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FAQ: How do I cite a Harvard Business Review case study in APA Style?

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2023 Views: 74790

When citing case studies in APA style you'll want to include the typical citation elements and apply general formatting guidelines. The following are examples of how case studies could be cited in APA style, but be sure to check with your professor about how they'd like you to cite case studies in your work.

In-Text Citations

Kotter (1990) explains the steps British Airways took to reverse a horrible customer service atmosphere and financial crisis.

… as the case study concluded (Bisell & Tram, 2007) .

Groysberg and Connolly (2015) concluded in their case study that….

Reference List

Example (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):

Author(s). (Year). Title of case study . HBS No. number of case study. Publisher.

Example, one author:

Kotter, J. (1990). Changing the culture at British Airways . HBS No. 491-009. Harvard Business School Publishing.

Example, two authors:

Groysberg, B., & Connolly, K. (2015). BlackRock: Diversity as a driver for success . HBS No. 415-047. Harvard Business School Publishing.

More Information

• APA Guide  (Shapiro Library)
• APA Style Blog This link opens in a new window (APA)

Further Help

This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please be sure to speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite sources in your class assignments and projects.

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Harvard Business Journal

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How to Cite a Generic Article

The purpose of any citation is so that the reader can find the sources you used. In the reference list or bibliography section of your paper, the general format for citing an article is this:

• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy

Include the author(s), publication date, article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers (if applicable), and page numbers. If available, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or permanent link to the article.

How to Cite an Harvard Business Review Article

• Meyer, E., (2014). Navigating the Cultural Minefield. Harvard Business Review , 92 (5), 119-123.
• Meyer, E., (2014). Navigating the Cultural Minefield. Harvard Business Review , 92 (5), 119-123. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
• Meyer, E., (2014). Navigating the Cultural Minefield. Harvard Business Review , 92 (5), 119-123. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=bth&AN=95639036&site=bsi-live&custid=s5308004

APA Style strongly encourages authors to cite the article's DOI, if available. Harvard Business Review articles generally do not have an assigned DOI. In this situation, it is okay to include "Retrieved from [database]" or "Retrieved from [permalink]." It is also okay omit the link altogether.

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What's a DOI?

DOI (Digital Object Identifier): a unique code assigned to articles and other documents published online. This identifier is attached to the article itself and will serve as a persistent link even if the website changes or disappears. Learn more at doi.org .

How to Cite an Article

The purpose of any citation is so that the reader can find the sources you used. In the reference list or bibliography section of your paper, the general format for citing an article is this:

• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy

Include the author(s), publication date, article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers (if applicable), and page numbers. If available, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or permanent link to the article.

How to Cite an article from the Wall Street Journal

• Simon S. (2010, Feb 13). Even Boulder finds it isn't easy going green. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from ABI/Inform database.
• Simon, S. (2010, Feb 13). Even Boulder finds it isn't easy going green. Wall Street Journal [Eastern edition], p. A.1.

Why are these different styles equally okay for this citation? In short, consider your audience. If your audience is the academic community (your classmates, your professor), the easiest way for them to access the article without hitting a paywall will be through a library database. Alternatively, including the [Eastern edition] and page number makes it easier for the reader to find the article through a different database.

It is also okay to put the source's website url in the citation.

• Simon, S. (2010, Feb 13). Even Boulder finds it isn't easy going green. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from www.wsj.com.

How to Cite an Article from Harvard Business Review

• Simanis, E., & Duke, D. (2014). Profits at the bottom of the pyramid. Harvard Business Review , 92 (10), 86-93.
• Smianis, E., & Duke, D. (2014). Profits at the bottom of the pyramid. Harvard Business Review, 92 (10), 86-93. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
• Simanis, E., & Duke, D. (2014). Profits at the bottom of the pyramid. Harvard Business Review, 92 (10), 86-93. Retrieved from https://colorado.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=98407147&site=ehost-live&scope=site

APA Style strongly encourages authors to cite the article's DOI, if available. Harvard Business Review articles generally do not have an assigned DOI. In this situation, it is okay to include "Retrieved from [database]" or "Retrieved from [permalink]." It is also okay omit the link altogether.

How to Cite a Scholarly Article

The ProQuest article record above does not include a DOI. The APA Style strongly encourages authors to cite a DOI (if available). In this instance, the journal's website provided the article DOI.

• Chan, K., Ikenberry, D. L., Lee, I., & Wang, Y. (2012). Informed traders: Linking legal insider trading and share repurchases. Financial Analysts Journal, 68 (1), 60-73. DOI: 10.2469/faj.v68.n1.3

This article is in press as of the time of this guide's creation. To cite a scholarly article in press, you can either include the year it was accepted OR replace the date with (in press). The volume and issue number are omitted because those have not been confirmed. Include the DOI if present.

• Campbell, M. C., Manning, K. C., Leonard, B., & Manning, H. M. (in press). Kids, cartoons, and cookies: Stereotype priming effects on children's food consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology . DOI:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.003
• Campbell, M. C., Manning, K. C., Leonard, B., & Manning, H. M. (2015). Kids, cartoons, and cookies: Stereotype priming effects on children's food consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology . DOI:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.003
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Q. How do I cite a case study in Harvard Business Review?

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Answered By: Katie Hutchison Last Updated: Oct 26, 2016     Views: 352724

Harvard Business Review - Case Studies

This format would apply to any business case including Harvard Business Review, Ivey and MIT Sloane cases:

Author(s). Name of the case. Business Case. City. Publisher. Date. Format (Print or Web) If your format is Web include the date it was accessed. EXAMPLE: Yoffe, David B. and Renee Kim. Apple Inc in 2010. Case Study. Boston. Harvard Business Publishing, 2010. Web. 28 October 2010.

  APA Format

Harvard Business School Case Study

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s). (Year). Title of case study . HBS No. number of case study. City, State abbreviation or Country of publication: Publisher. EXAMPLES:

One Author:

Smith, S. (2003). Leadership. HBS No. 7-806-122. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.

Two Authors:

Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2006). Google, Inc. HBS No. 9-806-105. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.

  In-text citation examples – Harvard Business School Case Study

APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

…as the case study concluded (Smith, 2003, p. 6).

Smith reported (2003, p. 6) that the data was flawed.

Eisenmann and Herman did agree on the research findings (2006, p. 11).

… as both researchers agreed (Eisenmann & Herman, 2006, p. 11).

Chicago Manual of Style ( PDF selections copied from Grove City College Henry Buhl Library)

CASES (PRINTED)   

Footnote   

Mikołaj  Jan  Piskorski  and David Chen, “Twitter,” HBS No. 710-455 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2010), p. 8.   

Bibliography   

Piskorski ,  Mikołaj  Jan, and David Chen. “Twitter.” HBS No. 710-455. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2010.   

CASES (ONLINE)   

On the Web   

Amy C. Edmondson and Laura R. Feldman, “Group Process in the Challenger Launch Decision (A),” HBS No. 603-068 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2002), http://hbsp.harvard.edu, accessed October 2012.   

Edmondson, Amy C., and Laura R. Feldman. “Group Process in the Challenger Launch Decision (A).” HBS No. 603-068. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2002. http://hbsp. harvard.edu, accessed September 2007.   

Michael J. Enright et al., “Daewoo and the Korean Chaebol,” University of Hong Kong case no. HKU143 (University of Hong Kong, August 2001), via Harvard Business Publishing, http://hbsp.harvard.edu/, accessed March 2007.   

Bibliography   

Enright, Michael J., et al. “Daewoo and the Korean Chaebol.” University of Hong Kong case no. HKU143 (University of Hong Kong, August 2001). Harvard Business Publishing. http://hbsp.harvard.edu/, accessed March 2007.   

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Microsoft Corporation. (2007).  Annual Report.  Retrieved     from  https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar07/staticversion/index.html

Ericson, T.J. Alsop, R., Nicholson, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Gen Y in the workplace. Harvard Business Review, 87(2), 43-49.

Twenge, J.M. & Campbell S.M (2009). Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 862-877.doi:10.1108/02683940810904367

Ericson, T.J. Alsop, R., Nicholson, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Gen Y in the workplace. Harvard Business Review , 87(2), 43-49. Retrieved February 10, 2009 from Business Source Premier database.

BizMiner. (2015, June). Industry Financial Report (5 year); All US; [713940]Fitness and Recreational Sports Centers; Sector: Arts-Entertainment Recreation; Sales Class: $25m-$49.9m.  Retrieved from Bizminer database.

Conniff, R. (2005). The ape in the corner office: Understanding the workplace beast in all of us. New York: Crown Business.

Zwolak, Roman. (2010). Bowling alleys in the US (IBISWorld Industry Report 71395) .  Retrieved from IBISWorld database.

Packaged Facts. (2017, November). Online grocery shopping in the U.S. Retrieved from MarketResearch.com Academic database.

Mergent, Inc. (n.d.). Apple, Inc.: Company details. Retrieved September 28, 2015 from Mergent Online .  

Mintel. (2009). Ice cream and frozen novelties – US – May 2009. Retrieved from Mintel Oxygen database.

PrivCo. (2015, September 24). Uber Technologies, Inc.: Private company financial report.  Retrieved from PrivCo database.

MarketLine. (2015, May 1). McDonald's Corporation . [Company profile]. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). 2008 Zip Code business patterns (NAICS). Retrieved from  http://censtats.census.gov/cbpnaic/cbpnaic.shtml .

U.S. Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Chico city, California: ACS demographic and housing estimates. American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Retrieved from http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP05 .

National Restaurant Association (2008, November 14). Restaurant industry at a glance. Retrieved December 10, 2008 from http://www.restaurant.org/research/ind_glance.cfm .  

U.S. Department of Commerce. (2009, March 31). Doing business in Argentina: 2009 country commercial guide for U.S. companies. Retrieved from http://www.export.gov/.

NOTE:  Use the PDF version of an online report to determine the date. If not available, use the abbreviation for "no date" (n.d.) and include the date of retreval in the last line with the database name.  

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Fundamentals of APA

American Psychological Association (APA) style includes  parenthetical in-text citations  and a  reference list . 

APA uses  parenthetical citations  as its form of in-text citation. Provide a parenthetical citation  before the period  directly following the information you are citing. These citations should correspond to a more detailed citation in the reference list but only need to specify a page number if directly quoting or borrowing from the source material. The essential elements for this in-text citation are the author's last name and the date for the specific publications. The last name may be omitted if the sentence states or makes clear the source material.

APA uses a  reference list ,  an alphabetized list of sources following the end of the book or paper,  for its complete list of sources referenced. This list should be titled "References" in bold and alphabetized by the first item in the citation, which, in most cases, is the author's last name. Each reference from this list must be cited in your paper and vice versa.

Basic Format

Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year of publication). Title . Publisher Name.

Print Articles

Author Last Name, Author First Initial, & Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year). Article Title. Periodical Title , volume number(issue number), pages.

Electronic Articles

Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year). Article Title. Periodical Title , volume number(issue number), pages. doi or static url.

Physical Images/Artwork

Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial. (Year). Artwork Title [medium]. Host Institution Name, City, State, Country. URL of institution.

Electronic Images/Artwork

Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial. (Year). Image Title [medium]. Source Title. URL of image.

In-text Citation Examples

Standard case :

"Lorem   ipsum  dolor sit  amet ,  consectetur   adipiscing   elit" (Last name, 2000, p.10).

If the author is not available , the title of the source may be used:

Lorem   ipsum  dolor sit  amet ,  consectetur   adipiscing   elit ("Source title", 2000, pp.10-11).

If multiple authors cited have the same last name , use the author's first initial along with their last name:

"Lorem   ipsum  dolor sit  amet ,  consectetur   adipiscing   elit" (E. Bronte, 1847, p.10).

Lorem   ipsum  dolor sit  amet ,  consectetur   adipiscing   elit (C. Bronte, 1847, p.10).

Full Citation Examples for the Reference List

Archival material :

Child, J. (1974).  Journal, 1974 . [Unpublished journal].  Papers of Julia Child, 1925-1993(MC 644, item 4).  Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute,  https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/c/ sch00222c00006 /catalog .

Child, P. (1967). Julia Child at the White House [Photograph]. Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute, https://id.lib.harvard.edu/images/olvwork539731/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:4510469/catalog.

Beck, S., Bertholle, L., & Child, J. (1961).  Mastering the art of French cooking.  Knopf.

Child, J. & Child, P. (1968).  The French chef cookbook . Alfred A. Knopf .

Journal article :

Muneal, M. (2011).  Studies in Popular Culture , 34(1), 152–154. www.jstor.org/stable/23416357.

Nussbaum, D. (2005). "In Julia Child's Kitchen, October 5 1998".  Gastronomica , 5(3), 29-38. doi: 10.1525/gfc.2005.5.3.29.

• APA Style website The online version of the APA Style Manual, this website offers to help with the technical elements of formatting in APA as well as writing and citing your work.
• Purdue OWL APA Guide The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) is one of the most complete citation guides available online. The APA Guide explains how to format a paper in APA and breaks down citations by type with numerous examples.
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The recommendations in this section are based on the standards set forth by the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed., APA, 2020), which is available through Hollis . While you can check out the print edition, they offer only limited online access. The APA also maintains a Web site ( http://www.apastyle.org/ ) that provides a basic citation tutorial, answers to frequently asked questions, and a blog.

No one expects you to memorize the format for every type of source you will cite in APA style. Instead, you should know where to look for models of each type of source. This section explains the basics of APA-style citations and provides citation examples for some commonly used sources. For more information, you should consult the links below.

