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170+ Speech Therapy Report Templates and Outlines

These speech therapy report templates and outlines will save you hours of time writing reports.

Each listing gives the title, a description of what it tests for, blank data spaces for you to put the child's scores in, and conclusive statements for you to modify for each student/client.

**A huge thank you to the Clark County School District (I'm looking at you Yves ;) in Las Vegas for sharing these with us.

**Additional thanks to Dr. KL Johnson from the University of North Texas, Cristina Tirotta, Elaine Mack, Satya, Nancy Sever Muniz, Christine Gerber, Heather Hitchcock, and Miss V.

The descriptions below can be copied and pasted into a Word Processor and then tweaked accordingly.

If there is a test description and outline that is not on our list and you have one you would like to add, please share it and we will add it to our list .

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Template Types

Last updated (Feb 2022) *Click the type of test you need below to see the available templates:

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Kaufman Speech Praxis Test for Children (KSPT)

Screening Test for Developmental Apraxia of Speech

Auditory Processing Deaf Hard of Hearing

Auditory Processing Abilities Test (APAT)

Carolina Picture Vocabulary Test for Deaf and Hearing Impaired (CPVT)

Renfrew Action Picture Test

Test of Auditory Processing Skills-Third Edition (TAPS-3)

Autism / Pragmatic Language

Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC)

Limited Non-Verbal and Verbal Observation Checklist

Component of Pragmatic Intent Observation Checklist

Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)

Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (CARS-2)

Conversational Effectiveness Profile-Revised (CEP-R)

Evaluating Acquired Skills in Communication (EASIC)

Evaluating Acquired Skills in Communication-Third Edition (EASIC-3)

Gilliam Asperger’s Disorder Scale (GADS)

Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS)

Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Third Edition (GARS-3)

Pragmatic Language Skills Inventory (PLSI)

Pragmatic Language Observation Scale (PLOS)

The Social Communication Questionnaire

Social-Emotional Evaluation (SEE)

Social Language Development Test-Adolescent: Normative Update (SLDT-A:NU)

Social Language Development Test-Elementary: Normative Update (SLDT-E:NU)

Test of Pragmatic Language (TOPL)

Test of Pragmatic Language-Second Edition (TOPL-2)

Early Childhood / Preschool

Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Preschool (CELF-PRE)

Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals: Preschool-Third Edition (CELF:P-3)

Developmental Assessment of Young Children-Second Edition (DAYC-2)

Fluharty Preschool Speech and Language Screening-Second Edition (Fluharty-2)

Kindergarten Language Screening Test-Second Edition (KLST-2)

Preschool Language Assessment Instrument (PLAI)

Preschool Language Scale-4 (PLS-4)

Preschool Language Scale-5 (PLS-5)

Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Test-Third edition (REEL-3)

Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Test-Fourth Edition (REEL-4)

Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale

Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test-Preschool (SPELT-P)

The Symbolic Play Test (2nd Edition)

Test of Early Language Development-Second Edition (TELD-2)

Test of Early Language Development-Fourth Edition (TELD-4)

Test of Preschool Vocabulary (TOPV)

Test of Pretend Play (TOPP)

The Westby Symbolic Play Scale

Wiig Assessment of Basic Concepts (WABC)

Behavior Assessment Battery for School-Aged children Who Stutter (BAB)

CALMS Assessment Inventory for Children Who Stutter

Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering (OASES)

Stuttering Prediction Instrument for Young Children

Stuttering Severity Instrument-Third edition (SSI-3)

Stuttering Severity Instrument-Fourth edition (SSI-4)

Stuttering Severity Scale

Test of Childhood Stuttering (TOCS)

Language - Comprehensive

Children’s Communication Checklist-2 (CCC-2)

Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (CASL)

Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language-Second Edition (CASL-2)

Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fourth Edition (CELF-4)

Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fifth Edition (CELF-5)

The Early Functional Communication Profile

Fullerton Language Test for Adolescents-Second Edition

Functional Communication Profile

Functional Communication Profile-Revised

Oral-Written Language Scales (OWLS)

Oral-Written Language Scales-2(OWLS-2)

Receptive, Expressive, & Social Communication Assessment-Elementary (RESCA-E)

The Renfrew Language Scales Bus Story Test

Test of Adolescent and Adult Language-Third Edition (TOAL-3)

Test of Adolescent and Adult Language-Fourth Edition (TOAL-4)

Test of Early Communication and Emerging Language (TECEL)

Test of Language Development-Primary: Third Edition (TOLD-P:3)

Test of Language Development-Primary: Fifth Edition (TOLD-P:5)

Test of Language Development-Intermediate: Third Edition (TOLD-I:3)

Test of Language Development-Intermediate: Fifth Edition (TOLD-I:5)

Test of Semantic Skills-Primary (TOSS-P)

Test of Semantic Skills-Intermediate: Normative Update (TOSS-I:NU)

Test of Nonverbal Intelligence – Fourth Edition (TONI-4)

Language - Expressive

The Test of Narrative Language (TNL)

The Expressive Language Test (ELT)

The Expressive Language Test: Second Edition: Normative Update (ELT-2:NU)

Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition (EOWPVT-4)

Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT)

Expressive Vocabulary Test-Third Edition (EVT-3)

The HELP Test - Elementary

Patterned Elicitation Syntax Test (PEST)

Reynell Developmental Language Scales-3

Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test-Third Edition (SPELT-3)

Test for Examining Expressive Morphology (TEEM)

The Test of Expressive Language (TEXL)

The WORD Test - Adolescent Second Edition (WORD-A2)

The WORD Test – Elementary Second Edition (WORD-E2)

Language Sample Results Examples

Real Life Picture Flashcards for Speech Therapy Practice (Instant Download)

Language - Receptive

The Language Processing Test - Revised (LPT-R)

The Language Processing Test –Third Edition: Elementary (LPT-3:E)

The Listening Comprehension Test-Adolescent (LCT-A)

The Listening Comprehension Test-Second Edition (LCT-2)

The Listening Test

Oral Passage Understanding Scale (OPUS)

Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (ROWPVT)

Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test- Fourth Edition (ROWPVT-4)

Rhode Island Test of Language Structure (RITLS)

Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language-Third Edition (TACL-3)

Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language-Fourth Edition (TACL-4)

Token Test for Children

Token Test for Children: Second Edition (TTFC-2)

Language - Other

Boehm Test of Basic Concepts-Revised (BTBC-R)

Bracken Basic Concepts Scale-Revised (BBCS-R)

Test of Problem Solving - Adolescent (TOPS-Adolescent)

Test of Problem Solving - Elementary Revised (TOPS-Elementary-R)

Nonspeech Test for Receptive and Expressive Language

Assessing Semantic Skills through Everyday Themes (ASSET)

Comprehensive Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test-second edition (CREVT-2)

Comprehensive Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test-Third Edition (CREVT-3)

Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (EOWPVT)

Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-Upper Extension (EOWPVT-UE)

Montgomery Assessment of Vocabulary Acquisition (MAVA)

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-3 (PPVT-3)

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Fifth Edition (PPVT-5)

Spanish Assessments

With much appreciation for the knowledge and work of Nancy Sever Muniz! Some tests include a statement in parentheses that discuss the administration of the test with the assistance of a Native Language Speaker.

Assessment of Phonological Processes, Spanish (APP -Sp)

Austin Spanish Articulation Test (Austin)

Bilingual English Spanish Assessment (BESA)

Bilingual Syntax Measure, 1 or 2 (BSM, 1 or 2)

Bilingual Vocabulary Assessment Measure (BVAM)

Boehm Test of Basic Concepts-Revised, Spanish (BTBC-R-SP)

Bracken Basic Concepts Scale-Revised-Spanish (BBCS-R-Sp)

Clinical Assessment of Articulation and Phonology-Spanish Edition (CAAP-S)

Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-3, Spanish (CELF-3-SP)

Contextual Probes of Articulation Competence – Spanish (CPAC-S)

Del Rio Language Screening Test (DRLST)

Dos Amigos Verbal Language Scales

Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-Upper Extension-Revised, Spanish

Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-2000, Spanish

Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition: Spanish Bilingual Edition (EOWPVT-4:SB)

Language Assessment Scale (LAS)

Language Sample - Spanish

Medida Española de Articulación (MEDA)

Multicultural Vocabulary Test (MVT)

Preschool Language Assessment Instrument-Spanish (PLAI-Sp)

Preschool Language Scale-3, Spanish (PLS-3, Sp)

Preschool Language Scale-5, Spanish (PLS-5, Sp)

Pruebas de Expresión Oral y Percepción de La Lenguaje Española (PEOPLE)

Prueba del Desarrollo Inicial del Lenguaje (PDIL)

Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, Revised-Spanish (ROWPVT-R-Sp)

Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-2000, Spanish

Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition: Spanish Bilingual Edition (ROWPVT-4:SB)

Screening Test of Spanish Grammar (STSG)

Spanish Articulation Measure (SAM)

