bibliography citation for website

• Plagiarism and grammar
• School access

The best papers start with EasyBib®

Powered by chegg.

Start a new citation or manage your existing projects.

Scan your paper for plagiarism and grammar errors.

Check your paper for grammar and plagiarism

Catch plagiarism and grammar mistakes with our paper checker

Wipe out writing errors with EasyBib® Plus

Double check for plagiarism mistakes and advanced grammar errors before you turn in your paper.

• expert check

Know you're citing correctly

No matter what citation style you're using (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) we'll help you create the right bibliography

Check for unintentional plagiarism

Scan your paper the way your teacher would to catch unintentional plagiarism. Then, easily add the right citation

Strengthen your writing

Give your paper an in-depth check. Receive feedback within 24 hours from writing experts on your paper's main idea, structure, conclusion, and more.

Find and fix grammar errors

Don't give up sweet paper points for small mistakes. Our algorithms flag grammar and writing issues and provide smart suggestions

Choose your online writing help

Easybib® guides & resources, mla format guide.

This is the total package when it comes to MLA format. Our easy to read guides come complete with examples and step-by-step instructions to format your full and in-text citations, paper, and works cited in MLA style. There’s even information on annotated bibliographies.

Works Cited | In-Text Citations | Bibliography | Annotated Bibliography | Website | Book | Journal | YouTube | View all MLA Citation Examples

APA Format Guide

Get the facts on citing and writing in APA format with our comprehensive guides. Formatting instructions, in-text citation and reference examples, and sample papers provide you with the tools you need to style your paper in APA.

Reference Page | In-Text Citations | Annotated Bibliography | Website | Books | Journal | YouTube | View all APA citation Examples

Chicago Format Guide

Looking to format your paper in Chicago style and not sure where to start? Our guide provides everything you need! Learn the basics and fundamentals to creating references and footnotes in Chicago format. With numerous examples and visuals, you’ll be citing in Chicago style in no time.

Footnotes | Website | Book | Journal

Harvard Referencing Guide

Learn the requirements to properly reference your paper in Harvard style. The guides we have provide the basics and fundamentals to give credit to the sources used in your work.

In-Text Citations | Books | Article | YouTube | View all Harvard Referencing Examples

Check Your Paper

Avoid common grammar mistakes and unintentional plagiarism with our essay checker. Receive personalized feedback to help identify citations that may be missing, and help improve your sentence structure, punctuation, and more to turn in an error-free paper.

Grammar Check | Plagiarism Checker | Spell Check

Learn From Our Innovative Blog

Our blog features current and innovative topics to keep you up to speed on citing and writing. Whether you’re an educator, student, or someone who lives and breathes citations (it’s not as uncommon as you might think!), our blog features new and exciting articles to discover and learn from.

Looking for Other Tools and Resources?

Our Writing Center is jam-packed with tons of exciting resources. Videos, infographics, research guides, and many other citation-related resources are found here. Check it out to find what you need to succeed!

• EasyBib® Plus
• Citation Guides
• Chicago Style Format
• Terms of Use
• Global Privacy Policy
• Cookie Notice
• DO NOT SELL MY INFO

• Essay Check
• Chicago Style
• APA Citation Examples
• MLA Citation Examples
• Chicago Style Citation Examples
• Writing Tips
• Plagiarism Guide
• Grammar Rules
• Student Life
• Create Account

APA Website Citation

- powered by chegg, create citations for free.

Website Book Journal Other

←Back to APA Citation Examples

Use the following template to cite a website using the APA citation format. There are also BibMe style guides for the MLA and Chicago styles.

Here’s a table of contents for this guide:

• Cite a website on BibMe citation generator
• Cite a website article with an author
• Cite a website article without an author
• Cite a website article without a date

How to Cite a Website in APA

Cite in websites in apa automatically with bibme.

To have your bibliography or works cited list automatically made for you, check out our free APA citation generator . Once you’re finished with your citations, you can also find help with creating an APA title page .