• Here is the APA overview of how to format in-text citations .
• APA also offers a checklist for in-text citations .
• For sample APA citations, visit  this section of the APA style website .
• For sample papers written in APA style,  visit this section of the APA style website .
• APA also offers a series of webinars that explain their citation and reference list guidelines .

If you are looking for information on how to generate citations using Zotero or other citation software, you can find links to library resources here .

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Harvard Business Review. (2010, August 31). The biggest mistake a leader can make [Video]. https://hbr.org/video/2226595890001/the-biggest-mistake-a-leader-can-make

Parenthetical citation: (Harvard Business Review, 2010)

Narrative citation: Harvard Business Review (2010)

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Journal Article - with DOI ( A   D igital  O bject  I dentifier is a string of numbers and/or letters that uniquely identifies a book or article):

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal , volume (issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxx

Simons, M., Bernaards, C., & Slinger, J. (2012). Active gaming in Dutch adolescents: A descriptive study. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 9 (1), 118-128. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-118

Journal Article - no DOI (Print or from a Database)

Author, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,   volume (issue), page range.

Ukala, C. C., & Agabi, O. G. (2017). Linking early childhood education with Indigenous education using gamification: The case of maintaining cultural value and identity. Journal Of International Education Research , 13 (1), 17-26.

Journal Article - no DOI (from Web)

Author, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical . volume (issue), page range. URL of the article

Acord-Vira, A., Curtis, R., Davis, D., & Wheeler, S. (2019). "Returning to the Classroom Following Sport-Related Concussion: Perspectives of College Student Athletes." Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 32 (1), 35-48. https://www.ahead.org/professional-resources/publications/jped/archived-jped/jped-volume-32

Journal Article with an Article Number

Some online only journals have article numbers instead of running page numbers. These journals usually start every article at page 1, so page numbers are not very relevant for the citation. For journals with article numbers, put the article number in the place of the page numbers, after the word "Article":

Author, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical . volume (issue), Article XYZ. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxx

Preniqi V, Kalimeri K, Saitis C. (2023). Soundscapes of morality: Linking music preferences and moral values through lyrics and audio. PLoS ONE 18 (11): e0294402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294402

• APAStyle Journal Articles Everything you wanted to know about how to format a journal article reference - including if there are missing elements (e.g. volume, issue number, or page numbers).

Magazine Article - with DOI

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Magazine, volume (issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxxx

Schaefer, N. K., & Shapiro, B. (2019, September 6). New middle chapter in the story of human evolution. Science , 365 (6457), 981–982. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3550

Magazine Article - no DOI from library database

Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of article: Subtitle of article.  Title of Magazine, v olume (issue), page range.

Randler, C. (2010, July). The early bird really does get the worm. Harvard Business Review , 88 (7/8), 30-31.

Magazine Article - no DOI from online magazine

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article.  Title of Magazine, https://www....(URL of website)

Schulman, M. (2019, September 9). Superfans: A love story. The New Yorker . https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/16/superfans-a-love-story

Newspaper Article - from library database

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Newspaper , p. x.

Kahn, S. (2013, February 28). Beyond tolerance lies true respect. The Globe and Mail , p. A.15.

Newspaper Article - from online newspaper

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Newspaper . https://...

Khan, S. (2013, February 28). Beyond tolerance lies true respect. The Globe and Mail. https://www.globeandmail.com

News Article - from online news website

If the article is from a news website (e.g., CNN, HuffPost)—one that does not have an associated daily or weekly newspaper—use the format for a webpage on a website instead.

Gallagher, J. ( 2015, November 1). Antibiotic apocalypse . BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/health-21702647

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How do i cite a case study in harvard business review.

Cite case study as you cite a book.

EasyBib: https://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/how-do-i-cite-a/case-study/

University od Alberta: https://guides.library.ualberta.ca/apa-citation-style/case-studies

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APA Citation and University Writing: Examples

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APA Style examples

These examples are references. The examples demonstrate the style and format required for a reference list.

Need help with in-text citation style? Click the tab Citations & Reference List . 

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APA Style Notes

• Date of retrieval
• Missing Info

The examples on this page should only be used as a guide. The following links are official APA Style resources:

APA Style FAQ [APA Style]

Quick Answers - Reference

APA Tutorial: The Basics of APA Style

https://URL

URL where information was r etrieved  not required for library database citations.

Database where information was  retrieved not required in most instances except for special cases.

A citation for an article from a library database does not require the URL or name of the database.

ONLINE! URL

Do not include the words "Retrieved from" any longer before the URL

URL is important for items found freely available online. APA rules recommend using the homepage URL when an item can be easily located - such as URLs for news websites or online databases such as Hathi Trust and Internet Archive. Here is an example - only the homepage URL is used, not the full webpage URL.

Gallagher, D. (2018, Feb. 3 ) Is Google Losing to Amazon? Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com

Retrieved date is only included in a reference if the information cited is likely to change.

In general, do not include retrieved date within a citation, unless it is required by your instructor, or you are citing a blog, wiki, and a post from a personal website.

Example of information likely to change:

Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved August 8, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology

This is only in cases where this is no published date and the information is likely to change.

[Square Brackets] 

[Square Brackets] have several functions in APA Style. Regardless of the function, words within square brackets are your words .

1) [Square brackets] identify source types. APA Style recommends (not requires) providing identifying information when the title and other information in the citation does not identify the source. Add [square brackets] when needed to clarify what the item is. For example, [Case study], [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Excel document], [Video], [Interview], [Data], [Data set].

Sasal, D. (2017, June 13)  Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework  [Video]. Youtube.      https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs

2)  Use square brackets If you’re referencing an unusual item.

APA Style Blog: Using Square Brackets

3) Use square brackets when there is missing information - for example, missing date and title.

APA Style Blog: Missing Pieces: How to Write an APA Style Reference Even Without All the Information

Do you have questions about authors?

• Click here. APA FAQ tab. Need help formatting AUTHOR names? No author, multiple authors, etc... In the AUTHOR box, click the tabs IN-TEXT or REFERENCE to learn how to handle 1-5 authors, and 6+ authors.

Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person as the author consider using a corporate/group name.

Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?

No author? Are you sure? Is it a Group/corporate Author?

APA Style Blog on group authors

If there is no author and no group/corporate author, begin the reference with the TITLE in the author-place. Use a shortened version of the title in when using in-text citations.

How to write an APA Style reference when information is missing

No date? Missing title? Missing source?

APA Style Blog on missing information

• Guidelines for missing information This PDF was created and made available by the APA Style Blog.
• Articles - Print
• Articles - Online
• Articles - Library database
• Articles - Library database with DOI

Working Papers

Article - print.

I ansiti , M., Lakhani, K. R., McBrien, K., & Moon, M. (2017). Managing our hub economy: Strategy, ethics, and network competition in the age of digital superpower. Harvard Business Review , 95 (5), 84-92.

Online Journal Article

Klein, G., & Aubry, M. (2017). Introducing the issue on megaprojects. Project Management Journal , 48 (6), 3-4. https://www.pmi.org/PMJ

Wang, J., Meric, G., Liu, Z., & Meric, I. (2010). A comparison of the determinants of stock returns in the 1987 and 2008 stock market meltdowns. Banking and Finance Review, 2 (1), 15-26. http://www.bankingandfinancereview.com/

Online Newspaper Article

Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com

Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com

APA Style Blog on citing newspapers

Is this website a newspaper, magazine or journal?

"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t." APA Style Blog

If the site does not refer to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source as a webpage - scroll down to Online - Webpage.

Articles from library databases without doi .

Journal Article:

Arruda-Filho, E., Cabusas, J., & Dholakia, N. (2010). Social behavior and brand devotion among iPhone innovators.  International Journal of Information Management,   30 (6), 475-480.

Magazine Article:

Barkin, E. (2010, April). Jetting to greener pastures.  Customer Relationship Management,   14 (4), 30-33,36.

Newspaper Article:

Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times , 157 (54418), A1.  https://www.nytimes.com/

Articles from library databases with doi.

Gonzalez, J., Ragins, B., Ehrhardt, K., & Singh, R. (2018). Friends and family: The role of relationships in community and workplace attachment. Journal of Business & Psychology , 33 (1), 89-104. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10869-016-9476-3

Holland, C. P. (1995). Cooperative supply chain management: The impact of interorganizational information systems. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 4 (2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8687(95)80020-Q

Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 14124). http://www.nber.org/papers/w14124

White papers.

Department for Business Innovation & Skills. (2016).  Success as a knowledge economy: Teaching excellent, social mobility and student choice  [White paper]. Crown.  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-success-as-a-knowledge-economy.pdf

APA Style on White Papers

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). Publisher.

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). http:// www.URL.com

Source: American Psychological Association, 2010, p.206.

• Books in print

Book in print

Brader, t. (2006). campaigning for hearts and minds: how emotional appeals in political ads work . university of chicago press., laudon, k.c. & traver, c.g. (2016). e-commerce: business, technology, society (12 th ed.). pearson., lewis, r., & dart, m. (2010). the new rules of retail: competing in the world's toughest marketplace . palgrave macmillan., miller, t. e., bender, b. e., & schuh, j. h. (2005). promoting reasonable expectations: aligning student and institutional views of the college experience . jossey-bass..

Book with no author, but has an editor or editors:   add (Ed.) or (Eds.)

Duncan , G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor . Russell Sage Foundation.

Ebooks (APA 7)

Ebook from a library database (ie. Ebook Central ProQuest)

Kerzner, H. (2017). Project management metrics, KPIS, and dashboards: A guide to measuring and monitoring project performance .  https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Ebook found online:

Barton, Clara. (1904). A story of the Red Cross: Glimpses of field work . D. Appleton and Company. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30230

Ebook accessed using a specific reader

Gladwell, M. (2011). Outliers: The story of success . Back Bay Books. https://www.amazon.com

Case Studies

Case study published by harvard business school publishing.

Thomas, D.A. (1999). Leaving. HBS No. 400033-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing. 

Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2010). Google, Inc. HBS No. 910036-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing. 

Case Study published by Ivey Publishing

Bernhut, S. (2013). The Ivey Business Journal Interview: State Capitalism, with Aldo Musacchio . Ivey ID: 9B13TB08. Ivey Publishing. 

• General Guidelines
• Library Database
• Website (including photo)
• Reference examples

Figures: graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photos, etc.

Looking for tables > use formatting information in the box Tables.

Click through the tabs and find in-text citation and reference examples.

Using Statista? Scroll down to the Statista box.

Video tutorial: APA Style for Figures and Tables

Looking for tables > using formatting information in the box Tables.

A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration or nontextual depiction. Any type of illustration other than a table is referred to as a figure.

When you use a figure that has been adapted or copied directly from another source, you need to reference that original source. This reference appears as a caption underneath the figure (image):

• don't include a title on top - the caption is your title
• concise explanation of the figure; i.e. a brief but descriptive phrase
• include copyright information
• format your caption - use italics and a capital F for Figure and sequential numbering (if you have more than one Figure)

Legend (if needed) :

A legend explains the symbols used in the figure. It should have the same kind and proportion of lettering that appear in the rest of the figure.

• capitalize major words in the legend
• place the legend within the figure (it may already be there if you have copied the graph from elsewhere)

General rules:

• Number all figures with Arabic numerals in the order in which they are first mentioned in text, regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of the figure occurs later in the paper. For example, Figure 1...Figure 2...etc.
• Refer to the figure in your writing - no italics, but with capital F, for example "In Figure 1..."
• Copyright permission for using figures and images in theses/dissertations/exegeses - obtain written copyright permission from the copyright holder if you reproduced or adapted a figure from a copyrighted source. If you are adapting material from multiple sources, and integrating them into a single figure, you might need to include multiple permission statements, one for each source.
• Figures must have a reference in your Reference List.

Multiple Sources:

See Simon Fraser University's instructions for citing multi-sources.

Created by Auckland University of Technology Library, and adapted with permission.

APA Style on citing Tables & Figures

Figure reproduced in your paper

Use this format for figures you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.

Caption Format - caption under a figure

Figure 1. FinSec's communication networks. Reprinted from Employment Relations in New Zealand (2nd ed., p.355), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright 2009 by Erling Rasmussen.

In-text citation:

Reference list entry:

Figure referred to and not reproduced in your paper

If you simply refer to a figure, format the in text-citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

Figure 1. Factors influencing the formation of tourists' needs. Reprinted from "Factors that Obstruct Tourism Development in Bangladesh", by N. Jahan and S. Rahman, 2016, CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7 (9) , p.53. Copyright 2016 by Chinniah Lakshmiammal Educational Academy & Research (CLEAR) Foundation.

If you simply refer to a figure and do not include it in your text, format the in text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

Caption Format - caption under a figure

Example from ACNielsen Market Information Digest database

Figure 1 . The market location and dollar sales of meat pies in New Zealand. SMAP is the segment of market for the Auckland Province, SMLNI for the Lower North Island, SMSI for the South Island; MAP is the moving annual total. Nielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand database. Copyright 2011 by The Nielsen Company.

Example: from Passport (Euromonitor) database

Figure 2 .  Trade volume of ready to drink high strength premixes sold in New Zealand, measured in 000 litres. Passport database. Copyright 2010 by Euromonitor International.