Spanish Expressive Vocabulary Test (SEVT)

Spanish Language Assessment Procedures: A Communication Skills Inventory (SLAP)

Spanish Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test-Preschool (SPELT-P-Sp)

Spanish Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test-2 (S:SPELT-2)

Spanish Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test-3 (S:SPELT-3)

Spanish Test for Assessing Morphologic Production (STAMP)

Test of Early Language Development-Third Edition:Spanish (TELD-3:S)

Test de Vocabulario de Imágenes, Peabody (TVIP)

Test of Auditory Processing Skills, 3rd Edition: Spanish/Bilingual (TAPS-3:SBE)

Toronto Test of Receptive Vocabulary (TTRV)

Wiig Assessment of Basic Concepts-Spanish (WABC-S)

ENGLISH tests that may be used with SPANISH-SPEAKING children

The Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC)

The Boehm Test of Basic Concepts-Revised (BTBC-R-)

The Bracken Basic Concepts Scale-Revised (BBCS-R)

The Childhood Autism Rating Scale ( CARS)

The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS)

The Nonspeech Test for Receptive and Expressive Language

An Examination of the Oral Speech Mechanism

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III, Form PPVT-III, Form )

The Preschool Language Assessment Instrument (PLAI)

The Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale-2 (REEL-2)

The Screening Test for Developmental Apraxia of Speech

The Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test-Preschool (SPELT-P)

The Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test-II ( SPELT-II)

The Stuttering Severity Scale

The Stuttering Prediction Instrument

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Speech Writing

Updated on
Jan 16, 2024

The power of good, inspiring, motivating, and thought-provoking speeches can never be overlooked. If we retrospect, a good speech has not only won people’s hearts but also has been a verbal tool to conquer nations. For centuries, many leaders have used this instrument to charm audiences with their powerful speeches. Apart from vocalizing your speech perfectly, the words you choose in a speech carry immense weight, and practising speech writing begins with our school life. Speech writing is an important part of the English syllabus for Class 12th, Class 11th, and Class 8th to 10th. This blog brings you the Speech Writing format, samples, examples, tips, and tricks!

This Blog Includes:

What is speech writing, speech in english language writing, how do you begin an english-language speech, introduction, how to write a speech, speech writing samples, example of a great speech, english speech topics, practice time.

Must Read: Story Writing Format for Class 9 & 10

Speech writing is the art of using proper grammar and expression to convey a thought or message to a reader. Speech writing isn’t all that distinct from other types of narrative writing. However, students should be aware of certain distinct punctuation and writing style techniques. While writing the ideal speech might be challenging, sticking to the appropriate speech writing structure will ensure that you never fall short.

“There are three things to aim at in public speaking: first, to get into your subject, then to get your subject into yourself, and lastly, to get your subject into the heart of your audience.”- Alexander Gregg

The English language includes eight parts of speech i.e. nouns , pronouns , verbs , adjectives 410 , adverbs , prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.

Noun- A noun is a word that describes anything, such as an animal, a person, a place, or an emotion. Nouns are the building blocks for most sentences.
Pronoun – Pronouns are words that can be used in place of nouns. They are used so that we don’t have to repeat words. This makes our writing and speaking much more natural.
Verb – A verb is a term that implies activity or ‘doing.’ These are very vital for your children’s grammar studies, as a sentence cannot be complete without a verb.
Adjective – An adjective is a term that describes something. An adjective is frequently used before a noun to add extra information or description.
Prepositions- A preposition is a term that expresses the location or timing of something in relation to something else.
Conjunction- Because every language has its own set of conjunctions, English conjunctions differ from those found in other languages. They’re typically used as a connecting word between two statements, concepts, or ideas.
Interjections- Interjections are words that are used to describe a strong emotion or a sudden feeling.

Relevant Read: Speech on the Importance of English

The way you start your English speech can set the tone for the remainder of it. This semester, there are a variety of options for you to begin presentations in your classes. For example, try some of these engaging speech in English language starters.

Rhetorical questions : A rhetorical question is a figure of speech that uses a question to convey a point rather than asking for a response. The answer to a rhetorical question may be clear, yet the questioner asks it to emphasize the point. Rhetorical questions may be a good method for students to start their English speeches. This method of introducing your material might be appealing to the viewers and encourage them to consider how they personally relate to your issue.
Statistics: When making an instructive or persuasive speech in an English class, statistics can help to strengthen the speaker’s authority and understanding of the subject. To get your point over quickly and create an emotional response, try using an unexpected statistic or fact that will resonate with the audience.
Set up an imaginary scene: Create an imaginary situation in your audience’s thoughts if you want to persuade them to agree with you with your speech. This method of starting your speech assists each member of the audience in visualizing a fantastic scenario that you wish to see come true.

Relevant Read: Reported Speech Rules With Exercises

Format of Speech Writing

Here is the format of Speech Writing:

Introduction : Greet the audience, tell them about yourself and further introduce the topic.
Body : Present the topic in an elaborate way, explaining its key features, pros and cons, if any and the like.
Conclusion : Summary of your speech, wrap up the topic and leave your audience with a compelling reminder to think about!

Let’s further understand each element of the format of Speech Writing in further detail:

After the greetings, the Introduction has to be attention-getting. Quickly get people’s attention. The goal of a speech is to engage the audience and persuade them to think or act in your favour. The introduction must effectively include:

A brief preview of your topic.
Define the outlines of your speech. (For example, I’ll be talking about…First..Second…Third)
Begin with a story, quote, fact, joke, or observation in the room. It shouldn’t be longer than 3-4 lines. (For Example: “Mahatma Gandhi said once…”, or “This topic reminds me of an incident/story…”)

This part is also important because that’s when your audience decides if the speech is worth their time. Keep your introduction factual, interesting, and convincing.

It is the most important part of any speech. You should provide a number of reasons and arguments to convince the audience to agree with you.

Handling objections is an important aspect of speech composition. There is no time for questions or concerns since a speech is a monologue. Any concerns that may occur during the speech will be addressed by a powerful speech. As a result, you’ll be able to respond to questions as they come in from the crowd. To make speech simpler you can prepare a flow chart of the details in a systematic way.

For example: If your speech is about waste management; distribute information and arrange it according to subparagraphs for your reference. It could include:

What is Waste Management?
Major techniques used to manage waste
Advantages of Waste Management
Importance of Waste Management

The conclusion should be something that the audience takes with them. It could be a reminder, a collective call to action, a summary of your speech, or a story. For example: “It is upon us to choose the fate of our home, the earth by choosing to begin waste management at our personal spaces.”

After concluding, add a few lines of gratitude to the audience for their time.

For example: “Thank you for being a wonderful audience and lending me your time. Hope this speech gave you something to take away.”

Practice Your Speech Writing with these English Speech topics for students !

A good speech is well-timed, informative, and thought-provoking. Here are the tips for writing a good school speech:

Speech Sandwich of Public Speaking

The introduction and conclusion must be crisp. People psychologically follow the primacy effect (tendency to remember the first part of the list/speech) and recency effect (tendency to recall the last part of the list/speech).

Use Concrete Facts

Make sure you thoroughly research your topic. Including facts appeals to the audience and makes your speech stronger. How much waste is managed? Give names of organisations and provide numerical data in one line.

Use Rhetorical Strategies and Humour

Include one or two open-ended or thought-provoking questions. For Example: “Would we want our future generation to face trouble due to global warming?” Also, make good use of humour and convenient jokes that engages your audience and keeps them listening.

Check Out: Message Writing

Know your Audience and Plan Accordingly

This is essential before writing your speech. To whom is it directed? The categorised audience on the basis of –

Knowledge of the Topic (familiar or unfamiliar)

Use the information to formulate the speech accordingly, use information that they will understand, and a sentence that they can retain.

Timing Yourself is Important

An important aspect of your speech is to time yourself. Don’t write a speech that exceeds your word limit. Here’s how can decide the right timing for your speech writing:

A one-minute speech roughly requires around 130-150 words
A two-minute speech requires roughly around 250-300 words

Speech Writing Examples

Here are some examples to help you understand how to write a good speech. Read these to prepare for your next speech:

Write a speech to be delivered in the school assembly as Rahul/ Rubaina of Delhi Public School emphasises the importance of cleanliness, implying that the level of cleanliness represents the character of its residents. (150-200 words)

“Cleanliness is next to godliness,” said the great John Wesley. Hello, respected principal, instructors, and good friends. Today, I, Rahul/Rubaina, stand in front of you all to emphasise the significance of cleanliness.

Cleanliness is the condition or attribute of being or remaining clean. Everyone must learn about cleaning, hygiene, sanitation, and the different diseases that are produced by unsanitary circumstances. It is essential for physical well-being and the maintenance of a healthy atmosphere at home and at school. A filthy atmosphere invites a large number of mosquitos to grow and spread dangerous diseases. On the other side, poor personal cleanliness causes a variety of skin disorders as well as lowered immunity.

