin.
• Use headline case for copyright attribution of the source title, for example: From: "Retrieval Monitoring and Ansognosia in Alzheimer's Disease," by D. A. Gallo, & J. M. Chen, 2007,  Neuropsychology , 21, p. 560.
• Copyright permission may also need to be obtained from the copyright holder to reproduce the figure.
• Consult the manual, chapter 7 tables and figures (p. 195) and section (7.22, p. 225) on preparing figures for more detailed instructions.
• Refer to a figure in the text of your assignment in the following ways:

Title of Table

Note.  Brief description of the contents of the table. From "Title: Subtitle", by A. A. Author, & B. B. Author, Year,  Source Title , Page (https://xxxx). Copyright Year by the Publisher name.

Note . Error rates shown for surveyed groups. From "Generations" by L. G. Elias and C. C. Bent, 2002, Journal of Geriatric Care, 5 (4), 22. Copyright 2020 by Generation Publishing.

• Table # (bold) appears before the title. The table number starts at 1 and increments for each table used.
• Table Title is italicized and uses headline case for example: Details of Experimental Procedure
• Note. (italicized heading only) appears below the table to describe content such as abbreviations, definitions and symbols not included or defined anywhere else.
• Tables can be embedded in the text of your assignment or on a new page after the reference list.
• If table is reproduced from another source include it in your reference list.
• Copyright attribution is required for a table (reprinted or adapted) indicating its origin.
• Copyright permission may also need to be obtained from the copyright holder to reproduce the table.
• Consult the manual, chapter 7 tables and figures (p. 195) and section (7.8, p. 199) on preparing tables for more detailed instructions.
• This fictional example was adapted from Reingold, E. (2008). APA: Tables and figures. Retrieved from http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/resources/handouts_apa/TablesFigures1.pdf
• Refer to a table in the text of your assignment in the following ways:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of image [Format]. Name of site image was retrieved. https://xxxx

Center for Disease Control. (2016).  Malaria lifecycle [Image]. https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/images/graphs/life_cycle/malaria_lifecycle.gif

Weston Arnold, K. (2018). [Bike short fashion] [Photograph]. Vogue. https://assets.vogue.com/photos/59caa0b318ac15238b3290f0/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/KIM_1101.jpg

• Use this format to cite (but not reproduce). To reproduce a photograph permission or copyright attribution may be necessary.
• When citing idea or concept from an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo use an in-text citation, for example: (Center for Disease Control, 2016).
• For an untitled photograph include a description in square brackets in place of a title.
• For including an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo in your writing see the "Figures" section for details.

Lecture notes

Lecturer, A. A. (Year). Title: Subtitle [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Tiralongo, J. (2019). 3992NSC_Y1 & Y2 Science capstone: Science capstone structure [Lecture recording]. Learning University. https://bblearn.griffith.edu.au/

• If slides or lecture notes come from a classroom website or learning management system (Learning@griffith) and you are writing for an audience with access to the resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL).

Personal communication

• Private letters, memos, emails, personal interviews, telephone conversations and the like are cited in-text only, providing name of source, method of communication, place, date and other pertinent information.
• Details can be provided in running text or in parentheses.
• They are not included in the reference list.

An email (A. Davis, personal communication, July 2, 2018) confirming that report has been submitted...

Unpublished material

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of manuscript . [Unpublished manuscript, or Manuscript submitted for publication, or Manuscript in preparation]. University Name. https://xxxx

Parker, T. (2002).  Style notes for typescripts in the social sciences. [Unpublished manuscript]. Australian National University.

• Unpublished work includes work that is in progress, has been submitted for publication, or has been completed but not submitted for publication.
• This includes work that has not been formally published but it is available on institutional website.
• If the work is available in an electronic archive, give this information at the end.

Archive material

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of material [Description of material]. Name of Collection (Call number, Box number, File name or number, etc.). Name of Repository, Location.

Frank , T. (1997, February 14). Letter to Bordie M. Kubota [Letter]. Rockefeller Archive Center (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 1287). Tarry town, NY.