If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way:

Caption Format - caption under a figure

Figure 1 . Vermeer, J. (c. 1665). Girl with a pearl earring . From Mauritshuis Royal Picture Gallery, The Hague. http://www.mauritshuis.nl/index.aspx?Chapterid=2295. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 2 . America's Army screen dump showing soldiers and watch tower. From America's Army (Version 3). http://www.americasarmy.com. Copyright 2010 by America’s Army.

If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

• Not every reference to an artwork needs a reference list entry, for example, if you refer to a famous painting, as above, it would not need a reference.
• clicking on or hovering your mouse over the image
• looking at the bottom of the image
• looking at the URL
• if there is no title, create a short descriptive one yourself and put it in square brackets e.g. [...]

Reference List

Examples of references for figures.

Retrieved from a library database

Euromonitor International. (2013). Youth unemployment rate vs. total unemployment rate: 2006-2011 [Graph]. Euromonitor Passport database .

Format: Figure

Author. (year created). Title of work [Type of work], Database name or URL.

No author? Use a corporate/agency/company (as known as group author name), or a screen name. If this is not an option, use the title in place of the author.

• Library Databases
• Multiple sources

Tables: numerical values or text displayed in clearly designated columns and rows

Looking for: graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photos, etc. > see box Figures.

Created by Auckland University of Technology Library , and adapted with permission.

Tables usually show numerical value or textual information and are almost always characterized by a row-column structure. Any type of illustration other than a table is a  figure .

General notes on tables:

• Tables are located at the end of your paper, after the reference list and before any appendixes. Each table is on a separate page.
• Tables may use single-spacing or one-and-a-half spacing (p. 229).
• Information necessary for understanding the table and definitions of abbreviations used within the table appear in a table note. ( APA Style Blog )
• All tables must be cited in-text and discussed within the body of your paper, and be included in your reference list.

Basic instructions for formatting tables

Number t ables sequentially (i.e.if you have more than one table in your writing) e.g. Table 1, Table  2 .....

• Each table must be referred to in the text, using a capital T,  for example: ...as shown in Table 1

Title is placed directly a bove the table itself and below the table number.

• Brief but clear and explanatory, in italics and with major words capitalized with no full stop.

Note is placed directly below the table, the word "Note" in italics with a full stop, for example:  Note.

• Explain abbreviations, symbols etc
• Acknowledge the source of the table
• Include a copyright statement at the end of the note. 

     ​  For specific and probability note (section 5.16, p 138).

Ruling (Lines)

• Limit the use of lines to those that are necessary
• Appropriately positioned white space can be an effective substitute.
• Tables  may be submitted either single or double spaced. Consider readability (section 5.17, p 141).

Sales of  Take Home Ice Cream in New Zealand

Note . MAT= moving annual total, From ACNielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand .Copyright 2010 by The Nielsen Company.

Table reproduced in your paper

Use this format for tables you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.

Note format - note under a table

Note. Reprinted from Employment relations in New Zealand (p 98), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright (2009) by Erling Rasmussen. 

Use the reference style for books - see go to box Books

Table referred to and not reproduced in your paper

If you simply refer to a table, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

Note format - note under a table

   In-text citation:

Use the reference style for articles - see box Articles .

Table referred to but not reproduced in your paper

Note Format : note below a table

Percentage of Men and Women Who Have Bought Fruit and Vegetable Products in the Last Four Weeks

Note.  wc = weighted count, shown in thousands; v% =vertical percentage, showing which % of the column group also belongs to the row group; h% = horizontal percentage showing which percentage of the row group also belongs to the column group. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand database. Copyright 2015 by Roy Morgan New Zealand Ltd. 

Reference  List entry:

Note format - note below a table

Percentage of New Zealand Population Who Have Never Worked by Age Group. By age group June 2016 quarter

Note . Adapted from  http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and_unemployment/people-never-worked.aspx . Copyright (2016) by Statistics New Zealand. 

Use the reference style for websites - see box Online , tab Websites.

If you refer to a table but don’t provide a copy of it in your assessment, simply give an in-text citation in the usual way

​ Reference list entry:

Table - compiled from a variety of sources

Multi source data

If you create your own table by compiling data from multiple sources, you will still need to cite where you got your information from. You do not need to give the full bibliographic citation in the note, an author and date is sufficient. 

Note format - note under table:

In-text citation: 

Multiple kinds of data

If you have multiple kinds of data (population figures, employment information... etc.) in one table you would describe each set of data)

Note format - note under Table:

 For more information see:

APA Style for figures & tables

Examples of references for tables.

Retrieved from a book

New Strategist. (2008). Women's time use by age, 2007 [Table]. In New Strategist Editors, American women: Who they are and how they live (4th ed.) . New Strategist Publications, Inc.

Retrieved from a online source

US Census Bureau. (2002). Industries in Which California Ranks First in Terms of Sales or Receipts Per Capita [Table]. 2002 Economic Census . http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/data/tops/TOPSTCA.HTM

National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). [Chart showing racial makeup of San Francisco Unified School District students under age 18]. Common Core of Data . http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/

If the table you find does not have a title, then describe the content in [square brackets].

Format: Table

Author. (Publication Date). Title of  table [Table]. In author or editor of work Title of work . Publisher.

Author. (Publication Date). Title of table [Table]. Title of website. URL

Author. (Publication Date). [Title of table] [Table]. Title of website. URL

Interviews, Emails, Personal Communications

• Interview, Email & Personal Communications

Personal interviews that you conduct do not have references. Personal interviews are considered personal communication. Include any relevant and important information about the interview in the body of your paper. APA Style states, "An interview is not considered recoverable data, so no reference to this is provided in the reference list. You may, however, cite the interview within the text as a personal communication." APA Style

Interviews - research participants .  APA Style

An interview you read has a citation and reference. Where did you find the interview? Is it from a magazine article, website, blog, etc.? Use the appropriate APA Style format to create the reference.

Email & Personal Communications

Email & personal communications do not have references at the end of your paper, but you will create a citation within the body of your paper.

Why do personal communications not have references? References are created to direct your reader to the sources of information you used in your paper. With personal communications you cannot direct the reader to the source - to the phone conversation you had, to your email inbox, to the day of the interview - the reader of your paper cannot access these sources.

Include any relevant and important information about the email and personal communication in the body of your paper.

Here is an example for the APA Style :

• Blogs & Wikipedia
• YouTube & Video

Social Media

• Help! More info for web sources...

Website (entire website, not a webpage)

No citation is needed for an entire website. Include the website within the body of a paper.

"In my paper, I mention a website. I refer to the website as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific webpage or an article within a website. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"

NO . All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.

Two examples - full websites mentioned within a paper.

1) The Department of Health has just released a new website to help people identify and compare health care programs available in their area. The website is called HealthCare.gov at http://www.healthcare.gov/ This resource is easy to use and the interface is intuitive, but the website will not support members of the population not using the internet.

2) Kidspsych ( http://www.kidspsych.org ) is a wonderful interactive website for children. This resource is appropriate for children ages 3 to 10.

APA Style Blog: Websites & Webpages

Webpage (not an online journal, magazine or newspaper > use article format) (APA 7)

Webpage with author:

Doyle, A. (2017, July 1). Best questions to ask at a job interview: What to ask the employer during a job interview. The balance careers. The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/questions-to-ask-in-a-job-interview-2061205

Webpage without a person as the author - there are options! (APA 7)

Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person listed as the author consider using a corporate/group name . Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?

Webpage with no person as author. Use a corporate/group author.  (APA 7)

United States government agency

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, February 14). Traumatic brain injury: FDA actions and research. http://usgov.info/2018/02/14/traumatic-brain-injury-fda-actions-and-research/

U.S. Small Business Association. (n.d.). Build your business plan. https://www.sba.gov/tools/business-plan/1?interiorpage2015

Ben & Jerry's. (n.d.). Our history. https://www.benjerry.com/about-us

Samsung. (2018). Vision 2020. https://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/vision/vision2020/

Kaiser Permanente. (2013, November). Measuring quality and patient safety. https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org

Webpage with no author

Effective business plans: Strategies for managers. (2018, March 4). Business Pros. http:// www.businesspros.com

Format:      Title of webpage. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Webpage. URL

In-text citation for no author:   ("First Few Words of Title," YEAR).    ("Effective Business Plans," 2018).

If the site refers to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source using an article format. Scroll up to Articles - Online.

"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t." 

Blogs, wikis, and posts on personal websites

Stephanie (2018, february 5). what to do if your obamacare 1095-a column b is zero. poorer than you . http://poorerthanyou.com/category/taxes/.

APA Style on citing Blogs

When citing Wikipedia, cite an archived version of a Wikipedia page so that readers can retrieve the version you used.

*Access the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting “View history” and then the time and date of the version you used.

*If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and a retrieval date.

Business performance management. ( 2018,  January 25 ). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_performance_ management

Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved December 15, 2017 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology

APA Style Blog on citing Wikipedia

Entire blog, wiki, or personal website

"In my paper, I mention a blog. I refer to the blog as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific blog post. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"

No. All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.

Two examples for mentioning the entire blog, wiki or personal website.  In the body of the paper:

1) At age 22, blogger Stephanee (Stephanie), started her the blog Poorer Than You (http://poorerthanyou.com). The posts are aimed at millennials and provide financial advice on a variety of topics.

2) I have learned a lot by reading the Psych Learning Curve blog (http://psychlearningcurve.org). This blog is an excellent resource for teachers.

Glass, I. (Producer). (2013, September 6). How I got into college [Audio podcast]. In  This American Life . http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/504/how-i-got-into-college

Purdue OWL  APA Style: How to Cite a Podcast

LastName, A. A. (Producer). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. In  Title of Podcast Series . Publisher. URL

Podcast without a series - stand alone

LastName, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast episode]. Publisher. URL

Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com

Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com

CNN. (2015, February 15). Boston sets new snow record [Video]. https://www.cnn.com/videos/weather/2015/02/15/newday-alesci-ripley-boston-sets-new-snow-record.cnn/video/playlists/top-news-videos/

Online Newspaper format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Newspaper . https://www.someaddress.com

Online Magazine format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Magazine, volume number (issue number if available). https://www.someaddress.com

Online News broadcast video:

Producer Name. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. Website host. https://www.someaddress.com

Youtube video

Forbes. (2018, January 19).  Facebook announces algorithm changes; Apple brings money back to U.S. [Video]. Youtube. https://youtube/39gFZawmKfM

Sasal, D. (2017, June 13) Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs

APA Style: How to Create a Reference for a YouTube Video

TikTok  video

Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2019, November 19). Alkali salts get lit. #chemistry #chemteacherphil #scienceexperiments #foryou #jobforme #trend #featurethis #science #vibecheck [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/xP1r1m

Washington Post [@washingtonpost]. (2019, December 3). News is all around us #frozen #newsroom #newspaper [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/x2sKUu

TikTok  Profile

Witherspoon, R. [@officialreesetiktok]. (n.d.). vsco mom [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://vm.tiktok.com/xS3B86

APA 7 TikTok Citation Guide

TED Talk video

If you viewed the video on the TED website:

Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking

If you viewed the video on YouTube, the same TED Talk would be referenced as follows:

TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g

APA Style Blog: How to Cite a TED Talk in APA Style

Film, Video, or DVD

Selick, H. (Director). (1993). The nightmare before Christmas [Film]. Touchstone.

Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [ Film ]. Paramount Pictures.

APA Style Film and TV

NY Review of Books. (2013, September 6). The total weight of jellyfish in the Black Sea is 10x greater than that of all fish caught around the world in a year. [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/nybooks/status/376055502880665600

Obama, M. (2013, February 28). “ We can give all our children the bright, healthy futures they so richly deserve .” —the First Lady on why healthier food options are good for American businesses   [Image attached] [Status update] .  Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php? fbid =10152608245040578& set=a.10150238318835578.467644.22092775577&type=1

Gaiman, N. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer out for dinner.  [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/10150574185041016

Reuters Top News [Reuters]. (2016, November 1). Inside David Bowie's art collection [Twitter moment]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i/moments/793575609028915200

APA Style: How to Cite a Twitter Moment

APA Style: How to Cite Facebook

APA Style: How to Cite Instagram

In APA Style there are no specific formatting rules for citing PDFs.

Why? PDF is just a file format. To cite this type of document, ask yourself: What is this?

You must determine what the nature of the PDF, and then use the corresponding format.

There are two common types of documents that appear as PDFs:

- Articles (magazines, newspapers, journals, newsletters, etc.)

- Reports (government report, company profile, company annual report, etc.)

Need help? Ask us by emailing [email protected]

For Webinar citations in APA 7, Please check out Purdue University APA 7 citation guide on Other Non-Print Sources available here:

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_other_non_print_sources.html

Rules for citing information found on the web:

No author? Start with the title and then the date. A screen-name can be used as the author. An organization/company can be the author.

Date? If a date is not specifically included with the item you are citing, look for the last updated date. No date type (n.d.)

Titles? Keep it simple - do not italicize website titles. This can get confusing:  If a webpage is part of a larger website, do not italicize the title of the page. If the webpage is an independent document on the website, do italicize the title of the page. This is also a judgment call that you will have to make. If you are not sure, do not italicize.

URL? Yes, include it. www.theURL.com

Retrieved on date? In general, do not include the retrieved date for most web sources. If a webpage is likely to change over time, such as a wiki or personal website, include the date that you looked at the page.

Author and website name? If the name of the website is the same as the name of the author, you do not need to include it a second time.

[Square Brackets]?  APA Style recommends providing identifying information - when needed for clarification. If the information in the citation and URL do not clearly identify what it is you are citing, add [square brackets]. For example, [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Video], [Interview], [Data].