Habits formed at a young age become ingrained in one’s personality. Even if we teach our children to wash their hands before and after meals, brush their teeth and bathe on a regular basis, we are unconcerned about keeping public places clean. On October 2, 2014, the Indian Prime Minister began the “Swachh Bharat” programme to offer sanitation amenities to every family, including toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness, and safe and appropriate drinking water supplies. Teachers and children in schools are actively participating in the ‘Clean India Campaign’ with zeal and excitement.

Good health ensures a healthy mind, which leads to better overall productivity, higher living standards, and economic development. It will improve India’s international standing. As a result, a clean environment is a green environment with fewer illnesses. Thus, cleanliness is defined as a symbol of mental purity.

Thank you very much.

Relevant Read: Speech on Corruption

You are Sahil/Sanya, the school’s Head Girl/Head Boy. You are greatly troubled by the increasing instances of aggressive behaviour among your students. You decide to speak about it during the morning assembly. Create a speech about “School Discipline.” (150 – 200 words)

INDISCIPLINE IN SCHOOLS,

It has been reported that the frequency of fights and incidences of bullying in our school has increased dramatically in the previous several months. Good morning to everyone present. Today, I, Sahil/Sanya, your head boy/girl, am here to shed light on the serious topic of “Increased Indiscipline in Schools.”

It has come to light that instructor disobedience, bullying, confrontations with students, truancy, and insults are becoming more widespread. Furthermore, there have been reports of parents noticing a shift in their children’s attitudes. As a result, many children are suffering emotionally, psychologically, and physically. The impact of this mindset on children at a young age is devastating and irreversible.

Not to mention the harm done to the school’s property. Theft of chalk, scribbling on desks, walls and lavatory doors, destruction of CCTV cameras and so forth. We are merely depriving ourselves of the comforts granted to us by doing so.

Following numerous meetings, it was determined that the main reasons for the problem were a lack of sufficient guidance, excessive use of social media, and peer pressure. The council is working to make things better. Everyone is required to take life skills classes. Counselling, motivating, and instilling friendly ideals will be part of the curriculum. Seminars for parents and students will be held on a regular basis.

A counsellor is being made available to help you all discuss your sentiments, grudges, and personal problems. We are doing everything we can and expect you to do the same.

So, let us work together to create an environment in which we encourage, motivate, assist, and be nice to one another because we are good and civilised humans capable of a great deal of love.

Relevant Read: How to Write a Speech on Discipline?

The current increase in incidences of violent student misbehaviour is cause for alarm for everyone. Students who learn how to manage their anger can help to alleviate the situation. Write a 150-200-word speech about the topic to be delivered at the school’s morning assembly. (10)

HOW TO CONTROL ANGER

Honourable Principal, Respected Teachers, and Dear Friends, I’d like to share a few “Ways to Manage Anger” with you today.

The growing intolerance among the younger generation, which is resulting in violence against teachers, is cause for severe concern. The guru-shishya parampara is losing its lustre. Aggressive behaviour in students can be provoked by a variety of factors, including self-defence, stressful circumstance, over-stimulation, or a lack of adult supervision.

It has become imperative to address the situation. Life skills workshops will be included in the curriculum. Teachers should be trained to deal with such stubborn and confrontational behaviours. Meditation and deep breathing are very beneficial and should be practised every morning. Students should be taught to count to ten before reacting angrily. Sessions on anger control and its importance must also be held.

Remember that Anger is one letter away from danger. It becomes much more crucial to be able to control one’s rage. It’s never too late to start, as a wise man once said.

“Every minute you stay angry, you lose sixty seconds of peace of mind.”

Relevant Read: English Speech Topics for Students

Martin Luther King Jr’s ‘I Have A Dream’ is one of his most famous speeches. Its impact has lasted through generations. The speech is written by utilising the techniques above. Here are some examples:

“still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination” – emotive Language

“In a sense, we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check” – personalising the speech

“to stand up for freedom together” – a call to action.

Importantly, this is an example of how the listener comes first while drafting a speech. The language chosen appeals to a specific sort of audience and was widely utilised in 1963 when the speech was delivered.

The Best Day of My Life
Social Media: Bane or Boon?
Pros and Cons of Online Learning
Benefits of Yoga
If I had a Superpower
I wish I were ______
Environment Conservation
Women Should Rule the World!
The Best Lesson I Have Learned
Paperbacks vs E-books
How to Tackle a Bad Habit?
My Favorite Pastime/Hobby
Understanding Feminism
Fear of Missing Out (FOMO): Is it real or not?
Importance of Reading
Importance of Books in Our Life
My Favorite Fictional Character
Introverts vs Extroverts
Lessons to Learn from Sports
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder

Also Read: How to Ace IELTS Writing Section?

Ans. Speech writing is the process of communicating a notion or message to a reader by employing proper punctuation and expression. Speech writing is similar to other types of narrative writing. However, students should be aware of some different punctuation and writing structure techniques.

Ans. Before beginning with the speech, choose an important topic. Create an outline; rehearse your speech, and adjust the outline based on comments from the rehearsal. This five-step strategy for speech planning serves as the foundation for both lessons and learning activities.

Ans. Writing down a speech is vital since it helps you better comprehend the issue, organises your thoughts, prevents errors in your speech, allows you to get more comfortable with it, and improves its overall quality.

Speech writing and public speaking are effective and influential. Hope this blog helped you know the various tips for writing the speech people would want to hear. If you need help in making the right career choices at any phase of your academic and professional journey, our Leverage Edu experts are here to guide you. Sign up for a free session now!

Team Leverage Edu

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4.3 GRAMMAR: Reported Speech

There are two basic ways: direct speech and indirect speech. Direct speech is an exact account of what someone said or wrote. To include direct speech in your writing, enclose the words in “quotation marks.” Indirect speech is a restatement of what someone said or wrote. Indirect speech does not use the person’s exact words. You do not need to use quotation marks for indirect quotations.

Direct speech (quoting)

One way to report what a person said or wrote is to repeat their exact words. This is called direct speech. The person’s words are called a quotation.

To use direct speech, you must repeat the person’s words exactly. You use a verb of attribution and specific punctuation. Quotation marks show readers another person’s exact words. Often, you will want to identify who is speaking. You can do this at the beginning, middle, or end of the quote. Notice the use of commas and capitalized words.

Look at these examples:

“I’m no prophet. My job is making windows where there were once walls,” said philosopher Michel Foucault.
Michel Foucault said, “I’m no prophet. My job is making windows where there were once walls.”
“I’m no prophet,” said philosopher Michel Foucault. “My job is making windows where there were once walls.”

They all mean exactly the same thing. The difference between these three options is merely a matter of style. What is important, however, is the punctuation. Pay attention to quotation marks, commas, periods, and spaces.

Use single quotation marks to enclose a quote within a quote. For example: “He said, ‘The futurist told me to buy stock in plastics.'”

A quotation must be exactly the same as the original text.
A quotation must use “quotation marks” surrounding the exact text.
A quotation must give credit to the original author or speaker.
According to Sports Illustrated , “Eliminating drug use from Olympic Sports would be no small challenge.”
“ Eliminating drug use from Olympic Sports would be no small challenge,” according to Sports Illustrated .

Indirect speech (paraphrasing)

Another way to report what a person says is indirect speech. Here, you don’t need to use the other person’s exact words. In informal situations, you may change only a word or two (such as the verb tense). Other times, such as in formal academic research writing, you paraphrase, or say the same thing using different words or a different word order. When you paraphrase, you usually use a verb of attribution followed by a noun clause, often introduced by the relative pronoun that . Here’s how you can paraphrase the example from above:

Philosopher Michel Foucault says he doesn’t see the future, but instead helps people find ways to put windows in walls.
Michel Foucault says he’s not a philosopher; rather, he helps people see beyond what is immediately in front of them.

The 4 Rs of paraphrasing

According to the Virtual Library, here are four steps to paraphrase:

Reword the text by using synonyms or different parts of speech; change verb tense or change active verbs to passive and vice versa.
Rearrange by moving words to make new sentences or reorganize the sentences in a passage.
Realize that not all words or phrases can be changed; you won’t be able to replace names, dates, titles, or technical words.
Recheck your work to make sure it carries the same meaning as the original; a paraphrase does not add or omit any information, and it does not include your personal opinion.

NOTE: In formal academic writing, we often use a reporting verb in the present simple tense. Example: The author of this book suggests that the real reason for the wildfires was human carelessness.

