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NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Questions and Answers - FREE PDF Download

Unlock a complete study experience with Vedantu's Class 9 Economics Chapter 1 NCERT Solutions. Get the "Poverty as a Challenge" Class 9 PDF, which clearly explains the key ideas you need to understand the subject better with easy-to-follow Class 9 Economics NCERT Solutions.

By exploring the questions and answers of Class 9 Economics, students gain a deep understanding of key concepts, such as the bigger challenges independent India faces. Poverty and rural and urban poverty cases have been discussed in this chapter. Check out the revised class 9 social science syllabus and start with Vedantu to embark on a journey of academic excellence.

Glance on NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge

Class 9th Economics Chapter 3, Poverty as a Challenge, explains how poverty is one of the biggest challenges that the country faces today. 

The chapter Poverty as a Challenge class 9 also helps the students demarcate and understand urban and rural poverty concepts. 

Economics Class 9 NCERT Chapter 3 includes discussions such as poverty estimate, interstate disparities, poverty line, causes of poverty, and various anti-poverty measures taken by the government. 

The country's poverty estimates have been included in the chapter discussions. 

The chapter on poverty as a challenge in class 9  has been designed with ease of understanding and aims to familiarise students with poverty.

The chapter provides an analysis of poverty trends over the years.

Discusses the impact of poverty on individuals and society, including malnutrition, lack of access to education and healthcare, and social exclusion.

Class 9th Economics Chapter 3 includes various questions that help students assess their understanding of poverty and its challenges. 

Access NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics Chapter - 3 Poverty as a Challenge

1. Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India?

Ans: In India, poverty line is measured by considering the following factors:

Minimum level of food requirement,

Fuel and Light

Medical requirement

These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices. The formula for food requirement was calculated by the desired calorie requirement. For example, in 1999 – 2000, the poverty line in the rural areas was fixed at Rs.328 per capita per month and in urban areas, it was Rs.454. People who were earning more than this amount were considered above the poverty line and those who were earning less than this amount were considered as living below the poverty line.

2. Do you think that the present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate? 

Ans: The methodology of poverty estimation that we are using now, takes only one factor in view and that is the economic factor. It considers about a “minimum” subsistence level of living instead of “reasonable” level of living.

Poverty is no longer confined to economic factors alone. Few persons may have been able to feed themselves but if they are without education, without shelter, without health-care, without job security, without self-confidence, without social equality, they will be considered poor. If poverty is to be removed and the people are to be brought above the poverty line, we need to increase their income also, we have to provide the people with education, shelter, health-care, job-security, respect.

3. Describe poverty trends in India since 1973?

Ans: As per the reports, there was a substantial decline in poverty ratio in India from 55% in 1973 to 36% in 1993. There was further decline from 36% in 1993 to 26% in 2000. But, the number of poor people remained stable, that is, 320 million from 1973 to 1993, there was a significant decrease in the number of poor people to about 260 million till 2000. The poverty ratio always remained higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.

4. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India?

Ans: The major reasons for poverty in India are:

Colonial Rule: India went through a phase where a low economic development was seen under the British colonial administration. The policies of the colonial government destroyed the traditional handicrafts and discouraged development of industries such as textiles.

High growth in Population: The rapid growth of the poor in terms of population, was considered one of the major causes behind Indian poverty. Poor people were illiterate and they used to have a traditional outlook. Hence, they are ignorant of birth control measures. Moreover, they consider male children as an asset, since they are a source of income and a source of security during old age.

Low Rate of Economic Development: The actual rate of economic development growth in India has always been below the required level. It has been around 4% since 1951, which resulted in less job opportunities. This was the reason for a high growth rate of population.

Unemployment: The high degree of unemployment and underemployment is another important factor that can be held responsible for the incidence of high poverty in India. The job seekers are increasing at a higher rate than the increase in the employment opportunities.

Unequal Distribution: The national income of India has been growing since 1951, since it was not properly distributed among different sections of the society. A large proportion of increased income has been pocketed by the rich, so they become richer. The majority of other sections of people have to live below the poverty line.

Social Factors: There are many social factors, such as, caste system, joint family system, religious faiths, law of inheritance, etc., which block the path of economic development.

5. Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to poverty in India.

Ans: Social and Economic Groups that are vulnerable to Poverty:

Scheduled caste households

Rural agricultural labour households

Urban casual labour households

6. Give an account of interstate disparities of poverty in India.

Ans: The ratio of the poor section of people will not be the same in each and every state. There has been a significant decrease in poverty in every state since the early seventies, the success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state. Orissa and Bihar are among the two poorest states which are having poverty ratios of 47 and 43 per cent respectively, both urban and rural poverty are high in these states. States like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal had shown decline in poverty. Focus on Public distribution of food grains, human resource development, land reform measures and high agricultural development are some of the factors responsible for the decline in poverty in these states.

7. Describe global poverty trends.

Ans: A specific portion of people in developing countries living on less than $1 per day has decreased from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001. There has been a substantial deduction in global poverty since the 1980’s. Due to rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development, poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries, the reduction in poverty is marked with great regional differences.

In South Asian countries, that is, in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, there is not rapid reduction. The ratio of poverty in Latin America has remained the same, in sub-Saharan Africa, poverty has increased from 41% in 1981 to 46% in 2001. As per the world development report of 2001, countries such as Nigeria, Bangladesh and India still have a greater percentage of people living under poverty.

8. Describe the current government strategy of poverty alleviation?

Ans: One of the major objectives of Indian developmental strategy is the removal of poverty. The government’s strategy is based on:

• Promotion of Economic Growth
• Targeted Anti-poverty Programmes

Some of the anti-poverty programmes launched by government at present are:

Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY):

It was launched in 1993, it aims to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY): 

It was launched in 2000, it aimed to create and improve basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.

National Food for Work programme (NFWP): 

It was launched in 2004, for almost 150 backward districts of the country, this programme is for all the rural poor who are in desperate need of wage employment and desire to do manual unskilled work.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA): 

In September 2005, this act was passed. This act assures 100 days employment every year to each and every rural household in 200 districts. This was later extended to 600 districts and also 1/3 rd proposed jobs were reserved for the women.

9. Answer the following questions briefly

i. What do you understand about human poverty?

Ans: Human poverty is a concept which tells us the situation that goes beyond the limited view of poverty as lack of income. The denial of political, social and economic opportunities for an individual so that he can maintain a “reasonable” standard of living. Major components of human poverty are - Illiteracy, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to proper healthcare and sanitation, caste and gender discrimination, etc.

ii. Who are the poorest of the poor?

Ans: Women, children, particularly the girl child and elder people in a poor family were regarded as the poorest of the poor, since they are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family.

iii. What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005?

Ans: Main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005:

• The NREG Act assures 100 days employment every year to each and every household.
• Initially it covered 200 districts, the Act was extended to 600 districts later on.
• 1/3 rd of the jobs are reserved for women.

Topics Covered in Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge

Benefits of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Poverty as a Challenge Chapter 3

NCERT Solutions thoroughly explains all key concepts related to poverty, including its definition, measurement, and the criteria for the poverty line. 

Economics Chapter 3 class 9 PDF questions and answers cover all significant topics and sub-topics of the chapter, giving students a thorough understanding of poverty and its challenges.

The solutions include real-life examples and statistical data to illustrate poverty trends and government initiatives.

The solutions are aligned with the latest CBSE syllabus for the academic year 2024-25, ensuring that students study relevant and updated content, making their preparation effective and current.

Economics NCERT Class 9 Solutions Chapter 3 is made by expert social science teachers with a lot of experience and are familiar with the CBSE and NCERT guidelines.

NCERT Solutions Class 9 Social Chapter 3, “Poverty As Challenge”, provides all the main topics underlined so the student can focus on them.

Economics chapter 3 class 9 pdf from Vedantu is prepared by experienced educators who know what's crucial for exams.

Along with the NCERT Solutions, you can also check the other important study materials, such as Class 9 Poverty, as a challenge revision note .

Vedantu's Class 9 Social Chapter 3 is an important chapter that lays the foundation for future Social Sciences. The Solutions is a comprehensive and informative resource that will help students understand the concepts in depth and solve problems to improve their analytical skills. Having a good understanding of these topics is essential for success in exams. Students can also download a free PDF of Vedantu's Class 9 Chapter 3 Solutions for easy access and offline use. Students can rely on Vedantu's NCERT Solutions to enhance their knowledge, clarify doubts, and confidently prepare for exams.