Presentations

Instructors frequently require students to use APA Style within presentations. APA Style does not provide specific guidelines for PowerPoint presentations and visuals. You will be adapting APA Style guidelines. Check with your instructor about the format. You will likely need to have in-text citations on the slides throughout your presentation for images, data, quotes and paraphrased statements, AND a slide at the end for a reference list.

• Statistics & Data Sets
• Dictionary / Definitions

Barr, J. G. (2018). Artificial intelligence . Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies database.  MarketLine . (2013, April 29). NIKE, Inc.: Company profile . 

Annual Report

American Psychological Association. (2013). 2012 annual report of the American  Psychological Association . http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/2012-report.pdf

Unilever. (2015). Annual report and accounts 2015 strategic report.  https://www.unilever.com/Images/annual_report_and_accounts_ar15_tcm244-478426_en.pdf

APA Style on citing annual reports

Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q.  Arrow International, Inc. (2009). 10-K Annual Report 2009 .

Government Report

San Francisco Department of Public Health. (2016). San Francisco community health needs assessment 2016 . https://www.sfdph.org/dph/hc/HCAgen/HCAgen2016/May%2017/2016CHNA-2.pdf

U.S. Department of Education. (2014). Profile of undergraduate students: 2011-12. Web tables (NCES 2015-167). https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2015/2015167.pdf

National Cancer Institute. (2016). Taking part in cancer treatment research studies  (Publication No. 16-6249). https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/CRS.pdf

Office of the Inspector General U.S. Department of Justice. (2017, May). Review of the handling of sexual harassment and misconduct allegations by the department’s Civil Division . https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2017/e1703.pdf

APA Style: How to Cite Government Report

U.S. Constitution

APA Style Blog states, "All citations of the U.S. Constitution begin with U.S. Const. , followed by the article, amendment, section, and/or clause numbers as relevant."   APA Style Blog: How to Cite the U.S. Constitution in APA Style

In-text                   (U.S. Const. amend. II)

Reference             U.S. Const. amend. II

Congressional Bill

Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental Illnesses Act of 1993, S. 671, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993).

Federal Statutes

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654 (2006).

FORMAT: Name of the Statute, Tile number Source  § Section number(s) (Year).

APA Style: Writing References for Federal Statutes

Statistics & Data Sets

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Consumer price index - all urban consumers, 1956-2016 [Time series]. http://data.bls.gov

Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, jobs and broadband [Data file and codebook]. http://www.pewresearch.org

World Bank, World Development Indicators. (2016). Firms using banks to finance working capital (% of firms) [Data file]. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.FRM.BKWC.ZS?view= chart

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). Indiana income limits [Data set]. http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf

APA Style on citing data sets

U.S. Census

U.S. Census Bureau (2011). Selected housing characteristics, 2007-2011 American community survey 5-year estimates [Data file]. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_DP04

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2009). Cahaba River Natural Refuge. https://www.fws.gov/cahabariver/maps.html

International Monetary Fund. (2017, May 8). IMF lending at a glance. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/map/lending/

WOU APA Style on citing maps

Google Maps

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Ingolstadt, Germany, to Geneva, Switzerland]. Retrieved August 4, 2015 from https://goo.gl/maps/ILt8O

APA Style on citing online map s

IAC. (n.d.).  Impact investing. In Investopedia . Retrieved May 15, 2016 from  https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/impact-investing.asp

Merriam Webster (n.d.). R eliability. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved January 11, 2020 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reliability

Dictionary references in APA 7

BizJournals (via American City Business Journals)

Dittmer, M. (2018, March 16). Busiest Bay Area airlines. San Francisco Business Times .

Britannica Academic & Encyclopaedia Britannica

Library database fisher, w. w. (2018). patent. encyclopaedia britannica ., online britannica, t. editors of encyclopaedia (2019, november 20). prohibition. encyclopedia britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/prohibition-united-states-history-1920-1933 note: encyclopedia britannica online  has a citation tool., business source complete.

Is it an article?  Use the format: Articles - library database

Is it a report? >> Use the format: Reports

The database Business Source Complete has a citation tool. Click CITE and select APA citation format. Review the citation and edit it.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed): DSM–5

American psychiatric association. (2013). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).      https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596, (american psychiatric association, 2013), faulkner reports.

Reports from these databases: Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies (FAITS), and Faulkner Security Management Practices.

Barr, J. G. (2019). Artificial intelligence . Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies.

Keston, G. (2019). Network access control . Faulkner Security Management Practices.

Gale Ebooks

Agile software. In Encyclopedia of Emerging Industries (7th ed., pp. 5-10). Gale. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3664200008/GVRL?u=ggusf_main&sid=GVRL&xid=4c07cc09

Harvard Business Review

Is it an article? >> Use the article format .

Is it a case study? >> Use the case study format .

Mergent Online

Mergent Inc. (n.d.). Apple, Inc.: Business segments .

Mergent Inc. (2014, February 28). McDonald's Corp.: Ford Equity research report .

Apple Inc. (2013, October 30). Form 10-K . 

Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q.  

Morningstar Investment Research Center

Google , Inc. (2011, December 31). Form 10-K .

Morningstar . (n.d.). Google: Key ratios . Retrieved March 13, 2014, from Morningstar Investment Research.

Morningstar . (2014, February 28) Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Rating and risk .  Morningstar Investment Research.

Reichart, K. R. (2014, March 6). Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Fund analyst repor t. Morningstar Investment Research database.

Summer, R. (2014, February 25). Google, Inc.: Stock analyst report . Morningstar Investment Research database.

Pew Research Center

Lopez, G., Ruis, N.G. & Patten, E. (2017, September 8) Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/08/key-facts-about-asian-americans/

Shearer, E. & Gottfried, J. (2017, September 6). In 2017, two-thirds of U.S. adults get news from social media [Table]. In News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2017. http://www.journalism.org/2017/09/07/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2017/pi_17-08-23_socialmediaupdate_0-01/

Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, Jobs and Broadband [Data file and code book]. http://www.pewresearch.org

Pew Research Center. (2018, January 2018). They’re waiting longer, but U.S. women today more likely to have children than a decade ago: More than half of never-married women in their early 40s have given birth [Report]. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/18/theyre-waiting-longer-but-u-s-women-today-more-likely-to-have-children-than-a-decade-ago/

S&P Global NetAdvantage

Industry survey.

Snyder, K. (2017, October). Health care equipment and supplies. CFRA Industry Surveys [PDF].

Library database - Statista - citing data and charts

When you are viewing data, look for the citation button. SELECT CITATION. From the drop-down menu, click APA. We recommend you edit the citation. Note, Statista uses many difference SOURCES - the source is in the place of the author.

Atlas Van Lines. (May 27, 2020). Internal factors that influenced employee relocations in the United States in 2020 [Chart]. In Statista - The Statistics Portal . Retrieved April 08, 2021 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/763368/internal-factors-on-employee-relocation-us/

Airnow. (February 17, 2021). Leading iPhone apps in the Apple App Store worldwide in January 2021, by revenue (in million U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In  Statista . Retrieved April 08, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/271103/top-iphone-apps-worldwide-by-revenue/

Library database - Statista - citing a full report

Collignon , H. & Sultan, N. (2014, November). Winning the business of sports 2014 . Retrieved from Statista database.

Janßen , B., Krützfeldt, W., Ramcke, K., & Staffa, V. (2014, August).  Industry report - Computer and electronic product manufacturing NAICS Code 334 . Retrieved from Statista database.

Statista. (2018). Coffee market in the U.S. [Report]. Retrieved from Statista database.

Online - using Statista's website - citing data and charts

When there is no author name, use the SOURCE name in place of the author. Statista uses many difference SOURCES. Look under the table or figure for the word SOURCE.

ITU. (2011, October). Number of active mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide from 2005 to 2011 (in millions) [Chart].  In Statista . Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/186337/number-of-mobile-broadband-subscriptions-worldwide-since-2005/

Value Line Publishing. (2010, November 26). Ford Motor. Value Line Investment Survey .

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University of Denver

University libraries, research guides, apa style guide for business: citing articles.

• Introduction
• Citing articles
• Citing from Select Databases
• Citing Facebook, Twitter, Ebooks
• Citing Datasets
• Sources for Citing

The general format for citing an article using APA 7th ed. is:

Author, A. A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (Date). Title of article . Title of Periodica l, xx (i), pp-pp. https://doi.org/xxxx

Examples of periodicals include newspapers (Wall Street Journal ),  magazines ( Newsweek , Fortune ), trade journals ( Chain Store Executive ), and scholarly journals ( Journal of Business Ethics ).  The DOI tends to be available for scholarly journals but not the other types shown here. 

APA 7th ed. explains that database names do not need to be included in the references of these types of articles because they are often widely available (p. 297).  

Article, No author

According to the APA 7th ed., if you retrieved an article from a database, there is no need to include the database name in the reference nor a URL because they are widely available (p. 317). In this case, the article was retrieved from Business Source Complete.

In addition, if there is no author, use the article title as author. For the in-text cite, italicize the source if it is italicized in the reference. If not italicized in the reference, capitalize what you use using title case (p. 265) and place quotation marks around it.

Recession contributes to jump in retail shrinkage. (2009, December 15).  Chain Store Age , 85 (12), 16.

In-text cite:

Dishonest employees were the primary reasons for retail loss in North America  ("Recession Contributes," 2009).

Article, one author

Retrieved from ABI/Inform Collection database, but no need to include database name or URL in the reference:

Al-Muslim, A. (2020, Dec 17). Business news: Brands get a second life online. Wall Street Journal , Eastern ed.

If you retrieve the article directly from the Wall Street Journal site then you would cite it and include the URL as follows:

Al-Muslim, A. (2020, Dec 16).  Back from the brink: Buyers snatch up moribund brands for a second life online.  Wall Street Journal . https://www.wsj.com/articles/back-from-the-brink-buyers-snatch-up-moribund-brands-for-a-second-life-online-11608114601

Investors in bankrupted companies such as Lord & Taylor and Stein Mart are combining targeted brand promotion and social media to reach consumers (Al-Muslim, 2020). 

Scholarly article, three authors, and with DOI

Akaka, M. A., Vargo, S. L., & Schau, H. J. (2015). The context of experience. Journal of Service Management, 26 (2), 206-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-10-2014-0270

Parenthetical In-text citation - Exact quote:

"In the case of fine dining, customers learn how to dress, what to eat, and how to order, eat and converse in these specific contexts as they repeatedly interact with multiple firms and other actors" (Akaka, Vargo, & Schau, 2015).

Narrative in-text citation - Exact quote:

Akaka, Vargo, and Schau (2015) point out that "in the case of fine dining, customers learn how to dress, what to eat, and how to order, eat and converse in these specific contexts as they repeatedly interact with multiple firms and other actors."

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HBS Citation Guide

Guidelines for citing sources for written work at HBS. ​

This guide describes citation conventions for HBS students to use when writing research papers.

Citation Type

Citing Online Business Resources using APA Style (7th Edition)

• Using APA Style
• Note About These Examples

Annual Report / Form 10-K

Article with a doi, article without a doi, from an academic database or print version, article without a doi but with a non-database ("free") url, books, ebooks and book chapters, claritas 360, d&b hoovers, demographicsnow, dictionary, encyclopedia, or handbook entry, dissertations and theses, emarketer (now called insider intelligence), euromonitor passport, europa world yearbook online, fasb codification, focus groups (research participants), forrester research, gale business insights - market share reporter, swot report, & company profile, google maps, government report *, ihs connect, insider intelligence (formerly emarketer), marketline report retrieved from business source complete, mergent archives, mergent intellect, mergent online, mintel reports, mri-simmons, nexis uni - company dossiers & create company lists, personal communications, plunkett research online, powerpoint slides or lecture notes, press release, reports & whitepapers *, richard k. miller & associates (rkma), s&p capital iq netadvantage, social media, sports market analytics (sbrnet), statistical abstract of the united states (proquest), u. s. census, video & streaming film, world development indicators (wdi).

• APA In-text Citation Examples
• APA Figure Examples
• If you retrieved an annual report or 10-K from the company's website, cite it as you would cite a website. For an example, go to the website examples box  and look at the Facebook example.
• If you retrieved an annual report or 10-K from a database, cite it as information retrieved from that database. For examples, go to the applicable database box below (e.g. D&B Hoovers, FactSet, Mergent, etc.)

Holland, C. P. (1995). Cooperative supply chain management: The impact of interorganizational information systems. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 4 (2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8687(95)80020-Q

• See more Journal Article References examples on the APA Style website

If the article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database , end the reference after the page range. In this case the reference is the same as for a print article. 

Journal Article

Arruda-Filho, E., Cabusas, J., & Dholakia, N. (2010). Social behavior and brand devotion among iPhone innovators.  International Journal of Information Management,   30 (6), 475-480.

Magazine Article

Twenge, J. M. (2017, September). Has the smartphone destroyed a generation? Atlantic , 320 (2), 58–65.

• See more Magazine Article References examples on the APA Style website

Newspaper Article

Burkitt, L. (2010, December 16). McDonald's joins the line looking to expand in China.  Wall Street Journal [Eastern edition], B8.  

• See more Newspaper Article References examples on the APA Style website

If the article does not have a DOI but does have a URL that will resolve for readers (e.g., it is from an online journal, magazine or newspaper that is not part of a database), include the URL of the article at the end of the reference.