Let’s look at another example:

Using quotation : Many people believe they can get more done if they do several things at the same time. However, Steven Pinker disagrees. In his article “Mind Over Mass Media” in The New York Times (2010), Pinker says, “Genuine multitasking, too, has been exposed as a myth, not just by laboratory studies but by the familiar sight of an S.U.V. undulating between lanes as the driver cuts deals on his cellphone” (A31). Pinker goes on to explain that there are better ways to be more effective and efficient …

Using paraphrase : Many people believe they can get more done if they do several things at the same time. However, Steven Pinker disagrees. Pinker (2010) writes that people cannot really do more than one thing at a time; one can see this from scientific research projects and also from just watching a car moving unpredictably down the highway while the driver is talking on a cell phone (A31). Pinker goes on to explain that there are better ways to be more effective and efficient …

Note the three steps we took in making this paraphrase:

We defined the key term. (“Genuine multitasking” = “do more than one thing at a time”)
We used different vocabulary. (“laboratory studies” = “scientific research projects”; “an S.U.V. undulating between lanes” = “a car moving unpredictably down the highway”)
We used different grammar. (“has been exposed” = “one can see”; “by the familiar sight” = “from just watching”)
A paraphrase has the same meaning (all main ideas included; no new ideas added).
A paraphrase is different enough to be considered your own words (uses no more than a few words in a row from the original source; changes vocabulary and grammar as much as possible)
A paraphrase refers to (cites) the original source.

Use the following exercise to check your understanding. This exercise is for practice; it is not graded, and you may complete it as many times as you wish.

1. Which of the options below describes this sentence best? The artist said the studio smelled like “paint and possibility.”

The sentence uses a quotation to explain what the artist said.
There is no paraphrase (because there are “quotation marks”), but there is also no direct speech because the quote is not a full sentence.
The sentence uses a quotation, but the whole sentence is incomplete and therefore only a fragment.
The sentence paraphrases what the artist said.

2. Paraphrasing, which is also called “indirect speech,” uses the exact same words as the original source.

3. Here is a sentence from an article by Mary Lynch: The value of education is more than knowledge. How would I report this as indirect speech (paraphrase)?

The value of education is more than knowledge, believes Mary Lynch.
In Mary Lynch’s opinion, “The value of education is more than knowledge.”
Mary Lynch suggests that knowledge is not the only important thing about learning.
Mary Lynch says education and training are very important.

4. Here is a sentence from an article by Doug Drial: Oregon became a state on February 14, 1859. How would I report this as direct speech (quotation)?

Doug Drial writes Oregon as a state in 1859.
According to Doug Drial, February 14, 1859 was the date when Oregon became a state.
Doug Drial says Oregon became a state on February 14, 1859.
Doug Drial says, “Oregon became a state on February 14, 1859.”

5. In formal academic writing, we should …

use a variety of both direct and indirect speech
use only direct speech
always use only my own ideas and never support from outside sources
use only indirect speech

6. Which of the following are ways to help you paraphrase? (choose all that apply)

change only the punctuation
change the word forms
change the word order
use the other person’s exact words
use synonyms
use quotation marks
change the verb tense
use a metaphor or simile

7. In formal academic writing, you usually use the __________________ tense to report what others have said or written.

present perfect
simple future
simple present
simple past

8. A comma or period usually goes outside (after) the quotation mark.

9. Which of the following uses correct grammar?

My teacher said me to cite my outside sources of information.
My teacher told me to cite my outside sources of information.
My teacher says me to cite my outside sources of information.
My teacher tells to cite my outside sources of information.

10. A quotation, which is also called “direct speech,” must use the speaker’s or writer’s exact words.

Some text has been adapted from “Quotation Marks | English 112: Exposition and Persuasion.” Courses.lumenlearning.com, courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-engl112/chapter/quotation-marks/ . Accessed 29 Dec. 2021.

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An SLP’s 8 Favorite TIME SAVING TIPS for Writing Evaluation Reports

10/17/2022 by Jenna 2 Comments

Dear busy speech therapists: Do you want to SAVE TIME when writing evaluation reports?

Evaluations and paperwork take up the majority of a speech therapist’s precious time. With that said, reports need to be professional and completed correctly. Did you know that this does NOT mean that you have to give up an entire weekend of your time to write an evaluation? It’s time to have a plan to make this a speedier and easier process. I spent 7 years on the evaluation team for my district doing 80-100 evals each year. This is in addition to my regular caseload therefore I had to find the most efficient ways to complete my assessments.

Here are 8 of my favorite TIME SAVING tips for writing an evaluation report:

#1-use an app to calculate chronological age.

First and foremost, an app that calculates chronological age is a MUST. Home-Speech-Home has a great one! There is also one from Pearson that works well. Bookmark these on your computer right away.

#2-Parent Intake Questionnaire

Next, always have parents and guardians complete an intake questionnaire . Here is the most important part of this though: have them complete this digitally in a google document. This makes it easy to copy and paste their answer into the report. Sometimes parents have a lot to say about their child and this is a HUGE time saver. Simply create a google doc questionnaire and make a new copy to easily email to parents and guardians each time.

#3-Do intake interview first so you narrow down what to actually test

Always do the intake interview FIRST. This way you are not testing in any areas that a student has strengths in.

#4-Test Description Banks

There are many different types of evaluations that SLPs use. When writing the evaluation report, it is best to give a brief description of the test that is used. Have these description banks ready in a word document, able to insert or copy/ paste.

#5-Use Academic Impact Statements/Classroom Accommodations Banks

If you can come up with a “bank” of academic impact statements and classroom accommodations, you will be surprised how much time this will save you.

Here are some examples of academic impact statements:

XXX demonstrates speech sound difficulties significantly below that of same-aged peers. Students in kindergarten, who are six years old, are expected to use the /K/, /G/, /F/, and /V/ sounds accurately. XXX’s speech sound errors interfere with the ability to isolate and pronounce the initial and final sounds (phonemes) in three-phoneme (CVC) words. This impacts XXX’s fluency in conversational speech.

XXX demonstrates difficulty using complete sentences of adequate length, and with accurate use of pronouns and grammatical forms when compared to same-age peers. Students in kindergarten are expected to use four or more words in a sentence and use pronouns and grammatical forms correctly (regular plural –s, regular past tense –ed, and uncontractible copula). XXX’s weaknesses in oral expression cause difficulty using frequently occurring nouns and verbs, and producing and expanding complete sentences in shared language activities.

I’ve shared tons of these here on my website. You can find more examples of paperwork shortcuts and tips like this here ! Just modify to fit your needs and make your own bank.

#6-Use the find/replace tool in Word

Another tip is to use fill-in-the-blank statements throughout your report. For example, use ABCNAME, XYZDATE and HIS/HER throughout the report and then simply use the find/replace tool in Word to complete the statement with the child’s name, date and gender quickly.

#7-Jot down IEP goals during the evaluation

While you are evaluating a student, everything is fresh in your memory. One thing that helps to save time later is to jot down any IEP goals that you might think of for the student during the evaluation process. This helps to easily write the IEP when it is time.

#8-Put in all the statements you will need later

Any statements that you might need later when writing the IEP can easily be copied and pasted into the Evaluation Report. I like to do this by writing student interests into the report as well as the educational impact statement. (I might use a tad different wording but this way I easily have this information for writing the IEP at a later date).

Ready to write speedy evaluation reports?

After every evaluation you give, try to score the assessment immediately. That is the only time that this information will be fresh in your mind, as you may forget things later. Simply build this into part of your testing session time. This way, when you go to write the report later, you aren’t also spending time scoring it.

My final time saving tip for writing evaluations would be to set an amount of time that you want to spend actually writing the report. For me, 45 minutes is usually the sweet spot. Then, set the timer and really focus and zone in without distractions. (This means you may need to hide your phone and close your office door!)

Comment below and tell me all of your time saving tips for completing evaluation reports !

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10/21/2022 at 9:46 pm

Thanks for continuing to write your blog posts. I look forward to reading them. I have a evaluation template that I created for reports on my preschoolers. I have all the test descriptions plus sample strengths and areas of concern. That was I just have to delete what I don’t need. Then I add some details from the eval to make it more personalized. Today for the first time ever I did an eval, scored it, and wrote the first draft of the report. It was great. I used your evaluation form which are awesome! I want to try the parent input form being sent out before via email! I think it is fantastic idea. Do you have any recommendations on what you use to assess social language in preschoolers?

[…] An SLP’s 8 Favorite TIME SAVING TIPS for Writing Evaluation Reports from Speech Room News […]

Reported Speech – Rules, Examples & Worksheet

| Candace Osmond

Candace Osmond

Candace Osmond studied Advanced Writing & Editing Essentials at MHC. She’s been an International and USA TODAY Bestselling Author for over a decade. And she’s worked as an Editor for several mid-sized publications. Candace has a keen eye for content editing and a high degree of expertise in Fiction.

They say gossip is a natural part of human life. That’s why language has evolved to develop grammatical rules about the “he said” and “she said” statements. We call them reported speech.

Every time we use reported speech in English, we are talking about something said by someone else in the past. Thinking about it brings me back to high school, when reported speech was the main form of language!

Learn all about the definition, rules, and examples of reported speech as I go over everything. I also included a worksheet at the end of the article so you can test your knowledge of the topic.