• Archived sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts, in-house institutional or corporate documents and other documents.
• This general format maybe modified for collections requiring more or less specific information to locate materials.
• Use square brackets to indicate information that does not appear on the document.
• For interviews and oral histories, list the interviewers as the authors, include the interviewer's name in the description.

In-text citations

Acknowledge authors using the following formats:

• When acknowledging multiple authors in the text of a sentence precede the final name with the word "and"
• When acknowledging multiple authors in the parentheses and reference list precede the final name with an ampersand "&"

Place the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment and centre and bold the heading "References".

In your reference list:

• add a reference for every source cited in your work.
• sort references alphabetically (A-Z) by surname of the first author of the work, if no author sort under the first significant word of the title
• use a hanging indent the second line and subsequent lines of a reference are indented tabbed space or 1.27cm
• double space references throughout the list
• write titles using sentence case - capitalise the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper names.
• italicise titles of books, journals, films, videos, and web sites but not book chapters and journal article titles.
• write journal titles and corporate authors' names out in full, no abbreviations

Sample referencing list

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/research-and-experimental-development-higher-education-organisations-australia/2016

Bartleet, B.-L., Bennett, D., Bridgstock, R. S., Draper, P., Harrison, S., & Schippers, H. (2012). Preparing for portfolio careers in Australian music: Setting a research agenda.  Australian Journal of Music Education, 1 , 32-41. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1000243

Behrendt, L. (2012).  Indigenous Australia for dummies . Eualeyai, Kamillaroi, North-Western New South Wales. Wiley. https://www.perlego.com/book/1013920/indigenous-australia-for-dummies-pdf

Britten, B. (Composer), Piper, M. (Librettist), & Matthews, C. (Piano reduction). (1975).  Death in Venice: An opera in two acts, Op.88 [Vocal score]. Faber Music.

Greig, A., Taylor, J., & MacKay, T. (2013).  Doing research with children: A practical guide  (3rd ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526402219

Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (2019, August 6).  First trimester student [Tweet]. Twitter. Retrieved December 19, 2019, from https://twitter.com/griffithlibrary

Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018).  Handbook of research methods in complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426

Nganampa Health Council. (1991).  Anangu way . Anangu Pitjantjatjara, North-Western South Australia.

Queensland Health. (2015).  The Hunter Review: Review of the Department of Health's structure, governance arrangements and high level organisational capability. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/439012/hunter-review-report.pdf

Quinnan. T. (1997).  Adult students "at-risk": Culture bias in higher education  (2nd ed.). Bergin & Garvey. http://www.netlibrary.com

Severin, A. (2016, September 13).  Medical animation: Peritoneal dialysis  [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/182605222

Sherren, K. (2006). Pillars of society: The historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia. In W. Filho & D. Carpenter (Eds.),  Sustainability in the Australasian university context (pp. 11-32). Peter Lang.

Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., & Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana.  Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22 (3), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013020

Vessenes, P. M. (2001). Delegation of authority.  Journal of Financial Planning, 14 (8), 42-45. https://www.onefpa.org/journal/Pages/default.aspx

Consult the official manual and style blog for more information.

Publication manual of the APA

APA style blog

How to print or save a copy of this guide

In your browser menu, choose File > Print

• Choose the destination: your printer or  Save as PDF
• Click the Save button
• If you opted to Save as PDF you will need to enter a file name and click the Save button again
• To print, choose PDF from the drop-down menu and click the Print button
• Enter a file name and click the Save button again

We recommend you print or save using a different browser. Edge will not capture the whole guide (only the open accordion).

• File > Print
• Save as PDF
• Save As: enter a file name
• Cancel print window
• In Safari, on your phone, tap the Share button
• Tap Print and select your printer
• To save PDF, tap on the page preview and zoom out (place two fingers on the screen and move them away from each other)
• Tap the Share button again
• Choose Save to Files
• In Chrome, on your phone, tap the Share button
• Tap Menu (ellipsis or three dots in the upper right corner)
• From the Select a printer drop-down, tap Save as PDF
• Tap the blue circle to download the PDF

Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available. You should confirm referencing requirements for your course and consult the manual directly for more information.