Citing a general website article in APA with an author

Author, A. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title . Website/Publisher Name. URL

Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two Flaccos . Grantland. http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/

Citing a general website article in APA without an author

Article title . (Year, Month Date of Publication). Website/Publisher Name. URL

Teen posed as doctor at West Palm Beach hospital: police . (2015, January 16). NBC Miami. http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Teen-Posed-as-Doctor-at-West-Palm-Beach-Hospital-Police-288810831.html

Citing a general website article in APA without a date

Author, A. (n.d.). Article title . Website/Publisher Name. URL

University of California Santa Barbara. (n.d.). About UC Santa Barbara . UC Santa Barbara. https://www.ucsb.edu/about

Note that if the webpage contents are likely to change, include a retrieval date, formatted as follows:

University of California Santa Barbara. (n.d.). About UC Santa Barbara . UC Santa Barbara. Retrieved November 3, 2021, from https://www.ucsb.edu/about

How to cite from social media in APA

Apa citation example for facebook.

Author/Page Name. (Year, Month Date). First 20 words of post text [Status update]. Facebook. URL

Gates, B. (2020, December 1). 75 years after its founding, the United Nations’ work is as important as ever. In addition to working towards the [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/BillGates/posts/10157610753046961

APA citation example for Twitter

Author name [@twitterhandle]. (Year, Month Date). First 20 words of tweet text [Tweet]. Twitter. URL

 World Health Organization [@WHO]. (2021, January 27). Nutritious & safe food is 🔑 to achieve #HealthForAll. Together, let’s create food systems that are: 🥗 Healthy ♻️ Sustainable [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1354450281321345029

Note that if emojis are used in a tweet (or any type of social media post that you are citing), they should be included and counted as one word (but should not be italicized). Hashtags also count as one word.

APA citation example for Instagram

Author name [@username]. (Year, Month Date). First 20 words of post text [Photograph or Video]. Instagram. URL

National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2021, January 26). Photo by @paulnicklen / I took this photo while waiting for leopard seals in Antarctica—my favorite assignment from 20 years [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CKg4XeSDHhG/

For more information on how to cite in APA, check out the APA style guide and  Cornell .

Important Note:

For information on how to cite other types of online sources in APA, check out the following guides:

• Online Book
• Online Magazine
• Online Newspaper
• Online Journal
• Online Encyclopedia

←Back to APA Citation Guide

“A word after a word after a word is power.” — Margaret Atwood

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

When there is no date available for a webpage, use “n.d.” signifying “no date” in in-text citations, along with the author’s surname or the name of the institution.

Example in-text citation with author and no date:

(Ramsay, n.d.)

Example in-text citation with institution and no date:

(NIMH, n.d.)

Per section 10 of the APA Publication Manual , the contributor’s name (either the individual or the organization who shared the Instagram post) along with the year should be used when citing an Instagram post in an in-text citation.

Parenthetical: (Poster’s Last Name, year post was published)

Narrative: Poster’s Last Name (year post was published)

Parenthetical: (Vedika, 2022)

Narrative: Vedika (2022)

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

Cite a Website in MLA

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, citing a website in mla, how to create an mla website citation:.

When citing a website, you’re often actually citing a specific page on a website. You’re not actually citing the entire website.

Here is the most common way to cite a page on a website:

• Start the citation with the name of the author who wrote the information on the page. If there isn’t an author listed, do not include this information in the citation. Start the citation with the title.
• The title of the individual page is placed in quotation marks, followed by a period.
• Next, place the name of the website in italics, followed by a comma.
• If the name of the publisher matches the name of the author or the name of the title, do not include the publisher’s information in the citation.
• The date the page or website was published comes next.
• End the citation with the URL or DOI. When including the URL, copy the URL directly from the address bar or link in your browser window.

Last name, First name of author. “Title of Web Page.” Title of Website , Publisher, Date published, URL.

Rothfeld, Lindsay. “Smarter Education: The Rise of Big Data in the Classroom.” Mashable, 3 Sept. 2014, mashable.com/2014/09/03/education-data-video/#hViqdPbFbgqH.

You can usually leave out http:// or https:// from URLs unless you want to hyperlink them. For DOIs, use http:// or https:// before the DOI: https://doi.org/xx.xxxx/xxx.xxxx.xxxx.

If you’re still confused and feeling the urge to type “How to cite a website MLA” into Google, try out our free generator at the top of this page. Our citation generator MLA site is easy to use!

Social media:

If the user’s handle and real name are similar, you may include the real name and leave out the handle as long as a URL is also included. If the user’s real name and handle are different, include the hand in brackets after the real name.

Gates, Melinda. “Today, Bill and I were deeply humbled to accept France’s Legion of Honour award on behalf of all our foundation’s partners and grantees.” Twitter, 21 Apr. 2017, twitter.com/melindagates/status/855535625713459200.