Huerta, D., Perez-Liston, D., & Jackson, D. (2011). The impact of TARP bailouts on stock market volatility and investor fear.  Banking and Finance Review, 3 (1), 45-54. http://www.bankingandfinancereview.com/bfr/index.php/bfr/article/view/183

Stoddart, T. (2020, July 1). Content marketing: A modern guide. Copyblogger . https://copyblogger.com/content-marketing/

• see more Blog Post and Blog Comment examples on the APA Style website

Use the same format for both print books and ebooks.

• Provide the author, year of publication, title, and publisher of the book. Include any edition information in parentheses after the title, without italics.
• If the book includes a DOI or URL include it in the reference after the publisher name. 
• If the book is an ebook from an academic research database and does not have a DOI, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include database information in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book..
• If the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element.

Lewis, R., & Dart, M. (2010).  The new rules of retail: Competing in the world's toughest marketplace . Palgrave Macmillan.

American Psychological Association. (2020).  Publication manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Edited Book

Jameson, J. (Ed.). (2020).  International perspectives on leadership in higher education: Critical thinking for global challenges . Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315122410  

Nakayama, T. K., & Halualani, R. T. (Eds.). (2011).  The handbook of critical intercultural communication . Wiley.

Book Chapter

Smith, A. C. T. (2017). Sport marketing. In R. Hoye & M. M. Parent (Eds.),  The SAGE handbook of sport management  (pp. 138-159). Sage.

• see more Book References examples on the APA Style website
• see more Chapter in an Edited Book/Ebook References examples on the APA Style website
• see How to Cite ChatGPT in the APA Style Blog

Note about retrieval dates:   Include a retrieval date in the reference if the work is unarchived and designed to change over time.

Claritas. (2017). Pop facts demographics report: Middlesex County  [Data]. Retrieved September January 29, 2019, from https://claritas360.claritas.com/

Claritas. (2019). Market potential report: Alcohol in analysis area Boston, et al MA-NH Nielsen Designated Market Area (DMA) [Data]. Retrieved January 29, 2019, from https://claritas360.claritas.com/

Claritas. (2020). Profile worksheet: Quick service restaurants used past 30 days Five Guys (A)  [Data]. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://claritas360.claritas.com/

Harris, K. M., & Udry, J. R. (2018, August 6). National longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health (Add Health), 1994-2008 (Public Use) [Data Set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21600.v21

Pew Research Center. (2020). Congress on social media, 2015-2020 [Data set]. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/dataset/congress-on-social-media-2015-2020/

• see more Data Set References examples on the APA Style website

Company Information

Dun & Bradstreet. (n.d.). Merck & Co. Inc.  [Company profile]. D&B Hoovers. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from http://logon.onesource.com/

Dun & Bradstreet. (2019, November 12).  CRUSH Report for Merck & Co. Inc. D&B Hoovers. http://logon.onesource.com/

Merck & Co. Inc. (2020, February 26). Form 10-K . D&B Hoovers. http://logon.onesource.com/

SWOT, Industry and Analyst Reports

This database contains reports authored by a variety of sources (e.g. MarketLine, GlobalData). Cite the original source of the data in the author element.

Clarivate Analytics. (2020, April 5).  Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp: Cortellis company and pipeline overview report.  D&B Hoovers. http://logon.onesource.com/

GlobalData. (2020, May 22). Merck & Co. Inc . [SWOT report]. D&B Hoovers. http://logon.onesource.com/

MarketLine. (2020, May).  Pharmaceuticals in South Africa [Industry profile]. D&B Hoovers. http://logon.onesource.com/

Build Company List

Dun & Bradstreet. (n.d.). [List of public, parent companies in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry (primary) in the United States]. D&B Hoovers. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from http://logon.onesource.com/

Company Profile

Date Axle. (n.d.). New Balance Athletics, Brighton, MA [Headquarter] [Company profile]. Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://www.referenceusa.com

Company List

Data Axle. (n.d.). [List of companies in Providence, RI with 100-999 employees]. Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://www.referenceusa.com

Data and Custom Searches

DemographicsNow. (n.d.). [Geography: Massachusetts; People & companies: Business list search for primary NAICS only - 312120 breweries] [Data]. Retrieved August 6, 2020, from https://link.gale.com/apps/DNOW

Easy Analytic Software (EASI), Alteryx, & Experian. (n.d.).  Complete demographic summary report: Geography 01803 (zip) Burlington, MA  [Data]. DemographicsNow. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://link.gale.com/apps/DNOW

Easy Analytic Software (EASI), Alteryx, & Experian. (n.d.).  Household comparison report: Boston, MA and San Francisco, CA  [Data]. DemographicsNow. Retrieved May 1, 2018, from https://link.gale.com/apps/DNOW

Mosaic Profile

Experian. (2022). Type G25: Urban edge. Mosaic USA . Retrieved August 19, 2023, from https://link.gale.com/apps/DNOW

Entry with a group author

Central Intelligence Agency. (2021, March 15). Austria. In The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/austria/

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Gerrymander. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary . Retrieved June 27, 2019, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gerrymander

Entry with individual author in an edited book

Fitzgerald, J. A., & Tengler, D. L. (2019). Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. In B. Naris (Ed.), The Gale encyclopedia of mental health (4th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1156-1160) .  Gale. 

Stiff, C. (2019). Social media and cyberactivism. In A. Attrill-Smith, C. Fullwood, M. Keep, & D. J. Kuss (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of cyberpsychology (pp. 370-393). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198812746.013.21

Entry without an author

Guyana. (n.d.). In Europa world online . Routledge. Retrieved March 3, 2021, from http://www.europaworld.com

• see more Dictionary Entry examples (print and online) on the APA Style website

Dissertation/thesis retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database

Vasiliou, V. (2020).  Increasing gender diversity on corporate boards: Voices of male and female directors in the United States (Publication No. 27963279)   [Doctoral dissertation, Bentley University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Dissertation/thesis published online in an archive or repository

Hoar, S. R. (2019).  Presidential power and partisan polarization [Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. DSpace@MIT. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124272

Unpublished dissertation/thesis

Smith, C.L. (1990). Job search strategies: Their effects on job search success [Unpublished master's thesis]. Cornell University.

• see more Published Dissertations and Theses examples on the APA Style website
• see more Unpublished Dissertation of Theses examples on the APA Style website

See entry for Insider Intelligence.

Euromonitor International. (n.d.). Market sizes for hot drinks - coffee - Germany, 2016-2019  [Data]. Passport. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://www.euromonitor.com/

Euromonitor International. (2020, February). Footwear in Japan . Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/

Euromonitor International. (2020, April 23). Snacks for children: Targeting a new generation of parents . Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/

Apple, Inc. (2019, October 31). Form 10-K . FactSet. https://www.factset.com/​

FactSet Research Systems. (n.d.). Apple Inc. acquires Mobeewave Inc. (July 31, 2020) [Deal snapshot]. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://www.factset.com/

​FactSet Research Systems. (n.d.).  Apple Inc. [Company profile]. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://www.factset.com/

FactSet Research Systems. (n.d.). Apple, Inc. [Broker outlook]. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://www.factset.com/

Note about retrieval dates: Include a retrieval date in the reference if the work is unarchived and designed to change over time.

Citing the Codification

FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board). (n.d.). Accounting standards codification (ASC) . Retrieved January 16, 2013, from https://asc.fasb.org/

Citing a section of the Codification

FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board). (n.d.). ASC 605-50-45-1 . Retrieved January 16, 2013, from https://asc.fasb.org/

Citing an Accounting Standards Update, Exposure Document or Other Source from the Codification

FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board). (2012, October 24). Accounting standards update (ASU) No. 2012-07 . Retrieved January 16, 2013, from https://asc.fasb.org/

(FASB, ASC 605-50-45-1)

(FASB, ASU 2012-07)

Quotations from participants in an original research study you conducted (including focus groups) do not need citations or reference list entries . One reason that citations and references are excluded is that they could compromise participants’ confidentiality, which is an ethical violation.

When quoting a research participant, state in the text that the quotation is from a participant and follow the basic APA guidelines for formatting quotations of under or over 40 words.

• see Quotations From Research Participants examples on the APA Style website
• see more about Works Included in a Reference List on the APA Style website

Kodali, S., & Cyr, M. (2020, July 16).  The state of the US shopper — COVID-19 . Forrester Research. https://go.forrester.com/

Gale Group. (n.d.) Uber Technologies, Inc. [Company profile]. Gale Business Insights. Retrieved January 16, 2023, from https://bi.gale.com/essentials

Market Share Reporter entry

Top frozen plain potatoes/french fries/hashbrowns brands, 2021. (2023). In V. L. Burton III (Ed.),  Market share reporter (33rd ed.) . Gale.

SWOT Report

GlobalData. (2022, September). Abbott Laboratories  [SWOT report]. Gale Business Insights. https://bi.gale.com/essentials

Cearley, D., Jones, N., Smith, D., Burke, B., Chandrasekaran, A., & Lu, C. (2019, October 21).  Top 10 strategic technology trends for 2020  (ID: G00432920). Gartner. https://www.gartner.com

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps restaurants on Moody Street, Waltham, MA]. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://goo.gl/maps/hFy4KwLX8EHdhjru6

The specific agency responsible for the report appears as the author. The names of any parent agencies not present in the group author name appear in the source element as the publisher.

National Institute of Mental Health. (2022).  Autism spectrum disorder  (NIH Publication 22-MH-8084). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder/22-MH-8084-Autism-Spectrum-Disorder.pdf

• see more Government Agency Report examples on the APA Style website

* Note: See the Reports & White Papers box  below for examples of reports not published by government agencies and white papers.

Fernandez, C. (2019, November).  Medical & recreational marijuana stores (US Specialized Industry Report OD4142). IBISWorld. https://www.ibisworld.com/

Hyland, S. (2020, May). Hotels & motels in the US (US Industry NAICS Report 72111). IBISWorld. https://www.ibisworld.com/

IBISWorld. (2020, May).  Number of college students (US Business Environment Profiles Report F601). https://www.ibisworld.com/

Note: We recommended including the retrieval date for country risk data/reports and economic data tables.

IHS Markit. (2020, May 25). Detailed quarterly forecast tables: New Zealand [Data]. Retrieved June 15, 2010, from https://connect.ihsmarkit.com/

IHS Markit. (2020, July 28). Economic: Vietnam  [Economics profile]. Retrieved August 6, 2020, from https://connect.ihsmarkit.com/

IHS Markit. (2020, August 4). Country/territory report: Denmark [Economics and country risk report]. Retrieved August 6, 2020, from https://connect.ihsmarkit.com/

IHS Markit. (2020, August 6). WTO leadership race . https://connect.ihsmarkit.com.

eMarketer. (2022, July). B2B digital ad spending, US, 2020-2024  [Chart]. Insider Intelligence. https://www.emarketer.com/

Enberg , J. (2022, August 23). Influencer marketing 2022 . Insider Intelligence. https://www.emarketer.com/ 

MarketLine. (2020, January 30). General Mills Inc. [Company profile]. Business Source Complete.

MarketLine. (2019, April). Bakery & cereals in the United States [Industry profile]. Business Source Complete. 

MarketLine. (2022, July 22). Ford Motor Company SWOT analysis . [SWOT analysis]. Business Source Complete.

Annual Reports

Target. (2000, January 29). Form 10-K . Mergent Archives. https://www.mergentarchives.com/

Commodity Yearbook

Commodity Research Bureau. (2018).  The CRB Commodity Yearbook 2018 . 

First Research Industry Profile

Dun & Bradstreet First Research. (2020, April 27). Drug stores [Industry profile]. Mergent Archives. https://www.mergentarchives.com/

D&B Industry Norms and Key Business Ratios

Dun & Bradstreet. (2018). SIC 5812 Eating places [Industry ratios]. In  Industry norms and key business ratios .

Mergent Manual

Mergent. (2018). Dell Technologies. In Mergent OTC Unlisted Manual .  

Company information

Deutsche Bank. (2020, March 3).  Form 20-F . Mergent Intellect. https://www.mergentintellect.com/

Mergent. (n.d.) Tesla, Inc.: Company description . Mergent Intellect. Retrieved April 4, 2020, from https://www.mergentintellect.com/

Custom Search

Mergent. (n.d.). [Advanced company search: Geography U.S. - top 10 metropolitan areas; number of employees 1,000+; annual growth 5%+; industry classifications manufacturing, wholesale trade, information, finance, insurance, scientific/technical services, and management] [Data]. Mergent Intellect. Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.mergentintellect.com/

Demographic Information

Claritas. (2020).  Pop-facts: Demographic trend report - Middlesex county  [Data]. Mergent Intellect. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.mergentintellect.com/

First Research Industry Profiles

Dun & Bradstreet First Research. (2020, April 27). Drug stores [Industry profile]. Mergent Intellect. https://www.mergentintellect.com/

KBR (Key Business Ratios):

Dun & Bradstreet. (n.d.). SIC 7997 Membership sports and recreation clubs: Industry quartile data [Industry Ratios]. Mergent Intellect. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://www.mergentintellect.com/

Dun & Bradsteet. (n.d.). Southwest Airlines [Company Ratios]. Mergent Intellect. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://www.mergentintellect.com/

Company and Industry Information

Mergent. (n.d.). Apple, Inc.: Ownership [Company profile]. Mergent Online. Retrieved July 19, 2020, from https://mergentonline.com/

Mergent. (2020, March). Technology: North America [Industry profile]. Mergent Online. https://mergentonline.com/

Mergent. (2020, August 6). Apple, Inc.: Mergent fundamental report . Mergent Online. Retrieved August 7, 2020, https://mergentonline.com/

Country Reports

Dun & Bradstreet. (2020, March). Country insight report: Ghana . Mergent Online. https://mergentonline.com/

Mergent. (2019) . Country profile: Ghana . Mergent Online. https://mergentonline.com/

Government Filings

Apple Inc. (2020, July 31). Form 10-Q . Mergent Online. https://mergentonline.com/

Investext & Broker Research Reports

J. P. Morgan. (2020, August 3).  Payments: Interesting chess move by Apple buying Mobeewave to turn iPhones into POS devices . Mergent Online. https://mergentonline.com/

MarketLine. (2020, June). Apple, Inc.: MarketLine strategy, SWOT and corporate finance report . Mergent Online.  https://mergentonline.com/

Zacks. (2020, July 28).  Apple, Inc.: Zacks company report . Mergent Online. https://mergentonline.com/

Owen, J. (2023). Pet food - US - 2023 . Mintel. https://www.mintel.com/

Dubina, L. (2023, June 16). Marketing to LGBTQ+ communities in today's divisive climate . Mintel. https://www.mintel.com/

Crosstabs Note: Because it would be very difficult to provide a title that describes all of the variables included in a custom crosstab analysis, simply list the name of the study used as the title.