First Peoples materials information has been adapted from the University of Technology Sydney library APA Interactive Guide and work originally developed by Danièle Hromek and Sophie Herbert and TAFE Queensland Library Network guide to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Resources and Materials and the University of Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander referencing guide under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License .

Common questions

More answers

We are here to help!

Find us in the libraries or contact us by phone or online.

Request form

(07) 3735 5555

[email protected]

We offer online workshops on researching, referencing, structuring assignments and exam preparation. Come along and improve your skills!

Peer assisted study sessions

Attend a student facilitated group study session.

Griffith mentors study support

Get study support by connecting with a Griffith student mentor.

University of Tasmania, Australia

Referencing guide: apa 7th.

• Systems and Styles
• Using in-text citations
• Using Turnitin
• Managing references
• AGLC This link opens in a new window
• Health & Medicine examples This link opens in a new window
• Transition from Harvard to APA
• General principles

In-text citations

• Works Cited
• Works Cited - Author
• Works Cited - Title
• Works cited - Title of Container
• Works Cited - Other Contributors
• Works Cited - Version & Number
• Works Cited - Publisher & Publication Date
• Works Cited - Location
• Works Cited - Optional Elements
• Works Cited - More Examples
• Simplified Author-date & Writing guide

APA 7th edition

What is apa style.

APA style  is a referencing method developed by the American Psychological Association and is a version of the commonly used  Author-Date system . 

This guide is based on the official APA website and the following text:

American Psychological Association. (2020).  Publication manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed.).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Which style does my School use? 

Some Schools or individual units require a different style from the one outlined here. Always use the citation style required by your lecturer. If in doubt, check your unit outline, in MyLO, or ask your lecturer or tutor.

• How to cite
• Multiple authors and works
• Direct quotes

In-text citations direct the reader to the Reference List to view the full details of the source.

When paraphrasing, In-text citations can be included as:

1. Parenthetical citations - by inserting the author and date in parentheses, usually at the end of a sentence, e.g....opportunity and economy are two factors that may have influenced changes in parental roles (Bomar, 2004).

2. Narrative citations - by incorporating the name of the author, followed by the date enclose in parentheses into the text of the paper, e.g. Sternberg (1993) suggests results should be carefully analysed...

• In-text citations guide, from APA Guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism
• In-text citations checklist, from APA

Multiple authors

Multiple works.

When citing multiple works in parentheses, arrange the citations in alphabetical order and separate them with semicolons, e.g.

(Citizen, 2019; Jones, 1999; Smith, 2001)

Multiple works can be arranged in any order when they are incorporated into the text of the paper (narrative citation).

• Page numbers are always included for direct quotations e.g. (Hiebert, 2009, p. 69).
• When the quote is 40 words or less d irect quotations should be placed within the text and surrounded by double quotation marks, e.g.  "we cannot possibly know and understand the culture of every individual and community we might encounter throughout the course of our careers" (Mkandawire-Valhmu, 2018, p. 24).
• When the quote is more than 40 words, direct quotations should be started on a new line and indented from the left margin, without quotation marks, e.g.

In an era of globalization, a healthcare provider needs to be prepared for encounters for people of diverse backgrounds and experiences. The culturally safe healthcare provider needs to have a deep understanding of where people have been and what they have experienced in their countries of origin. (Mkandawire-Valhmu, 2018, p. 73)

• Quotations More details from APA on how to include direct quotes in text

Reference Lists

A reference list is placed at the end of your paper. It contains the full details of all the references cited in the text of your paper. These details should be sufficient for the reader to be able to identify and locate the sources. 

• Elements of reference list entries APA provides detailed guidelines on each element of a reference.
• Author guidelines for the reference list Details for how to show individual, multiple and group authors in your reference list.
• APA guide to creating a reference list This document provides guidance on formatting the reference list.
• Quick Reference Guide to the 7th edition. This printable guide outlines how to reference books, book chapters and journal articles.
• Browse examples for each type of work APA provides many examples of commonly used reference types, for you to follow as a guide.

Fundamentals of APA This brief video conveys the simplicity of using APA 7th for citations and referencing, outlining a few fundamental characteristics of the style.

Commonly used reference types.