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FAQs on NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge

1. Describe the Global Trends in Poverty.

The percentage of people in developing countries living below the poverty line was 28 percent in 199, which has fallen to 21 percent in 2001. The poverty line is the earning of 1 dollar per day. Global poverty has substantially reduced since the 1980s and the reduction noted has significantly been due to rapid economic development and increased investment in human resource development by various countries like China and other Southeast Asian countries. On the other hand, in South Asian countries such as India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan, the reduction in poverty has not been rapid. This shows that the reduction in global poverty has been subject to regional differences. Various countries like some African and Asian countries still have a large number of poor.

2. What Are the Major Causes That Have Led to Widespread Poverty in India?

The various reasons poverty is still so widespread in India are related to history and inadequate legislation in the present. One of India’s significant causes of poverty is the colonial rule under which India’s handicrafts and local industries were ruined. The colonial government’s policies served for the benefit of only the British and brought destruction to the Indians. Another cause of poverty in India is the rapid rise in population, which has caused a significant portion of the population to remain below the poverty line. The rate of economic development has also been slow and unemployment remains rampant in the country. Unequal distribution of wealth along with various other social factors are some major causes of poverty.

3. What is “Poverty as a Challenge”?

"Poverty as a Challenge" is Chapter 3 of the NCERT Social Science Economics textbook. The chapter deals with various aspects of poverty in India, including its causes, challenges and solutions. Also, it tells about how poverty is one of the biggest challenges that the country faces today. The chapter also talks about the difference in the concepts of urban and rural poverty. 

4. How is the poverty line estimated in India?

Estimation of the poverty line in India is based on several factors like minimum level of food requirement, clothing, education, medical requirement etc. For a more detailed and comprehensive view of the topic, you can download Vedantu's solutions PDF from the link NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Chapter 3 Economics free of cost. The study material can also be accessed from the Vedantu app.

5. What are the challenges of poverty?

The absence of proper healthcare facilities, disparities in the education system, gender inequality, lack of proper infrastructure, social discrimination, widespread corruption, and high hunger rates are few challenges that lie ahead for India to overcome its poverty. For a more detailed and comprehensive view of the topic, you can download Vedantu's solutions PDF from the link NCERT Solutions for Chapter 3 Class 9 Social Science Economics free of cost. The study material can also be accessed from the Vedantu app.

6. What are the causes of poverty?

There are several causes of poverty in India:

Rising population

Low economic development

Less utilisation of resources

Lack of land resources

Unequal employment distribution

For more knowledge on the topic, you can download Vedantu's solutions PDF from the link NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics free of cost from the Vedantu website (vedantu.com). 

7. How should one study Class 9 Economics?

To study Class 9 Economics effectively, follow these tips:

Go through the NCERT textbook properly. NCERT textbook should be your major focus.

Understand the fundamental concepts. Don’t just cram the material.

 Learn the basic keywords, definitions and differences well.

Thoroughly revise the questions in the textbook. You can use Vedantu’s NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 3 for properly structured answers.

8. What topics are covered in NCERT Solutions for Poverty as a Challenge class 9 Social Science Chapter 3 - Poverty as a Challenge?

The Solutions in Poverty as a Challenge class 9 covers topics such as the definition and measurement of poverty, poverty trends in India, causes and consequences of poverty, and anti-poverty measures taken by the government.

9. How do NCERT Solutions class 9 economics chapter 3 questions and answers help understand the concept of poverty?

The class 9 economics chapter 3 questions and answers provide detailed explanations and breakdowns of complex concepts, making it easier for students to understand the various aspects of poverty, its causes, and its impact on society.

10. Are the poverty as a challenge class 9 questions and answers for this chapter aligned with the latest CBSE syllabus?

Yes, poverty as a Challenge class 9 questions and answers are aligned with the latest CBSE syllabus for the academic year 2024-25, ensuring that students study relevant and updated content.

11. How can the answers to the questions in Economics Class 9, chapter 3, assist in exam preparation?

The economics class 9 chapter 3 question answer includes various questions and detailed answers, covering different aspects of the chapter. This comprehensive practice helps students prepare thoroughly for exams, boosting their confidence and performance.

12. What benefits do students gain from using these NCERT class 9 economics ch 3 question answers?

Students thoroughly understand poverty, its causes, and the measures taken to combat it. Class 9 Economics ch 3 question answer also helps enhance critical thinking and analytical skills, which are crucial for exams.

13. Does the class 9 economics chapter 3 question answer include real-life examples and data?

The answer to the question in class 9 Economics, chapter 3, includes real-life examples and statistical data to illustrate poverty trends and government initiatives, making the concepts more relatable and easier to understand.

14. How does the poverty as challenge class 9 question answer support self-study?

The poverty as challenge class 9 question answer provides clear and detailed explanations, allowing students to study and revise independently. They can easily refer to these solutions for guidance and clarification.

15. Where can students access these class 9 economics chapter 3 questions and answers for Social Science?

Students can access Poverty as a Challenge class 9 questions and answers on educational platforms like Vedantu, which is available for free download and provides easy and convenient access for study and revision.

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Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Notes

The Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Notes outline the situation of poverty in India, the causes of poverty and what are the measures taken to eradicate poverty. In Chapter 3 Economics Class 9 Notes, students will get to know the details of the chapter that are important for their final examination. Class 9 Economics Notes Chapter 3 will be a student’s last-minute revision guide providing all the necessary information. Along with Class 9 Chapter 3 Economics Notes, students can refer to Extramarks for previous years’ question papers to be thorough with their preparation for exams.

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Poverty as a Challenge Class 9 notes Economics Chapter 3

Poverty as a challenge class 9 economics chapter 3 notes: .

This chapter highlights the situation of poverty in India and the causes of poverty. According to the estimates of 2011-2012, approximately 70% of the population in India is poor.  There could be two causes of poverty, which you will read later in this below. There can be various reasons for poverty, including landlessness, illiteracy, unemployment, poor health or malnutrition, child labour, and more family members.

What is Poverty?

Poverty simply describes a situation of hunger and lack of shelter, wherein people cannot give their kids an education, and the kids are malnourished. Moreover, for some people, poverty means the unavailability of clean water and sanitation facilities. Every fifth person you encounter in India is suffering from poverty, which simply means 270 million or 27 crores of the population is poor. The fact and the most challenging situation for India is that it has the biggest single concentration of poverty-ridden people in the world. People like land labourers, people living in jhuggis in urban areas, children workers, daily wage workers, and beggars consider themselves poor.

Reasons for Poverty: 

Let’s study the two cases of poverty with examples, the urban and rural cases.

Urban Case of Poverty: 

Ramsaran, a daily wage labourer near Ranchi working on a wheat farm, manages to earn approximately INR 1500. However, this money is not sufficient to feed the family of six members, including his wife and four kids. Moreover, Santa Devi, his wife, works as a part-time maid and earns a meagre income of INR 800. The elder son is employed at a tea shop and manages to make money upto 300. However, this income is insufficient to send the children to school and they are undernourished and have no access to healthcare. .

Rural Case of Poverty: 

Lakha Singh is a landless labourer in a village near Meerut. He and his family work for big farmers with the land. After doing all the odd jobs and a hard day’s work, he manages to get an amount of INR 50. More often, compensation is given in kinds such as a few kg of wheat, vegetables, and dal. However, the family of eight members cannot even afford two square meals in a day.

Metrics to measure poverty: 

• Social exclusion: According to the concept of social exclusion, poverty means when poor people live with other poverty-ridden people in a poor neighbourhood. They are excluded from better-off opportunities, and equality is given to other people. For instance, the caste system in India is the best example of how social exclusion deprives people of their basic human rights.
• Vulnerability: Vulnerability is a measure which states that some individuals, including widows, handicapped people, and people from backward classes, will remain poor in the near future. This measure of poverty simply means that these people will be the ones most affected when they face floods and earthquakes because of their inability to handle them compared to others.

Other factors include illiteracy level, lack of resistance because of malnutrition, inability to access healthcare facilities, lack of job opportunities, inability to access clean drinking water, sanitation and so on.

