apa citation quiz

APA Style Guide: 7th Edition

• How To Use This Guide
• Ethical Use of Sources & Plagiarism This link opens in a new window
• Introduction to DOI
• Formatting: Title Page, Body, References
• Formatting: Annotated Bibliographies
• Formatting: Appendices
• Formatting: Quotations
• Formatting: Business Reports
• How to Format In-text Citations
• Citing Multiple Works
• Number and Type of Author
• Publication Date
• Page, Paragraph Number, Heading, and Time Stamp
• Citing Text Content Created by AI
• Citing Image Content Created by AI
• Brightspace, with Author
• Brightspace, No Author
• Comment on Blog Post
• Book with Author(s)
• Book with Author(s) and Editor(s)
• Book with Editor(s), No Author
• Book with Organization as Author
• Book with the Same Organization as Author & Publisher
• Textbook Chapter with Book Editor(s) and Chapter Author(s)
• Translation, Print Book
• Work in an Anthology
• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
• Dictionary with Editor(s)
• Entry in Online Dictionary, No Author
• Report with Author(s)
• Report, No Author
• Report with Report Number
• Report with Multiple Levels of Government
• eBook from Website or Library Database, with DOI
• eBook from Library Database, no DOI
• eBook from Website, no DOI
• Open Textbook
• General Information & Checklist
• Figure Notes & Legend
• In-text Citation & Reference Formatting
• Journal Article, Print
• Journal Article from Website or Library Database, with DOI
• Journal Article from Library Database, no DOI
• Journal Article from Website, no DOI
• Referencing: Images
• Referencing: Indigenous Elders & Knowledge Keepers
• Magazine Article, Print
• Magazine Article from Website, with DOI
• Magazine Article from Website, no DOI
• Newspaper Article, Print
• Newspaper Article from Library Database
• Newspaper Article from Website
• Newspaper Article, No Author
• Personal Communication, General
• Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples
• Referencing: Podcasts
• Referencing: PowerPoint Presentations
• Referencing: Secondary Sources
• Twitter Profile
• X (Tweet) or Instagram Post
• Facebook Page
• Post on Facebook, Tumblr, Linkedin, etc.
• TikTok Profile
• TikTok Post
• Referencing: Statistics Canada
• Table Notes
• Film or Video
• Online Film or Streaming Video
• YouTube Video, Personal Author
• YouTube Video, Username (No Personal Author Listed)
• Webpage on a News Website
• Webpage with Group or Organization as Author
• Webpage with a Personal Author
• Webpage with a Retrieval Date
• Common Knowledge
• Additional Resources
• Annotated Bibliographies This link opens in a new window
• Take A Quiz

Take a Quiz

APA 7th edition QUIZ

The quiz on this page has been adapted, with permission, from Royal Roads University's APA Style Practice Exercises .

• << Previous: Annotated Bibliographies
• Next: Contact Us >>
• Last Updated: Jun 3, 2024 1:47 PM
• URL: https://library.nic.bc.ca/apa7th

APA Citation Style 7th ed.: Quiz Yourself!

• Getting Started
• Paper Formatting
• How to Cite AI/ChatGPT
• Reference List Citations
• In-Text Citations
• Final Product
• Instructional Aids
• Quiz Yourself!
• Specific Business Sources

Ask Your Librarian

• << Previous: Instructional Aids
• Next: Specific Business Sources >>
• Last Updated: Dec 20, 2023 3:26 PM
• URL: https://libguides.stthomas.edu/APAstyle

© 2023 University of St. Thomas, Minnesota

• Library Guides

APA 7th Referencing

Apa 7th referencing: quiz.

• In-text referencing
• Compiling a Reference list
• Citing tables and figures
• DOIs and Live hyperlinks
• Secondary sources
• Journal Articles
• Reports & Grey Literature
• Conference Materials
• Datasets, Software & Tests
• Social Media
• Images, tables & figures
• Sound & video
• Legislation & Cases
• Personal Communications
• Standards & Patents
• Course Notes or Course Presentations
• Generative AI
• Sample Reference List

APA Referencing quiz

Take this quiz to test how much you've learnt about APA referencing.

To move to the NEXT question, click on the blue arrow below each question.

• << Previous: Sample Reference List
• Next: Help >>
• Last Updated: Jul 4, 2024 10:23 AM
• URL: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing

Penn State University Libraries

Apa quick citation guide 6th edition.

• In-text Citation
• Citing Web Pages and Social Media
• Citing Articles
• Citing Books
• Citing Business Reports
• Other Formats

APA Style Quiz

• << Previous: Other Formats
• Last Updated: Oct 26, 2022 12:24 PM
• URL: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguidesixth

In order to continue enjoying our site, we ask that you confirm your identity as a human. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

APA Style MCQs Quiz With Answers

Are you familiar with APA style and citation? With this APA style quiz, test yourself with the help of our APA format quiz. Can you answer these questions? APA style is commonly used for citing sources within the behavioral and social sciences field. It is portrayed in the style guidebook of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were created to assist with reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences for communication clarity. To understand more about APA style and citation, complete this APA citation quiz.

Identify the APA issue(s) in the following passage: (Select all that apply)  An innovative approach to breaking the generational cycle of poverty involves creating Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). Individual Development Accounts are a special type of savings account that match the deposit amounts when the funds are withdrawn to make a qualifying purchase such as: (1) purchasing a home as a primary residence, (2) paying for postsecondary education or job training, or (3) creating a retirement saving account.

The abbreviation for IDAs should be used to start the second sentence.

The colon in the second sentence is misused and unnecessary.

The in-line series should use lowercase letters such as (a), (b), and (c) rather than numbers.

None of the above

Rate this question:

Identify the problem(s) in the sentence below: The social information processing (SIP) theory holds that a child's behavior is the result of six overlapping cognitive steps that occur in the following order:(a) encode social cues, (b) mentally represent and interpret the cues, (c) constructing goals, (d) search for possible responses, (e) making a responsible decision, (f) enact a behavioral response while monitoring its effect.

The theory name should be capitalized.

The colon is misused. It would be better to make a second sentence.

The list of steps lacks a parallel structure.

Nothing - the sentence is correct as written.

The passage below has several problems. Select all that apply. In this study, a sample of 43 urban youth was compared to a similar sample of 44 rural youth. Each of the youth was given a survey to complete and return in a sealed envelope. Follow-up interviews were conducted at the youth treatment facility, or it's community-based outreach clinic. Each of the interviews was conducted by a master's-level social work student and audio recorded for accurate transcription. 

Problem with subject-verb number agreement.

First sentence should use compared with rather than compared to

Third sentence used contraction for it is; needs possessive its

None of the above, The passage has problems, but not those identified in A, B, or C.

Identify the writing problem(s) in the following paragraph: The U. S. government defines poverty using an income-based threshold created in the early 1960s, which set the poverty level at 3 times the yearly cost of a basic food budget. Except for adjustments for inflation, it has remained unchanged since it was established despite the fact that today's families spend more on housing, child care, and health care than food. Social service workers spend much of their time trying to help families in need patch together a network of resources to meet their basic needs. Because the level of public assistance has not kept pace with other costs, this means they spend a greater proportion of their income on basic necessities that are not accounted for in the poverty equation. Further, it fails to account for regional differences in costs or receipt of other benefits such as Medicaid and Food Stamps.

The information is poorly organized.

The author has failed to cite sources.

The author's meaning is not clear because he or she has used too many pronouns with unclear antecedents.

None of the above - the paragraph is correct as written.

You are using material from a newspaper article. The article does not list an author, but the title is "Budget Cuts Go Beyond the Bone," which was published on page 23 of The Independent, April 28, 2011. Which is the correct in-text citation for this source?

...reducing services to a lottery will turn away many of those in need of basic services (not a quote; no citation needed for a paraphrase).

...reducing services to a lottery will turn away many of those in need of basic services (Independent, 2011, p. 23).

...reducing services to a lottery will turn away many of those in need of basic services (Budget Cuts, 2011).

...reducing services to a lottery will turn away many of those in need of basic services (Anonymous, 2001, p. 23).

In which sentence(s) has the quotation been integrated most successfully?

Keay (2004) explained that Gen Xers are likely to develop a new management style. "Having rebelled against standard business hours and micromanagement, they might find it difficult to make such demands of their subordinates" (p.102).

Keay (2004) explained that a new kind of management style would emerge from Gen Xers. They have "rebelled against standard business hours and micromanagement. They might find it difficult to make such demands of their subordinates" (p.102).

Keay (2004) explained that Gen Xers would develop a new kind of management style because of their attitudes toward traditional work routines and being managed: "Having rebelled against standard business hours and micromanagement, they might find it difficult to make such demands of their subordinates" (p.102).