• Book chapters
• Journal articles

Format for a book:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Copyright Year). Title of the book: Subtitle (edition, if not the first). Publisher. URL or DOI (if electronic)

Example of a book:

Lang, T., & Heasman, M. (2015). Food wars: The global battle for mouths, minds and markets (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315754116

• https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/book-references Detailed instructions from APA for formatting a book.

Format for a chapter in an edited book:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Copyright Year). Title of the book chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (edition, pp. #–#). Publisher. DOI or URL

Example of a book chapter:

Davies, C., Robinson, K. H., Metcalf, A., Ivory, K., Mooney-Somers, J., Race, K., & Skinner, S. R. (2021). Australians of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. In T. Dune, K. McLeod, & R. Williams (Eds.), Culture, diversity and health in Australia: Towards culturally safe healthcare (pp. 213-231). Routledge.

• https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/edited-book-chapter-references Detailed instructions from APA for formatting a book chapter.

Boddy, J., & Dominelli, L. (2017). Social media and social work: The challenges of a new ethical space. Australian Social Work , 70 (2), 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2016.1224907

• https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/journal-article-references Detailed instructions from APA for formatting journal article references.

Format for a webpage:

Author. (Year, month day).  Title of the webpage . Publisher/Website Name. URL

Example of a webpage with an organisational group author:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2015, September 23).  UNESCO and sustainable development goals.  https://en.unesco.org/sustainabledevelopmentgoals

Note: omit the publisher/website name if it is the same as the author

• https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/webpage-website-references Detailed instructions from APA for formatting webpage references.

Examples for other sources

APA provide an extensive array of examples for different sources, including:

• Textual works e.g. books, journal articles, standards, government reports
• Audiovisual media e.g. podcast, TED Talk, YouTube clip
• Social media e.g. Facebook, Instagram, TikTok
• Webpages and web documents
• Health & medicine examples Formatting advice for some specialised health sources
• APA 7th examples for health and medicine sources v2 May 2024
• Examples from APA website Commonly used reference types for you to follow as a guide.

Further help with APA

• APA website

Some examples of topics found in the blog:

• How many names to include...? Explains and illustrates how many author names should be included in an APA reference list.
• How to cite ChatGPT An example of a blog entry, providing guidance on specific application of APA style rules to a resource type.
• The Frankenreference A blog post explaining how to craft a reference from scratch when the specific example you need is not shown anywhere.

The APA website includes comprehensive advice on how to use their referencing style. These are some of the popular topics:

• Basic principles of reference list entries
• Cite multiple works consecutively in-text
• Cite secondary sources
• DOIs and URLs
• Group author abbreviations in the text and references
• Missing reference information

Your feedback

• Tell us what you think! Feedback about this guide to APA is welcome!

APA Style Guides

We have the full APA style guide available to borrow from the University Library. 

• << Previous: AGLC
• Next: Health & Medicine examples >>
• Last Updated: May 23, 2024 12:21 PM
• URL: https://utas.libguides.com/referencing

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Reference List: Basic Rules

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This resourse, revised according to the 7 th  edition APA Publication Manual, offers basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper. Most sources follow fairly straightforward rules. However, because sources obtained from academic journals  carry special weight in research writing, these sources are subject to special rules . Thus, this page presents basic guidelines for citing academic journals separate from its "ordinary" basic guidelines. This distinction is made clear below.

Note:  Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we've highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.  For more information, please consult the   Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , (7 th  ed.).

Formatting a Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules for Most Sources

• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
• All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
• For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with "Smith, J. M."
• If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J."
• Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors ( this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors ). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
• For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
• Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
• Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

• Present journal titles in full.
• Italicize journal titles.
• For example, you should use  PhiloSOPHIA  instead of  Philosophia,  or  Past & Present   instead of  Past and Present.
• This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources' titles do not.
• Capitalize   the first word of the titles and subtitles of   journal articles , as well as the   first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and   any proper nouns .
• Do not italicize or underline the article title.
• Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
• Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication

Please note:  While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the   Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7 th  ed.

•   [email protected]
• Shapiro Library
• SNHU Library Frequently Asked Questions

FAQ: How do I cite a Harvard Business Review case study in APA Style?

