apa owl purdue reference list

APA Citation and Format

• APA Format, 7th Edition
• Tutorials for APA 7th ed.
• Formatting Basics
• In-Text Citations
• References List
• HU Writing Lab This link opens in a new window
• Citation Managers
• Citing and Using Images
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Check Your Knowledge

APA Citation Examples, 7th edition

• Reference List Examples (APA 7th ed.) from APA Citation examples from the APA website.
• In-Text Citations (APA 7th ed.) from Purdue OWL
• Reference List (APA 7th ed.) from Purdue OWL

Common Reference Examples

• Essential Examples
• Common Examples
• APA References Video - 7th ed
• Books and Ebooks
• Scholarly Articles
• Videos and Images
• Generative AI
• APA Quick Reference Guide - with color coding
• APA Style - Quick Reference Guide
• APA Style - Comprehensive Guide to References
• Book examples from APA
• Scholarly Journal Article Use for a scholarly journal article in print, from a library database, or on the web.
• Magazine Article Use for a magazine article in print, from a library database, or on the web.
• Newspaper Article Use for a newspaper article in print, from a library database, or on the web. For news articles on other websites that are not not newspaper, magazine, journal or blog sites, use the example for a webpage.
• Webpage Use for webpages on websites that are not newspapers, magazines, journals or blogs. Note: For an online dictionary, thesaurus or encyclopedia, see the example for Entry in a Reference Book .
• Facebook References
• Instagram References
• LinkedIn References
• Online Forum (e.g., Reddit) References
• TikTok References
• Twitter References
• Blog Use for a blog post.
• Artwork References
• Clip Art or Stock Image References
• Film and Television References
• Musical Score References
• Online Course or MOOC References
• Podcast References
• PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References
• Radio Broadcast References
• TED Talk References
• Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References
• YouTube Video References
• Data Set References
• Toolbox References

Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper

If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software

The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.

The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

• Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
• Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):

Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.

Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.

Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.

Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).

This information is from the APA Style Blog. For more information on this topic please refer to this page: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt

APA provides additional information and many more examples here:  https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples

Formatting your References Page

(Note: Instructions are for Microsoft Word)

• 7th Edition: Type and center the word, in bold font: References
• Highlight all of your citations, then click the Sort button in the Paragraph section of the menu. The defaults should be correct unless you have changed them previously (Sort by Paragraphs, Type: Text, Ascending). Click OK.
• Highlight all of your citations, then click the Paragraph formatting button. 
• Under Indentation, Special, select "Hanging". The default setting is 0.5" which is correct. Click OK.
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APA 7: References List

• Introduction to APA Format (7th ed.)
• Formatting a Paper
• In-Text Citations
• References List
• Getting Research Help

Guidance from APA Style, Purdue OWL, & Excelsior OWL

Reference examples are covered in Chapter 10 of the  APA Publication Manual

• Reference Examples From APA Style.
• Reference List: Basic Rules From Purdue OWL.
• APA References From Excelsior OWL.

Basic Reference List Guidelines

• A References list refers to the page at the end of your paper listing all the sources you used.
• Use Reference if just one source.
• Order citations alphabetically, typically by author last name.
• Citations should  be double-spaced.
• For citations that are longer than one line, include a hanging indent after the first line.
• List author last names and first initials for up to and including 20 authors.
• Links can be live if you intend for your audience to read your work online.

More About DOIs & URLs

Doi & url guidelines.

• If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI.
• If the DOI is not available, treat the work as a print source. 
• Don't include the URL or database information. 
• Don't use a period after a DOI. 
• If the URL is no longer working, try to find an archived version using the  Internet Archive  & use the archived URL. 
• Don't use a period after a URL. 
• Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

How to Add Hanging Indents in Google Docs

This video shares "[h]ow to add hanging indents in Google Docs..." ( Jen Jonson , 0:35).

Merced College Library APA 7 Handout

• APA 7th ed. Handout From the Merced College Library.

Citation Examples from APA Style

• Journal article
• Magazine article
• Newspaper article
• Edited book chapter
• Dictionary entry
• Government report
• Religious works
• Supplemental reference examples
• Archival documents & collections
• Missing reference information

How to Format a Hanging Indent in Microsoft Office 365 Word

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• URL: https://libguides.mccd.edu/apa7

APA Citation Guide for the 7th ed: Reference List

Reference list.

• In-Text Citation
• Using Information
• Paper Format

More Information on Reference

• APA Style Manual
• Purdue Owl
• APA Tutorial on Reference Entries
• APA Tutorial on Reference List Format

• APA Reference Quick Guide
• Sample Reference List
• 6 Steps to Proper Citations

What is a Reference?

A reference list provides the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve the works you have cited in your text. Good references help build your credibility as a researcher and writer.

According to the APA Manual, "each work cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text. Check your work carefully before submitting your manuscript or course assignment to ensure no works cited in the text are missing from the reference list and vice versa", except for the rare exceptions which are list in the manual .

Even if you only paraphrase, you will still need to cite your source in a way that would help your reader locate the section you paraphrased. More information on direct quotes can be found in the "Using Information" section of this page.