Different management styles have emerged as social changes have taken hold. For example, [Gen Xers] "rebelled against standard business hours and micromanagement. They might find it difficult to make such demands of their subordinates" (Keaveney, 2004, p.102).

Your source on young entrepreneurs gives statistics on increasing rates of business ownership among  those 18 to 34 years old. The source states, "This trend may dilute corporate pools of promotable junior managers but provide a needed infrastructure for corporate outsourcing" (Keaveney, 2004, p. 102-103). Which of the following is an acceptable paraphrase?

Increasingly, young adults (i.e., 18 to 34 years old) are establishing their own businesses rather than working their way up the corporate ladder. This increased rate of entrepreneurship has two implications for corporate America: (a) corporations will have a less-rich resource in-house from which to develop managers, and (b) corporations may need to look to subcontract some work to these entrepreneurs.

A necessary infrastructure for corporate outsourcing has been established even though the trend of young adults owning their own businesses is weakening the availability of junior managers, who are potential executives (Keaveney 2004).

Companies will not be able to find enough people to hire with junior management skills, so they will have to subcontract much of the work instead (Keaveney, 2004)

An ever-growing number of young adults (i.e., those 18 to 34 years old) have chosen to create their own businesses rather than tie their lives to the corporate ladder. This increased entrepreneurship has two implications for corporate America: (a) corporations will have fewer highly skilled and talented mid-level employees from which they can select executives, and (b) corporations will need to overcome this "brain drain" by subcontracting with these entrepreneurs for their services (Keaveney, 2004).

The current fashion of members of the younger generation owning their own businesses might water down the numbers of available potential low-ranking administrators; however, it might also supply a necessary means at a basic level for businesses to subcontract (Keaveney, 2004).

Writing support for on-campus students attending the School of Social Work can be found from which of the following sources?

The Writing Resources page on the School's website, under the Current Students tab

The APA Quick Reference Guide can be downloaded from the Writing Resources page.

The School's Writing Support Team

The UNC Writing Center

All of the above

The Reference section should start on a separate page under the centered heading References, which does not use bold font. The reference entries should appear in alphabetical order by author's surname (or by title if works do not list an author) regardless of the type of source (e.g., book, film, journal article, website).

Choose the correct reference format for the following source that you retrieved from an online journal: social work and research, 1995, vol. 68(2), 127-137 ssn: 1948-ccx  doi:10.1037/swr/127 students and the problem of entitlement jeffrey t. swan     dennard q. rail    mary n. bushcombe university of georgia note:  per apa, journal titles should be set in italics (e.g., social work and research ); however, the quiz-maker software doesn't permit italics in the answer options.                                                                                                                                                                             .

Swan, J. T., Rail, D. Q., & Bushcombe, M. N. (1995). Students and the problem of entitlement. Social Work and Research, 68(2), 127-137.

J. T. Swan, D. Q. Rail, & M. N. Bushcombe. (1995). Students and the problem of entitlement. Social Work and Research, 68(2), 127-137. ISSN: 1948-CCX doi:10.1037/swr/127

Bushcombe, M. N., Rail, D. Q., & Swan, J. T. (1995). Students and the problem of entitlement. Social Work Research, 68(2), 127-137. doi:10.1037/swr/127

Swan, J. T., Rail, D. Q., & Bushcombe, M. N. (1995). Students and the problem of entitlement. Social Work and Research, 68(2), 127-137. doi:10.1037/swr/127

Which choice shows the correct format for the first use of  the Jeffrey T. Swan, Dennard Q. Rail, Mary N. Bushcombe (1995) source with the following sentence: Thus, students' misplaced sense of entitlement interferes with classroom teaching and, ultimately, the quality of education and training that students receive.

Training that students receive (Swan, Rail, & Bushcombe, 1995)

Training that students receive (Swan, Rail, & Bushcombe, 1995).

Training that students receive (Swan, Rail, and Bushcombe, 1995).

Training that students receive (Swan, Rail, & Bushcombe, 1993).

Which choice shows the correct format and APA style for the first use of  the Jeffrey T. Swan, Dennard Q. Rail, Mary N. Bushcombe (1995) source in the text of the following sentence: "... found that students' sense of entitlement led to complaints that course requirements were too burdensome and often interfered with their social commitments.

Jeffrey Swan, Dennard Rail, and Mary Bushcombe found that students' sense of entitlement led to complaints that course requirements were too burdensome and often interfered with their social commitments (1995).

Swan, Rail, & Bushcombe (1995) found that students' sense of entitlement led to complaints that course requirements were too burdensome and often interfered with their social commitments.

Swan, Rail, and Bushcombe (1995) found that students' sense of entitlement led to complaints that course requirements were too burdensome and often interfered with their social commitments.

Swan, Rail, and Bushcombe (1995) find that students' sense of entitlement led to complaints that course requirements were too burdensome and often interfered with their social commitments.

Which choice shows the correct format for the second parenthetical citation of the Jeffrey T. Swan, Dennard Q. Rail, Mary N. Bushcombe (1995) source in a later paragraph in the paper, using the following sentence: In addition, the authors suggested that admissions officers should have frank discussions with applicants that clearly outline what the graduate program demands, expects, and requires of students.

...demands, expects, and requirements of students (Swan, Rail, & Bushcombe, 1995).

...demands, expects, and requirements of students [Swan, Rail, and Buschcombe, 1995].

...demands, expects, and requirements of students (Swan, Rail & Bushcombe).

...demands, expects, and requirements of students (Swan et al. 1995)

...demands, expects, and requirements of students (Swan et al. 1995).

Which choice shows the correct format for the first in-text citation for the following journal article: (Select all that apply) "An Analysis of Qualitative Data on Sibling Relationships in Immigrant Families Obtained From Parent-Child Interviews Conducted as Part of the Latino Health Assessment Project" by J. K. O'Day, G. T. Cahn, B. B. Flores, P. W. Wrap, G. Dayfield, and A. P. Stele Published in 2009, the Journal of Long Titles , Volume 23, Issue 6, pages 1134-1145 DOI:1010/JLT.34   Springerbok Publishers, 145 Deerfield Plaza, Greenwich, Connecticut, 15432.

(O'Day, Chan, Flores, Wrap, Dayfield, & Steel, 2009)

(O'Day, Cahn, Flores, Wrap, Dayfield, and Stele, 2009)

(O'Day et al., 2009)

(O'Day and colleagues 2009)

Which of the following is the correct format for a book citation in APA style (7th edition)?

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Publisher.

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Publisher. Retrieved from URL

Author, A. A. Title of work. Publisher, Year.

Suppose you have written a paper on the mission of social work, which is based on a section of the Code of Ethics adopted by the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) in 2008. The original article from the NASW website appears below.  "The mission of the social work profession is rooted in a set of core values. These core values, embraced by social workers throughout the profession’s history, are the foundation of social work’s unique purpose and perspective: ·         service ·         social justice ·         dignity and worth of the person ·         importance of human relationships ·         integrity ·         competence" Which of the statements in your paper would need to include a citation?  (Select all that apply) Statement A: The social work profession seeks to ensure the well-being of the most vulnerable among the population. Statement B: The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) has established a Code of Ethics that govern practitioners' actions in the field. Statement C: The Code of Ethics notes that the mission of social work is grounded in six essential values: (a) service, (b) social justice, (c) dignity and worth of the person, (d) importance of human relationships, (e) integrity, and (f) competence. Statement D: According to the NASW Code of Ethics, the mission of all social workers should be based on a set of core principles, including service to others, ensuring social justice and equality, recognizing and ensuring each person's value and dignity, working to preserve the essential worth of human relationships,  acting in accord with moral soundness and ethical wholeness, and possessing the skills and knowledge to carry out tasks required for practice.

Statement A should include a citation.

Statement B should include a citation.

Statement C should include a citation.

Statement D should include a citation.

"According to Erickson (1950, as cited in Hodgeworth, 2001), each of an individual's stages of development (i.e., physical, emotional, or psychological) are related to specific tasks that must be mastered. " . The citation used in the above sentence is called a secondary source citation. In this case, the student was citing a passage from the class text written by Hodgeworth (2001) that described Erik Erickson's work that was published in 1950. This type of citation is acceptable under which of the following circumstances? (Select all that apply)

The primary source (e.g., Erickson's publication) is not available in the language that the student reads.

The primary source is not available from the student's university library or inter-library loan, or there will be a substantial delay in obtaining the primary source.

The student is too lazy to find the primary source and read the original work.

The only required reading for the course was the textbook; therefore, the instructor has indicated that secondary citations will be allowed.