• 7 Academic Integrity & Plagiarism
• 64 Academic Support, Writing Help, & Presentation Help
• 28 Access/Remote Access
• 7 Accessibility
• 9 Building/Facilities
• 7 Career/Job Information
• 26 Catalog/Print Books
• 26 Circulation
• 129 Citing Sources
• 14 Copyright
• 311 Databases
• 24 Directions/Location
• 18 Faculty Resources/Needs
• 7 Hours/Contacts
• 2 Innovation Lab & Makerspace/3D Printing
• 25 Interlibrary Loan
• 43 IT/Computer/Printing Support
• 3 Library Instruction
• 38 Library Technology Help
• 6 Multimedia
• 17 Online Programs
• 19 Periodicals
• 25 Policies
• 8 RefWorks/Citation Managers
• 4 Research Guides (LibGuides)
• 216 Research Help
• 23 University Services

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2023 Views: 74733

When citing case studies in APA style you'll want to include the typical citation elements and apply general formatting guidelines. The following are examples of how case studies could be cited in APA style, but be sure to check with your professor about how they'd like you to cite case studies in your work.

In-Text Citations

Kotter (1990) explains the steps British Airways took to reverse a horrible customer service atmosphere and financial crisis.

… as the case study concluded (Bisell & Tram, 2007) .

Groysberg and Connolly (2015) concluded in their case study that….

Reference List

Example (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):

Author(s). (Year). Title of case study . HBS No. number of case study. Publisher.

Example, one author:

Kotter, J. (1990). Changing the culture at British Airways . HBS No. 491-009. Harvard Business School Publishing.

Example, two authors:

Groysberg, B., & Connolly, K. (2015). BlackRock: Diversity as a driver for success . HBS No. 415-047. Harvard Business School Publishing.

More Information

• APA Guide  (Shapiro Library)
• APA Style Blog This link opens in a new window (APA)

Further Help

This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please be sure to speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite sources in your class assignments and projects.

Campus Students

To access Academic Support, visit your Brightspace course and select “Tutoring and Mentoring” from the Academic Support pulldown menu.

Online Students

To access help with citations and more, visit the Academic Support via modules in Brightspace:

• Academic Support Overview: Getting Help with your Schoolwork This link opens in a new window
• Share on Facebook

Was this helpful? Yes 21 No 54

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) are a self-serve option for users to search and find answers to their questions. 

Use the search box above to type your question to search for an answer or browse existing FAQs by group, topic, etc.

Tell Me More

Link to Question Form

More assistance.

Submit a Question

Related FAQs

KPU Library

• Library Home
• Borrowing from the Library
• Borrowing From Other Academic Institutions
• Borrowing and Fine Questions
• Course Reserves
• Equipment & Media Services
• Interlibrary Loans
• Requesting KPU Material
• Student Laptop Loans
• Academic Integrity & Plagiarism
• Articles and Databases
• Citation Style Guides
• Collections
• Journal Titles
• Research Help Guide
• Scholarly Publications
• Subject Guides
• Video Tutorials
• Data Services
• Library Instruction
• Library Services to support Teaching & Learning
• Library Tutorials & Activities
• Link.Scan.Open.
• Open Publishing Suite
• Placing Items on Reserve
• Research, Scholarship & Publishing at KPU
• Teaching Online
• Computers & Wifi
• Library Accessibility Services
• My Library Account & Passwords
• Off Site Access
• Our Facilities
• Printing, Photocopy, Scan
• Study Rooms & Bookings
• About the Library
• Indigenization at KPU Library
• Library Directory
• KPU Library News Blog
• Welcome to KPU Library
• Contact Your Librarian
• Hours & Locations