What Does Reported Speech Mean?

Grammarist Article Graphic V3 2022 10 25T162134.388

Reported speech is a term we use when telling someone what another person said. You can do this while speaking or writing.

There are two kinds of reported speech you can use: direct speech and indirect speech. I’ll break each down for you.

A direct speech sentence mentions the exact words the other person said. For example:

Kryz said, “These are all my necklaces.”

Indirect speech changes the original speaker’s words. For example:

Kryz said those were all her necklaces.

When we tell someone what another individual said, we use reporting verbs like told, asked, convinced, persuaded, and said. We also change the first-person figure in the quotation into the third-person speaker.

Reported Speech Examples

We usually talk about the past every time we use reported speech. That’s because the time of speaking is already done. For example:

Direct speech: The employer asked me, “Do you have experience with people in the corporate setting?”

Indirect speech: The employer asked me if I had experience with people in the corporate setting.

Direct speech: “I’m working on my thesis,” I told James.

Indirect speech: I told James that I was working on my thesis.

Reported Speech Structure

A speech report has two parts: the reporting clause and the reported clause. Read the example below:

Harry said, “You need to help me.”

The reporting clause here is William said. Meanwhile, the reported clause is the 2nd clause, which is I need your help.

What are the 4 Types of Reported Speech?

Aside from direct and indirect, reported speech can also be divided into four. The four types of reported speech are similar to the kinds of sentences: imperative, interrogative, exclamatory, and declarative.

Reported Speech Rules

The rules for reported speech can be complex. But with enough practice, you’ll be able to master them all.

Choose Whether to Use That or If

The most common conjunction in reported speech is that. You can say, “My aunt says she’s outside,” or “My aunt says that she’s outside.”

Use if when you’re reporting a yes-no question. For example:

Direct speech: “Are you coming with us?”

Indirect speech: She asked if she was coming with them.

Verb Tense Changes

Change the reporting verb into its past form if the statement is irrelevant now. Remember that some of these words are irregular verbs, meaning they don’t follow the typical -d or -ed pattern. For example:

Direct speech: I dislike fried chicken.

Reported speech: She said she disliked fried chicken.

Note how the main verb in the reported statement is also in the past tense verb form.

Use the simple present tense in your indirect speech if the initial words remain relevant at the time of reporting. This verb tense also works if the report is something someone would repeat. For example:

Slater says they’re opening a restaurant soon.
Maya says she likes dogs.

This rule proves that the choice of verb tense is not a black-and-white question. The reporter needs to analyze the context of the action.

Move the tense backward when the reporting verb is in the past tense. That means:

Present simple becomes past simple.
Present perfect becomes past perfect.
Present continuous becomes past continuous.
Past simple becomes past perfect.
Past continuous becomes past perfect continuous.

Here are some examples:

The singer has left the building. (present perfect)

He said that the singers had left the building. (past perfect)

Her sister gave her new shows. (past simple)
She said that her sister had given her new shoes. (past perfect)

If the original speaker is discussing the future, change the tense of the reporting verb into the past form. There’ll also be a change in the auxiliary verbs.

Will or shall becomes would.
Will be becomes would be.
Will have been becomes would have been.
Will have becomes would have.

For example:

Direct speech: “I will be there in a moment.”

Indirect speech: She said that she would be there in a moment.

Do not change the verb tenses in indirect speech when the sentence has a time clause. This rule applies when the introductory verb is in the future, present, and present perfect. Here are other conditions where you must not change the tense:

If the sentence is a fact or generally true.
If the sentence’s verb is in the unreal past (using second or third conditional).
If the original speaker reports something right away.
Do not change had better, would, used to, could, might, etc.

Changes in Place and Time Reference

Changing the place and time adverb when using indirect speech is essential. For example, now becomes then and today becomes that day. Here are more transformations in adverbs of time and places.

This – that.
These – those.
Now – then.
Here – there.
Tomorrow – the next/following day.
Two weeks ago – two weeks before.
Yesterday – the day before.

Here are some examples.

Direct speech: “I am baking cookies now.”

Indirect speech: He said he was baking cookies then.

Direct speech: “Myra went here yesterday.”

Indirect speech: She said Myra went there the day before.

Direct speech: “I will go to the market tomorrow.”

Indirect speech: She said she would go to the market the next day.

Using Modals

Grammarist Article Graphic V3 2022 10 25T162624.255

If the direct speech contains a modal verb, make sure to change them accordingly.

Will becomes would
Can becomes could
Shall becomes should or would.
Direct speech: “Will you come to the ball with me?”

Indirect speech: He asked if he would come to the ball with me.

Direct speech: “Gina can inspect the room tomorrow because she’s free.”

Indirect speech: He said Gina could inspect the room the next day because she’s free.

However, sometimes, the modal verb should does not change grammatically. For example:

Direct speech: “He should go to the park.”

Indirect speech: She said that he should go to the park.

Imperative Sentences

To change an imperative sentence into a reported indirect sentence, use to for imperative and not to for negative sentences. Never use the word that in your indirect speech. Another rule is to remove the word please . Instead, say request or say. For example:

“Please don’t interrupt the event,” said the host.

The host requested them not to interrupt the event.

Jonah told her, “Be careful.”
Jonah ordered her to be careful.

Reported Questions

When reporting a direct question, I would use verbs like inquire, wonder, ask, etc. Remember that we don’t use a question mark or exclamation mark for reports of questions. Below is an example I made of how to change question forms.

Incorrect: He asked me where I live?

Correct: He asked me where I live.

Here’s another example. The first sentence uses direct speech in a present simple question form, while the second is the reported speech.

Where do you live?

She asked me where I live.

Wrapping Up Reported Speech

My guide has shown you an explanation of reported statements in English. Do you have a better grasp on how to use it now?

Reported speech refers to something that someone else said. It contains a subject, reporting verb, and a reported cause.

Don’t forget my rules for using reported speech. Practice the correct verb tense, modal verbs, time expressions, and place references.

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What is Report Writing: Format, Examples, Types & Process

Table of Contents

Many professionals struggle to create effective reports due to a lack of understanding of the essential elements and organization required. This can lead to frustration and a failure to communicate key information to the intended audience.

In this blog, we’ll explore what is report writing, the types of reports, essential elements, and tips for creating effective reports to help you communicate your message and achieve your goals.

Definition of report writing?

According to Mary Munter and Lynn Hamilton, authors of “Guide to Managerial Communication,” report writing is “the process of selecting, organizing, interpreting, and communicating information to meet a specific objective.”

What is report writing?

Report writing refers to the process of creating a document that represents information in a clear and concise manner. Reports can be written for various purposes, such as providing updates on a project, analyzing data or presenting findings, or making recommendations.

Effective report writing requires careful planning, research, analysis, and organization of information. A well-structured report should be accurate, and objective, and contain a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. It should also be written in a professional and accessible style, with appropriate use of headings, subheadings, tables, graphs, and other visual aids.

Overall, report writing is an important skill for professionals in many fields, as it helps to communicate information and insights in a clear and concise manner.

What is a report?

A report is a formal document that is structured and presented in an organized manner, with the aim of conveying information, analyzing data, and providing recommendations. It is often used to communicate findings and outcomes to a specific audience, such as stakeholders, or managers. Reports can vary in length and format, but they usually contain a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.

Types of report writing

By understanding the different types of report writing, individuals can select the appropriate format and structure to effectively communicate information and achieve their objectives. However, the kind of report used will depend on the purpose, audience, and context of the report.

1/ Informational reports: These reports provide information about a topic, such as a product, service, or process.

Further Reading : What is an information report

2/ Analytical reports: These reports present data or information in a structured and organized manner, often with charts, graphs, or tables, to help the reader understand trends, patterns, or relationships.

3/ Formal Reports: These are detailed and structured reports written for a specific audience, often with a specific objective. In comparison with informal reports , formal reports are typically longer and more complex than other types of reports.

4/ Progress reports: These reports provide updates on a project or initiative, detailing the progress made and any challenges or obstacles encountered.

5/ Technical reports: These reports provide technical information, such as specifications, designs, or performance data, often aimed at a technical audience.

6/ Research reports: These reports present the findings of research conducted on a particular topic or issue, often including a literature review, data analysis, and conclusions.

7/ Feasibility Report: A feasibility report assesses the likelihood of achieving success for a suggested project or initiative.

8/ Business Reports: These reports are used in a business setting to communicate information about a company’s performance, operations, or strategies. Different types of business reports include financial statements, marketing reports, and annual reports.

Structure of report writing

The structure of a report refers to the overall organization and layout of the report, including the sections and subsections that make up the report, their order, and their relationships to each other. A report can we divided into three parts.