When the student is too busy to read the primary source, he recognizes that the secondary citations are weak supports and indicate a lack of scholarly rigor.

Identify the APA style issue(s) in the following passage: (Select all that apply) Since most graduate students have completed traditional 4-year college programs, professors in graduate schools assume that all students have mastered the skill of academic writing. While a few students are accomplished writers, the Writing Center has found that across disciplines, most graduate students struggle unnecessarily with writing because they are either unaware of the writing support that is available or is reluctant to admit that they might need to improve this important professional skill.

No problem with the passage

The second sentence is a run-on sentence.

Words Since and While are misused

Missing commas in the second sentence

Based on the APA style rules, what problem(s) can you identify in the sentence below: Birch (1998) argues that teens born outside of the U.S. are more likely to adopt conservative family norms. Select all that apply.

APA mandates the use of past tense when referring to published material or prior research.

The sentence uses informal language (i.e., teens). APA requires formal, precise language, such as youth or adolescents, which have to be defined by an age range.

United States must be spelled out when used as a noun; the abbreviation U.S. can be used as an adjective, such as U.S. population.

The sentence makes half a comparison; study participants were more likely than others to adopt such values.

On May 1, 2011, you interviewed Dr. Betsy Bledsoe for your paper on evidence-based practice. You decide to incorporate Dr. Bledsoe's information in your paper as a paraphrase or by using the following direct quote: "...to achieve wider use of the evidence-based practice in local agencies, schools of social work need to provide ongoing support to help agency staff translate research into practice." Which of the following shows the correct format for citing your interview?

"Schools of social work need to provide ongoing support to help agency staff translate research into practice"(add your surname as the person who conducted the interview, May 2011).

Currently, the wider use of the evidence-based practice in community agencies is challenged by a lack of resources and support to help staff understand the research implications and apply the findings to work with their specific population (personal communication, B. Bledsoe, May 1, 2011).

Bledsoe said, "To achieve wider use of the evidence-based practice in local agencies, schools of social work need to provide ongoing support to help agency staff translate research into practice" (B. Bledsoe, interview, May 1, 2011)

Quiz Review Timeline +

Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

• Current Version
• Jul 04, 2024 Quiz Edited by ProProfs Editorial Team Expert Reviewed by Juliette Firla
• Mar 28, 2011 Quiz Created by Dwyant

Related Topics

Recent Quizzes

Featured Quizzes

Popular Topics

• MLA Format Quizzes
• Paragraph Quizzes
• Pencil Quizzes
• Persuasive Writing Quizzes
• Plagiarism Quizzes
• Report Writing Quizzes
• Romantic Fiction Writing Quizzes
• Structure And Written Expression Quizzes
• Summary Writing Quizzes
• Technical Writing Quizzes
• Typography Quizzes
• Writing Process Quizzes

Related Quizzes

Wait! Here's an interesting quiz for you.

Scribbr APA Citation Generator

Accurate APA citations, verified by experts, trusted by millions.

Scribbr for Chrome: Your shortcut to APA citations

Cite any page or article with a single click right from your browser. The extension does the hard work for you by automatically grabbing the title, author(s), publication date, and everything else needed to whip up the perfect APA citation.

Add to Chrome. It's free!

Rely on accurate APA citations, verified by experts.

You don’t want points taken off for incorrect citations. That’s why our APA citation experts have invested countless hours perfecting our algorithms. As a result, we’re proud to be recommended by teachers worldwide.

Enjoy the APA Citation Generator with minimal distraction.

Staying focused is already challenging enough. You don’t need video pop-ups and flickering banner ads slowing you down. At Scribbr, we keep distractions to a minimum while also keeping the APA Citation Generator free for everyone.

Citation Generator features you'll love

Search for your source by title, URL, DOI, ISBN, and more to retrieve the relevant information automatically.

APA 6th & 7th edition

Scribbr's Citation Generator supports both APA 6 and APA 7 (as well as MLA and Harvard ). No matter what edition you're using, we’ve got you covered!

Export to Bib(La)TeX

Easily export in BibTeX format and continue working in your favorite LaTeX editor.

Export to Word

Reference list finished? Export to Word with perfect indentation and spacing set up for you.

Sorting, grouping, and filtering

Organize the reference list the way you want: from A to Z, new to old, or grouped by source type.

Save multiple lists

Stay organized by creating a separate reference list for each of your assignments.

Choose between Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri, and more options to match your style.

Industry-standard technology

The Scribbr Citation Generator is built using the same citation software (CSL) as Mendeley and Zotero, but with an added layer for improved accuracy.

Annotations

Create perfectly formatted annotated bibliographies with just a few clicks.

Explanatory tips help you get the details right to ensure accurate citations.

Citation guides

Getting to grips with citation is simple with the help of our highly rated APA citation guides and videos .

Secure backup

Your work is saved automatically after every change and stored securely in your Scribbr account.

• Introduction
• Parenthetical vs. narrative
• Multiple authors

Missing information

• Sources to include

Tools and resources

• Scroll to top

How to create APA citations

APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr’s free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations.

This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020).

• Cite a webpage
• Cite a book
• Cite a journal article
• Cite a YouTube video

APA in-text citations

APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, publication date, and, if relevant, a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example, (Smith, 2021, p. 170) . See it as a shorter version of the entry in the reference list .

You should include in-text citations every time you’re quoting or paraphrasing someone else’s ideas or words. In doing so, you give credit to the original author and avoid plagiarism .

Parenthetical vs. narrative citation

The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator.

• Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020) .
• Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that …

Multiple authors and corporate authors

The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.

When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.

APA Citation Generator

Generate accurate APA citations in seconds

Get started

APA references

APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.

It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.

Formatting the APA reference page

On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .

Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:

• Double spacing (within and between references)
• Hanging indent of ½ inch
• Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)
• Page number in the top right header

Which sources to include

On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).

In addition to the APA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more tools and resources that help millions of students and academics every month.

• Citation Generator : Generate flawless citations in APA, MLA , and Harvard style .
• Citation Checker : Upload your paper and have artificial intelligence check your citations for errors and inconsistencies.
• Free plagiarism checker : Detect plagiarism with unparalleled accuracy with Scribbr’s free plagiarism checker.
• AI Proofreader : Upload and improve unlimited documents and earn higher grades on your assignments. Try it for free!
• Paraphrasing tool: Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.
• Grammar checker : Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.
• Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.
• AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.
• Proofreading services : Have a professional editor (or team of editors) improve your writing so you can submit your paper with pride and confidence. Scribbr offers admission essay editing , paper editing , and academic editing .
• Guides and videos : Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

The Citation Game

Test your knowledge of citations and styles!

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

APA Citation Generator

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, a comprehensive guide to apa citations and format, overview of this guide:.

This page provides you with an overview of APA format, 7th edition. Included is information about referencing, various citation formats with examples for each source type, and other helpful information.

If you’re looking for MLA format , check out the Citation Machine MLA Guide. Also, visit the Citation Machine homepage to use the APA formatter, which is an APA citation generator, and to see more styles .

Being responsible while researching

When you’re writing a research paper or creating a research project, you will probably use another individual’s work to help develop your own assignment. A good researcher or scholar uses another individual’s work in a responsible way. This involves indicating that the work of other individuals is included in your project (i.e., citing), which is one way to prevent plagiarism.

Plagiarism? What is it?

The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin word, plagiare , which means “to kidnap.” The term has evolved over the years to now mean the act of taking another individual’s work and using it as your own, without acknowledging the original author (American Psychological Association, 2020 p. 21). Plagiarism can be illegal and there can be serious ramifications for plagiarizing someone else’s work. Thankfully, plagiarism can be prevented. One way it can be prevented is by including citations and references in your research project. Want to make them quickly and easily? Try the Citation Machine citation generator, which is found on our homepage.

All about citations & references

Citations and references should be included anytime you use another individual’s work in your own assignment. When including a quote, paraphrased information, images, or any other piece of information from another’s work, you need to show where you found it by including a citation and a reference. This guide explains how to make them.

APA style citations are added in the body of a research paper or project and references are added to the last page.

Citations , which are called in-text citations, are included when you’re adding information from another individual’s work into your own project. When you add text word-for-word from another source into your project, or take information from another source and place it in your own words and writing style (known as paraphrasing), you create an in-text citation. These citations are short in length and are placed in the main part of your project, directly after the borrowed information.

References are found at the end of your research project, usually on the last page. Included on this reference list page is the full information for any in-text citations found in the body of the project. These references are listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name.

An APA in-text citation includes only three items: the last name(s) of the author(s), the year the source was published, and sometimes the page or location of the information. References include more information such as the name of the author(s), the year the source was published, the full title of the source, and the URL or page range.