Poverty line: 

The basic estimate to measure poverty based on consumption and income levels is the poverty line. Every country has a different poverty line, and it changes with time and increases the prices of basic products. While measuring the poverty line, food or calorie requirement, fuel, education, etc., are considered. The minimum level of calories in rural areas is 2400, and 2100 calories are needed in urban areas. According to the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) survey, a person living in a rural area with a family of five members and earning less than INR 4080 will be below the poverty line. In the urban area, a family earning less than INR 5000 is below the poverty line.

Additionally, certain parts or groups within our society, particularly Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, are particularly prone to poverty. In addition, 43 of the 100 destitute persons are members of Scheduled Tribes. Moreover, 23% are members of the Scheduled Castes community, and 34% live in casual urban areas. Additionally, the percentage of the impoverished varies among states. For instance, with 33.7 and 32.6 poverty rates, Bihar and Orissa are the two poorest states. On the other side, states like Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and West Bengal have seen a sharp decline in the poverty rate.

Causes of Poverty: 

One of the significant causes of poverty dates back to the British era when the colonial Government ruled India. They discouraged handmade products made by Indian people and did not promote the setting up of industries like textiles. This decreased the growth rate and income level of the population continued till the nineteenth century. The reduction in growth rate was further accompanied by a rise in population and a lack of job opportunities. The two significant spectrums to control poverty, the increase in economic growth and population control, failed drastically, and the cycle of poverty continued.

Anti-Poverty tactics: 

Economic growth is a major determinant in reducing and stopping the poverty cycle. In the eighteenth century, India’s economic growth rate rose from 3.5 per cent in the 1970s to 6 per cent in the 1980s and 1990s. Higher the rate of economic growth, less the poverty rate. The primary rationale why economic growth is so important is because it provides crucial resources to invest in human capital by encouraging children to go to schools, especially girls.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) of 2005 ensures that rural households will be given 100 days of employment. Moreover, this scheme has provided employment to 220 crore people on days of work to 4.78 crore rural households. Also, the income or per day wage increased from INR 65 in 2006 to INR 132 in 2013 and 2014.

Another scheme commenced by the Government was the Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY), wherein the Government will help people set up small-scale businesses. Moreover, the Rural Employment Generation Programme, which was launched in 1995, aims to promote self-employment opportunities with a vision to create 25 lakh jobs in rural areas. Furthermore, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), launched in 1999, aims to bring people above the poverty line with the help of central banks’ self-help groups and credit facilities.

The Importance of Notes in Class 9: 

Class 9 CBSE revision notes will be students’ last-minute guide when they appear for exams. These notes include all information from the CBSE syllabus of Class 9 Economics Chapter 3. Chapter 3; Poverty as a challenge is  crucial and scoring good grades is easy  if they follow the right strategy, stick to their study timetable, and have the right study material, it won’t be difficult. . Students can easily revise the entire syllabus by going through the study materials available at Extramarks particularly  as these notes include all the necessary information that can be expected  in the  question paper during exams. So these notes are an easy way to score good marks in any subject.

Extramarks provides students with a joyful learning experience and constantly strives to upgrade its products year after year to meet the changing demands of the curriculum and present its millennial generation with very simple and easy solutions for each and every student irrespective of their level.

Poverty as a Challenge Chapter Summary: 

This chapter highlights the situation of poverty in India and what are the causes of poverty. According to the estimates of 2011-2012, approximately 70% of the population in India is poor. It simply means that every 4th person you encounter is suffering from poverty. There could be two causes of poverty. The first is rural poverty, and the second is urban poverty.

Moreover, there are some specific groups or sections of our society that are vulnerable to poverty, especially Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes. Furthermore, out of 100 poor people, 43 of them belong to Scheduled Tribes. 34% of them are casual urban, and 23% percent of them belong to the Scheduled Castes community. Plus, not all states consist of the same proportion of poor people. For instance, Bihar and Orissa are the two poorest states, with poverty ratios of 33.7 and 32.6. On the other hand, the poverty rate has drastically reduced in states like Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal.

There are various causes of poverty, such as exploitation of the Indian population under British rule, huge income disparity and unequal distribution of resources, improper implementation of government policies, farmers taking loans which they are unable to repay, and so on. Moreover, the government has taken various anti-poverty measures like MGNREGA 2005, Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana 2000, the Rural employment generation program launched in 1995, and Prime Minister Rozgar Yojna of 1993.

Extramarks believes in incorporating joyful learning experiences through its own repository. The subject experts  have conscientiously prepared authentic, concise answers which students can trust and enjoy the process of learning.These notes will help students grasp the CBSE syllabus of Chapter 3, Economics, with ease and in less  time span. Extramarks also provide NCERT book notes, including formulas and CBSE past year’s question papers .

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Class 9 Economics Notes CBSE

Chapter 1 - the story of village palampur.

Chapter 2 - People as Resource

Chapter 4 - food security in india, faqs (frequently asked questions), 1. what is social exclusion.

Social Exclusion is a term referred to when people are living near the poor neighbourhood away from the elite and rich class. This is one of the causes and the result of poverty because it restricts people from enjoying equal social rights. Social Exclusion can also deprive people of potential opportunities that other classes of people are enjoying.

2. What is Poverty?

Poverty is a situation in which people are deprived of their basic needs and rights. People living in poverty cannot afford basic amenities, including food, shelter, clothing, proper sanitation, water, etc. Also, poverty is referred to when a person is deprived of elements beyond basic needs.

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Poverty as a Challenge class 9 Notes Economics

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9 Economics notes Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge

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CBSE Class 09 SST Revision Notes Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge

In our daily life we come across many poor people such as land less labourers in villages, people living in jhuggis, daily wage workers at construction sites, child labourers in dhabas, rickshaw-pullers, domestic servants, cobblers, beggars, etc.

About 30 crore people live in poverty.

Poverty : Usually the levels of income and consumption are used to define poverty. In India, poverty can be defined as the lack of common things like food, clothing and shelter , safe drinking water, medical care  and education, which determine quality of life.

Poverty has both dimensions economical and social.

Other Indicators of Poverty :

Now poverty is looked through other social indicators like illiteracy level, lack of access to health care, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation, etc. Nowadays, the concept of social exclusion is becoming very common in the analysis of poverty.

Social exclusion means , generally poor are excluded in the community of better off people.

Vulnerability

Vulnerability describes the greater probability of certain communities  or individuals of becoming, or remaining, poor in the coming years.

The people from backward cast, individuals like widows, physically handicapped are  more vulnerable.

They possess greater risks at the time of natural disasters.

Poverty Line 

It is based on the income or consumption level.

A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given ‘minimum level’ necessary to satisfy basic needs.

Poverty line varies with time place.

For the year 2009-10, the poverty line for a person was fixed at  Rs.673 per month for rural area and Rs. 860 for the urban areas.

The poverty line is estimated periodically by conducting sample surveys by National Sample Survey Organisation. ( NSSO)

Estimates of Poverty :

The incidence of poverty in India was around 55 per cent in 1973 which declined to 36 per cent in 1993 and further to 26 per cent in 2000.

The poverty in India is reduced percent wise but number wise it is huge.

Social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty are Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe households.

Inequality of Incomes within a Family:

In poor families, old people, women and female children are denied equal access to family’s available resources. They are the poorest of the poor.

Inter-State Disparities :

The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state. In 20 states and union territories the poverty ratio is less than the national average. Orissa and Bihar are the poorest states of India with poverty ratios of 47 per cent and 43 per cent respectively. Lowest incidence of poverty is found in Jammu and Kashmir with poverty ratio of just 3.5 per cent.

Global Poverty Scenario :

There has been substantial decline in global poverty. However, it is marked with great regional differences. Poverty has declined more in China and South-East Asian countries.

World bank has defined poverty as the people earning less than 1.25 $ per day.

The Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations call for reducing the proportion of people below poverty line to half the 1990 level by 2015.

Causes of Poverty :

There are a number of causes for the widespread poverty in India.

One historical reason is the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration.

There are some other reasons.

These are :

1. Rapid growth of population , particularly among the poor is considered a major cause of Indian poverty.

2. Our agricultural sector has failed to generate much employment opportunities for the farm labourers. Similarly, our industries could not provide much job for the job seekers.

3. One of the major causes of poverty is the unequal distribution of land and other resources. Various land reform measures introduced after Independence could not improve the life of millions of rural poor because of their poor implementation.

4. Social factors  :

People in India, including the very poor, spend a lot of money on social occasions like marriages, festivals, etc. Poor people hardly have any savings; they are, thus forced to borrow. Unable to pay because of poverty, they became victims of indebtedness.