APA Citation: Reports, Gray Literature & Case Studies

• In-text Citations
• Reference List
• Books, Book Chapters, Reference Book Entries
• Articles and Blogs
• Websites & Social Media
• Audiovisual Media
• Reports, Gray Literature & Case Studies
• Conference Sessions & Presentations
• Personal communications
• Course Materials
• Things in presentations
• A Citation & My Own Work
• Tables, Figures, Images
• Business Citations This link opens in a new window
• Legal Citations
• Indigenous Knowledge
• Sources in other languages
• Artificial Intelligence: ChatGPT etc.
• Reference Book Entries
• Citation Generators
• Academic Integrity & Plagiarism This link opens in a new window
• Check your Work with Draft Coach
• Reports (government, technical, research, etc.) are part of Gray Literature , which also includes such things ar press releases, codes of ethics, grants, policy briefs, issue briefs, and so on
• If a report has a number, include it after the title in regular script and in parentheses: (Report No. 123...)
• You may include a description of the type of the gray literature in square brackets, for example [Grant]
• If the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher information (as in the Statistics Canada example)
• Always include the DOI if available (print AND online reports); if there is no DOI , include the URL for reports from an open website, but treat a report from a database that has NO DOI like a print report. Generally, do NOT include the database name; for exceptions, see 9.30 of the manual. 
• ABOUT THE DOI: the current preferred format for ALL DOI hyperlinks uses https://doi.org/ as the prefix. Older works may use previous formats (e.g., “http:/dx.doi.org/” or “doi:” or “DOI:” before the DOI number). Standardize all your DOI hyperlinks into the current preferred format in your reference list.

CLICK FOR MORE  REPORT WITH INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS  EXAMPLES AND EXPLANATIONS FROM THE APA STYLE WEBSITE

CLICK FOR MORE  REPORT BY A GOVERNMENT AGENCY  EXAMPLES AND EXPLANATIONS FROM THE APA STYLE WEBSITE

Author last name, A. A. (Date). Title of report: Subtitle (Report # if available). Publisher if different from author.

Author last name, A. A. (year). Title of report: Subtitle (Report # if available). Publisher if different from author. https://doi.org/xxxx OR  https://xxxxx

Coote, D. R., & Gregorich, L. R. (Eds.) (2007). The health of our water: Toward sustainable agriculture in Canada.  (Catalogue no. A15-2020/2000E). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

Coote, D. R., & Gregorich, L. R. (Eds.) (2007). The health of our water: Toward sustainable agriculture in Canada.  (Catalogue no. A15-2020/2000E). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.  http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/A15-2020-2000E.pdf

Statistics Canada. (2019, December 2).  Cybercrime in Canada  (Catalogue no. 89-28-0001).  https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-28-0001/2018001/article/00015-eng.htm

In text citation:  ... (Coote & Gregorich, 2007) ... (Statistics Canada, 2019) ... 

Note:  if quoting also include a page number or other locator

Other Gray Literature

CLICK ON EACH ITEM FOR EXAMPLE CITATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS FROM THE APA STYLE WEBSITE:  

BROCHURES ,  ETHICS CODE ,  FACT SHEETS ,  ISO STANDARDS ,  PRESS RELEASES ,  WHITE PAPERS

Author last name, A. A. (Date). Title of document: Subtitle  [Type of document]. Publisher if different from author.

Author last name, A. A. (year). Title of document: Subtitle  [Type of document]. Publisher if different from author. https://doi.org/xxxx OR  https://xxxxx

Kwantlen Polytechnic University. (2019).  Statement of financial information pursuant to the Financial Information Act for the year ended March 31, 2019. https://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/Finance/FY19%20KPU%20SOFI%20SIGNED.pdf

Tesla. (2019, October 23). Tesla releases third quarter 2019 financial results  [Press release]. https://ir.tesla.com/news-releases/news-release-details/tesla-releases-third-quarter-2019-financial-results

Borealis GeoPower Inc. (2018, April 10).  Canada’s geothermal village – 'Sustainaville' GeoPark  [Grant]. Natural Resources Canada.  https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-and-data/funding-partnerships/funding-opportunities/current-investments/canadas-geothermal-village-sustainaville-geopark/20923   

In text citation:  ... (Coote & Gregorich, 2007) ... (Statistics Canada, 2019) ... (Kwantlen Polytechnic University [KPU], 2019) the first time, then ... (KPU, 2019) ... (Tesla, 2019) ... (Borealis GeoPower Inc., 2019)

Case Studies

• ABOUT THE DOI: the current preferred format for ALL DOI hyperlinks uses https://doi.org/ as the prefix. Older works may use previous formats (e.g., “http:/dx.doi.org/” or “doi:” or “DOI:” before the DOI number). Standardize all your DOI hyperlinks into the current preferred format in your reference list
• Examples below are courtesy of  APA Style Guidelines & Examples - NAIT Library

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL CASE STUDY

Author last name, A. A. (Date). Title.  HBS No. xxxxx. https://.....