Why is it important to include citations & references

Including APA citations and references in your research projects is a very important component of the research process. When you include citations, you’re being a responsible researcher. You’re showing readers that you were able to find valuable, high-quality information from other sources, place them into your project where appropriate, all while acknowledging the original authors and their work.

Common ways students and scholars accidentally plagiarize

Believe it or not, there are instances when you could attempt to include in-text and full references in the appropriate places, but still accidentally plagiarize. Here are some common mistakes to be aware of:

Mistake #1 - Misquoting sources: If you plan to use a direct quote, make sure you copy it exactly as is. Sure, you can use part of the full quote or sentence, but if you decide to put quotation marks around any words, those words should match exactly what was found in the original source. Here’s a line from The Little Prince , by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry:

“Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them.”

Here’s an acceptable option:

“Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves,” stated de Saint-Exupéry (1943, p. 3).

Here’s a misquote:

“Grown-ups barely ever understand anything by themselves,” stated de Saint-Exupéry (1943, p. 3).

Notice the slight change in the words. The incorrect phrasing is an instance of accidental plagiarism.

Mistake #2 - Problems with paraphrasing: When we paraphrase, we restate information using our own words and writing style. It’s not acceptable to substitute words from the original source with synonyms.

Let’s use the same sentence from The Little Prince .

A correct paraphrase could be:

de Saint-Exupéry (1943) shares various ways adults frustrate children. One of the biggest being that kids have to explain everything. It’s too bad adults are unable to comprehend anything on their own (p. 3).

An incorrect paraphrase would be:

de Saint-Exupéry (1943) shares that adults never understand anything by themselves, and it is exhausting for kids to be always and forever clarifying things to them (p.3).

Notice how close the incorrect paraphrase is from the original. This is an instance of accidental plagiarism.

Make sure you quote and paraphrase properly in order to prevent accidental plagiarism.

If you’re having a difficult time paraphrasing properly, it is acceptable to paraphrase part of the text AND use a direct quote. Here’s an example:

de Saint-Exupery (1943) shares various ways adults frustrate children. One of the biggest being that kids have to explain everything, and “it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them” (p. 3).

Information About APA

Who created it.

The American Psychological Association is an organization created for individuals in the psychology field. With close to 121,000 members, they provide educational opportunities, funding, guidance, and research information for everything psychology-related. They also have numerous high-quality databases, peer-reviewed journals, and books that revolve around mental health.

The American Psychological Association is also credited with creating their own specific citation and reference style. Today, this format is used by individuals not only in the psychology field, but many other subject areas as well. Education, economics, business, and social sciences also use APA style quite frequently. Click here for more information . This guide covers general information about the style, but is not affiliated with the American Psychological Association.

Why was this style created?

This format was first developed in 1929 to form a standardized way for researchers in science fields to document their sources. Prior to the inception of these standards and guidelines, individuals were recognizing the work of other authors by including bits and pieces of information in random order. There wasn’t a set way to format citations and references. You can probably imagine how difficult it was to understand the sources that were used for research projects!

Having a standard format for citing sources allows readers to glance at a citation or APA reference and easily locate the title, author, year published, and other critical pieces of information needed to understand a source.

The evolution of this style

The guide below is based on APA style 7th edition, which was released in 2020. In previous versions of APA format, researchers and scholars were required to include the publisher location for books and the date that an electronic resource was accessed. Both are no longer required to be included.

Details on the differences between the 6th and 7th editions is addressed later in this guide.

Citations & References

The appearance of citations & references.

The format for references varies, but most use this general format:

%%Author’s Last name, First initial. (Date published). Title . URL

Researchers and scholars must look up the proper format for the source that they’re attempting to cite. Books have a certain format, websites have a different format, periodicals have a different format, and so on. Scroll down to find the proper format for the source you’re citing or referencing.

If you would like help citing your sources, CitationMachine.com has a citation generator that will help make the APA citation process much easier for you. To start, simply click on the source type you're citing:

• Journal articles

In-text citations

An APA in-text citation is included in research projects in three instances: When using a direct quote, paraphrasing information, or simply referring to a piece of information from another source.

Quite often, researchers and scholars use a small amount of text, word for word, from another source and include it in their own research projects. This is done for many reasons. Sometimes, another author’s words are so eloquently written that there isn’t a better way to rephrase it yourself. Other times, the author’s words can help prove a point or establish an understanding for something in your research project. When using another author’s exact words in your research project, include an APA in-text citation directly following it.

In addition to using the exact words from another source and placing them into your project, these citations are also added anytime you paraphrase information. Paraphrasing is when you take information from another source and rephrase it, in your own words.

When simply referring to another piece of information from another source, also include a citation directly following it.

Citations in the text are found near a direct quote, paraphrased information, or next to a mention of another source. To see examples of some narrative/ parenthetical citations in action, look at the image above, under “All About Citations & References.”

Note: *Only include the page or paragraph number when using a direct quote or paraphrase. Page numbers have a p. before the number, pp. before the page range, and para. before the paragraph number. This information is included to help the reader locate the exact portion of text themselves. It is unnecessary to include this information when you’re simply referring to another source.

Examples of APA in-text citations:

“Well, you’re about to enter the land of the free and the brave. And I don’t know how you got that stamp on your passport. The priest must know someone” (Tóibín, 2009, p. 52).

Student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers (Kent & Giles, 2017, p. 12).

If including the author’s name in the sentence, place the year in the parentheses directly next to his or her name. Add the page number at the end, unless it’s a source without any pages or paragraph numbers (See Section 8.10 of the Publication manual for more details).

In-text citation APA example:

According to a study done by Kent and Giles (2017), student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers.

The full references, or citations, for these sources can be found on the last part of a research project, titled the “References.”

Here’s how to create in-text citations for specific amounts of authors:

APA citation with no author

When the source lacks an author’s name, place the title, year, and page number (if available) in the text. The title should be in italics if it sits alone (such as a movie, brochure, or report). If the source is part of a whole (as many web pages and articles are), place the title in quotation marks without italics (See Section 8.14 of the Publication manual ).

Structure of an APA format citation in the text narratively, with the author's name missing:

Title of Source (Year) or “Title of Source” (Year)

Structure of an APA style format citation, in parentheses at the end of the sentence, with the author’s name missing: (Title of Source, Year) or (“Title of Source,” Year)

Structure for one author

In the text, narratively: Last name of Author (Year)...(page number).

In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author, Year, page number).

Structure for two authors

Place the authors in the order they appear on the source. Only use the ampersand in the parenthetical citations (see Section 8.17 of the Publication manual ). Use ‘and’ to separate the author names if they’re in the text of the sentence.

In the text, narratively: Last name of Author 1 and Last name of Author 2 (Year)....(page number).

In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author 1 & Last name of Author 2, Year, page number).

Structure for three or more authors

Only include the first listed author’s name in the first and any subsequent citations. Follow it with et al.

(Last name Author 1 et al., Year, page number)

(Agbayani et al., 2020, p. 99)

Last name of Author 1 et al. (Year)...(page).

Agbayani et al. (2020)...(p. 99)

One author, multiple works, same year

What do you do when you want to cite multiple works by an author, and the sources all written in the same year?

Include the letters ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ and so on after the year in the citation.

(Jackson, 2013a)

Jackson (2013a)

Writers can even lump dates together.

Example: Jackson often studied mammals while in Africa (2013a, 2013b).

On the APA reference page, include the same letters in the full references.

Groups and organizations

Write out the full name of the group or organization in the first citation and place the abbreviation next to it in brackets. If the group or organization is cited again, only include the abbreviation. If it doesn’t have an abbreviation associated with it, write out the entire organization’s name each and every time (see Section 8.21 of the Publication manual ).

First APA citation for an organization with an abbreviation: (World Health Organization [WHO], Year)

World Health Organization (WHO, Year)

Notice in the example directly above, the name of the organization is written out in full in the text of the sentence, and the abbreviation is placed in parentheses next to it.

Subsequent APA citations in the text for an organization with an abbreviation: (WHO, Year) OR WHO (Year)

All citations in the text for an organization without an abbreviation: (Citation Machine, Year) or Citation Machine (Year)

One in-text citation, multiple works

Sometimes you’ll need to cite more than one work within an in-text citation. Follow the same format (author, year) format but place semicolons between works (p. 263).

(Obama, 2016; Monroe et al., 1820; Hoover & Coolidge, 1928)

Reminder: There are many citation tools available on CitationMachine.com. Head to our homepage to learn more, check out our APA citation website, and cite your sources easily! The most useful resource on our website? Our APA citation generator, which doesn’t just create full references, it’s also an APA in-text citation website! It’ll do both for you!