Basic Reference Format:

A reference contains four basic elements:.

• Author: Who is responsible for the work?
• Date:  When was this work published?
• Title: What is this work called?
• Source: Where can I retrieve this work?

Once you identify each element, it is fairly simple to create a Reference entry. Each entry begins with an AUTHOR followed by the DATE, TITLE, and SOURCE in the order.  If any of the above element is missing please refer to the APA Manual on " Missing Reference Elements " on how to proceed.

Gleick, J. (1987).  Chaos: Making a new science . Penguin.

The following image shows you where to find each reference element for a Journal Article.

Reference Page Format

You should begin your Reference List on a new page. The word "References",  should be centered, at the top of the page. References should be double-spaced, hanging-indented, and alphabetized by the last name of the author. More information on "Paper Format" can be found on the next tab of this page.

Punctuation, capitalization, spacing, and other details are very important when citing sources. The examples on this LibGuide are intended to provide guidance on formatting citations correctly. Please review the APA Manual for more information.

This sample paper  on the APA Style web site includes a large reference page with lots of citations, as well as notes about particular aspects of citations. These notes indicate where in the APA Manual to find more information.

• Reference List Sample

Quick Guide for Creating an APA Reference Entry

The following are the basic formulas for the most commonly used types of sources for students. For more detailed instructions or for a type of source not mentioned here, refer to Owl at Purdue's APA Citation Guide or the APA Style Website  .

Citing a book or eBook

Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year).  Title of book (edition if exists) . Publisher.

Example for book by one author:

Example for book by two:

Cook, P., & Ludwig, J. (2000).  Gun violence: The real costs  (Studies in crime and public policy). Oxford University Press.

Example for book up to 20 authors:

Choi, D., Gao, Z., & Jiang, W. (2020). Attention to global warming. Review of Financial Studies , 33(3), 1112 - 1145. https://doi-org/10.1093/rfs/hhz086 

Example for books with 21 or more authors:  

Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . .  Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment.  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ,  100 (10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

Citing a database article

This refers to an article in a magazine or scholarly journal. All articles in the library's databases fall into this category. Follow the same rules as the book citations for articles that have more than one author. If an article has no author, just leave that part out of the citation. (Do NOT put "anonymous" or "no author".)

Author(s). (publication date). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Journal, Volume( Issue), pages. DOI (if there is one)

Choi, D., Gao, Z., & Jiang, W. (2020). Attention to global warming.  Review of Financial Studies , 33 (3), 1112 - 1145. https://doi-org/10.1093/rfs/hhz086 

In APA 7 you may list either a DOI or URL link at the end of your reference, but not both. If there is no DOI or the URL/ "permalink" is not freely accessible to your reader, then you do not need to anything after the page number. Also, it is no longer required to include database information, expect for special cases.

Citing a website

If the content of a website has no author, just leave that part out of the citation. (Do NOT put "anonymous" or "no author".) Remember some websites have a group author. If the website has no date, use n.d. in parentheses 

Author(s) name. (publication date). Title of page in sentence case . Title of website. URL. 

Edgington, T. (2020, January 31).  Brexit : What is the transition period?  BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-50838994

National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July).  Anxiety disorders . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml

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Perdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® Seminary of Liberal Arts

Reference Drop: Basic Rules

Welcome to the Prada OWL

This page is brought into you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must insert the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 due Which Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue additionally Purdue University. Sum rights reserved. To matter may doesn must published, reproduced, broadcast, rewrote, or redistributing without permission. Use of that site constitutes acceptance of our terms the conditions of fair use.

Reference List: Basic Control

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in Ocotber 2019. The equivalent resource since the older APA 6 style  can been found here .

Diese ource, revised according to the 7 th  edition APA Published Manual, provides fundamental guidelines for constructing the literature pages of research papers. Forward additional information, please consult the   Publication Manual in the American Psychological Unite , (7 th  ed.).

This page gives basic guideline for formatting the reference list at the end of one standard APA research white. Most sources trail fairly straightforward rules. However, because sources obtained from academic journals  carry special weight in research writing, these literature are subject to special rules . Thus, this page present basic guidelines for citing academic journals separate from its "ordinary" basic guidelines. This distinction is made clear below.

Note:  Cause that information upon this page pertains to virtually all show, we've highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.

Formatting a Reference List

Your reference list should appear with the ending of your paper. Items offers the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite into the group of the paper. All root you cite in the paper must appear in your reference register; likewise, each entry in the reference list must been cited in your text. Print Guides: APA Quick Citation Guiding: In-text Citation

Your references should begin on a fresh page separate from the text a the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the apex of the page (do NOT undo or use quotation tags for the title). All text should be double-spaced fair like the rest regarding your essay. Speedy Quotation Guide. ○ To subscribe to The ... CDPHE | AP Style Quick Reference 1 ... For singular proper list ending in s, use only an apostrophe:.