Smith, S. (2003). Leadership.  HBS No. 7-806-122. https://hbsp.harvard.edu/cases/

IVEY BUSINESS SCHOOL CASE STUDY

Author last name, A. A. (Date). Title.  Ivey ID: xxxxx. https://......

Heisz, M., & Leech, L. (2005). Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: Understanding the requirements and the Canadian response.  Ivey ID: 9B05B009. https://www.iveycases.com/

In text citation:  ... (Smith, 2003) ... (Heisz & Leech, 2005) 

• << Previous: Audiovisual Media
• Next: Conference Sessions & Presentations >>
• Last Updated: Feb 20, 2024 4:46 PM
• URL: https://libguides.kpu.ca/apa

Thesis Helpers

Find the best tips and advice to improve your writing. Or, have a top expert write your paper.

All You Need To Know About APA Case Study (Top Guide)

Citing a case study in APA is no mean feat for any student, whether in college or university. Most students would opt to have this task completed by expert writers instead of themselves. However, you can know how to cite a case study in APA and write an A+ paper painstakingly.

Well, all the answers you need for this are a few scrolls away. Follow me as we explore how to write a case study in APA like a pro!

Table of Contents

• 1. What Is the APA Citation Case Study?
• 2. Case Study Outline: Structure and Writing Tips
• 3. How To Cite a Case Study in APA: Outline
• 4. General APA Case Study Citation Template
• 5. Case Study Title Page For APA 6 and APA 7
• 5.1. APA 6 Case Study Title Page
• 5.2. APA 7 Case Study Title Page
• 6. APA Case Study Citations
• 7. APA Case Study References

What Is the APA Citation Case Study?

APA is an acronym for the American Psychological Association. It is an in-text and reference list citation format used for case studies, theoretical methodologies, literature reviews, empirical studies, and methodological articles. Its use is most prominent in the science fields.

An APA case study allows readers to understand the types of sources used in a project and their components. The information in the post follows the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

It outlines how to properly organize and structure a research paper, explain the grammar guidelines, and cite sources correctly. You will also get the differences between the 6th and 7th editions at the end of this guide.

Case Study Outline: Structure and Writing Tips

A case study is a kind of report, where sections within the essay’s body deal with specific aspects of the case. For instance, your instructor may ask you to focus on particular questions about the issue and organize your writing around those questions.

There are different kinds of case studies, including:

• Historical,
• Problem-oriented,
• Cumulative,
• Critical and
• Illustrative case studies

The type of case study will depend on the topic of discussion. A case structure mainly comprises of the following parts, though this may vary depending on different institutions:

• Cover page: It comprises of the necessary details of the student and class information. These include all authors’ names, institutional affiliation, course number and title, instructor’s name, and due date.
• Table of contents provides an outline of where critical parts of the report can be found and direct the reader accordingly.
• Executive summary: It explains what you will examine in the case study. You will also give an overview of the field you’re researching.
• Introduction: It identifies the focal problem being faced together with background information and the most relevant facts. Any previous studies of the issue come here.
• Case Evaluation: It includes the study’s purpose and the specific questions you are trying to answer. You also have an explanation of why something is working or is not working.
• Proposed solutions: You will give the decision criteria and possible alternatives for solving the problem at hand. They should be realistic ways to decipher what isn’t working or how to improve their current condition.
• Recommendations: Highlight the strategies that you can use to better the situation with explanations on their appropriateness.
• Implementation: It has details on how to execute the recommendations and ensure their success.
• References: Provide citations of sources used in the case study project at any point.

Nonetheless, remember to refer to your assignment instructions to find out what you have to do in the writing process.

How To Cite a Case Study in APA: Outline

The standard in-text citation and reference list formats for a case study require that you have an in-depth understanding of the APA citation style. The APA case study format follows a list of stringent rules which you must abide by to have an A+ paper.