Click here to learn more about crediting work .

Reference list citation components

References display the full information for all the citations found in the body of a research project.

Some things to keep in mind when it comes to the references:

• All references sit together on their own page, which is usually the last page(s) of a paper.
• Title the page ‘References’
• Place ‘References’ in the center of the page and bold it. Keep the title in the same font and size as the references. Do not italicize, underline, place the title in quotation marks, or increase the font size.
• The entire page is double spaced.
• All references are listed in alphabetical order by the first word in the reference, which is usually the author’s last name. If the source lacks an author, alphabetize the source by the title (ignore A, An, or The)
• All references have a hanging indent, meaning that the second line of text is indented in half an inch. See examples throughout this guide.
• Remember, each and every citation in the text of the paper MUST have a full reference displayed in the reference list. The citations in the text provide the reader with a quick glimpse about the sources used, but the references in the reference list provide the reader with all the information needed to seek out the source themselves.

Learn more about each component of the reference citation and how to format it in the sections that follow. See an APA sample paper reference list at the end of this entire section.

Author’s names

The names of authors are written in reverse order. Include the initials for the first and middle names. End this information with a period (see Section 9.8 of the Publication manual ).

Format: Last name, F. M.

• Angelou, M.
• Doyle, A. C.

Two or more authors

When two or more authors work together on a source, write them in the order in which they appear on the source. You can name up to 20 authors in the reference. For sources with 2 to 20 authors, place an ampersand (&) before the final author. Use this format:

Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.

Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.

Kent, A. G., Giles, R. M., Thorpe, A., Lukes, R., Bever, D. J., & He, Y.

If there are 21 or more authors listed on a source, only include the first 19 authors, add three ellipses, and then add the last author’s name.

Roberts, A., Johnson, M. C., Klein, J., Cheng, E. V., Sherman, A., Levin, K. K. , ...Lopez, G. S.

If you plan on using a free APA citation tool, like the one at CitationMachine.com, the names of the authors will format properly for you.

###No authors

If the source lacks an author, place the title in the first position in the reference (Section 9.12 of the Publication manual ). When the source’s title begins with a number (Such as 101 Dalmatians ), place the reference alphabetically as if the number was spelled out. 101 Dalmatians would be placed in the spot where ‘One hundred’ would go, but keep the numbers in their place.

Additionally, if the title begins with the words ‘A’, ‘An,’ or ‘The,’ ignore these words and place the title alphabetically according to the next word.

See the “Titles” section below for more information on formatting the title of sources.

###Corporate/Organization authors

On an APA reference page, corporate authors are always written out in full. In the text of your paper, you may have some abbreviations (such as UN for United Nations), but in the full references, always include the full names of the corporation or organization (following Section 9.11 of the official Publication manual ).

%%United Nations. (2019). Libya: $202 million needed to bring life-saving aid to half a million people hit by humanitarian crisis. https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/02/1031981

Publication date & retrieval date

Directly after the author’s name is the date the source was published. Include the full date for newspapers and magazine articles, and only the year for journals and all other sources. If no date is found on the source, include the initials, n.d. for “no date.”

%% Narducci, M. (2017, May 19). City renames part of 11th Street Ed Snider Way to honor Flyers founder. The Philadelphia Inquirer . http://www.philly.com/

If using our APA Citation Machine, our citation generator will add the correct format for you automatically.

Giving a retrieval date is not needed unless the online content is likely to be frequently updated and changed (e.g., encyclopedia article, dictionary entry, Twitter profile, etc.).

%%Citation Machine [@CiteMachine]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://twitter.com/CiteMachine

When writing out titles for books, articles, chapters, or other non-periodical sources, only capitalize the first word of the title and the first word of the subtitle. Names of people, places, organizations, and other proper nouns also have the first letter capitalized. For books and reports, italicize the title in the APA citation.

Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

Roots: The saga of an American family.

For articles and chapters in APA referencing, do not italicize the title.

Wake up the nation: Public libraries, policy making, and political discourse.

For newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other periodicals, capitalize the first letter in each word and italicize the title.

The Seattle Times.

A common question is whether to underline your title or place it in italics or quotation marks in the reference list. Here’s a good general rule: When a source sits alone and is not part of a larger whole, place the title in italics. If the source does not sit alone and is part of a larger whole, do not place it in italics.

Books, movies, journals, and television shows are placed in italics since they stand alone. Songs on an album, episodes of television shows, chapters in books, and articles in journals are not placed in italics since they are smaller pieces of larger wholes.

The Citation Machine citation generator will format the title in your citations automatically.

Additional information about the title

If you feel it would be helpful to include additional information about the source type, include a descriptive noun or two in brackets immediately following the title. Capitalize the first letter.

%%Kennedy, K., & Molen, G. R. (Producers), & Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Jurassic Park [Film]. USA: Universal.

Besides [Film], other common notations include:

• [Audio podcast]
• [Letter to the editor]
• [Television series episode]
• [Facebook page]
• [Blog post]
• [Lecture notes]
• [PowerPoint presentation]
• [Video file]

If you are using Citation Machine citing tools, additional information about the title is automatically added for you.

Publisher information

For books and reports, include the publisher name but not the location (see Section 9.29 of the Publication manual ). Older editions of the style required the city, state and/or country, but this hasn't been the case since the 7th edition was released.

It is not necessary to include the entire name of the publisher. It is acceptable to use a brief, intelligible form. However, if Books or Press are part of the publisher’s names, keep these words in the reference. Other common terms, such as Inc., Co., Publishers, and others can be omitted.

For newspapers, journals, magazines, and other periodicals, include the volume and issue number after the title. The volume number is listed first, by itself, in italics. The issue number is in parentheses immediately after it, not italicized. There is no space after the closing parenthesis and before the volume number.

%%Giannoukos, G., Besas, G., Hictour, V., & Georgas, T. (2016). A study on the role of computers in adult education. Educational Research and Reviews , 11 (9), 907-923. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2688

After including the publisher information, end this section with a period.

Perseus Books.

Electronic source information:

For online sources, the URL or DOI (Direct Object Identifier) are included at the end of an APA citation.

DOI numbers are often created by publishers for journal articles and other periodical sources. They were created in response to the problem of broken or outdated links and URLs. When a journal article is assigned a DOI number, it is static and will never change. Because of its permanent characteristic, DOIs are the preferred type of electronic information to include in APA citations. When a DOI number is not available, include the source’s URL (see Section 9.34 in the Publication manual ).

For DOIs, include the number in this format:

http://doi.org/xxxx

For URLs, type them in this format:

http:// or https://

Other information about electronic sources:

• If the URL is longer than a line, break it up before a punctuation mark.
• Do not place a period at the end of the citation/URL.
• It is unnecessary to include retrieval dates, unless the source changes often over time (like in a Wikipedia article).
• It is not necessary to include the names of databases

If using the Citation Machine APA citation website autocite features, the online publication information will be automatically replaced by the DOI. The Citation Machine APA template will properly cite your online sources for you.

Make sure you run your completed paper through the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader, which scans for grammar, spelling, and plagiarism. Whether it’s an adjective , verb , or pronoun out-of-place, our technology helps edits your paper for you!

Annotated bibliographies:

An APA annotated bibliography is a full bibliography that includes a small note for each reference citation. Each note should be short (1-2 paragraphs) and contain a summary or your evaluation about each source. When creating your citations on CitationMachine.net, there is a field at the bottom of each form to add your own annotations.

Follow the publication manual guidelines on paper format and writing style. Let your instructor guide other details about your annotations. Still confused? Read our guide on annotated bibliographies .

These types of projects look different depending on the style you’re using. Use the link at the top of the page to access resources related to the Modern Language Association’s style. Here’s information related to Chicago citation style .

Page formatting

Need help with the design and formatting of your paper? Look no further! This section provides the ins and outs of properly displaying the information in your APA essay.

• Times New Roman, 12-point size.
• Calibri, Arial, or Georgia, 11-point size
• Lucida, Sans Unicode, or Computer Modern, 10-point size
• Indents = Every paragraph should start with an indent.
• Margins = 1 inch around the entire document
• Spacing = Double space everything!

Arrange your pages in this order:

• Page 1 - APA Title Page (see below for information on the title page)
• Page 2 - Abstract (If your professor requests one)
• Page 3 - First page of text
• References begin on their own page. Include the list of references on the page after the text.
• Tables and figures

Keep in mind that the order above is the recommendation for papers being submitted for peer review. If you’re writing an APA style paper for a class, your professor may be more lenient about the requirements. Also, if you’re submitting your paper for a specific journal, check the requirements on the journal’s website. Each journal has different rules and procedures.