Joint family system has prevented people from doing hard work.

• Steps taken by the Government for Poverty Alleviation

Our government’s strategy to poverty reduction has been twofold. One, promotion of economic growth and, two, targeted poverty alleviation programmes.

Poverty Alleviation Programmes :

To address the poor, a need for targeted anti-poverty programmes was strongly felt.

Some of them are given below :

1. Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) : The aim of this programme (which was started in 1993) was to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.

2. Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP): REGP was launched in 1995 to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas.

3. Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY ): SGSY was started in 1999. The programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families above the poverty line.

4. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) was launched in 2000.

5. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) for ‘the poorest of poor’s and elders.

6. National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) was launched in 2004.

7. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was passed in September 2005. The Act provides 100-days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts.

The Challenges Ahead :

Though poverty has declined in India, poverty reduction remains India’s most compelling challenge. We will have to do something special to fight against wide regional disparities. We must broaden the definition of poverty from ‘a minimum subsistence level of living to a reasonable level of living’. Bigger challenges before us are: providing health care, education and job security for all the achieving gender equality.

CBSE Class 9 Revision Notes and Key Points

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Summary - Concepts - Chapter 3 Class 9 Economics - Poverty as a Challenge - Economics

Last updated at April 16, 2024 by Teachoo

• Poverty has many dimensions.
• It is measured through the concept of the “poverty line”.
• In recent years, analysis of poverty is becoming rich through a variety of new concepts like social exclusion.

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Class Notes

Free Class Notes & Study Material

Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge – Notes & Study Material

Last Updated on July 3, 2023 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

☛ NCERT Solutions – Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge

• 1 Terminology
• 3 Poverty as Seen by Social Scientists
• 4 Poverty Line
• 5 Poverty Estimates 
• 6 Vulnerability 
• 7 Vulnerable Groups
• 8 Inter State Disparities
• 9 Global Scenario
• 10 Causes of Poverty
• 11 Anti-Poverty Measures
• 12.1 (i) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005
• 12.2 (ii) National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) 2004
• 12.3 (iii) Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) 1993
• 12.4 (iv) Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) 1995
• 12.5 (v) Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 1999
• 12.6 (vi) Pradhanmantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) 2000 
• 12.7 (vii) Antyodaya Anna Yozana (AAY) 
• 13 The Challenges Ahead

Terminology

When a person is unable to fulfill his basic needs of food, clothing and shelter, then he is said to be living in poverty. One of the biggest challenges of independent India has been to bring millions of its people out of abject poverty.

Poverty as Seen by Social Scientists

(i) Now poverty is looked through other social indicators like illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc.

(ii) Analysis of poverty based on social exclusion and vulnerability is now becoming very common.

Poverty Line

(i) A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption levels.  

(ii) A person is considered poor if his or her income or  consumption level falls below a given ‘minimum level necessary to fulfill basic needs.

Determination of Poverty Line

(i) While determining the poverty line in India a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement are determined for subsistence.  These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees.

(ii) Poverty line is based on the desired calorie requirement. Food like cereals, pulses, milk, vegetables etc together provide these calories.   

These calories are calculated and converted into rupees and added to the value of other needs like clothing, footwear fuel, etc.

(iii) The accepted average calorie requirement in India 2,400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2,100 calories per person per day in urban areas.

(iv) The calorie requirement of the people in rural areas is more than that of the people in urban areas because they do more physical work as compared to people in urban areas.

(v) Though calorie requirement is lower in urban areas as compared to rural areas, the amount fixed as poverty line for urban areas is higher because the cost of essential goods is higher in urban areas.

(vi) Poverty line is updated periodically (normally every 5 years) by conducting sample surveys carried out by National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).

Poverty Estimates 

There is a substantial decline in poverty rates in India from about 55% in 1973 to 36% in 1993. The proportion of people below poverty line further came down to about 26% in 2000.

Vulnerability 

Vulnerability to poverty is a measure which describes the greater probability of certain communities of becoming or remaining poor in the coming years.

Vulnerable Groups

(i) Poverty line is not the same for all social groups and economic categories in India.

(ii) Social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty are scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households.

(iii) Among the economic groups, the most vulnerable groups are the rural agricultural labour households and the urban casual labour households.

(iv) The average percentage for people below poverty line for all groups is 26.

(v) 51 out of 100 people belonging to scheduled tribes are not able to meet their basic needs. Similarly 50% of casual workers in urban areas are below poverty line, About 50% of the landless agricultural workers and 43% of scheduled castes are also poor.

(vi) Apart from these social groups, women, elderly people and female infants are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family. This group is the poorest of the poor.

Inter State Disparities

(i) The proportion of the poor is not the same in every state.

(ii) State level poverty has declined but the success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state.

(ii) In 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national average.

(iv) Poverty is still a serious problem in Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh. Orissa and Bihar continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of 47 and 43

per cent respectively.

(v) Urban poverty is also high in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

(vi) There has been a significant decline in poverty in Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal.

(vii) States like Punjab and Haryana have traditionally succeeded in reducing poverty with the help of high agricultural growth rates.

Global Scenario

(i) Extreme economic poverty-defined by the World Bank as living on less than $ 1 per day has fallen from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001.

(ii) Global poverty has declined but it is marked with regional differences.

(iii) Poverty declined in China and South-East Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development.

(iv) In countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan) the decline has not been rapid.

(v) In sub Saharan Africa poverty rose from 41% in 1981 to 46% in 2001.

(vi) In Latin America the ratio of poverty remained the same.

(vii) Poverty has also resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia where it was non-existent earlier.

(viii) International poverty line means population living below $1 a day.

(ix) The Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations calls for reducing the proportion of people living on less than $ 1 a day to half the 1990 level by 2015.

Causes of Poverty

(i) One historical reason is the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration.

(ii) The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts and discouraged development of industries like textiles.

(iii) Low rate of growth persisted, leading to less jobs and low incomes.

(iv) High growth rate of population and less availability of jobs led to unemployment leading to poverty.

(v) Lack of land resources has been one of the major cause of poverty in India.

(vi) To fulfill social obligations and observe religious ceremonies people in India including the poor spend a lot of money and have to take loans which they are unable to repay and fall into a debt trap leading to extreme poverty.

(vii) Small farmers need money to buy agricultural inputs like seeds fertilisers, pesticides etc. Since they hardly have any savings they have to take loans which they are unable to

repay and fall into a debt trap leading to extreme poverty.

Anti-Poverty Measures

(i) The current anti-poverty strategy of the government is based broadly on two plans

(a) Promotion of economic growth.

(b) Targeted anti-poverty programmes.

(ii) Economic growth has increased and helped significantly in the reduction of poverty. But it is not enough and is comparatively a slow process.

(iii) Growth in the agriculture sector is much below expectations and a large number of people are dependent on agriculture.

Targeted Anti-Poverty Programmes

Because of the slow reduction of poverty there was a need for targeted anti-poverty

programmes some of them are

(i) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005

  (a) The act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the scheme will be extended to 600 districts.

(b) 1/3rd of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women.

(c) The central government will also establish National Employment Guarantee Funds. State Governments will establish State Employment Guarantee Funds for implementation of the scheme.

(d) If an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days he/she will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.

(ii) National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) 2004

  (a) This scheme was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country.

(b) It is open to all who want to do manual unskilled labour.

(c) It is implemented as a 100 % centrally sponsored scheme and food grains are provided free of cost to the states.

(iii) Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) 1993

(a) This scheme was started in 1993 to create self-employment opportunities for educated  unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.

(b) These unemployed youth are helped in setting up small business and industries.

(iv) Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) 1995

The aim of the programme is to create self employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns.

(v) Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 1999

  The programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into self help groups through a mix of bank credit and government

(vi) Pradhanmantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) 2000 

Under this scheme additional central assistance is given to states for basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.

(vii) Antyodaya Anna Yozana (AAY) 

Under this scheme the poorest of the poor were identified and 25 kg of food grains were made available at a highly subsidised rate of 2 per kg for wheat and 3 for rice.

The Challenges Ahead

(i) Poverty has declined in India but not upto the desired level.

(ii) Poverty reduction remains India’s most important challenge.

(iii) Certain social and economic groups are vulnerable to poverty.

(iv) The official definition of poverty is about minimum subsistence level of living rather than a reasonable level of living.