Sandler, Adam. “California Strong celebrity softball game this Sunday at Pepperdine. All proceeds go to the victims of the wildfires and shooting in Thousand Oaks.” Facebook, 11 Jan. 2019, www.facebook.com/Sandler/.

Mizuhara, Kiko [@I_am_kiko]. “@vivi_mag_official shot by my sis @ashley_yuka.” Instagram, 25 June 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CB27SYahBpo.

Featured links:

MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interviews | PDFs

• Citation Machine® Plus
• Citation Guides
• Chicago Style
• Harvard Referencing
• Terms of Use
• Global Privacy Policy
• Cookie Notice
• DO NOT SELL MY INFO

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides
• Cite This For Me™ Premium

Create Harvard, APA & MLA citations

Powered by chegg.

Start a new citation or manage your existing projects.

Scan your paper for plagiarism.

Check your paper for grammar and plagiarism

Catch plagiarism and grammar mistakes with Chegg's paper checker

Cite smarter, worry less with Cite This For Me™ Premium

Upgrade to save your work, check for plagiarism, and more!

Cite sources the easy way

Easily create references with our citation generator for 50+ source types.

Catch unintentional plagiarism

Mistakes happen. Find and fix them before your teacher does with our helpful plagiarism checker.

Choose your online writing help

Cite smarter, worry less with cite this for me premium, upgrade to save your work, check with plagiarism, and more, welcome to cite this for me™, about cite this for me™.

Cite This For Me™ was launched in October 2010, we began with the mission of helping students quickly create citations. Since then, the Cite This For Me™ citation generator has assisted millions of students across the world including in the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Australia, and beyond. Our tools are designed to help you quickly prepare an entire bibliography or reference list. Even if you know very little about references, our forms and automatic citation features can help guide you through the process and tell you what information is needed. This means less guessing for you and an easier citation process! Nearly any style you can think of is supported by the Cite This For Me™ citation generator, including Harvard referencing, APA (American Psychological Association) style, MLA (Modern Language Association) style, Chicago style, Vancouver, and thousands of others.

Why citing matters

Citing isn’t something you usually think about, but it’s important nonetheless. You already do it in your everyday life without realising it. Have you ever said, “I heard on XYZ News that . . . “, or “I read in XYZ that those two celebrities are dating”, or even “Mom said that you can’t do that”. By saying where you got your information, you are casually citing a source. We do this because it gives credibility to what we say, but also because it credits the originator of the information. It also allows others to follow up if they need more information. Formal citing done for papers and projects takes this a step further. In addition to the reasons mentioned above, citing sources in academia provides evidence of your research process and helps you avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is a word you never want to hear describing your work. You’ve probably seen headlines in the news and heard stories in school about the negative consequences of plagiarism. It’s not good but it is preventable. By creating references and citations with Cite This For Me™ tools you’re taking steps to help avoid this.

Start citing easily with Cite This For Me™

Click the button “Create citations” to begin. You’ll be prompted to choose a source type and guided through the rest of the citing process. For source types like websites, journal articles, and books, the Cite This For Me™ citation generator automatically tries to find your source’s information based on details you provide. That could be anything from the author’s name to the source’s URL to the article’s DOI number. This makes citing more efficient and helps you easily create references and citations for your paper in a timely manner.

Citation guides: Understanding it all

Beyond simply creating references or citations, most citation styles have additional guidelines about paper formatting, in-text citations, and other details. Cite This For Me™ citation guides cover a lot of this additional information, so your paper is more properly prepped and less likely to get points taken off for these details. The guides cover several citation styles, but the most popular are Harvard referencing , APA format , MLA format , and Chicago style .

Looking for more? Check out Cite This For Me™ Premium

A good paper references several sources. Multiply that with the several papers most schools assign in a year, and you get dozens of sources that will need to be cited within your academic career. That’s a lot of references to create, sort through, and keep track of. That’s where Cite This For Me™ Premium comes in. With a premium account you can cite as many sources as you want, organize the sources into bibliographies, and save ALL of those bibliographies so you can easily refer back to your references. It’s a great way to manage your bibliographies and cite with confidence.

• Style Guides
• Chrome Extension
• Terms of Use
• Global Privacy Policy
• Cookie Notice
• Cookie Settings

OCTH 5632 - Research Practicum I: APA Citations

• Video Tutorials and OT Databases
• Searching Professional Databases
• Searching Public Databases
• APA Citations

APA Citation Information

Apa information.