Catalyst platform:

MRI-Simmons. (2021). 2021 Fall MRI-Simmons USA [Data set]. MRI-Simmons Catalyst. https://www.mrisimmons.com/

MRI-Simmons. (2021).  2021 Fall MRI-Simmons Connect [Data set]. MRI-Simmons Catalyst. https://www.mrisimmons.com/

Insights platform:

MRI-Simmons. (2020). Fall 2020 NHCS adult study 12 month [Data set]. MRI-Simmons Insights. https://www.mrisimmons.com/

MRI-Simmons. (2019). Fall 2019 Simmons Connect Plus [Data set]. MRI-Simmons Insights. https://www.mrisimmons.com/

Quick Reports

MRI-Simmons. (2021). Demographic profile quick report: Theme parks - visited in last 12 months- Walt Disney World (Florida) - Magic Kingdom  (2021 Fall MRI-Simmons USA) [Data set]. MRI-Simmons Catalyst. https://www.mrisimmons.com/

MRI-Simmons. (2021). Social media activity profile quick report: Sparkling water/seltzer - type/total users drank in last 6 Months - flavored (2021 Fall MRI-Simmons Connect) [Data set]. MRI-Simmons Catalyst. https://www.mrisimmons.com/

MRI-Simmons. (2020).  Demographic profile quick report: Fast food restaurants visit most often Dunkin' Donuts (Fall 2020 NHCS adult study 12 month) [Data set]. MRI-Simmons Insights. https://www.mrisimmons.com/

MRI-Simmons. (2019). Social media profile quick report: National Football League (NFL) very interested (Fall 2019 Simmons Connect Plus study) [Data set]. MRI-Simmons Insights. https://www.mrisimmons.com/

Note: If the article is from a news website  that does not have an associated daily or weekly newspaper  (e.g. MSNBC, CNET), use the format for a webpage on a news website instead.

Newspaper article retrieved from the newspaper's website:

Bradsher, K. (2023, July 20). Why heat waves are deepening China’s addiction to coal. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/20/business/china-coal-climate-change.html

Newspaper article from print version or from print edition retrieved via a library database (e.g. ProQuest US Newsstream database):

Bradsher, K. (2023, July 21). Heat waves deepen China's dependence on coal.  The New York Times , B1.

Stein, J., & Bhattarai, A. (2023, July 28). Recession fears ease as GDP growth beats forecast. The Washington Post , A1, A13. 

Newspaper article that is retrieved via a library database that is missing page numbers:

Weisman, R. (2023, Jul 13). No more outsourcing? Making drugs locally is a key focus of the life sciences industry. The Boston Globe .

• see more Newspaper Article examples on the APA website

LexisNexis company dossiers pull together information from different sources, some published by LexisNexis (e.g. Corporate Affiliations ) and some from outside publishers (e.g. Gale, Morningstar, MarketLine).  Cite the publisher of the information you used .  Articles retrieved from LexisNexis Academic are cited according the guidelines for Article Without a DOI, from an Academic Database or Print Version  as shown in above on this page.

Company Dossiers/Company Info search

Comparably. (July 31, 2020). The TJX Companies, Inc . Nexis Uni. https://www.lexisnexis.com/

LexisNexis. (2019, November 18). Amazon [Company profile]. Corporate Affiliations . https://www.lexisnexis.com/

Weiss Ratings. (2020, June 23). VMware Inc.  Weiss Stock Research Reports . Nexis Uni. https://www.lexisnexis.com/

Create a Company list

LexisNexis. (n.d). [List of Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Massachusetts]. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://www.lexisnexis.com/

Part of the purpose of a reference is to lead your reader back to the source you used, but in some cases a source may not be retrievable . (e.g. private letters and email, personal conversations, phone calls, interviews and unrecorded webinars). These sources are treated as  personal communications . 

Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in-text only. The in-text citation should include the initials and last name of the person and the date of the communication.

Examples of in-text citations for a personal communication:

J. Smith (personal communication, January 5, 2020) described how his company connected with customers through storytelling.

One of the key ways that a brand can connect with customers is through storytelling (J. Smith, personal communication, January 5, 2020).

• see more Personal Communications examples on the APA Style website

Plunkett, J. W., Plunkett, M. B., Steinberg, J. S., Faulk, J., & Snider, I. J. (n.d.). GrubHub Inc . [Company profile]. Plunkett Research Online. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from http://www.plunkettresearchonline.com

Note: we recommend including a retrieval date for the industry information because it is not archived.

Plunkett, J. W., Plunkett, M. B., & Snider, I. J. (2020, March 18). The sharing & gig economy's effect on employment, work life and careers.  Sharing Economy Industry . Plunkett Research Online. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from http://www.plunkettresearchonline.com

Raz, G. (Host). (2016-present). How I built this with Guy Raz  [Audio podcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this

Favreau, J., Lovett, J., & Vietor, T. (Hosts). (2020, June 1). Justice for George Floyd [Audio podcast episode]. In  Pod Save America . Crooked Media. https://crooked.com/podcast/justice-for-george-floyd/

• See more Podcast References examples on the APA Style website
• Citing a transcript of a podcast? See Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References examples on the APA Style website

PowerPoint slides available online

Ogilvy Consulting. (2020, January 26). What's next: Social media trends 2020 [Slides]. Slideshare. https://www.slideshare.net/socialogilvy/whats-next-social-media-trends-2020

PowerPoint Slides and documents posted on your Brightspace course site 

If the slides come from a classroom website, learning management system (e.g., Brightspace) or company intranet that your reader can access, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login). If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the documents, cite them as a  personal communication .

AAA Exterminators. (2023, August 27). Company presentation [PowerPoint slides]. GB320 Brightspace course site. https://brightspace.bentley.edu/

Abdul, M. (2023). Customer value proposition [Lecture notes]. HI308 Brightspace course site. https://brightspace.bentley.edu/

• see more PowerPoint Slides and Lecture Notes References examples on the APA Style website

Chipotle Mexican Grill. (2021, March 4).  Chipotle announces executive compensation metrics tied to sustainability goals [Press release]. https://newsroom.chipotle.com/2021-03-04-CHIPOTLE-ANNOUNCES-EXECUTIVE-COMPENSATION-METRICS-TIED-TO-SUSTAINABILITY-GOALS 

• see more Press Release References examples on the APA Style website

PrivCo. (n.d.). Epic Games Inc. [Company profile]. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://system.privco.com/

Report with Group Author

Committee for Economic Development of the Conference Board. (2018, April 11).  Helping skilled workers return to work following a career break: Tapping under-utilized talent to grow the economy . https://www.ced.org/reports/helping-skilled-workers-return-to-work-following-a-career-break

Report with Individual Author

Foster, Trish. (2019, Fall). The workplace journey: Caregiving, career breaks, and reentry . Gloria Cordes Larson Center for Women and Business, Bentley University.  https://bentleydownloads.s3.amazonaws.com/cwb/CWB_Workplace_Reentry_Research_Report_Fall_2019.pdf

White Paper with Group Author

IBM. (2018, May). The path to data veracity: How to build a trusted analytics foundation [White paper]. https://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/sites/default/files/whitepapers_reports_file/the-path-to-data-veracity-hybrid-cloud-white-paper-72016072usen.pdf

White Paper with Individual Authors

Lava, S., & Marden, M. (2020, July). The business value of improved performance and efficiency with Google Cloud Platform [White paper]. IDC. https://cloud.google.com/resources/idc-business-value-whitepaper  

• see more Report with Individual Authors References examples on the APA Style website
• see more White Paper References examples on the APA Style website

* Note: See the Government Reports box above for example of reports by government agencies. 

Miller, R. K., & Washington, K. (2020). Sports marketing 2020-2021 . Richard K. Miller & Associates.

Standard & Poor's. (n.d.). Tenet Healthcare [Company profile]. S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://www.capitaliq.com/

Standard & Poor's. (n.d.). Tenet Healthcare [Company ratios]. S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://www.capitaliq.com/

Tenet Healthcare. (2019, December 31). Form 10-K . S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage. https://www.capitaliq.com/

Industry Survey

Meyer, P., & Ko, W. (2020, June). Health care facilities. CFRA Industry Surveys . S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage. https://www.capitaliq.com/

Stock Report

CFRA. (2020, August 6). Tenet Healthcare [Stock report]. S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage. https://www.capitaliq.com/

• see Facebook References examples on the APA Style website
• see Instagram References Examples on the APA Style website
• see LinkedIn References examples on the APA Style website
• see Online Forum (e.g., Reddit) References examples on the APA Style website
• see TikTok References Examples on the APA Style website
• see Twitter References examples on the APA Style website

National Sporting Goods Association. (n.d.). Soccer balls: Market size, total consumer purchases  [Data]. Sports Market Analytics. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://sportsmarketanalytics.com/

SBRNet. (n.d.). Soccer: MLS fan market summary  [Data]. Sports Market Analytics. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://sportsmarketanalytics.com/

SFIA. (2021).  Soccer: Participation by total age group (% of part.), 2018  [Data]. Sports Market Analytics. https://sportsmarketanalytics.com/

SFIA. (2021). Basketball: Total participation, 2020  [Data]. Sports Market Analytics. https://sportsmarketanalytics.com/

Sport and Fitness Industry Association. (2021). SFIA sports, fitness, and leisure activities topline participation report 2021 . https://sportsmarketanalytics.com/

SRDS Media/Publication reports

SRDS. (n.d.). Advertising Age [Publication profile]. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://next.srds.com

SRDS. (2018). Boston, MA/Manchester, NH   DMA [DMA profile]. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://next.srds.com

SQAD. (2020).  Boston, MA/Manchester, NH DMA  [SQAD report - TV households]. SRDS. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://next.srds.com

Claritas 360 reports

Claritas. (2017). Pop facts demographics report: Middlesex County  [Data]. Retrieved January 29, 2019, from https://claritas360.claritas.com/

Claritas. (2019). Market potential report: Alcohol in analysis area Boston, et al MA-NH DMA [Data]. Retrieved January 29, 2019, from https://claritas360.claritas.com/

Statista contains content from a variety of sources in addition to publishing their own dossiers and reports. Look in the Source section for “Survey by” to identify the author of the information you are citing.

PwC. (2019, July).  Global eSports revenue in 2023 by segment  (in millions US dollars) [Chart]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/

McCarthy, N. (August 7, 2020). Covid-19's widespread impact on mental health [Infographic]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/

Statista. (2020). Social media usage worldwide [Dossier]. https://www.statista.com/

Statista. (2020, June). Bottled water - United States [Consumer market outlook]. https://www.statista.com/

National Center for Education Statistics (2020). College enrollment by sex and attendance status: 2000 to 2017 (by age, selected years, as of fall). [Data]. In  ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the U.S.  

U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). All Sectors: County Business Patterns by Legal Form of Organization and Employment Size Class for U.S., States, and Selected Geographies 2018:  Middlesex County, MA (Table CB1800CBP) [Data]. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?d=ANN%20Business%20Patterns%20County%20Business%20Patterns&table=CB1800CBP&tid=CBP2018.CB1800CBP&hidePreview=true& lastDisplayedRow=18&g=0500000US25017

U.S. Census Bureau. (2018).  Selected social characteristics, American Community Survey 5-Year estimate s: San Antonio, TX (Table DP02) [Data]. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=San%20Antonio%20city,%20Texas&g=1600000US4865000&hidePreview= true&tid=ACSDP5Y2018.DP02&table=DP02

U. S. Cenus Bureau. (n.d.). Quick facts: Waltham, MA [Data]. Retrieved August 9, from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/walthamcitymassachusetts,US/PST045219

U. S. Census Bureau. (n .d.) Profile: Chicago, IL  [Data]. Retrieved August 9, 2020, from https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?q=Chicago%20city,%20Illinois&g=1600000US1714000

Note: We recommend retrieving the PDF version to help with finding the date of the report.

Value Line. (2020, July 17). Coca-Cola . Value Line Research Center. https://valueline.com/

Describe the work in square brackets in the title element. It is not necessary to specify how you watch a film (e.g. in a theater or streaming online), however you may include any special information in the format description (e.g. Film; Director's Cut).

Film or Video

Tarantino, Q. (Director). (2019).  Once upon a time...in Hollywood [Film]. Heyday Films; Bona Film Group; Columbia Pictures. 