(v) Many scholars advocate that we must broaden the concept into human poverty.

(vi) Human poverty not only considers lack of money but also absence of education, healthcare or shelter and freedom from caste and gender discrimination.

About Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

Author of this website, Mrs. Shilpi Nagpal is MSc (Hons, Chemistry) and BSc (Hons, Chemistry) from Delhi University, B.Ed. (I. P. University) and has many years of experience in teaching. She has started this educational website with the mindset of spreading free education to everyone.

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• Economics /

Poverty as a Challenge

• Updated on  
• Jun 20, 2023

Since independence from colonial rule and striving towards acing development in every sector, India’s most problematic challenge is poverty. The class 9 syllabus of social science entails a very informative chapter called Poverty as a Challenge. It aims to explore the prevalent poverty in the country in detail along with various other important subtopics. Predominantly, this topic falls under the section of Economics part, hence, it also explains the government’s measures to tackle this challenge. So, let’s get started and elaborate on the essential pointers of this chapter.  

This Blog Includes:

Typical two cases of poverty, poverty as per social scientists, poverty line of india, vulnerable groups, inter-state disparities, global poverty scenario, causes of poverty, anti-poverty measures, the challenges ahead, questions for poverty as a challenge class 9.

Poverty can be simply understood as hunger and lack of shelter, lack of clean water and sanitation facilities as well as lack of employment and daily wages. Poverty in India can be encountered at every nook and corner, hence, as per the chapter on poverty as a challenge, every 4th citizen in India is poor. Bringing millions of its people out of abject poverty is one of the biggest challenges of Independent India. Mainly, there are two typical examples that can illustrate the poverty of India, i.e. urban case and rural case. 

The urban case of poverty puts forward the story of Ram Saran, a daily wage labourer at a flour mill in Ranchi. While Saran’s wife and elder son also carry out daily wage jobs, the family is still not able to meet the ends and has no access to healthcare and nutritious food but somehow manages to meagre meals on a daily. 

The rural case elaborates on the story of Lakhan Singh, a labourer working odd jobs for big farmers in Meerut, UP. His family of eight barely manages to get daily meals and being landless, he only carries out work for other rich farmers in his village. 

Studying these two cases to understand poverty as a challenge in India, the imperative themes and factors leading up to increasing poverty in the country are brought forward and these are:

• Unemployment
• Poor Health/Malnutrition
• Landlessness
• Child Labour
• Size of Families
• Helplessness

Social scientists look at poverty with a variety of indicators and generally define it as a certain level of income. However, these indicators have been expanded to include illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, etc.  

The poverty line is a vital concept in poverty as a challenge. It can be defined as a predetermined value that indicates the limit below which people are considered poor. In the case of poverty in India, there are two ways to calculate the poverty line. 

• Income Method: This approach refers to the minimum income needed per month to purchase basic necessities to draft the poverty line. For the year 2011-12, the poverty line limit was determined at Rs. 1000 for urban areas and Rs. 816 for the rural population. 
• Consumption Method : In this method, the required daily calorie intake is multiplied by current prices. For rural areas, the necessary calories are 2400 calories and 2100 calories in urban ones.   

Do You Know: The poverty line of India is calculated by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).  

Poverty Estimates

The poverty of India fell from about 45 % in 1993-94 to 37.2% in 2004-05. This further reduced to 21.9% 2011-12. 

The social groups most susceptible to poverty are Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). The rural agricultural labour and the urban casual labour amongst the economic groups are considered to be the most vulnerable. 

In India, the proportion of poor people differs from state to state. The recent estimates show that Bihar and Odisha continue to be the most impoverished states with poverty rates of 33.7% and 37.6%, respectively. 

Global poverty has fallen drastically. In China and Southeast Asian countries, rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resources have improved the poverty scenario. 

A variety of causes has led to the state of poverty in India. Some of these are explained in the chapter on poverty as a challenge. Let us discuss these:

• Low level of economic development is considered to be the historical reason for the widespread poverty of India. The colonial government policies ruined the traditional handicrafts and textile industries and many others. 
• The Green Revolution created job opportunities in the agricultural sector. However, the effects were limited to some parts of India and were not enough to absorb all the job seekers.
• Income inequality is another reason for the high rate of poverty which was mainly because of the unequal distribution of land and other resources. 

Poverty as a Challenge class 9 focuses on the anti-poverty measures taken by the government to handle poverty. Anti-poverty programmes are direly needed to tackle the challenge of poverty. Hence, a few of these have been formulated by the Indian government to affect poverty directly or indirectly and some are worth mentioning, such as :

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005: This scheme allows 100 days of wage employment to every household. This ensures the security of livelihood in rural areas.  Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY), 1993: This policy creates self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth. Rural employment Generation Programme,1995: This scheme generates self-employment opportunities in rural and small towns. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, 1999: This policy aims to pull-up assisted low-income families above the poverty line. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana, 2000: This measure gives states additional central assistance for essential services like primary health, education, rural shelter, rural drinking water.

In India, poverty as a challenge needs to be handled in a more efficient way so that we will be able to achieve our goals in a shorter period of time. Poverty reduction is expected to make better progress in the next ten to fifteen years. This can be possible with higher economic growth, increasing stress on universal free elementary education , and declining population growth. 

Download the Poverty as a Challenge NCERT 

• Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India?
• Do you think that the present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate? 
• Describe poverty trends in India since 1973? 
• Why do different countries use different poverty lines? 
• What do you think would be the “minimum necessary level” in your locality?
• Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India? 
• Are the dynamics of poverty reduction the same in rural and urban India?
• Define vulnerable groups in India.
• Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to poverty in India. 
• Give an account of interstate disparities of poverty in India. 
• Describe global poverty trends. 
• Describe the current government strategy of poverty alleviation? 
• List out the anti-poverty measures taken by the Indian government. 
• What do you understand by human poverty? 
• Who are the poorest of the poor? 
• What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005?

(d) National Food for Work Programme

(c)West Bengal

(d) All the above

(b) 26 crores

People suffering from poverty lack access to adequate food, suitable clothing, medical care, and a clean environment. Poor health results from a lack of these essential demands. Most of them are malnourished, and they don’t even have the money to see a doctor.

Poverty is defined by hunger and a lack of shelter, as well as a lack of clean water and sanitation facilities and a regular work at a minimum decent level. Poverty is seen as one of the most serious difficulties confronting independent India. Only when the poorest of its people are free of human suffering will India be genuinely independent.

Poor families cannot afford to educate their children. Their cerebral development is stunted due to a lack of education. Their physical growth is suffering as a result of a lack of food. The fundamental explanation for the tremendous growth in “poverty” is the country’s growing population.

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Poverty as a challenge class 9 notes, Class 9 economics chapter 3 notes

9 class economics chapter 3 poverty as a challenge notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 notes, Class 9 economics chapter 3 notes In which we will learn about poverty, urban poverty, rural poverty, poverty line, vulnerable groups, anti-poverty measures etc.

Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge Notes

📚 Chapter = 3 📚 💠 Poverty as a Challenge 💠

❇️ Poverty :-

🔹 Poverty refers to a situation in which a person is not able to get the minimum basic necessities of life e.g. food, clothing, shelter etc. for his or her sustenance.

❇️ Poverty in India :-

🔹 Every fifth Indian is poor. (Latest data of the World Bank).India is having the largest number of poor people in the world. However, latest report suggests that India is no longer a nation having largest number of poor people in the world. Nigeria overtook India as the country with the largest number of extreme poor. (The Times of India, June 27, 2018)

❇️ Two major types of Poverty :-

🔶 Urban Poverty :-

🔹 They do not have physical assets and generally live in slums.

🔹 Rickshaw-pullers, Cobblers, Hawkers, rag pickers, daily wage labourers etc.

🔶 Rural poverty :-

🔹 People do not have agricultural land. 

🔹 landless farmers, agricultural labrourers, small and marginal farmers etc.

❇️ Poverty as seen by social scientists :-

🔹 Poverty relates to the level of income and consumption.

🔹 Apart from this, poverty is looked through other social indicators like illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities, lack access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc.

❇️ Causes of Poverty :-

• Policies of British Era. 
• Low economic growth after Independence upto eighties. 
• Population Growth 
• Limited sucess of Green Revolution. 
• Unequal distribution of land and other resources. 
• Socio-cultural factors

❇️ Social exclusion :-

🔹 According to this concept, poverty is seen in terms of the poor having to live only in a poor surrounding with poor people.