The American Psychological Association originally created a publication manual to provide a common structure for all journal manuscripts in the area of the social sciences.

Many other disciplines (including psychology, the behavioral sciences, nursing, personnel administration and many areas within education) have adopted this as their professional writing standard as well.

In an academic environment, you will often be expected to conform to this standard when writing. At this point, you should be mostly concerned with creating an accurate reference list using proper format and providing citations within the text to give credit for an idea or concept to the source from which you got it.

Remember that, with APA, capitalization, italicization, and punctuation are crucial components of citation. Check your citations against the APA Style Manual for these small, but important, details.

Important Note: There is a new citation format for articles found online (APA Style Guide to Electronic References, 2007). The biggest change is including the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) at the end of the citation instead of: Retrieved on date from name of database.   A link to this resource is below.

If there is no DOI listed (look on the item record and the first & last page of the article), replace that with Retrieved from name of database.

Physical Resources

For assistance with citations, proofreading, and more visit an NSU Writing Center Location :

• Writing Center - Tahlequah John Vaughan Library 222 Telephone: (918) 444-3622
• Writing Center - Broken Arrow BA Library, Room 106 Telephone: (918) 449-6519 Walk-ins are welcome, but you can also schedule an appointment using the links above.

You can visit the  Citation Station  on the 2nd floor of the John Vaughan Library in Tahlequah anytime to see a sample paper and checkout related citation resources. 

Print Resources

Plagiarism Can Ruin Your Life!

When using the work of other people, always remember to

• Give credit if you use their words (quotation).
• Give credit if you use their sentiments or ideas (paraphrasing/summarizing).
• Give credit if you use their methods, techniques, or conclusions (replication/modification of prior work).

Avoid accidental plagiarism through proper citation methods.

Use the following GALILEO guides to understand more about citing sources:

• Plagiarism – what it is, how to avoid it
• Public domain – what information is not copyrighted
• Fair use – sharing small amounts of information ethically.
• Copyright – how it’s defined in an electronic world

Check out these useful sites for additional information:

• Avoiding Plagiarism (Purdue OWL)
• Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism
• What Is Plagiarism? (Plagiarism.org)
• Wikipedia: Plagiarism

Web Resources for APA Style Guide

• Quick Guide to APA Style Link to NSU Library's own guide to APA citations, with examples.
• APA 7th - General Format (Purdue OWL) An excellent resource that explains in detail how to compose APA (7th) references and citations.
• APA (7th) Reference Examples This resource provides examples of APA citations for a multitude of resource types.
• APA (7th) - Style Help This resource has links to several instructional aids for APA citations.
• APA via OWL @ Purdue (YouTube) A list of helpful videos regarding APA citations, produced by Purdue OWL.

Don't Give Up!

Remember, if you get stuck or need additional help, you can always contact one of NSU's Writing Centers or your friendly librarian for assistance!

• Jannette DeMary (Tahlequah) Subject librarian for College of Science and Health Professions.
• Writing Center Online (WCONLINE) Online access to NSU's Writing Center.

APA Citations from PubMed and ScienceDirect

Many of our databases provide simple methods for obtaining citations in various standard formats. Unfortunately, the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases do not. You can, of course, build citations on your own, and the Writing Center provides a number of resources in their Writer's Toolkit to help with that (see the below link). However, there is a shortcut that will get you started, using the library's Discovery search system.

Remember that you must always double-check your citations before turning in your final product! Citation creators often have mistakes. Libraries on both NSU campuses have copies of the APA Style Manual available for use.

Whenever you find an article, book, or other published resource that you want to cite, take note of the exact title. Then go to the Advanced Search in Discovery (https://nsuok.on.worldcat.org/advancedsearch?databaseList= ​  or click on "Advanced Search" from the library homepage). Type or paste the title into the second search box, next to the "Title" search index option:

Click "Search", and then verify on the following screen that the title matches exactly what you're looking for. If so, click on the "Cite" link below the entry:

A window will pop up allowing you to choose your preferred format. Once you've done so, the citation will appear in the text box, and you will be able to copy and paste it wherever it's needed. 

NOTE: It takes some time for new citations to make it into the Discovery database. If an article is very new (published within the past week), it may not appear there.