Bateman, J., Dubuque, B., & Williams, M. (Executive Producers). (2017-present). Ozark [TV series]. Zero Gravity Management; Media Rights Capital (MRC); Netflix.

Films on Demand database

HBO. (2007).  Little Rock Central High: 50 years later [Film]. Films on Demand. https://fod.infobase.com/

NewsHour Productions. (2018).  Climate activist Greta Thunberg on the power of a movement [Video]. Films on Demand. https://fod.infobase.com/

CHOICE Media Channel. (2019, October 25). What’s new in APA style—Inside the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the APA [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOVZp8m0PCM

• see more Film and Television References examples on the APA Style website
• see more YouTube References examples on the APA Style website
• see TED Talk References examples on the APA Style website

Use this format only for recorded, retrievable webinars . Cite unrecorded webinars as personal communications. 

Neher, K. (2019, September 28).  Design a customer experience transformation [Webinar]. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/webinar/2018/10/design-a-customer-experience-transformation

Many types of works can be retrieved online, including articles, books, data sets, and reports. Use the "webpages" and "websites" category only when the work does not fall into a different category . 

General guidelines:

• Do not create references or in-text citations for whole websites. To mention a website in general, and not any particular information on that site, provide the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses. For example, you might mention that you used Qualtrics to create a survey. See an example here:  https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/whole-website-references
• If a webpage does not have a date use (n.d.)
• If a work on a webpage does not have an author, begin the citation with the title. 
• Note about retrieval dates:  Include a retrieval date in the reference if the work is unarchived and designed to change over time.
• Use this format for articles from news websites that are not associated with daily or weekly newspapers. For example, BBC News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, Reuters, Salon, and Vox. These sites do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers.
• Use the newspaper article category for articles from newspaper websites such as  The New York Times  or  The Washington Post .

Bradham, B. (2020, July 29).  How the pandemic may change ‘work-life balance’ forever . Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-29/how-the-pandemic-is-changing-the-world-of-work-life-balance

Edgington, T. (2020, July 13).  Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU . BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887

Remy, N., Speelman, E., & Swartz, S. (2016, October 20).  Style that’s sustainable: A new fast-fashion formula . McKinsey Sustainability. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/style-thats-sustainable-a-new-fast-fashion-formula#/

• When the author and site are the same, omit the site name from the source element. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). CDC recommendations for the amount of time persons with influenza-like illness should be away from others . http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidance/exclusion.htm

Facebook. (2020, January 30). Form 10-K . https://investor.fb.com/financials/default.aspx

JetBlue. (2018). 2018 environmental social governance report . https://www.jetblue.com/magnoliapublic/dam/ui-assets/imagery/info-assets/JetBlue-Environmental-Social-Governance-2018_v2.pdf

Patagonia. (n.d.) Core values . https://www.patagonia.com/core-values/

• When contents of a page are designed to change over time but are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference.

U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.).  U.S. and world population clock . U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/

• see more Webpage on a Website References examples on the APA Style website

This database contains data from a variety of sources (e. g. World Bank, UNICEF, UNESCO). Cite the original source of the data in the author element.

World Bank Group. (n.d.). Costa Rica (Country profile) [Data]. World Development Indicators. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://data.worldbank.org/

UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (n.d.).  Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) - Costa Rica [Data]. World Development Indicators. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://data.worldbank.org/

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• University Library
• Subject Guides

Citing Online Business Sources Using APA

• Example Citations

Table of Contents

Articles, Books, Data, Reports, Websites

• Company Annual Report

Journal Article

• Magazine Article

Newspaper Article

• Generative AI 

AU Databases

• Advertising Redbooks
• BMI Research
• D&B Million Dollar Database
• Data Planet Statistical Datasets
• EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit)

Euromonitor Passport

First research.

• Hoover's
• IBISWorld Report
• IMF eLibrary ​

Key Business Ratios

• MarketLine Report
• MarketResearch.com

Mergent Online

• Mintel Report
• MSCI ESG Manager  

OECD iLibrary

• Simmons  

SimplyAnalytics

• S&P NetAdvantage
• Wall Street Transcripts

Important Note on Citing Business Resources

Please consult various apa 7 resource guides to help build and check your citations. here are some suggested resources: .

• Official APA style site  - containing tutorials and FAQs.
• APA style blog  - Need help citing a odd source or a sample paper? Check out the official APA style blog.
• AU Center for Professionalism and Communication APA Tip Sheet  (see PDF below if you're unable to access the link) 
• Recommended -  Excelsior Online Writing Lab
• AU Center for Professionalism and Communication APA Tip Sheet

Books & eBooks

Elements:  author’s last name, author’s first and middle initials. (year of publication).  title italicized . publisher., print book:, grant, a. (2013). give and take: a revolutionary approach to success . viking. , aragon, g. a. (2011). financial ethics: a positivist analysis .  https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305968.001.0001, **more information about citing an ebook can be found on the apa style blog . , book chapter:, child, j., elbanna, s., & rodrigues, s. (2010). the political aspects of strategic decision making. in p. c. nutt & d. c. wilson (eds.), handbook of decision making (pp. 105-137). john wiley and sons. , company annual report from a company website.

The Walt Disney Company. (2022). 2022 annual report . https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/investor-relations/

If you use resources like Simmons ,  SAGE Data  or the Complete Economic and Demographic Data Source (CEDDS), you will need to know how to cite data sets. Below is an example, and more information can be found at the APA Style Blog .

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023, July 20). Inflation Rate: 1-year inflation rate, all areas, all items, 01/1914 - 06/2023.  [Data

set]. Sage Data.  https://doi.org/10.6068/DP189898115BB14

Journal, Magazine & Newspaper Articles

Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if any. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Journal italicized, volume number italicized (Issue number), Page numbers. URL or DOI link*

Cui, Y., Cao, Y., Ji, Y., I‐Shin Chang, & Wu, J. (2022). Determinant factors and business strategy in a sustainable business model: An

explorative analysis for the promotion of solid waste recycling technologies.  Business Strategy and the Environment, 31 (5), 2533-2545. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3042

*Note: if the journal article was retrieved from a database such as ProQuest, EBSCO or JSTOR but does not include a DOI, do not include the URL. If the article has a non-database URL, the URL should be included. If the database publishes original or proprietary content that are only available in that database, as is the case with many business resources, provide the name of the database and the database homepage, rather than the session-specific URL that appears in your browser. 

Trade Publication or Magazine Article

Elements:  Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if any. (Year, Month and Day of publication, if available). Title of article.  Title of Magazine italicized, Volume number italicized (Issue number, if available). URL or DOI link

Duff, M. (2022). Links in the chain: here’s what grocers need to know about evolving cold-storage solutions. Progressive Grocer, 101 (10), 68-72.

Elements:  Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if any. (Year, Month and Day of publication). Title of article.  Title of Newspaper italicized . URL for article

Isaac, M. and Metz, C. (2023, July 18). Meta unveils a more powerful A.I. and isn’t fretting over who uses it. The New York Times.

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/technology/meta-ai-open-source.html

**For more detail on when to use a DOI and when to use a URL, see this APA Style Blog flowchart . 

Web page citation follows this basic format

Author, A. (date of publication). Title of document. http://URL

Author, A. (date of publication).  Title of document . http://URL

Note: the title of the website or webpage should be italicized in the reference list if the work on the page stands alone but not italicized if it is part of a greater whole (if this is not clear, choose what you think makes the most sense). 

Author, A. (date of publication). Title of document [Format description]. http://URL

Note: The format description is used only when the format is something out of the ordinary, such as lecture notes; otherwise, it's not necessary. 

Web page or something found on a website

Thorbecke, C. (2023, July 22). "It almost doubled our workload": AI is supposed to make jobs easier. These workers disagree.  CNN Business. https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/22/tech/ai-jobs-efficiency-productivity/index.html

Web page where no author and/or date is identified

American University. (n.d.). Kogod School of Business - Our story.  https://www.american.edu/kogod/about/

Generative AI

It can be helpful to use generative AI to supplement your other research resources but before using ChatGPT or other AI sources in your paper, check with your professor to make sure doing so is permitted. 

The world of generative AI is rapidly evolving and citation formats are doing their best to keep pace. We’ve captured how APA recommends citing AI below as of Summer 2023, but  if you are reading this much later than Summer 2023, check out the APA blog to see if their recommendation has changed: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/

When citing AI, you’re really sharing an algorithmic output and therefore you want to credit the author of algorithm, which in the case of ChatGPT is Open AI. If you’re citing Bard, the author would be Google.

Open AI (2023). ChatGPT (July2023 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

In other words, the author is the algorithm’s author; the title is the name of the model; the version number is the retrieval date; and the descriptor is large language model.

You might also want to add the full text generated by AI to an appendix or any supplemental materials.

Kantar Media. (n.d.). Internet display: Peloton exercise equipment/Peloton Tread: treadmill [Peloton digital advertising spend for April 2020] [Data set].

Ad$pender Online. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from http://products.kantarmediana.com/security/default.aspx

Winmo/Advertising Redbooks.com

Winmo. (2022). 2022 Q1 Media Spend.  Fed Ex Corporation. [Media Spend]. Retrieved  August 2, 2022  from https://my.winmo.com/hubignite

Data Planet/Sage Data Statistical Datasets

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023, July 20).  Inflation Rate: 1-year inflation rate, all areas, all items, 01/1914 - 06/2023.  [Data

set]. Sage Data.  https://doi.org/10.6068/DP189898115BB14

EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit) Resources

The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2022). Country report: Lithuania . https://www.eiu.com/

The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2021).  Country commerce: Malaysia . https://www.eiu.com/

eMarketer Insider Intelligence

Davidkhanian, S. (2022). U.S. retail mobile app features benchmark 2022: What makes retail apps sticky? A guide to the features consumers value

most.  eMarketer Insider Intelligence. https://www.insiderintelligence.com/

Willens, M. (2022). Publisher ad monetization: Ad buyers and sellers are rewriting the rules of engagement as privacy-first era dawns.   eMarketer

Insider Intelligence.  https://www.insiderintelligence.com/

Country Report

Euromonitor.   (2023, January).  Apparel and footwear in the US  [Country report]. Passport.  https://www.euromonitor.com/our-

expertise/passport

Briefing 

Linares, F. (2023, June 23).   Retail Shifts in Latin American Fashion. [Briefing]. Passport.   https://www.euromonitor.com/our-expertise/passport

Euromonitor. (2023, April). Apparel and footwear in Latin America: sales of apparel and footwear. [Chart]. Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/our-expertise/passport

First Research. (2022, July 18). Government Sector. [Industry Profile]. https://www.firstresearch.com/

First Research. Industry prospector - Human resource metrics - Employment wages . [Data Set]. Retrieved August 2, 2022 from https://www.firstresearch.com/

Dun & Bradstreet Hoovers. (n.d.). Berkshire Hathaway – Company summary [Company profile]. Hoovers. Retrieved August 4, 2022

from https://signon.onesource.com/Web/Logon/Signin.aspx

IBISWorld Reports

If the report has a unique identifier number, use it in parentheses after the title. in this case, include a more specific description in the brackets than just [industry report] as is often used elsewhere, because ibis has risk and other reports as well as global, state, and other levels of industry reports, and sometimes the titles and numbers are the same.  .

Rose, A. (July 2022). Ice Cream Production in the U.S.  (31152) [Industry profile].    IBISWorld . https://www.ibisworld.com/

IMF eLibrary

International Monetary Fund. (2022). Republic of South Sudan: 2022 Article IV consultation and second review under the staff monitoring program

[Country report]. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/

Dun & Bradstreet Key Business Ratios. (2022). Reports - Industry - Furniture and fixtures . Retrieved August 4, 2022 from https://www.mergentkbr.com/

Dun & Bradstreet Key Business Ratios. (2022).  Ratios - Industry Food & Kindred Spirits- Solvency . Retrieved August 4, 2022 from  https://www.mergentkbr.com/

MarketResearch Reports

Pastre, T. (2022). U.S. beverage market outlook 2022: Inflation, supply chains & trends in beverage consumption [Market report]. Packaged Facts.

https://www.marketresearch.com/

GlobalData Explorer

Globaldata. (july 2023). agtech in the united states [industry profile]. https://www.globaldata.com/data/.

Mergent. (n.d.). Hain Celestial Group [Company profile]. Retrieved August 4, 2022 from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php  

Mergent. (n.d.). Hain Celestial Group: Mark L. Schiller  [Executive bio]. Retrieved August 4, 2022 from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php  

Mintel Reports

You may need to use a search engine to find the URL for a particular report. 

Reports, articles, etc: 

Roberts, W., Jr. (29, July 2022).  Nuts, Seeds and Trail Mix US, 2022  [Industry report]. Mintel.  https://www.mintel.com/academic

Market Sizes content:

Mintel. (n.d.). Breakfast cereals - Australia - market size  [Data set].   Retrieved August 4, 2022 from  https://www.mintel.com/academic

MSCI ESG Manager

MSCI ESG Research LLC. (2022, 29 July). GSK PLC ratings report [Company profile]. https://www.msci.com/msci-esg-manager

MSCI ESG Research LLC. (2022, June). Diversified Chemicals  [Industry rating].  https://www.msci.com/msci-esg-manager

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2022, July 12). OECD handbook on measuring the space economy  (2nd

ed.)  https://doi.org/10.1787/8bfef437-en  

S&P Capital IQ

Company Profile:

Standard &Poor's. (2020). Restaurant Brands International [Company profile]. Capital IQ. https://www.standardandpoors.com/

Industry Survey:

Scarola, C. & Ko, W. (2020, May). Aerospace & defense [Industry survey]. S&P NetAdvantage. https://www.capitaliq.com

Simmons Insights

Since the title of the dataset is not very descriptive of your particular data retrieved, include a description of the variables you used so that somebody else could figure out what you did. 