❇️ Vulnerability :-

🔹 Vulnerability to poverty is a measure, which describes the greater probability of certain communities or individuals of becoming, or remaining, poor in the coming years. 

❇️ Poverty Line :-

🔹A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given “minimum level” necessary to fulfill basic needs. This minimum level is referred to as Poverty Line.

❇️ Determination of Poverty Line in India :-

🔶 On the Basis of Calories :-

• In Rural Areas 2400 calories Per Person Per Day.
• In Urban Areas 2100 calories Per Person Per Day.

🔶 On the Basis of Income :-

• In Rural Areas 816 rs. per month. 
• In Urban Areas 1000 rs. per month.

❇️ Vulnerable Groups :-

🔹 Schedule Tribes (ST), Schedule Castes (SC), Agricultural Labourers and Casual Labourers are the most vulnerable groups in India.

❇️ Inter- State Disparities :-

🔹 The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state. Bihar and Odisha are the poorest states in India. 

❇️ Poverty decline in states-reasons :-

Punjab and Haryana- Due to high agricultural growth rates. 

Kerala- owing to more focus on human resource development. 

West Bengal- Land reforms. 

Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu- Public distribution of food grains.

❇️ National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) :-

🔹 This organisation estimates the poverty line periodically (normally every five years) by conducting sample surveys. 

❇️ Global Poverty Scenario :-

🔹 According to the World Bank definition, a person living on less than 1.90 US Dollar per day is poor. According to the most recent estimates, in 2013, 10.7 percent of the world’s population lived on less than 1.9 US Dollar a day. (Source-worldbank.org) 

🔹 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations calls for ending the extreme poverty by 2030.

❇️ Anti – Poverty measures :-

• Promotion of Economic Growth 
• Targeted anti-poverty programme

🔶 Promotion of Economic Growth :-

🔹 There is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction. Economic growth widens opportunities and provides the resources needed to invest in human development. However, the poor may not be able to take advantage from the opportunities created by economic growth. 

🔹 Growth also increases the government revenues and consequently, it could afford the programs for poverty reduction. That is why these two strategies are also known as complementary to each other.

🔶 Targeted Anti-Poverty Programs :-

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act-2005. 

Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana 

Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozar Yojana 

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana 

Antyodaya Anna Yojana

❇️ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Guarantee Act- 2005 :-

Aim- Assuring employment to every rural household. 

Minimum 100 days of assured employment in a year. 

One-third jobs are reserved for women. 

If an applicant is not provided employment within fifteen days he/she is entitled to a daily unemployment allowance. 

Wage as per the Minimum Wages Act.

❇️ Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) :-

Started in 1993. 

Aim :- To create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural and small towns. 

Help in setting up small business and industries.

❇️ The challenges ahead and new approaches in poverty reduction :-

🔹 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations calls for ending the extreme poverty by 2030. In this context, reduction of poverty requires innovative approaches in our country. Further, with development, it is expected that the definition of poverty would change. 

🔹 Though, we have been able to maintain high economic growth in the last 20 years, but this has not resulted in creating large number of employment. Further, we need to make anti-poverty schemes more effective. Following new approaches are worth mentioning here:

🔶 Jan Dhan Yojana, Aadhar and Mobile (JAM) :- This trinity could play an important role in widening the reach of the government to the vulnerable sections. This would prevent the leakages in the distribution in the long run. 

🔶 Universal Basic Income :- It is considered as an alternative to various state subsidies for poverty alleviation Economic Survey, 2017). Though it is still at discussion level, the Universal Basic Income envisages paying the beneficiaries directly into their bank accounts to help reduce leakage.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a challenge

Economics class 9 ncert solutions chapter 3 poverty as a challenge.

Question-1 Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India. Solution: A common method used to measure poverty is based on income or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given “minimum level” necessary to fulfill basic needs. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc. are determined for subsistence. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The resent formula for food requirements while estimating the poverty line is based on the desired calorie requirement.

As per 2000 figures; a family of five which is earning less than Rs. 1,640 per month is considered to be living below the poverty line. This figure is Rs. 2,270 per month for the urban area. The expected calorie intake has been fixed at 2400 calories per person in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas. A person consuming less than this amount is considered to be living below the poverty line.

Question-2 Do you think that the present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate? Solution: No, the present methodology of poverty estimation is not appropriate because it takes into account only the basic needs of food, clothing, fuel etc. But the quality of these basic necessities is the lowest quality available. The amount which is fixed as the poverty line does not include the margin for the constant price fluctuations. The poverty line should include some corrections for inflation and market fluctuations.

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Question-3 Describe poverty trends in India since 1973. Solution: As per the data, there has been a substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from 45 percent in 1993-94 to 37.2 percent in 2004-05. There was a further decline to 22 percent in 2011-12. Although the number of poor people declined from 1973 to 1993, there was a significant reduction in the number of the poor (about 407 million) in 2004-05 and a further 270 million in 2011-12 with an average annual decline of 2.2 percent. It may also be noted that poverty ratios always remained higher in rural areas as compared to urban areas. If the present trend continues, the people below the poverty line may come down to less than 20 percent in the next few years.

Question-4 Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India. Solution: There were a number of causes for the widespread poverty in India. One historical reason is the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration. The low rate of growth persisted until the nineteen-eighties. This resulted in fewer job opportunities and a low growth rate of incomes. This was accompanied by a high growth rate of the population. The two combined to make the growth rate of per capita income very low. Another feature of high poverty rates has been the huge income inequalities. One of the major reasons for this is the unequal distribution of land and other resources. Despite many policies, we have not been able to tackle the issue in a meaningful manner.

Formulae Handbook for Class 9 Maths and Science Educational Loans in India

Question-5 Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to poverty in India. Solution: Social groups, which are most vulnerable to poverty, are scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households. Similarly, among the economic groups, the most vulnerable groups are the rural agricultural labour households and urban casual labour households.

Question-6 Describe global poverty trends. Solution: The proportion of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty— defined by the World Bank as living on less than $1 per day—has fallen from 28 percent in 1990 to 21 percent in 2001. Although there has been a substantial reduction in global poverty, it is marked with great regional differences. Poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource development. The number of poor people in China has come down from 606 million in 1981 to 212 million in 2001.

In the countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan) the decline has not been as rapid. Despite the decline in the percentage of the poor, the number of poor has declined marginally from 475 million in 1981 to 428 million in 2001. Because of different poverty line definition, poverty in India is also shown higher than the national estimates. In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty in fact rose from 41 percent in 1981 to 46 percent in 2001 (see graph 3.3). In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained the same.

Poverty has also resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia, where officially it was nonexistent earlier. The proportion of people living under poverty in different countries is defined by the international poverty line (means population below $1 a day).

Question-7 Describe the current government strategy of poverty alleviation. Solution: The current anti-poverty strategy of the government is based broadly on two planks

• promotion of economic growth
• targeted anti-poverty programs.

Question-8 What do you understand by human poverty? Solution: Many scholars advocate that we must broaden the concept of poverty into human poverty. A large number of people may have been able to feed themselves. But they do not have education or shelter or health care or job security or self-confidence. They are not free from caste and gender discrimination. The practice of child labour is still common.

Question-9 Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India. Solution: Removal of poverty is one of the major objectives of the Indian developmental strategy. The current government strategy of poverty alleviation is based on two planks:

• Promotion of Economic Growth
• Targeted Anti-poverty Programmes

Some of the targeted anti-poverty programmes undertaken by the government are:

• Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY). This programme was started in 1993. It aims at creating self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.
• Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY). This programme was launched in 2000. It aims at creating and improving basic services like primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.
• Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP). This programme was launched in 1995. It aims at creating self-employment opportunities in rural areas and urban towns.
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). This act was passed in September 2005. The act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the scheme would be extended to 600 districts. One-third of the proposed jobs have been reserved for women.

Question-10 Who are the poorest of the poor? Solution: (ii) Women, children (especially the girl child) and elder people in a poor family are regarded as the poorest of the poor because they are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family.