Just a little nudge to remind you about the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader. Whether it’s a conjunction or interjection out of place, a misspelled word, or an out of place citation, we’ll offer suggestions for improvement! Don’t forget to check out our APA citation maker while you’re at it!

Running heads

In older editions of APA, running heads were required for all papers. Since the 7th edition, that’s changed.

• Student paper: No running head
• Professional paper: Include a running head

The running head displays the title of the paper and the page number on all pages of the paper. This header is found on every page of a professional paper (not a student paper), even on the title page (sometimes called an APA cover page) and reference list (taken from Section 2.8 of the Publication manual ).

It's displayed all in capital letters at the top of the page. Across from the running head, along the right margin, is the page number.

• Use the header feature in your word processor. Both Google Docs and Word have these features available.
• Use one for the recommended fonts mentioned under "Page formatting."

Title pages

A title page, sometimes called an APA cover page, graces the cover of an essay or paper. An APA title page should follow rules from Section 2.3 of the official Publication manual and include:

• Page number, which is page 1
• Use title case and bold font
• The title should be under 12 words in length
• The title should be a direct explanation of the focus of the paper. Do not include any unnecessary descriptors such as “An Analysis of…” or “A Study of…”
• Exclude any labels such as Mr., Ms., Dr, PhD...
• Name of the school or institution
• Course number and/or class name
• Name of your instructor, including their preferred honorifics (e.g., PhD, Dr., etc.)
• Paper’s due date
• If this is a professional paper, also include a running head. If this is a student paper, do not include one.

Follow the directions for the running head and page number in the section above. Below the running head, a few lines beneath, and centered in the middle of the page, should be the title. The next line below is the author’s name(s), followed by the name of the school or institution, the class or course name, your instructor’s name, and the paper’s due date.

All components on this page should be written in the same font and size as the rest of your paper. Double space the title, names, name of school or institution, and all other information on the page (except for the running head and page number).

Example - Student Title Page APA:

Example - Professional Title Page APA:

If you’re submitting your paper to a journal for publication, check the journal’s website for exact requirements. Each journal is different and some may request a different type of APA format cover page.

Looking to create an APA format title page? Head to CitationMachine.com’s homepage and choose “Title Page” at the top of the screen.

An abstract briefly but thoroughly summarizes dissertation contents. It’s found in the beginning of a professional paper, right after the title page. Abstracts are meant to help readers determine whether to continue reading the entire document. With that in mind, try to craft the lead sentence to entice the reader to continue reading.

Here are a few tips:

• Be factual and keep your opinions out. An abstract should accurately reflect the paper or dissertation and should not involve information or commentary not in the thesis.
• Communicate your main thesis. What was the examined problem or hypothesis? A reader should know this from reading your abstract.
• Keep it brief. Stick to the main points and don’t add unnecessary words or facts. It should not exceed 250 words.
• Consider your paper’s purpose. It’s important to cater your abstract to your paper type and think about what information the target audience for that paper type would want. For example, an empirical article may mention methodology or participant description. A quantitative or qualitative meta-analysis would mention the different variables considered and how information was synthesized.
• Use verbs over noun equivalents, and active voice. Example: “There was research into…” becomes “We researched…”

Formatting guidelines:

• The abstract goes after the title page.
• It should have the same font (size and type) as the rest of the paper.
• It should stick to one page.
• Double-space all page text.
• Center and bold the word “Abstract” at the top of the paper.
• Don’t indent the first line of the abstract body. The body should also be in plain text.
• For the keywords, place it on the line after the abstract and indent the first line (but not subsequent lines). The word “Keywords:” is capitalized, italicized, and followed by a colon. The actual keywords are sentence case and in plan font.
• List each keyword one after the other, and separate them by a comma.
• After the last keyword, no ending punctuation is needed.

Tables & Figures

If your paper includes a lot of numerical information or data, you may want to consider placing it into a table or a figure, rather than typing it all out. A visual figure or simple, organized table filled with numerical data is often easier for readers to digest and comprehend than tons of paragraphs filled with numbers. Chapter 7 of the Publication manual outlines formatting for tables and figures. Let's cover the basics below.

If you’d like to include a table or figure in your paper, here are a few key pieces of information to keep in mind:

• At the end of the paper after the APA reference page
• In the text after it is first mentioned
• The table first mentioned in the text should be titled ‘Table 1.’ The next table mentioned in the text is ‘Table 2,’ and so on. For figures, it would be 'Figure 1,' 'Figure 2,' and so forth.

• Even though every table and figure is numbered, also create a title for each that describes the information it contains. Capitalize all important words in the title.
• For tables, do not use any vertical lines, only use horizontal to break up information and headings.
• Single spacing is acceptable to use in tables and figures. If you prefer double spacing your information, that is okay too.
• Do not include extra information or “fluff.” Keep it simple!
• Do not include the same exact information in the paper. Only include the complete information in one area—the table or the text.
• All tables and figures must be referenced in the text. It is unacceptable to throw a table or figure into the back of the paper without first providing a brief summary or explanation of its relevance.

Publication Manual 6th Edition vs 7th Edition

The 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was released in 2009. The current 7th edition came out in the fall of 2019 and was designed to be more student focused, provide more guidance on accessibility, and address changes that have developed over the last 10 years.

Below, we’ve listed what we feel are the most relevant changes related to APA format.

Journals and DOIs

DOI stands for “digital object identifier.” Many journal articles use and have a unique DOI that should be included in a full citation.

When including a DOI in a citation, format it as a URL. Do not label it “DOI.” Articles without DOIs from databases are treated as print works. For example:

6th edition:

%%Gänsicke, B. T., Schreiber, M. R., Toloza, O., Fusillo, N. P. G., Koester, D., & Manser, C. J. (2019). Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, 576 (7785), 61–64. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8

7th edition:

%%Gänsicke, B. T., Schreiber, M. R., Toloza, O., Fusillo, N. P. G., Koester, D., & Manser, C. J. (2019). Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, 576 (7785), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8

Citing Books

There are few new guidelines when you are citing a book. First, the publisher location no longer needs to be indicated.

%%Zack, P. O. (2001). The shoals of time. Bloomington, IN: First Books Library.

%%Zack, P. O. (2001). The shoals of time. First Books Library.

Second, the format of an ebook (e.g., Kindle, etc.) no longer needs to be indicated.

%%Niven, J. (2012). Ada Blackjack: A true story of survival in the Arctic [Kindle].

%%Niven, J. (2012). Ada Blackjack: A true story of survival in the Arctic .

Lastly, books from research databases without DOIs are treated the same as print works.

When using a URL in a citation, you no longer need to include the term “Retrieved from” before URLs (except with retrieval dates). The font should be blue and underlined, or black and not underlined.

6th Edition:

%%Flood, A. (2019, December 6). Britain has closed almost 800 libraries since 2010, figures show. The Guardian . Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show

7th Edition:

%%Flood, A. (2019, December 6). Britain has closed almost 800 libraries since 2010, figures show. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show

Within a full APA citation, you may spell out up to 20 author names. For two to 20 authors, include an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. For sources with 21 or more authors, structure it as follows:

Structure: First 19 authors’ names, . . . Last author’s name.

7th edition example: Washington, G., Adams, J., Jefferson, T., Madison, J., Monroe, J., Adams, J. Q., Jackson, A., Van Buren, M., Harrison, W. H., Tyler, J., Polk, J. K., Taylor, Z., Filmore, M., Pierce, F., Buchanan, J., Lincoln, A., Johnson, A., Grant, U. S., Hayes, R. B., Garfield, . . . Trump, D.

When creating an in-text citation for a source with 3 or more authors, use “et al.” after the first author’s name. This helps abbreviate the mention.

6th Edition: (Honda, Johnson, Prosser, Rossi, 2019)

7th Edition: (Honda et al., 2019)

Tables and Figures

Instead of having different formats for tables and figures, both use one standardized format. Now both tables and figures have a number, a title, name of the table/figure, and a note at the bottom.

If you’re still typing into Google “how to cite a website APA” among other related questions and keywords, click here for further reading on the style .

When you’re through with your writing, toss your entire paper into the Citation Machine Plus plagiarism checker , which will scan your paper for grammar edits and give you up to 5 suggestions cards for free! Worry less about a determiner , preposition , or adverb out of place and focus on your research!

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (2020). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Updated March 3, 2020

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Wendy Ikemoto. Michele Kirschenbaum has been an awesome school librarian since 2006 and is an expert in citing sources. Wendy Ikemoto has a master’s degree in library and information science and has been working for Citation Machine since 2012.