Preliminary Parts:

Acknowledgments (Preface or Foreword)
List of Tables and Illustrations
Introduction (clear statement of research objectives, background information, hypotheses, methodology, statistical analysis, scope of study, limitations)
Statement of findings and recommendations (summarized findings, non-technical language)
Results (detailed presentation of findings with supporting data in the form of tables and charts, statistical summaries, and reductions of data, presented in a logical sequence)
Implications of the results (clearly stated implications that flow from the results of the study)
Summary (brief summary of the research problem, methodology, major findings, and major conclusions)

End Matter:

Appendices (technical data such as questionnaires, sample information, and mathematical derivations)
Bibliography of sources consulted.

This structure provides a clear and organized framework for presenting a research report, ensuring that all important information is included and presented in a logical and easy-to-follow manner.

Extra Learnings Role of a report structure in report writing The report structure plays a crucial role in report writing as it provides a clear and organized framework for presenting information in an effective and logical manner. It ensures that the reader can easily understand the purpose and scope of the report, locate and access the relevant information. The preliminary parts of the report, provide an overview of the report and aid navigation. The main text makes it easier for the reader to comprehend and analyze the information. And The end matter provides additional details and sources for reference. An organized report structure also helps the author to communicate their research and ideas effectively to the intended audience.

What is the report writing format?

The format of report writing refers to the structure of a formal document that provides information on a particular topic or issue. The report writing format typically includes the following key components:

8 Essential elements of report writing are:

1/ Title: The title is the first thing that readers will see, and it should be clear and concise. The title should include the report’s subject or topic and the author’s name, date of writing, or who the report is for. Remember to keep the title brief and informative, avoiding vague or ambiguous language.

Example of Business Report Title Page: “Market Analysis and Growth Strategies for XYZ Corporation” Author: Mary Johnson Date: January 2, 2022 Company: Earthcon Corporation Department: Strategy and Planning

In this example, the title page includes the name of the report, ‘Market Analysis 2022,’ the author’s name, ‘John Doe,’ the submission date, ‘January 1, 2024,’ and other details such as the name of the organization, ‘Earthcon Corporation.’

2/ Table of Contents : The table of contents provides an overview of the report’s contents. It should list all sections and subsections with clear headings. It is essential to make the table of contents organized and easy to read, allowing readers to locate specific information quickly.

Example of Table of Contents I. Introduction…… 1 Purpose of the Report…… 2 Methodology Used…… 2 II. Executive Summary…… 3 III. Background and Context…… 3 IV. Analysis and Findings…… 4 Market Trends and Data…… 5 Competitor Analysis…… 6 SWOT Analysis…… 7 V. Recommendations and Conclusion…… 8 VI. References…… 9

3/ Summary : Also known as the executive summary, the summary provides a brief overview of the entire report. It should summarize the report’s main points, including findings, objectives, and recommendations. The summary should be written after the entire report is completed, and it should be concise and summarized in less than one page.

Example of executive summary: The Annual Sales Report for Earthcon Company shows a 10% increase in overall sales compared to the previous year. The report also reveals that the majority of sales came from the Midwest region and the target demographic is primarily males aged 25-40. Based on these findings, recommendations have been made to focus marketing efforts towards this demographic in the upcoming year.

4/ Introduction : The introduction introduces the report’s topic and informs readers what they can expect to find in the report. The introduction should capture readers’ attention and provide relevant background information. It should be clear and concise, including why the report was written and its objectives.

Example of Introduction: This comprehensive report aims to analyze and evaluate the sales performance of EarthCon Corporation throughout 2024. It will look into detailed sales trends observed throughout the year, carefully examining the various factors that have influenced these trends. Additionally, the report will identify and highlight potential areas for growth, offering valuable insights and recommendations to drive future success.

5/ Body: The body is the longest section and includes all the information, data, and analysis. It should present information in an organized manner, often using subheadings and bullet points. The body should include all relevant research findings and data, often accompanied by visuals such as graphs and tables. It is essential to cite all sources correctly and remain objective, avoiding personal opinions or biases.

Example of Background and Context: This report seeks to analyze the influence of technological advancements on business productivity. Previous research has indicated a correlation between the adoption of innovative technologies and increased operational efficiency for Earthcon. The report will examine further into this topic and offer suggestions for maximizing the benefits of these advancements. Example of Analysis and Findings: The market trends and data show a steady increase in demand for innovative products, with a significant rise in sales in the past five years. In comparison, competitor analysis reveals that Earthcon Corporation is well-positioned to take advantage of this trend due to its strong brand reputation and product portfolio. A SWOT analysis also highlights potential areas for improvement and growth.

6/ Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the findings and conclusions of the report. It should wrap up all the essential information presented in the body and make recommendations based on the report’s findings. The conclusion must be brief and clear, avoiding the introduction of any new information not previously presented in the body.

7/ Recommendations: The recommendation section should provide suggested goals or steps based on the report’s information. It should be realistic and achievable, providing well-crafted solutions. It is often included in the conclusion section.

Example of Recommendations and Conclusion: Based on the analysis, it is recommended that EarthCon Corporation invest in research and development to continue producing innovative products. Additionally, efforts should be made to expand into emerging markets to increase global reach. In conclusion, the Annual Sales Report shows positive outcomes and recommends strategic actions for future growth.

8/ Appendices: The appendices section includes additional technical information or supporting materials, such as research questionnaires or survey data. It should provide supplementary information to the report without disrupting the report’s main content.

It is important to use clear headings and subheadings and to label tables and figures. Also, proofreading and fact-checking are critical before submitting the report. A well-crafted report is concise, informative and free of personal bias or opinions.

What are the features of report writing

There are several key features of effective report writing that can help ensure that the information presented is clear, concise, and useful. Some of these features include:

1/ Clarity: Reports should be written in clear and concise language, avoiding jargon or technical terms that may be confusing to the reader.

2/ Objectivity: A report should be objective, meaning that it should be free from bias or personal opinions. This is particularly important when presenting data or analysis.

3/ Accuracy: Reports should be based on reliable sources and accurate data. Information should be verified and cross-checked to ensure that it is correct and up-to-date.

4/ Structure: A report should be structured in a logical and organized manner, with clear headings, subheadings, and sections.

5/ Visual aids: A report may include visual aids such as charts, tables, and graphs, which can help to illustrate the key points and make the information easier to understand.

6/ Evidence: Reports should include evidence to support any claims or findings, such as statistics, quotes, or references to relevant literature.

7/ Recommendations: Many reports include recommendations or suggestions for future action based on the findings or analysis presented.

Significance of report writing

Report writing is a critical skill that can have a significant impact on individuals, and organizations. In fact, a report by the National Association of Colleges and Employers found that the ability to communicate effectively, including report writing, was the most important skill sought by employers.

Reports provide decision-makers with the information they need to make informed decisions.
Effective report writing demonstrates professionalism and attention to detail, which can help to build trust and credibility with clients.
Reports can inform planning processes by providing data and insights that can be used to develop strategies and allocate resources.
Reports often include recommendations or suggestions for future action, which can help to improve processes, procedures, or outcomes.

Further Reading: What is the significance of report writing

Report writing examples and samples

Annual-Business-Report-of-Reliance-industries

Example of Progress Report

The essential process of report writing

Report writing requires careful planning, organization, and analysis to ensure that the report effectively communicates the intended message to the audience. Here are the general steps involved in the process of report writing:

Plan and prepare:

Identify the purpose of the report, the target audience, and the scope of the report.
Collect and examine data from different sources, including research studies, surveys, or interviews.
Create an outline of the report, including headings and subheadings.

Write the introduction:

Start with a brief summary of the report and its purpose.
Provide background information and context for the report.
Explain the research methodology and approach used.

Write the main body:

Divide the report into logical sections, each with a clear heading.
Present the findings and analysis of the research in a clear and organized manner.
Use appropriate visual aids, such as tables, graphs, or charts to present data and information.
Utilize a language that is both clear and Brief, and avoid using unnecessary jargon or technical terminology.
Cite all sources used in the report according to a specified citation style.

Write the conclusion:

Summarize the main findings and conclusions of the report.
Restate the purpose of the report and how it was achieved.
Provide recommendations or suggestions for further action, if applicable.

Edit and revise:

Review the report for errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
Check that all information is accurate and up-to-date.
Revise and improve the report as necessary.

Format and present:

Use a professional and appropriate format for the report.
Include a title page, table of contents, and list of references or citations.
Incorporate headings, subheadings, and bullet points to enhance the report’s readability and facilitate navigation.
Use appropriate fonts and sizes, and ensure that the report is well-structured and visually appealing.

Important Principles of report writing

To write an effective report, it is important to follow some basic principles. These principles ensure that your report is clear, concise, accurate, and informative. In this regard, here are some of the key principles that you should keep in mind when writing a report:

1/ Clarity: The report should be clear and easy to understand.

2/ Completeness: The report should cover all the relevant information needed to understand the topic

3/ Conciseness: A report should be concise, presenting only the information that is relevant and necessary to the topic.

4/ Formatting: The report should be properly formatted, with consistent fonts, spacing, and margins

5/ Relevance: The information presented in the report should be relevant to the purpose of the report.