Question-11 What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005? Solution: The main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 are:

• The Act assures 100 days of employment every year to every rural household.
• One-third of the jobs are reserved for women.
• It also aimed at sustainable development to address the cause of drought, deforestation and soil erosion.
• The share of SCs, STs and women are 23 percent, 17 percent and 53 per cent respectively.
• Under this, the average wage has increased from ₹ 65 in 2006-07 to ₹ 132 in 2013-14.
• The scheme provided employment to 220 crores person-days of employment to 4.78 crore households.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge contain answers to the textbook exercise questions. The NCERT solutions are easy and accurate that helps with the questions asked in the examinations. These solutions cover all the questions of the chapter in detail. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 are prepared by our subject experts in very easy language. All our solutions are updated as per the latest CBSE Syllabus and Guidelines.

Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions

Let’s Discuss Page no. 32

Question 1: Why do different countries use different poverty lines?

Answer: Different countries use different poverty lines because (a) The calorie requirement of different human races is different depending on their physical condition and dietary habits. Those races which have greater height and build require higher calories. (b) The per capita income in different countries is also different i.e., per capita income is higher in developed countries as compared to developing countries. (c) The standard of living of Western countries is higher than that of developing countries. (d) The cost of essential items used in calculating poverty line is higher in the developed countries.

Question 2: What do you think would be the “minimum necessary level” in your locality?

Answer: I live in a city so the poverty line should be calculated according to the urban area. In the year 2000, the urban poverty line was fixed at 454 per month per person. Now in the year 2012 seeing the high level of inflation and price rise it should be at least 1500 per person per month.

Let’s Discuss Page no. 33

Question 1: Study Table 3.1 and answer the following questions:

(a) Even if poverty ratio declined between 1993–94 and 2004–05, why did the number of poor remain at about 407 million? (b) Are the dynamics of poverty reduction the same in rural and urban India?

Answer: (a) The poverty ratio declined between 1073-74 and 1993-94 but the number of poor remained at about 320 million because the total population of the country increased during the same period. Out of this increased population more people got employment due to the green Revolution, establishment of more industries and growth of the tertiary sector. As result the poverty ratio declined.

(b) No, the dynamics of poverty reduction are not the same in rural and urban areas because the conditions in both the areas are completely different. Urban area poverty has decreased due to expansion of the service sector, increased industrialisation and consequent increase of jobs. This has resulted in migration to cities and towns from rural areas. Rural area poverty has reduced due to improved agricultural practices resulting in higher incomes. Some contribution to this improvement is due to the migration to urban areas.

Let’s Discuss Page no. 3 5

Observe some of the poor families around you and try to find the following:

Question 1: Which social and economic group do they belong to?

Answer: There is a poor family living near our colony. They are living below the poverty line and belong to lowest socio-economic category.

Question 2: Who are the earning members in the family?

Answer: The wife and husband are casual construction labourers and they are the earning members of the family.

Question 3: What is the condition of the old people in the family?

Answer: The old people of the family, i.e., the grandparents are physically weak and suffering of old age diseases and problems without proper medical aid

Question 4: Are all the children (boys and girls) attending schools?

Answer: There are two girls and one boy in the family. Because of poverty, the father of the children Bhola is only able to send his son to school and the daughters help in the household work.

Let’s Discuss Page no. 36

Question 1: Study the Graph 3.2 and do the following:

(a) Identify the three states where the poverty ratio is the highest. (b) Identify the three states where poverty ratio is the lowest.

Answer: (a) Three states where poverty ratio is the highest are (i) Orissa 47.2%, (ii) Bihar 42.6%, (iii) Madhya Pradesh 37.4%

(b) Three states where the poverty ratio is the lowest are (i) Himachal Pradesh 7.6% (ii) Punjab 6.2% (iii) Jammu and Kashmir 3.5%

Question 1: Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India?

Answer: A common method used to measure poverty is based on income or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given “minimum level” necessary to fulfill basic needs. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc. are determined for subsistence. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The resent formula for food requirements while estimating the poverty line is based on the desired calorie requirement.

In India poverty line is measured or calculated considering the following factors required for subsistence:

1. Minimum level of food requirement, 2. Clothing 3. Footwear 4. Fuel and Light 5. Education and 6. Medical requirement etc.

These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices. The present formula for food requirement is based on the desired calorie requirement. As per 2000 figures; a family of five which is earning less than Rs. 1,640 per month is considered to be living below the poverty line. This figure is Rs. 2,270 per month for the urban area.

The expected calorie intake has been fixed at 2400 calories per person in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas. A person consuming less than this amount is considered to be living below the poverty line.

Question 2: Do you think that present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate?

Answer: Any method of poverty estimation cannot be appropriate. However, the current methods give some starting point to discuss the issue and to tackle the problem. The goal of poverty alleviation is a moving target because definition of poverty changes with time. Once the basic needs of all the people are fulfilled then some higher needs would need to be taken into account to address the issue of poverty.

Question 3: Describe poverty trends in India since 1973?

Answer: As per the data, there is a substantial decline in poverty ratio in India from 55 percent in 1973 to 36 percent in 1993. There was further decline from 36 percent in 1993 to 26 percent in 2000. Although the number of poor people remained stable (about 320 million) in the earlier two decades (1973 to 1993), there was significant reduction in the number of the poor to about 260 million till 2000.It may also be noted that poverty ratio always remained higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. If the present trend continues, the people below poverty line may come down to less than 20 percent in the next few years.

Question 4: Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India?

Answer: There were a number of causes for the widespread poverty in India. One historical reason is the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration. The low rate of growth persisted until the nineteen-eighties. This resulted in fewer job opportunities and a low growth rate of incomes. This was accompanied by a high growth rate of the population. The two combined to make the growth rate of per capita income very low. Another feature of high poverty rates has been the huge income inequalities. One of the major reasons for this is the unequal distribution of land and other resources. Despite many policies, we have not been able to tackle the issue in a meaningful manner.

The major reasons for poverty in India are:

Colonial Rule: India went through a long phase of low economic development under the British colonial administration. The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts and discouraged development of industries like textiles.

High growth in Population: The rapid growth of population, particularly among the poor, is considered one of the major causes behind Indian poverty. Poor people are illiterate and have traditional outlook. Hence, they are either ignorant of birth control measures or not convinced of the need of birth control. Moreover, they consider male child as an asset, that is, as a source of income and a source of security during old age.

Low Rate of Economic Development: The actual rate of growth in India has always been below the required level. It has been around 4 per cent since 1951. This has resulted in less job opportunities. This was accompanied by a high growth rate of population.

Unemployment: Another important factor that can be held responsible for the incidence of high poverty in India is the high degree of unemployment and underemployment. The job seekers are increasing at a higher rate than the increase in the employment opportunities.

Unequal Distribution: Although national income of India has been increasing since 1951, it was not properly distributed among different sections of the society. A large proportion of increased income has been pocketed by a few rich. They become richer. Consequently, the majority of people have to live below the poverty line.

Social Factors: Various social factors, viz., caste system, joint family system, religious faiths, law of inheritance, etc., have blocked the path of economic development.

Question 5: Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to poverty in India.

Answer: Social Groups Vulnerable to Poverty:

• Scheduled caste households
• Scheduled tribe households

Economic Groups Vulnerable to Poverty:

• Rural agricultural labour households
• Urban casual labour households

Question 6: Give an account of interstate disparities of poverty in India.

Answer: Poverty in India differs for different states. The success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state, causing inter-state disparities in poverty level. Orissa, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh are the three poorest states in India with their people living below the poverty line being 47, 42 and 37 per cent, respectively. Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh are the three better-off states in India as far as poverty is concerned. There are various factors that are responsible for these interstate disparities of poverty in India.

Question 7: Describe global poverty trends.

Answer: The percentage of people living below povery line has fallen from 28% in 1991 to 21% in 2001; in the developing countries. Poverty declined substantially in China and some South Asian countries because of rapid economic development. On the other hand, reduction was not as sharp in countries; like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc. In Sub Saharan Africa, poverty increased from 41% in 1981 to 48% in 2001. The poverty level has remained the same in Latin America. Poverty has resurfaced in Russia and some of the former communist countries.

Question 8: Describe current government strategy of poverty alleviation?

Answer:  The current anti-poverty measures are targetted at two planks, viz. promotion of economic growth and anti-poverty programmes. Economic growth helps in overall improvement of income through employment generation and hence is highly important to reduce poverty. Anti-poverty programmes are aimed to help those who suffer because of socioeconomic inequality. Such programmes are an attempt to support poor people so that they can improve their condition.