• Citation Machine® Plus
• Citation Guides
• Chicago Style
• Harvard Referencing
• Terms of Use
• Global Privacy Policy
• Cookie Notice
• DO NOT SELL MY INFO

• Free Tools for Students
• APA Citation Generator

Free APA Citation Generator

Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?

An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?

College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

• Save a considerable amount of time
• Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
• Be rewarded with a higher grade

In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?

Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

• Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
• MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
• Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
• Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Have an account?

APA citation and referencing

30 questions

Introducing new   Paper mode

No student devices needed.   Know more

When mentioning a source with six or more authors in a sentence, in either a parenthetical citation or in the sentence text, only the first author's name and et al. should be provided.

For example:

Frenkel et al. (2015) explain that ...

Which of the following is CORRECT?

Social relationships are subjected to the process of change because of the laws of evolution (Coser, 1977).

Social relationships are subjected to the process of change because of the laws of evolution (Coser 1977).

Social relationships are subjected to the process of change because of the laws of evolution Coser 1977

Longevity refers to how long loyalty remains in a relationship between a customer and a company. Level of loyalty determines the lifetime value of a customer (McMullan and Gilmore 2008).

Longevity refers to how long loyalty remains in a relationship between a customer and a company. Level of loyalty determines the lifetime value of a customer (McMullan & Gilmore 2008).

Longevity refers to how long loyalty remains in a relationship between a customer and a company. Level of loyalty determines the lifetime value of a customer (McMullan & Gilmore, 2008).

Disinterest is commonly understood as a lack of feeling, emotionality or concern (Nixon, 2014 Hareli, 2015).

Disinterest is commonly understood as a lack of feeling, emotionality or concern (Hareli, 2015; Nixon, 2014 ).

Disinterest is commonly understood as a lack of feeling, emotionality or concern (Nixon 2014 Hareli 2015).

Consumer advocacy refers to exchanging market information and counselling other consumers so that they have a positive brand experience (Chelminski & Coulter, 2011).

Consumer advocacy refers to exchanging market information and counselling other consumers so that they have a positive brand experience. (Chelminski & Coulter, 2011)

Consumer advocacy refers to exchanging market information and counselling other consumers so that they have a positive brand experience (Chelminski & Coulter 2011).

Dekker, S. W. A., Hancock, P. A., & Wilkin, P. (2013). Ergonomics and sustainability: Towards an embrace of complexity and emergence. Ergonomics , 56 (3), 357-364.

Dekker, S. W. A., Hancock, P. A., & Wilkin, P. (2013). Ergonomics

and sustainability: Towards an embrace of complexity and

emergence. Ergonomics , 56 (3), 357-364. doi:

10.1080/00140139.2012.718799

emergence. Ergonomics, 56(3), 357-364. doi:

When should you use in-text citations within your paper?

At the end of each page

At the end of each paragraph

Whenever information has come from another source

You are referencing a website, which part of the reference goes first?

author/sponsor/organisation

title of website

website address

You use a quotation from a book in your assignment.

How would you write the in-text citation?

author, page number

author, title

author, year

author, year, page number

You are referencing a website, which part of the reference should be in italics?

Blass, E. M. (1997). Interactions between contact and chemosensory mechanisms in pain modulation in 10-day-old rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 147-154. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.111.1.147

What type of citation is this?

Book chapter

Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

book chapter

Ickes, W. (Ed.). (1998). Empathic accuracy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Which one is the publisher's name?

Empathic accuracy

Guilford Press

New York, NY

Which of these entries would be appropriate for the reference section?

Smith (2019, November 10). Everything should be illegal.

Time 156 (21). 70-71.

Smith (2021). Everything should be Illegal. Time 70-71.

Smith (2019). Time

What does APA stand for?

American Psychological Association

Aimless People Arguing

American Physiological Association

American Pioneers Artwork

Which of the following is the correct in-text citation for APA?

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper, 1961, p. 49).

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Dr. Pepper, 1961).

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper, Evidence is Life 1961, p. 49).

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (CITATION Ste19 \l 1033).

• 26. Multiple Choice Edit 1 minute 1 pt Illegal use of someone’s work without proper citations.  Plagiarizing Cheating Citing Referencing
• 27. Multiple Choice Edit 1 minute 1 pt What kind of spacing should a paper in APA  Format contain? Single Double 1.5 Multiple
• 28. Multiple Choice Edit 1 minute 1 pt The margins in APA essays should be what size?  .5" 1" 1.5" 2"
• 29. Multiple Choice Edit 1 minute 1 pt What font  size  is required in APA formatting? 10 11 12 14
• 30. Multiple Choice Edit 1 minute 1 pt Which of the following fonts are acceptable for an APA formatted paper?  Times New Roman Arial Comic Sans Both Times New Roman and Arial 

Explore all questions with a free account

Continue with email

Continue with phone

Add a bookmark to get started

• Appellate Alert: Chevron overruled: In Loper Bright v. Raimondo, the Supreme Court reshapes the regulatory landscape

Chevron overruled: In Loper Bright v. Raimondo, the Supreme Court reshapes the regulatory landscape

In a much-anticipated decision, the Supreme Court has overruled the Chevron deference doctrine, an administrative law precedent that provided the framework for judicial review of federal agencies’ formal interpretations of statutes for the past 40 years.

The Supreme Court’s ruling in the consolidated cases, Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo and Relentless, Inc v. Department of Commerce, (“Loper Bright”) , can be expected to have profound implications for federal agencies and those subject to federal regulation – which is to say, nearly everyone in the US.

Under Chevron , a reviewing court was required to defer to a federal agency’s reasonable interpretation of ambiguity in a statute administrated by the agency – a standard that led lower federal courts to rule for the government in the majority of challenges to agency rules and regulations.

In the June 28, 2024 Loper Bright decision, a 6-3 Supreme Court majority abolished the Chevron doctrine. The Court held that, under the Administrative Procedure Act, courts must “exercise independent judgment in determining the meaning of statutory provisions,” even ambiguous ones.

The Court’s ruling has major implications for the operations of all three branches of government and for regulated entities. Among other things, this blockbuster ruling:

• Charges courts with supplying the interpretation of ambiguous statutory provisions, even where technical and scientific expertise may be implicated;
• Increases the likelihood of success of those challenging federal regulations;
• Limits executive agencies’ ability to fill gaps in the laws or to address situations not expressly anticipated by Congress, and may cause agencies to proceed more cautiously and narrowly in adopting regulations; and
• Places pressure on Congress to legislate with greater specificity (or at least to make express delegations of interpretative authority, where permissible).

Reduced judicial deference to agency interpretations may also increase regulatory uncertainty and limit the ability of businesses to confidently act in reliance on agency pronouncements – particularly in the near term as both agencies and courts adjust to the post- Chevron legal landscape.

I. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT

The Chevron deference doctrine was articulated by Justice Stephens in Chevron USA, Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council , 467 U.S. 837 (1984), a case involving a challenge to EPA regulations interpreting a term in the federal Clean Air Act. The Supreme Court set out a two-step test for courts reviewing an agency’s construction of a statute it administers.

• At step one , the court asks “whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue.” If the meaning of the statute is “unambiguously expressed,” then “that is the end of the matter” because the agency and court must adhere to that.
• At step two , “if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue,” the court then asks “whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.”

It is the second step that became known as “ Chevron deference,” as it called for courts to resist “simply impos[ing] their own construction of the statute” and instead to defer to an agency’s reasonable construction of a statute when the statute failed to clearly express Congress’s intent.

Over the last 40 years, Chevron deference became a bedrock doctrine of administrative law, with federal district courts and appellate courts applying the test in tens of thousands of cases. And application of the test strongly favored agency interpretations. Studies have estimated that the agency prevails in more than three-quarters of such cases decided by federal courts of appeals and that proportion may be higher in federal district courts.

As a result, under Chevron , executive branch agencies have played a central (and seemingly ever-expanding) role in interpreting federal regulatory statutes, which sometimes purposefully leave gaps for agencies to fill or simply do not anticipate all of the issues that may arise in their implementation and enforcement.

Whether vesting such judgments and power in federal agencies is appropriate as a matter of law, policy, political accountability, or practicality has been a matter of continuing debate. In the last decade, there have been increasing calls to limit or overrule the Chevron standard in favor of more stringent judicial review.

Last year, the Court granted certiorari to consider two circuit court decisions that applied the Chevron methodology to uphold a somewhat obscure National Marine Fisheries Service regulation. The regulation at issue requires fishing vessel owners, in some circumstances, to pay for an onboard observer to monitor compliance with federal fisheries regulations. In the lead case, Loper Bright , the D.C. Circuit found the underlying statute, the Magnuson-Stevens Act, silent on the question of whether vessel owners could be required to pay for a monitor. The court proceeded to Chevron step two where it deferred to the agency’s interpretation, which it found to be reasonable.