MRI-Simmons. (2022). Spring 2019 NHCS adult study 12 month [Cell phones / smartphones brands owned by consumer demographics - age,

gender, household income] [Data set]. Retrieved August 5, 2022 from  https://www.mrisimmons.com/

MRI-Simmons. (2022). Spring 2019 NHCS adult study 6 month [Computer software types owned by age] [Data set].  Retrieved August 5, 2022

from  https://www.mrisimmons.com/

SimplyAnalytics. (2019). [Map of Minneapolis, MN metro with family income $200,000 and over]. Census US. http://app.simplyanalytics.com

Statistics, Dossiers, and Reports

Look under the Source section for “Survey by” -- that is the author

IRI. (2023, July 13). Frozen pizza sales in the United States from 2015 to 2022 (in billions of dollars). [Chart]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/

Anything without a named author: 

Statista. (2023, June 1). Revenue of the laptops & tablets market in the United States from 2016 to 2026 (in billions of U.S. dollars). [Chart]. Statista.

  https://www.statista.com/

Infographics

Armstrong, M. (2020, June 4). UK government approval on the slide [Infographic] . Statista. https://www.statista.com/  

SRDS Media Solutions. (n.d.). Beloit Daily News [Publication profile]. Retrieved May 22, 2020 from https://next.srds.com/

SQAD. (2020). Augusta, GA [SQAD TV report]. SRDS Media Solutions. https://next.srdr.com/

Wall Street Transcript

The Wall Street Transcript. (2023, July 5). Interview with the CEO and Board Chair: Etho Capital. https://www.twst.com/

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TINST 401: Technology in the Service of Society - Goda: Find Harvard Business Review articles

How to find full-text harvard business review (or hbr) articles, option 1: use the harvard business review website.

Harvard Business Review (HBR) limits the number of articles you can access for free each month through their website.  If you reach your limit or the materials aren't available, follow the steps below to access articles through UW Libraries.

Option 2: use the Business Source Complete database

If your professor has provided a list of citations, you can use that data to find the full text articles in the Business Source Complete database.

Example citation used in the image below:

Babic, B., Cohen, I. G., Evgeniou, T., & Gerke, S. (2021). When Machine Learning Goes Off the Rails. Harvard Business Review, 99(1), 76–84.

Type in Harvard Business Review and change the field search from “Select a field (optional)” to “SO Publication Name”

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If you don’t get a result, check the spelling of the publication and article title.  If those both look accurate, try changing the field search from “TI Title” back to “Select a field (optional)”.  This will broaden the search for the article title to a general keyword search.  You may get a few more results to sift through, but may help find the full text if the article title is slightly different than the citation.  

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India’s Quest for Sustainable Growth in a New Global Reality:: The Need for a Region- and Sector-Driven Approach

• Vanderbilt: Transforming an Academic Health Care Delivery System, 2020  By: Michael E. Porter, Robert S. Kaplan, Mary L. Witkowski and David N. Bernstein
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HBR's 10 Must Reads 2024: The Definitive Management Ideas of the Year from Harvard Business Review (with bonus article "Democratizing Transformation" by Marco Iansiti and Satya Nadella)

By: Harvard Business Review, Marco Iansiti, Satya Nadella, Lynda Gratton, Ella F Washington

A year's worth of management wisdom, all in one place. We've reviewed the ideas, insights, and best practices from the past year of Harvard Business Review to keep you up to date on the most…

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A year's worth of management wisdom, all in one place. We've reviewed the ideas, insights, and best practices from the past year of Harvard Business Review to keep you up to date on the most cutting-edge, influential thinking driving business today. With authors from Satya Nadella to Lynda Gratton and company examples from Nestle to TikTok, this volume brings the most current and important management conversations right to your fingertips. This book will inspire you to: Radically redefine the role of managers in your organization; Integrate your ESG goals into your company's core business model; Separate the hype from the reality of Web3 and identify opportunities for your business; Navigate conflict and embrace mutual learning across generational differences; Identify the soft skills needed in the C-suite--and build them; Encourage all employees to develop the capabilities around digital transformation. This collection of articles includes "Managers Can't Do It All," by Diane Gherson and Lynda Gratton; "What Is Web3?," by Thomas Stackpole; "Selling on TikTok and Taobao," by Thomas S. Robertson; "Managing in the Age of Outrage," by Karthik Ramanna; "The Five Stages of DEI Maturity," by Ella F. Washington; "The Essential Link Between ESG Targets and Financial Performance," by Mark R. Kramer and Marc W. Pfitzer; "Make the Most of Your One-on-One Meetings," by Steven G. Rogelberg; "Harnessing the Power of Age Diversity," by Megan W. Gerhardt, Josephine Nachemson-Ekwall, and Brandon Fogel; "The C-Suite Skills That Matter Most," by Raffaella Sadun, Joseph Fuller, Stephen Hansen, and PJ Neal; "Your Company Needs a Space Strategy. Now.," by Matthew Weinzierl, Prithwiraj (Raj) Choudhury, Tarun Khanna, Alan MacCormack, and Brendan Rosseau; and "Democratizing Transformation," by Marco Iansiti and Satya Nadella.

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AI Is Making Economists Rethink the Story of Automation

• Walter Frick

Economists have traditionally believed that new technology lifts all boats. But in the case of AI, some are asking: Will some employees get left behind?

Will artificial intelligence take our jobs? As AI raises new fears about a jobless future, it’s helpful to consider how economists’ understanding of technology and labor has evolved. For decades, economists were relatively optimistic, and pointed out that previous waves of technology had not led to mass unemployment. But as income inequality rose in much of the world, they began to revise their theories. Newer models of technology’s affects on the labor market account for the fact that it absolutely can displace workers and lower wages. In the long run, technology does tend to raise living standards. But how soon and how broadly? That depends on two factors: Whether technologies create new jobs for people to do and whether workers have a voice in technology’s deployment.

Is artificial intelligence about to put vast numbers of people out of a job? Most economists would argue the answer is no: If technology permanently puts people out of work then why, after centuries of new technologies, are there still so many jobs left ? New technologies, they claim, make the economy more productive and allow people to enter new fields — like the shift from agriculture to manufacturing. For that reason, economists have historically shared a general view that whatever upheaval might be caused by technological change, it is “somewhere between benign and benevolent.”

• Walter Frick is a contributing editor at Harvard Business Review , where he was formerly a senior editor and deputy editor of HBR.org. He is the founder of Nonrival , a newsletter where readers make crowdsourced predictions about economics and business. He has been an executive editor at Quartz as well as a Knight Visiting Fellow at Harvard’s Nieman Foundation for Journalism and an Assembly Fellow at Harvard’s Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society. He has also written for The Atlantic , MIT Technology Review , The Boston Globe , and the BBC, among other publications.

Partner Center

The jury convicted Trump. Here’s what could happen next.

A guilty verdict for Trump in the New York trial means a mix of routine court processing and extraordinary logistical considerations, legal experts say.

On Thursday afternoon, after more than a day of deliberations, a jury in Manhattan convicted Donald Trump on all 34 counts of falsifying business records related to a 2016 hush money payment.

During the seven-week trial, Trump complained of the indignities of a cold, uncomfortable courtroom. The former president and presumptive 2024 Republican nominee may now face other conditions he may consider insulting, including a required inmate review by the New York City Department of Probation.

The probation office on the 10th floor of the Manhattan Criminal Courthouse prepares presentencing reports for judges. There, Trump would be interviewed about his personal history, his mental health and the circumstances that led to his conviction.

Lawyers say the process is humbling.

“If you think the courtroom is dingy, just wait until you go to the probation office,” said Daniel Horwitz, a white-collar criminal defense attorney in New York and former prosecutor in the Manhattan district attorney’s office.

Trump guilty verdict

Former prosecutors sketched out a mix of likely experiences for Trump, who is now a felon. Trump was convicted of charges relating to $130,000 in payments made to adult-film actress Stormy Daniels before the 2016 presidential election to keep her quiet about a sexual encounter she said they had.

The routine processing of felons into the New York criminal justice system would include the timeline of a potential appeal. But with Trump, there would also be extraordinary considerations — such as how the Secret Service would protect the former president if he were sent to prison and whether he would be allowed to travel to campaign events if sentenced to home confinement.

Legal experts said incarceration appears unlikely for Trump, 77, who has no criminal record.

The Class E felony charges are punishable by 16 months to four years in prison. Among the key issues to be determined would be whether Trump faces some form of incarceration, either in a government facility or a private location, or a less-restrictive experience through probation.

New York Mayor Eric Adams said this month that the city’s Rikers Island jail complex and Department of Corrections were prepared if Trump were ordered to serve time.

His conviction does not disqualify him from running for office or serving as president if elected, constitutional experts said.

During the trial, which began April 15, prosecutors with Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg’s office said Trump falsely recorded the payments involving Daniels as legal expenses and alleged they were improper campaign expenditures. Defense attorneys said Trump, who pleaded not guilty, made personal payments to protect his family from an embarrassing disclosure.

The jury, which heard closing arguments Tuesday, unanimously agreed to convict on all counts after hours of deliberations spread over two days.

Trump’s punishment is now up to New York Supreme Court Justice Juan Merchan , who will receive input from the prosecution and defense in the presentencing report. Though jail or prison are unlikely , the former prosecutors said, alternatives such as probation or home confinement would create logistical challenges and potential political concerns.

If he is sentenced to probation, for example, Trump would be required to clear any out-of-state travel — such as to campaign rallies and fundraisers — with a probation officer. If Trump were to serve home confinement at his Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Fla., New York authorities would probably have to work with counterparts in Florida to accommodate him, the experts said.

Such arrangements are not uncommon for felons, experts said, but probation officers must approve the details.

“If you have a probation officer, you are not supposed to travel without permission. Your home is subject to random search because you don’t have a Fourth Amendment right to your home being private. You can get drug-tested, potentially. Travel outside the country is difficult,” said Matthew Galluzzo, another former prosecutor in the Manhattan district attorney’s office.

“That would be super awkward for someone on the campaign trail, but not impossible,” Galluzzo said. “If he had to go to a debate against Biden, he probably could go, but you’re supposed to make that request far in advance.”

Trump and President Biden have agreed to two debates . The first is scheduled for June 27 in Atlanta, before Trump’s sentencing, which Merchan scheduled for July 11. A second debate is planned for Sept. 10 at a yet-undisclosed location.

The probation office will put together a presentencing report for Merchan. As part of that process, Trump must be interviewed by a probation officer, who will produce a biography of him of about five or six pages, legal experts said. Such documents are confidential, intended only for the judge and the lawyers.

Trump has called his prosecution politically motivated and denigrated Merchan, Bragg and others , leading the judge to fine him 10 times for a total of $10,000 during the trial for violating a partial gag order . How Trump would react to questions from a probation officer about the case could get him into more hot water with the court. Legal experts said his attorneys probably would advise him not to discuss the case.

Convicts are “expected to tell the truth. If they are convicted and then say, ‘No, it’s a lie, it didn’t happen,’ that will go back to the judge. And that’s not good,” said defense lawyer Jeremy Saland, who also served as a Manhattan prosecutor.

The prosecution and Trump’s legal team also are expected to submit recommendations about the sentencing.

Because he was charged with nonviolent crimes, Trump is unlikely to be detained in prison as he awaits sentencing, said the experts, who added that it is also unlikely that Merchan would impose bail as a condition for his release.

Trump’s team has 30 days to file notice of appeal and six months to file the full appeal.

A key question is whether the court would agree to stay Trump’s sentence pending an appeal, a process that is likely to last well beyond the Nov. 5 presidential election. Former prosecutors suggested such a scenario is plausible given that any punishment of Trump could be short enough in duration that the sentence would be fully carried out before a legal appeal is litigated.

The legal experts said Merchan could grant Trump a conditional discharge tied to the requirement that he not commit another legal offense. Merchan also could impose a financial penalty or require Trump to do community service or undergo counseling, some legal experts said.

If the judge were to impose a more onerous penalty, such as home confinement, Trump could still find ways to continue campaigning, even if he were not on the road.

“He could be confined but go to Mar-a-Lago and hold a news conference every day, be on TV, hold rallies remotely,” Horwitz said. “There’s a lot he can do as a candidate while under home confinement.”

Trump New York hush money case

Donald Trump is the first former president convicted of a crime .

Can Trump still run for president? Yes. He is eligible to campaign and serve as president if elected, but he won’t be able to pardon himself . Here’s everything to know about next steps , what this means for his candidacy and the other outstanding trials he faces .

What happens next? Trump’s sentencing is scheduled for July 11. He faces up to four years in prison, but legal experts say incarceration appears unlikely. Trump has 30 days to file notice of an appeal of the verdict and six months to file the full appeal.

Reaction to the verdict: Trump continued to maintain his innocence , railing against what he called a “rigged, disgraceful trial” and emphasizing voters would deliver the real verdict on Election Day.

The charges: Trump was found guilty on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records . Falsifying business records is a felony in New York when there is an “intent to defraud” that includes an intent to “commit another crime or to aid or conceal” another crime.