6/ Timeliness: The report should be completed and delivered in a timely manner.

7/ Presentation: The report should be visually appealing and well-presented.

Extra Learnings Styles of report writing When it comes to the style of report writing, it’s important to use hard facts and figures, evidence, and justification. Using efficient language is crucial since lengthy reports with too many words are difficult to read. The most effective reports are easy and quick to read since the writer has comprehended the data and formulated practical recommendations. To achieve this, it’s important to write as you speak, avoid empty words, use descending order of importance, use an active voice, and keep sentences short. The goal should be to write to express and not to impress the reader. It’s also important to get facts 100% right and to be unbiased and open. By following these tips, one can create a well-written report that is easy to understand and provides valuable insights.

Differences between a report and other forms of writing

Reports are a specific form of writing that serves a distinct purpose and have unique characteristics. Unlike other forms of writing, such as essays or fiction, reports are typically focused on presenting factual information and making recommendations based on that information. Below we have differentiated report writing with various other forms of writing.

Essay vs report writing

Project writing vs report writing, research methodology vs report writing, article writing vs report writing, content writing vs report writing, business plan vs report writing, latest topics for report writing in 2024.

The possibilities for report topics may depend on the goals and scope of the report. The key is to choose a topic that is relevant and interesting to your audience, and that you can conduct thorough research on in order to provide meaningful insights and recommendations.

A market analysis for a new product or service.
An evaluation of employee satisfaction in a company.
A review of the state of cybersecurity in a particular industry.
A study of the prevalence and consequences of workplace discrimination.
Analysis of the environmental impact of a particular industry or company.
An assessment of the impact of new technology or innovations on a particular industry or sector.

Report writing skills and techniques

Effective report writing requires a combination of skills and techniques to communicate information and recommendations in a clear, and engaging manner.

From organizing information to tailoring the report to the intended audience, there are many factors to consider when writing a report. By mastering these skills and techniques, you can ensure that your report is well-written, informative, and engaging for your audience. Some of the primary ones are:

1/ Organization and structure: Structure your report in a logical and organized manner with headings and subheadings.

2/ Use of data and evidence: Present objective data and evidence to support your findings and recommendations.

3/ Audience awareness: Tailor your report to the needs and interests of your intended audience.

4/ Effective visuals: Use graphs, charts, or other visuals to communicate complex information in a clear and engaging way.

5/ Editing and proofreading: Carefully edit and proofread your report to ensure it is error-free and professional.

6/ Tone: Use a professional and objective tone to communicate your findings and recommendations.

7/ Time management: Manage your time effectively to ensure you have enough time to research, write, and revise your report.

Tips for effective report writing

Understand your audience before you start writing.
Start with an outline and cover all the important points.
Employ clear and concise language.
Utilize headings and subheadings to organize your report.
Incorporate evidence and examples to support your points.
Thoroughly edit and proofread your report before submission.
Follow formatting guidelines If your report has specific formatting requirements.
Use visuals to enhance understanding.

What is the ethical consideration involved in report writing

Ethical considerations play a crucial role in report writing. The accuracy of the information presented in the report is of utmost importance, as it forms the basis for any conclusions or recommendations that may be made. In addition, it is essential to avoid plagiarism by giving credit to the original sources of information and ideas.

Another crucial ethical consideration is confidentiality, particularly when the report contains sensitive or confidential information. It is important to safeguard this information and prevent its disclosure to unauthorized individuals.

Avoiding bias in report writing is also crucial, as it is essential to present information in an objective and unbiased manner. In cases where research or data collection is involved, obtaining informed consent from human subjects is a necessary ethical requirement.

By taking these ethical considerations into account, report writers can ensure that their work is fair, accurate, and respectful to all parties involved.

Common mistakes in report writing

There are several common mistakes that students and report writers make in report writing. By avoiding these common mistakes, students as well as report writers can create effective and impactful reports that are clear, accurate, and objective.

1/ Writing in the first person: Often, students and report writers commit an error by writing in the first person and utilizing words such as “I” or “me. In reports, it is recommended to write impersonally, using the passive voice instead.

2/ Using the wrong format: Reports should use numbered headings and subheadings to structure the content, while essays should have a clear line of argument in their content.

3/ Failing to introduce the content: The introduction of the report should introduce the content of the report, not the subject for discussion. It is important to explain the scope of the report and what is to follow, rather than explaining what a certain concept is.

4/ Missing relevant sections: Students and report writers, often miss out on including relevant sections that were specified in the assignment instructions, such as a bibliography or certain types of information. This can result in poor interpretation.

5/ Poor proofreading: Finally, not spending enough time proofreading the reported work can create unwanted mistakes. Therefore, It is important to proofread and correct errors multiple times before submitting the final report to avoid any mistakes that could have been easily corrected.

By avoiding these common mistakes, students and report writers can improve the quality of their reports.

What are some challenges of report writing and how to overcome them

Report writing can be a challenging task for many reasons. Here are some common challenges of report writing and how to overcome them:

1/ Lack of clarity on the purpose of the report: To overcome this challenge, it is important to clearly define the purpose of the report before starting. This can help to focus the content of the report and ensure that it meets the needs of the intended audience.

2/ Difficulty in organizing ideas: Reports often require a significant amount of information to be organized in a logical and coherent manner. To overcome this challenge, it can be helpful to create an outline or flowchart to organize ideas before beginning to write.

3/ Time management: Writing a report can be time-consuming, and it is important to allow sufficient time to complete the task. To overcome this challenge, it can be helpful to create a timeline or schedule for the various stages of the report-writing process.

4/ Writer’s block: Sometimes writers may experience writer’s block, making it difficult to start or continue writing the report. To overcome this challenge, it can be helpful to take a break, engage in other activities or brainstorming sessions to generate new ideas.

5/ Difficulty in citing sources: It is important to properly cite sources used in the report to avoid plagiarism and maintain credibility. To overcome this challenge, it can be helpful to use citation management tools, such as EndNote or Mendeley, to keep track of sources and ensure accurate referencing.

6/ Review and editing: Reviewing and editing a report can be a challenging task, especially when it is one’s own work. To overcome this challenge, it can be helpful to take a break before reviewing the report and seek feedback from others to gain a fresh perspective.

By being aware of these challenges and taking proactive steps to overcome them, report writers can create effective and impactful reports that meet the needs of their intended audience.

Best Software for writing reports

Report writing software has made it easier for writers to produce professional-looking reports with ease. These software tools offer a range of features and functionalities, including data visualization, collaboration, and customization options. In this section, we will explore some of the best report-writing software available:

1/ Tableau : This tool is great for creating interactive and visually appealing reports, as it allows users to easily create charts, graphs, and other data visualizations. It also supports data blending, which means that you can combine data from multiple sources to create more comprehensive reports.

2/ Zoho reporting : This tool is designed to help users create and share professional-looking reports quickly and easily. It offers a variety of customizable templates, as well as a drag-and-drop interface that makes it easy to add data and create charts and graphs.

3/ Bold Reports by Syncfusion : This tool is designed specifically for creating reports in .NET applications. It offers a wide range of features, including interactive dashboards, real-time data connectivity, and customizable themes and templates.

4/ Fast Reports : This tool is a reporting solution for businesses of all sizes. It allows users to create reports quickly and easily using a drag-and-drop interface and offers a variety of templates and customization options. It also supports a wide range of data sources, including databases, spreadsheets, and web services.

Further Reading : 10+ Best Report Writing Software and Tools in 2024

What is the conclusion of report writing

The conclusion of report writing is the final section of the report that summarizes the main findings, conclusions, and recommendations. It should tie together all the different sections of the report and present a clear and concise summary of the key points.

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE has given an inverted introduction framework that can use used for writing effective conclusions for reports.

Example of conclusion in report writing:

The implication of the above diagram can be explained with the following example:

1. RETURN TO TOPIC:

Social media has revolutionized the marketing landscape, providing new opportunities for brands to connect with their target audience.

2. RESTATE THESIS:

However, the complexities and limitations of social media mean that it is unlikely to completely replace traditional marketing methods. The role of the marketing professional remains crucial in ensuring that social media strategies align with the company’s overall goals and effectively reach the desired audience.

3. SUMMARY OF IDEAS DISCUSSED:

Automated tools cannot fully account for the nuances of human communication or provide the level of personalization that consumers crave. Therefore, the most effective marketing strategies will likely blend social media tactics with traditional marketing channels.

4. CONCLUDING STATEMENT [restating thesis]:

In conclusion, while social media presents significant opportunities for brands, the expertise of marketing professionals is still essential to creating successful campaigns that achieve desired outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1) what is report writing and example.

Ans: Report writing involves preparing a structured document that delivers information to a particular audience in a clear and systematic manner. An example of a report could be a business report analyzing the financial performance of a company and making recommendations for improvement.

Q2) What is report writing and types of reports?