Removal of poverty has one of the major objectives of Indian developmental strategy. The current government strategy of poverty alleviation is based on two planks:

(1) Promotion of Economic Growth (2) Targeted Anti-poverty Programmes

Some of the anti-poverty programmes undertaken by government at present are discussed below:

• Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY): Started in 1993, this programme aims to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.
• Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY): Launched in 2000, this aims to create and improve basic services like primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.
• National Food for Work programme (NFWP): Launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country, this programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and desired to do manual unskilled work.
• National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA): This act was passed in September 2005. The act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the scheme will be extended to 600 districts and also one third to the proposed jobs would be reserved for women.

Question 9: Answer the following questions briefly

(i) What do you understand by human poverty? (ii) Who are the poorest of the poor? (iii) What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005?

Answer: (i) A general scarcity of basic necessities of life is called poverty. The basic necessities include food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, sanitation, etc. Some of the issues which are related to poverty are; Landlessness, Unemployment, Size of families, Illiteracy, Poor health/malnutrition, Child labour and Helplessness.

(ii) Women, children (especially the girl child) and elder people in a poor family are regarded as the poorest of the poor because they are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family.

(iii) Main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005:

• The Act assures 100 days employment every year to every household.
• Initially covering 200 districts, the Act would be extended later on to cover 600 districts.
• One-third of the jobs are reserved for women.

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Poverty as a Challenge Class 9 Notes, NCERT Economics PDF Download

Poverty As A Challenge

Introduction: In our daily life, we come across many people who we think are poor. They could be landless labourers in villages or people living in overcrowded jhuggis in cities. They could be daily wage workers at construction sites or child workers in dhabas. Roughly 260 million (or 26 crore) people in India live in poverty. India has the largest single concentration of the poor in the world. This illustrates the seriousness of the challenge.

Following issues are related to poverty:

• Landlessness
• Unemployment
• Size of families
• Poor health/malnutrition
• Child labour
• Helplessness

Poverty as seen by social scientists:-

Since poverty has many facets, social scientists look at it through a variety of indicators. Usually the indicators used relate to the levels of income and consumption. But now poverty is looked through other social indicators like illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc. Analysis of poverty based on social exclusion and vulnerability is now becoming very common.

Social exclusion

According to this concept, poverty must be seen in terms of the poor having to live only in a poor surrounding with other poor people, excluded from enjoying social equality of better -off people in better surroundings. Social exclusion can be both a cause as well as a consequence of poverty in the usual sense. Broadly, it is a process through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits and opportunities that others (their “betters”) enjoy.

Vulnerability:-

Vulnerability to poverty is a measure, which describes the greater probability of certain communities (say, members of a backward caste) or individuals (such as a widow or a physically handicapped person) of becoming, or remaining, poor in the coming years. Vulnerability is determined by the options available to different communities for finding an alternative living in terms of assets, education, health and job opportunities. Further, it is analysed on the basis of the greater risks these groups face at the time of natural disasters (earthquakes, tsunami), terrorism etc. In fact, vulnerability describes the greater probability of being more adversely affected than other people when bad time comes for everybody, whether a flood or an earthquake or simply a fall in the availability of jobs!

Poverty Line:-

A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given “minimum level” necessary to fulfill basic needs. What is necessary to satisfy basic needs is different at different times and in different countries. Therefore, poverty line may vary with time and place. Each country uses an imaginary line that is considered appropriate for its existing level of development and its accepted minimum social norms. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement etc. are determined for subsistence. The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas. However, for making comparisons between developing countries, many international organisations like the World Bank use a uniform standard for the poverty line: minimum availability of the equivalent of $1 per person per day.

Poverty Estimates

There is substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about 55 per cent in 1973 to 36 per cent in 1993. The proportion of people below poverty line further came down to about 26 per cent in 2000. If the trend continues, people below poverty line may come down to less than 20 per cent in the next few years. Although the percentage of people living under poverty declined in the earlier two decades (1973– 1993), the number of poor remained stable around 320 million for a fairly long period. The latest estimates indicate a significant reduction in the number of poor to about 260 million.

Vulnerable Groups

The proportion of people below poverty line is also not same for all social groups and economic categories in India. Social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty are scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households. Similarly, among the economic groups, the most vulnerable groups are the rural agricultural labour households and the urban casual labour households. 51 out of 100 people belonging to scheduled tribes are not able to meet their basic needs. Similarly, 50 per cent of casual workers in urban areas are below poverty line. About 50 per cent of landless agricultural workers and 43 per cent of scheduled castes are also poor. Apart from these social groups, there is also inequality of incomes within a family. In poor families all suffer, but some suffer more than others. Women, elderly people and female infants are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family. Therefore women, children (especially the girl child) and old people are poorest of the poor.

Inter-State Disparities

Poverty in India also has another aspect or dimension. Recent estimates show that in 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national average. On the other hand, poverty is still a serious problem in Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh. Orissa and Bihar continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of 47 and 43 per cent respectively. Along with rural poverty urban poverty is also high in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. In comparison, there has been a significant decline in poverty in Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, TamilNadu, Gujarat and West Bengal. States like Punjab and Haryana have traditionally succeeded in reducing poverty with the help of high agricultural growth rates. Kerala has focused more on human resource development. In West Bengal, land reform measures have helped in reducing poverty. In Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu public distribution of food grains could have been responsible for the improvement.

Global Poverty Scenario

The proportion of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty— defined by the World Bank as living on less than $1 per day—has fallen from 28 per cent in 1990 to 21 per cent in 2001. Although there has been a substantial reduction in global poverty, it is marked with great regional differences. Poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource development. Number of poors in China has come down from 606 million in 1981 to 212 million in 2001. In the countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan) the decline has not been as rapid. Despite decline in the percentage of the poor, the number of poor has declined marginally from 475 million in 1981 to 428 million in 2001. Because of different poverty line definition, poverty in India is also shown higher than the national estimates. In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty in fact rose from 41 per cent in 1981 to 46 per cent in 2001. The Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations calls for reducing the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day to half the 1990 level by 2015.

Causes of Poverty

1. Less job opportunity & low growth rate of incomes.

2. High growth rate of population.

3. Huge income inequalities.

4. Unequal distribution of land & other resources.

5. Lack of proper implementation of policy

Anti-Poverty Measures

Removal of poverty has been one of the major objectives of Indian developmental strategy. The current anti-poverty strategy of the government is based broadly on two planks

(1) promotion of economic growth

(2) targeted anti-poverty programmes.

Although there are so many schemes which are formulated to affect poverty directly or indirectly, some of them are worth mentioning.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005: was passed in September 2005. The Act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the scheme will be extended to 600 districts. One third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women. The central government will also establish National Employment Guarantee Funds. Similarly state governments will establish State Employment Guarantee Funds for implementation of the scheme. Under the programme if an applicant is not provided employment within fifteen days s/he will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.

National Food for Work Programme(NFWP): was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country. The programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and desire to do manual unskilled work. It is implemented as a 100 per cent centrally sponsored scheme and foodgrains are provided free of cost to the states. Once the NREGA is in force, the NFWP will be subsumed within this programme.

Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana (PMRY): was started in 1993. The aim of the programme is to create self employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. They are helped in setting up small business and industries.

Rural Employment Generation Programme(REGP): was launched in 1995. The aim of the programme is to create selfemployment opportunities in rural areas and small towns. A target for creating 25 lakh new jobs has been set for the programme under the Tenth Five Year plan.

Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY): was launched in 1999. The programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into self help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yozana (PMGY): launched in 2000, additional central assistance is given to states for basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.

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NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Economics

Ncert solutions for class 9 chapter-3 poverty as a challenge.

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Jul 15, 2022, 16:45 IST

NCERT Solutions for class 9 Economics for chapter 3

Free download of NCERT Solutions for class 9 Economics for chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge prepared by Academic team of Physics Wallah. All Questions given in chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge are solved with the information mentioned in NCERT text book of chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge. Download Physics Wallah  NCERT solutions  to score good marks in your class 9. All questions are solved in  NCERT Solutions for class 9 Maths  and  NCERT Solutions for class 9 Science  prepared by experts of Physics Wallah.

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Related link.

• Chapter-1 The Story of Village Palampur
• Chapter-2 People as Resource
• Chapter-3 Poverty as a Challenge
• Chapter-4 Food Security in India

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