Before embarking on the citation process, ensure that you have the following elements in place:

• The author’s name
• Date of publication
• The title of the case study
• Number of case study

Once the details above are intact, it is now time to curate them into the order recommended for APA citation style. You can request one of our professionally tailored APA format case study example to understand this concept better.

Also, feel free to take any APA style case study paper example below for your motivation:

General APA Case Study Citation Template

• General Style

Author(s). (Year). Title of the case study. The number of the case study. URL. For example, Warbeck, D. (2010). Integrated Management. HBS No. 7-806-122. https://hbsp.oxford.edu/cases/

• Textbook Case Study Format APA

Author(s) or editor(s) of the chapter or case study (Year of the book publication). Title of chapter or case study.

For Example, Jameson, B. (2003). The Role of Online Writing. In J. Ness, Cases in College Students (pp.15-18). HMD Publishing.

• Footnote Structure:

Content Footnote:

1 Student rely on online sites for completing their assignments.

Copyright Attribution:

1 Adapted from “Content Management in the US,” by H. B. Gibbering, 08 June 2005, Harvard Business Review, 3(12), p. 34 ( https://hbr.org/case/hbs_22345 ).

• In-Text Appearance:

First footnote: Branding remains a crucial aspect of digital marketing. 1

Case Study Title Page For APA 6 and APA 7

Here are the differences between the two formats as presented in the screens below. Note, that the title page for APA 7 case study doesn’t require any running head, and the paper title is bold.

APA 6 Case Study Title Page

APA 7 Case Study Title Page

APA Case Study Citations

Apa case study references.

And that is how to reference a case study in APA 6th and 7th edition. Perhaps a sample from one of our professional writing experts can help you. With our online writing help , you can request for an APA style case study paper example and use it as a motivation to get started.

What are you waiting for now?

Make PhD experience your own

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

How to Cite a Case Study in APA: Basic Guidelines with Samples

• Icon Calendar 18 May 2024
• Icon Page 303 words
• Icon Clock 2 min read

Researchers in business-related fields employ the American Psychological Association (APA) style for citation. Basically, by considering learning how to cite a case study in APA, students need to consider such a type of source for their academic research. In turn, this guide explains the standard in-text citation and reference list formats for such papers acquired from the Harvard Business Review magazine. Also, the guide demonstrates the use of copyright attribution and content footnotes for case study sources.

Standard Structure on How to Cite a Case Study

Apa in-text citation sample:.

Parenthetical citation: (Jones, 2010, p. 12)

Narrative citation: Jones (2010) argues . . . proper efforts (p. 12).

APA Reference List Entry Example:

• Authors follow citation rules for magazines because it is the source that contains the case study.
• The uniform resource locator (URL) or digital object identifier (DOI) are optional elements that are dependent on the medium of a case study text.

General Format:

Author, D. D. (Year, month date). Title of the case study. Title of the Magazine, Volume (Issue number), Page numbers. DOI or URL

Jones, G. H. (2010, March 19). Building an economy for generations. Harvard Business Review, 3 (12), 32-37. https://hbr.org/case/hbs_22345

Citing a Case Study in APA With Footnotes

• APA encourages the use of footnotes for copyright attribution for quotations or tables.
• Sometimes, authors may employ footnotes to provide supplemental information that clarifies or strengthens a particular element of their argument.

In-Text Appearance:

First footnote: Shared control over the business eliminates leadership issues. 1

Subsequent reference to the footnote: Change management is critical during transitions (see Footnote 1).

Footnote Structure:

Content Footnote :

1 The researchers used Rawld’s test to validate the findings.

Copyright Attribution :

1 Adapted from “Building an Economy for Generations,” by G. H. Jones, 19 March 2010, Harvard Business Review, 3 (12), p. 34 (https://hbr.org/case/hbs_22345).

To Learn More, Read Relevant Articles

What to Do If You Can't Find a Job After College

• Icon Calendar 30 June 2020
• Icon Page 2223 words

How to Cite an Image in MLA: Key Principles and Examples

• Icon Calendar 28 June 2020
• Icon Page 2685 words