Ans: The act of presenting information in an orderly and structured format is known as report writing. Reports come in different types, such as analytical reports, research reports, financial reports, progress reports, incident reports, feasibility reports, and recommendation reports.

Q3) What are the 5 steps of report writing

The five steps of report writing, are as follows:

Planning: This involves defining the purpose of the report, determining the audience, and conducting research to gather the necessary information.
Structuring: This step involves deciding on the structure of the report, such as the sections and subsections, and creating an outline.
Writing: This is the stage where the actual writing of the report takes place, including drafting and revising the content.
Reviewing: In this step, the report is reviewed for accuracy, coherence, and effectiveness, and any necessary changes are made.
Presenting: This final step involves presenting the report in a clear and professional manner, such as through the use of headings, visuals, and a table of contents.

Q4) What is a report in short answer?

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10 Differences Between Formal & Informal Reports + Examples

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Neurodivergent-Affirming Report Writing

Lately we've been thinking about report writing for Neurodivergent students. Report writing is a necessary part of providing care for Neurodivergent clients. We are duty-bound to maintain comprehensive records in accordance with applicable guidelines HCPC Standards of Proficiency

As Neurodivergent-Affirming SLTs, we see reports time after time that are written through a Medical Model lens which are full of deficit-based language. As professionals we should reflect on our reports and ask ourselves some key questions:

If this report was describing myself or a loved one, how would I feel about the language used?

If my client read this would I feel comfortable with how I described them and their needs?

Does this report describe the supports the person needs?

Does the language assign judgment? Is it shaming? Pathologising? De-humanising?

Does the report accurately describe their strengths and difficulties? Has sufficient attention been given to their strengths as well as their needs?

Reference: Divergent Perspectives (2022, Aug 29). Neurodivergent Report Writing . www.divergentperspectives.co.uk/post/neurodivergent-affirming-report-writing

Lovely suggestions! So many relevant to adhders to! ❤️

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Benedictine College nuns denounce Harrison Butker's speech at their school

John Helton

Kansas City Chiefs kicker Harrison Butker speaks to the media during NFL football Super Bowl 58 opening night on Feb. 5, 2024, in Las Vegas. Butker railed against Pride month along with President Biden's leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic and his stance on abortion during a commencement address at Benedictine College last weekend. Charlie Riedel/AP hide caption

An order of nuns affiliated with Benedictine College rejected Kansas City Chiefs kicker Harrison's Butker's comments in a commencement speech there last weekend that stirred up a culture war skirmish.

"The sisters of Mount St. Scholastica do not believe that Harrison Butker's comments in his 2024 Benedictine College commencement address represent the Catholic, Benedictine, liberal arts college that our founders envisioned and in which we have been so invested," the nuns wrote in a statement posted on Facebook .

In his 20-minute address , Butker denounced abortion rights, Pride Month, COVID-19 lockdowns and "the tyranny of diversity, equity and inclusion" at the Catholic liberal arts college in Atchison, Kan.

He also told women in the audience to embrace the "vocation" of homemaker.

"I want to speak directly to you briefly because I think it is you, the women, who have had the most diabolical lies told to you. How many of you are sitting here now about to cross the stage, and are thinking about all the promotions and titles you're going to get in your career?" he asked. "Some of you may go on to lead successful careers in the world. But I would venture to guess that the majority of you are most excited about your marriage and the children you will bring into this world."

For many Missouri Catholics, abortion rights means choosing between faith, politics

That was one of the themes that the sisters of Mount St. Scholastica took issue with.

"Instead of promoting unity in our church, our nation, and the world, his comments seem to have fostered division," they wrote. "One of our concerns was the assertion that being a homemaker is the highest calling for a woman. We sisters have dedicated our lives to God and God's people, including the many women whom we have taught and influenced during the past 160 years. These women have made a tremendous difference in the world in their roles as wives and mothers and through their God-given gifts in leadership, scholarship, and their careers."

The Benedictine sisters of Mount St. Scholastica founded a school for girls in Atchinson in the 1860s. It merged with St. Benedict's College in 1971 to form Benedictine College.

Neither Butker nor the Chiefs have commented on the controversy. An online petition calling for the Chiefs to release the kicker had nearly 215,000 signatures as of Sunday morning.

6 in 10 U.S. Catholics are in favor of abortion rights, Pew Research report finds

The NFL, for its part, has distanced itself from Butker's remarks.

"Harrison Butker gave a speech in his personal capacity," Jonathan Beane, the NFL's senior VP and chief diversity and inclusion officer told NPR on Thursday. "His views are not those of the NFL as an organization."

Meanwhile, Butker's No. 7 jersey is one of the league's top-sellers , rivaling those of better-known teammates Patrick Mahomes and Travis Kelce.

Butker has been open about his faith. The 28-year-old father of two told the Eternal Word Television Network in 2019 that he grew up Catholic but practiced less in high school and college before rediscovering his belief later in life.

His comments have gotten some support from football fan social media accounts and Christian and conservative media personalities .

A video of his speech posted on Benedictine College's YouTube channel has 1.5 million views.

Rachel Treisman contributed to this story.

Harrison Butker
benedictine college

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Trump’s social media account shares a campaign video with a headline about a ‘unified Reich’

Former President Donald Trump speaks to the media after attending the day’s proceedings at his hush money trial, in New York, Monday, May 20, 2024. (Sarah Yenesel/Pool Photo via AP)

President Joe Biden walks to board Air Force One as he departs from Boston-Logan International Airport, Tuesday, May 21, 2024, in East Boston, Mass., to return to Washington. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon)

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NEW YORK (AP) — A video posted to Donald Trump’s account on his social media network included references to a “unified Reich” among hypothetical news headlines if he wins the election in November.

The headline appears among messages flashing across the screen such as “Trump wins!!” and “Economy booms!” Other headlines appear to be references to World War I. The word “Reich” is often largely associated with Nazi Germany’s Third Reich, though the references in the video Trump shared appear to be a reference to the formation of the modern pan-German nation, unifying smaller states into a single Reich, or empire, in 1871.

The 30-second video appeared Monday on Trump’s account at a time when the presumptive Republican nominee for president, while seeking to portray President Joe Biden as soft on antisemitism, has himself repeatedly faced criticism for using language and rhetoric associated with Nazi Germany.

It was posted and shared on the former president’s Truth Social account while he was on a lunch break from his Manhattan hush money trial Monday afternoon. On Tuesday morning, the post of the video had been deleted.

FILE - Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito Jr., left, and his wife Martha-Ann Alito, pay their respects at the casket of Reverend Billy Graham at the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, Feb. 28, 2018. (AP Photo/Pablo Martinez Monsivais, File)

“This was not a campaign video, it was created by a random account online and reposted by a staffer who clearly did not see the word, while the President was in court,” Karoline Leavitt, the campaign press secretary, said in a statement.

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Biden, speaking at a pair of Boston fundraisers Tuesday, highlighted Trump’s posting of the video, painting it as part of a pattern of incendiary comments sowing discord in the country, saying, “this is Hitler’s language — not America’s.” Biden’s campaign soon after released a short video online showing him appearing to watch the video on a cellphone, saying “Wow” and making a similar comment as he did at the fundraisers, adding, “He cares about holding on to power. I care about you.”

Biden told one group of donors that it’s not the first time Trump’s “gone down this road” and chided the former president for offering a “lame excuse that a staffer did it.”

“He attacks his opponents as vermin,” Biden said. “He says immigrants are poisoning the blood of America. That’s a line used in Hitler’s Germany, not an American president.”

Earlier this month, Trump said at a fundraiser that Biden is running a “Gestapo administration,” referring to the secret Nazi police force.

Trump previously used rhetoric echoing Adolf Hitler when he said immigrants entering the U.S. illegally are “poisoning the blood of our country,” and called his opponents “vermin.”

The former president has also drawn wide backlash for having dined with a Holocaust-denying white nationalist in 2022 and for downplaying the 2017 rally in Charlottesville , Virginia, where white nationalists chanted “Jews will not replace us!”

At least one of the headlines flashing in the video appears to be text copied verbatim from a Wikipedia entry on World War I: “German industrial strength and production had significantly increased after 1871, driven by the creation of a unified Reich.”

In one image, the headlines “Border Is Closed” and “15 Million Illegal Aliens Deported” appear above smaller text with the start and end dates of World War I.

The video appears to have been created by a meme creator who goes by the username Ramble_Rants.

The creator, who is part of a group of meme makers that The New York Times reported has previously collaborated with the Trump campaign, posted the video on the social platform X Monday morning.

In a post on X, Ramble_Rants defended the video, arguing it was about “American peace and prosperity.”

The user explained in a post that the newspaper clippings in the video were pre-selected as part of a template showing historical headlines from the stock video company Envato Elements.

Associated Press writers Ali Swenson and Seung Min Kim in Boston contributed to this report.

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Benedictine College nuns denounce Harrison Butker's speech at ...
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