The Supreme Court’s framing of the question presented signaled that the Court would look beyond the fishing vessel rules to decide the fate of the Chevron doctrine: “Whether the Court should overrule Chevron or at least clarify that statutory silence . . . does not constitute an ambiguity requiring deference to the agency.”

II. THE SUPREME COURT DECISION

Now, the Supreme Court’s ruling in Loper Bright has resolved the question presented in no uncertain terms: “ Chevron is overruled .”

Chief Justice Roberts, writing for the majority, found that the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) requires that result when it commands that courts decide “all relevant questions of law” when reviewing an agency action.

According to the Court, there is a “best reading” of each statute, and it is the “one the court, after applying all relevant interpretative tools, concludes is best.” The one exception is when “a particular statute delegates authority to an agency consistent with constitutional limits,” but even then “courts must respect the delegation, while ensuring that the agency acts within it.”

The Court concluded that Chevron deference was an erroneous judicial invention that should not be protected by stare decisis . The Court explained, however, that its overruling of Chevron deference does not apply retrospectively: Cases that were decided in reliance on the overruled test, remain good law entitled to statutory  stare decisis “despite [the Court’s] change in interpretive methodology.”

While the majority opinion is grounded in the statutory requirements imposed on courts by the APA, a concurring opinion by Justice Thomas asserted that the same result is also constitutionally required based on separation-of-powers principles.

In another concurrence, Justice Gorsuch wrote that the ruling reflects “the proper application of the doctrine of stare decisis ,” “return[ing] judges to interpretative rules that have guided federal courts since the Nation’s founding.”

In a dissenting opinion, Justice Kagan, joined by Justice Sotomayor and Justice Jackson, observed that regulatory laws often contain ambiguities and gaps, and that agencies are more likely than courts to have the subject-matter expertise necessary to determine how to read those statutes. The dissent expressed deep concern that the ruling gives the judiciary “exclusive power over every open issue—no matter how expertise-driven or policy-laden—involving the meaning of regulatory law.”

III. IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE LITIGATION AND THE REGULATORY LANDSCAPE

A. Post -Chevron Judicial Review

Opportunities for litigants?

Loper Bright promises to create opportunities for those seeking to challenge regulations they believe are unreasonable, unsound, or inconsistent with congressional direction or intent. Regulatory statutes are frequently silent or unclear on issues critical to implementation and enforcement. In those cases, absent interpretive authority clearly and lawfully delegated to the agency, challengers will no longer have to overcome automatic deference to an agency’s interpretation. Rather, litigants’ task will be to persuade the reviewing court that the agency did not apply the “best reading” of the underlying statute.

How will federal courts determine the “best reading” of statutes?

Statutory ambiguity, gaps, and unanticipated developments are inevitable. Going forward, how will courts resolve questions about the “best reading” of a federal statute?

Loper Bright makes clear the power and responsibility for determining the best interpretation is the province of the courts, who should use “all relevant interpretive tools” at their disposal (presumably referring to interpretive canons and other tools of statutory construction). Rejecting Chevron’s precept that there could be permissible interpretations that are not what the court would have reached, the majority concluded “[i]n the business of statutory interpretation, if it is not the best, it is not permissible.”

Agencies’ power to persuade

While Loper Bright forecloses the automatic deference afforded to agencies under Step Two of the Chevron analysis, it does not preclude courts from considering the persuasive power of an agency’s views when determining the “best reading” of a statute.

The majority opinion cites approvingly to Skidmore v. Swift, 323 U.S. 134 (1944). Under Skidmore (which pre-dates the enactment of the APA), courts give no presumptive weight to agency interpretations but consider the agency’s “power to persuade.” Factors a court may consider in determining the persuasiveness of an agency’s interpretation include the thoroughness of the agency’s consideration, the validity of its reasoning, and its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements.

This has long been the approach federal courts have taken to reviewing informal, non-binding interpretations issued by agencies, and we may see lower courts extending the Skidmore approach to agency regulations. The application of Skidmore may allow courts to continue to recognize, where appropriate, the persuasive power of an agency’s expertise and experience.

Application of the major questions doctrine and non-delegation doctrine

Loper Bright acknowledges that a statute may contain an express delegation of authority to an agency to interpret and implement particular provisions. According to the ruling, courts should defer to such delegations, provided that the agency is properly acting within the scope of its lawful delegation.

Both the major questions doctrine and the non-delegation doctrine limit the scope of delegations, which is likely to figure prominently in future litigation. The major questions doctrine prevents agencies from undertaking regulation with “vast economic and political significance” unless Congress has in clear terms expressly delegated that power to the agency. See , eg , West Virginia v. EPA , 597 U.S. 697 (2022). The non-delegation doctrine enforces the constitutional separation of powers between the legislative and executive branches by imposing limits on what lawmaking powers Congress may delegate to administrative agencies (Congress must provide agencies with an “intelligible principle” upon which to base regulations). The doctrine has rarely been applied by federal courts in recent years, but may be a basis, going forward, by which courts seek to limit excessive delegation of legislative power to executive branch agencies.

The scope and contours of these doctrines are likely to be subjects of future litigation.

B. Post -Chevron Regulatory Landscape

More uncertainty for regulated entities?

Regulatory certainty and stability are important to many companies in developing strategic plans, investing, mitigating risks, and other important business decisions. To varying extents, businesses rely on agency regulations to establish standards governing their business activities and delineate how federal laws will be enforced in specific contexts and circumstances. The Chevron deference doctrine provided some assurance to regulated entities that a reviewing court would likely uphold an agency’s reasonable construction of a statute the agency was charged with implementing.

One result of the elimination of Chevron deference, at least initially, likely will be heightened uncertainty regarding the validity of agency regulations. How a reviewing court will rule, absent an effective presumption of agency correctness, may be difficult to predict. And the results on review may vary with the court or judge when the question boils down to “what is the best construction or application of the statute?”

The Supreme Court has overruled Chevron , but it has not provided clear or specific direction about what comes next. What approach or standard should lower courts apply to resolve uncertainty that persists after the traditional tools of statutory construction have been applied?

Until that question is resolved, federal courts of appeals and district courts may apply different approaches and analyses, fostering uncertainty – and possibly increased forum shopping – until a consistent approach emerges. At a minimum, it fair to expect a significant transition period as lower courts determine the methods they will rely upon.

Significant implications for all three branches

Loper Bright will have consequences for the de facto roles and operations of all three branches of the federal government.

• Perhaps most clearly, the decision shifts power and responsibility for interpreting federal statutes from the executive to the judicial branch. But, Marbury v. Madison notwithstanding, significant questions are likely to arise as to courts’ capacity to determine “what the law is” in specialized areas of the law, absent clear and specific congressional direction.
• In a post- Chevron environment, executive agencies may be more circumspect in adopting regulations, filling legislative gaps, and taking regulatory actions to address situations and developments that Congress did not anticipate or address.
• Finally, Loper Bright arguably calls for greater clarity and specificity from Congress in the statutes it enacts. This may be a tall order for Congress as it is presently constituted and resourced—and may create heightened demand for input from outside experts. At least in some instances, the ruling may impel more and clearer congressional directions to federal agencies regarding how statutes are to be implemented. And at a minimum, it may prompt more explicit delegations of interpretive authority to agencies with subject-matter expertise when Congress wants to ensure that agencies are empowered to address particular gaps in the laws.

MORE TO COME

The Supreme Court’s watershed decision in Loper Bright raises many agency-specific and industry- specific questions.

Please watch for upcoming alerts focusing on the expected effect of Loper Bright in particular areas of law, including health care, food and drug, environmental, tax, securities, privacy, and telecommunications regulations.

Please contact Samantha Chaifetz , Stan Panikowski , Peter Karanjia , Paul Hemmersbaugh , Ilana Eisenstein , or your usual DLA Piper contact to learn more about DLA Piper’s Appellate and Administrative Law practices.

Related insights

Supreme Court opens door to challenging FTC and SEC in district court

20 April 2023 . 5 minute read

What is next for the CFPB after the Supreme Court’s decision affirming its...

22 May 2024 . 6 minute read

Appellate Roundtable: The Landscape for Strategic Litigation Against The Government

15 May 2024 . 2 minute read

• Capabilities
• Find an office

DLA Piper is a global law firm operating through various separate and distinct legal entities. For further information about these entities and DLA Piper's structure, please refer to the Legal Notices  page of this website. All rights reserved. Attorney advertising.

© 2024 DLA Piper US