Basic Rules by Most Literature

• All row after the first limit of everyone entry in your credit list should be indented one-half inch from an left margin. This is said hanger einbetten. Reference List: Basic Rules - Purdue OWL® - Rice University
• All authors' names should be reverse (i.e., last names should becoming provided first).
• For example, the reference entry in ampere source written by Jane Marie Smither would starts with "Smith, J. M."
• If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first full: "Smith, J."
• Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors off a particular work up to and inclusive 20 authors ( this are a modern ruling, as APA 6 includes required the beginning six authors ). Separate anywhere author’s initials away who next author in the catalog with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) previously the last author’s name. Is there are 21 or more artists, exercise an abbreviation (but no ampersand) afterwards the 19th author, and then add the finalist author’s name.
• Reference list entries ought be alphabetized in the last name of the first author of each labor.
• For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same request, list this entries in chronological order, from earliest to greatest actual.
• Note again that the titles starting academic journals are research into special rules. See section below.
• Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
• Do not set, underline, or put quotes around the titles of length works such as kapitel in books or essays inside edited collected.

Basic Rules for Products in Academic Journals

• Present journal titles in full.
• Italicize journal titles.
• For example, you should use  PhiloSOPHIA  instead of  Philosophia,  or  Past & Present   instead of  Past or Present.
• Diese distinction is based on the type of original being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, as other sources' titles do not.
• Capitalize   the early word of the titles press subtitles of   journal articles , as well as the   first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and   any proper nouns .
• Do nope italicize or underline the article title.
• Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
• Oceanographers Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication

Please note:  While aforementioned APA manual provides product of how to get common types away quellenangaben, it shall not coat all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does nope address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your input and uses such format. By more information, see page 282 of which   Publication Manual of aforementioned American Psychological Association , 7 e  ed.

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Common Writing Assignments

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

These OWL resources will help you understand and complete specific types of writing assignments, such as annotated bibliographies, book reports, and research papers. This section also includes resources on writing academic proposals for conference presentations, journal articles, and books.

Understanding Writing Assignments

This resource describes some steps you can take to better understand the requirements of your writing assignments. This resource works for either in-class, teacher-led discussion or for personal use.

Argument Papers

This resource outlines the generally accepted structure for introductions, body paragraphs, and conclusions in an academic argument paper. Keep in mind that this resource contains guidelines and not strict rules about organization. Your structure needs to be flexible enough to meet the requirements of your purpose and audience.

Research Papers

This handout provides detailed information about how to write research papers including discussing research papers as a genre, choosing topics, and finding sources.

Exploratory Papers

This resource will help you with exploratory/inquiry essay assignments.

Annotated Bibliographies

This handout provides information about annotated bibliographies in MLA, APA, and CMS.

Book Report

This resource discusses book reports and how to write them.

Definitions

This handout provides suggestions and examples for writing definitions.

Essays for Exams

While most OWL resources recommend a longer writing process (start early, revise often, conduct thorough research, etc.), sometimes you just have to write quickly in test situations. However, these exam essays can be no less important pieces of writing than research papers because they can influence final grades for courses, and/or they can mean the difference between getting into an academic program (GED, SAT, GRE). To that end, this resource will help you prepare and write essays for exams.

Book Review

This resource discusses book reviews and how to write them.

Academic Proposals

This resource will help undergraduate, graduate, and professional scholars write proposals for academic conferences, articles, and books.

In this section

Subsections.

• Ask a Librarian

Master of Science Engineering Technology (MSET)

• Manage Your Research
• Copyright and Plagiarism
• Common APA Citation Questions
• MET 52700 This link opens in a new window

Purdue OWL: APA

• APA Guidlines
• Videos on the Basics of APA
• General Format
• In-Text Citations: The Basics
• Reference List: The Basics
• Types of APA Papers
• APA Changes 6th Edition
• General APA Facts
• APA Sample Paper
• APA Formatting - The Basics
• APA Formatting: Reference List Basics
• APA References List: Complex Authors
• APA References: Periodicals
• APA References Entries for Books

Purdue OWL: Writing Tips

Choosing a Topic

Where Do I Begin?

Developing Strong Thesis Statements

Writing a Research Paper

Citation Management

• Citation Management Tools
• Quick Reference Generators

Citation management tools help you track and organize the articles you are gathering for your research.  Citation management tools also generate in-text citations, import records from databases, and reference pages.   NOTE : Errors do occasionally occur with citation managers, so always check your citations and references.

• Zotero by Michael Witt
• Endnote Desktop by Robert Freeman
• Endnote Basic by Jerilyn Tinio
• Endnote Web vs. Zotero
• Citation Machine
• NoodleToole Express (my favorite for difficult references)
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• Last Edited: May 23, 2024 6:11 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.purdue.edu/mset

• Finding Articles
• Finding Books

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)

Apa style (7th edition) resources, social sciences & data literacy librarian.

The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) offers detailed information about the most common citation formats:  APA ,  MLA , and  Chicago Manual of Style . These links will take you to general format information. Use the left sidebar on the Purdue OWL page to find more specific information about citation styles for different types of sources.

• APA Style Help

APA Style guidelines  for citing ChatGPT.

Much like the policies on using Generative AI, like ChatGPT, the citation requirements for GenAI will vary from course to course. Always check with your professor for their AI citation expectations.

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