literature review example caribbean studies

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Caribbean Studies IA Shanaski Hyatt

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Caribbean Studies SBA TABLE OF CONTENTS Caribbean Studies SBA INTRODUCTION

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Joseph Akpokodje

Acta Criminologica

Willie Clack

Generally, over the years rural crime in South Africa has been largely ignored and/or under-researched by academics, particularly from a criminological perspective. With the recent exception of a focus on wildlife poaching in rural areas (or more specifically the poaching of rhino), and to a lesser extent on stocktheft as a rural crime, most of the attention on rural crime in South Africa has been directed towards the so-called 'farm attacks', which have, more often than not, been taken out of context and/or politicised. Part of the problem in researching rural crime in South Africa has been of a definitional nature. For instance, in farm attacks, who are the 'farmers' and what constitutes a 'farm'? An example of the semantic confusion has been the fact that Gauteng Province-the smallest of the nine provinces in land area, but the industrial and economic heartland of South Africa-has the highest number of registered 'smallholdings/plots', but many of the owners/residents of such properties live there because of a lifestyle choice and not for any commercial or for-profit-farming enterprises. Also ignored in the analysis of rural crime are many of the 'other' victims of farm attacks, namely the farm workers and members of their families. Overall, as a rural crime, stocktheft in fact represents the biggest economic and crime impact on rural economies even though the usual range of violent crimes also occur in rural areas. This article seeks to broadly unpack rural crimes-with an exploratory focus on 'farm attacks' and stocktheft-within the context of South African areas outside of the major urban areas, inter alia touching on such aspects as the demise of the Commando System of rural protection and its belated replacement with a National Rural protection Plan in the late 1990s. From a number of the reports on farm attacks it was generally found that the primary motive for farm attacks was robbery and that such farm attacks should be dealt with and policed inclusively with all other forms of rural crime including that of livestock theft, particularly within the structures of the 2011 National Rural Strategy.

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research

The purpose of this paper is to review the present state of the evidence base on the effectiveness of crime prevention programmes and practices in developing countries and to consider the prospects for its improvement. The paper summarises the findings from a scoping review of the literature and develops some suggestions about how the void it finds might be filled. A key focus is on the quality of the methodology used in the research from which the findings are drawn. Against this background the paper considers the degree to which findings about effectiveness, even where they are derived from high quality research on the impact of a criminal justice intervention, are likely to be generalisable from the location of an experiment or pilot to other settings or countries. Building an evidence based on the effectiveness of crime prevention or crime reduction interventions for developing countries would clearly be a major task. Many kinds of political, social, economic and other forces, which vary from country to country, may mediate the impact of criminal justice interventions. The result may be that what works well in one country may not work at all well elsewhere for all kinds of reasons. The principal challenge in creating an evidence base is to develop inclusion criteria when making cross-country comparisons that strike an appropriate balance between the costs and benefits of greater methodological rigour and generalisation.

Our Prisoners: A Collection of Papers Arising from a 2016 Survey of Inmates at The Bahamas Department of Correctional Services Facility at Fox Hill

Philip Smith

This publication, a collaboration between the Inter-American Development Bank and the University of The Bahamas, presents the findings of a study of sentenced inmates at the prison in The Bahamas known at the Department of Correctional Services Facility, Fox Hill. The materials provide invaluable insight into public policy to further support the transformation of citizen security in The Bahamas. Robust and reliable information is needed to effectively diagnose, plan, carry out, and monitor correctional policies. The data generated by this publication and its underlying research are key inputs for the IDB’s Citizen Security and Justice Knowledge Strategy, which aims to better inform the public debate and decision makers about institutional performance of the criminal justice sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean.

John Buttle

John W. Buttle (2006) A Report to the New Zealand Police Rural Liaison. Auckland University of Technology School of Social Science Private Bag 92006 Auckland 1028 New Zealand Email: [email protected]

Gessye Gee , Tania Lucia Gaona

Executive Summary: Growth and Development in the Caribbean The Growth and Development in the Caribbean Practicum is a collaborative enterprise with the Caribbean Department of the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) focusing on two sub- projects: Socio-Economic Profiles and Crime and Development. Four teams of two graduate students each completed one country economic and political analysis for their socio-economic practicum focusing on the Bahamas, Jamaica, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Each participant in the Crime and Development completed a literature review focusing on one of the five key areas of crime: crime trends, crime and business, violence in the home, gangs and gang violence, and youth violence and violence in schools. The reports serve as a capstone project for the completion of their Master’s studies in the School of International Service and provide background and recommendations for the Caribbean Department of the IADB, as well as inputs into its work-program. The socio-economic reports (in a separate document) are focused on the analysis of the economic and political organizations of the countries and draw main findings and policy recommendations accordingly. A key message is that the four countries share certain similarities economically and politically, but have core dissimilarities as well. The similarities include small size of populations ranging from less than half a million to about 3 million people, proneness to natural disasters due to their geographic position, high rates of brain drain, a history of colonialism, closeness to the United States, and dependency on foreign markets. However, the countries also have differences including their economic growth and stability, external debt, and economic structure, i.e. service or commodity based. The summarized recommendations range from addressing internal fiscal and monetary imbalances, adopting policies that can lead to increasing employment in their main sectors of production (with an emphasis on addressing the shortcomings of the educational system and decreasing the administrative burden on private sector activity), and modernizing public sector institutions to increase revenue generating capacity, permit needed infrastructure public investments and reduce the burden of debt for the future generations. The recommendations in the reports are tailored to specific country circumstances. The crime and development literature reviews focused on accessing the problem of crime and violence and its adverse impact on development efforts in the Caribbean, identifying the factors associated with crime and violence, and possible solutions to ameliorating the high prevalence of criminal and violent acts in the region. While crime studies in the Caribbean have proven to be a difficult task because of inadequate data and reporting, the Practicum produced an in-depth analysis of the existing evidence with respect to five important topics: crime trends, crime and business, violence in the home, gangs and gang violence and youth violence and violence in school. The reports document a substantial increase in reported crime over time, and of associated economic and social costs. The categories of crime examined in this review are II interlinked, and risks exist of self-reinforcing negative loops. The reports also looked at mitigation initiatives, both in the Caribbean as well as elsewhere in the world. While encouraging initiatives exist, there is need for considerably more formalized study of what can work, particularly in the Caribbean context. The reports have been delivered to the Inter-American Development Bank, which may choose to use them as inputs in a number of forthcoming publications, in which case author attributions will include the AU student(s) responsible for drafting the reports.

jens C Andvig

Tulonga Tracy

Joseph Donnermeyer

Learnfirst Chandipwisa

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