• Writer's Toolkit (NSU Writing Centers)
• << Previous: Searching Public Databases
• Last Updated: May 24, 2024 3:22 PM
• Login to LibApps

• Accountancy
• Business Studies
• Organisational Behaviour
• Human Resource Management
• Entrepreneurship
• Difference between Copyright and Patent
• Difference Between Call by Value and Call by Reference in C
• Difference Between Call by Value and Call by Reference in C++
• Difference between useRef and createRef in ReactJS
• Difference Between Trip and Tour
• Difference between SRAM and DRAM
• Difference between Register and Memory
• Difference between Linker and Loader
• Difference Between Mirror and Lens
• Difference Between Hotel and Motel
• Difference between RAM and Cache
• Difference Between Object And Class
• Difference between Source Code and Object Code
• Difference between Class and Structure in C#
• Difference between RAM and SRAM
• Difference between Identifiers and Variables in C
• Difference Between Source Code and Byte Code
• Difference between Keyword and Identifier
• Difference between React.js and Node.js

Difference between Citation and Reference

Citation and Reference are often used interchangeably but they have distinct meanings in academic writing. A citation is a brief notation within the body of a text that indicates the source of information, ideas, or quoted material; whereas, a reference is a detailed entry at the end of a document that provides full information about a source cited in the text.

What is Citation?

A citation is a brief notation within the body of a text that indicates the source of information, ideas, or quoted material. Citations typically appear in parentheses or as footnotes/endnotes and correspond to a more detailed entry in a bibliography or reference list.

Features of Citation:

• Brevity: Citations are concise, providing just enough information to identify the source without interrupting the flow of the text. They typically include the author’s last name, publication year, and page number (if applicable).
• Placement: Citations are placed within the text where the source is referenced, ensuring readers can easily locate the corresponding source material. They can appear as in-text (parenthetical) citations, footnotes, or endnotes, depending on the citation style used.
• Correspondence: Each citation corresponds to a full reference entry in the bibliography or reference list at the end of the document. This ensures that readers can find complete information about the sources cited in the text.
• Citation Styles: Various citation styles dictate the format and placement of citations, including APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard. Each style has specific rules for how citations should be formatted, such as the order of elements and punctuation.

What is Reference?

A reference is a detailed entry at the end of a document that provides full information about a source cited in the text. It includes comprehensive details such as the author’s name, title of the work, publication date, publisher, and other relevant information.

Features of Reference:

• Comprehensive Information: References provide full bibliographic details about the sources cited in the text, including the author’s name, title of the work, publication date, publisher, and other relevant information.
• Location: References are typically located at the end of the document, in a separate section known as the bibliography or reference list. This allows readers to easily locate and consult the sources cited in the text.
• Correspondence with Citations: Each reference entry corresponds to one or more citations in the text. This ensures that readers can match the abbreviated information provided in the citations with the full details provided in the reference list.
• Formatting Consistency: References adhere to specific formatting guidelines dictated by the chosen citation style, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, or Harvard. This consistency ensures clarity and uniformity in documenting sources.

Citation and Reference – FAQs

How do i create a reference list or bibliography.

A reference list or bibliography should be arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name or by the title of the work, depending on the citation style used. Each reference entry should be formatted according to the rules of the chosen citation style.

Can I use websites as references in academic writing?

Yes, websites can be used as references in academic writing, but it’s important to evaluate the credibility and reliability of the website and include all relevant information in the reference entry, such as the author, publication date, and URL.

Do I need to include page numbers in citations for electronic sources?

Page numbers are not always available for electronic sources, so it’s not always necessary to include them in citations. However, if page numbers are available (e.g., for PDF documents), it’s recommended to include them in the citation.

How do I cite sources with multiple authors?

The format for citing sources with multiple authors varies depending on the citation style used. Generally, you would list all authors’ last names in the citation, separated by commas, and use an “&” before the last author’s name.

How do I cite sources that are cited within another source?

This is known as secondary source citation. In such cases, you should cite the original source and indicate that you accessed it through another source. The exact format may vary depending on the citation style used.

Please Login to comment...

Similar reads.

• Commerce - Difference Between

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

It looks like your browser is incompatible with our website.

If you are currently using IE 11 or earlier, we recommend you update to the new Microsoft Edge or visit our site on another supported browser.

OUR SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ENGINE IS COMING OCTOBER 13 th For Confident Regulatory Decision Making Join the Waitlist

• For Corporate
• For Individual
• For Academic
• Article Galaxy Browser Extension
• Reference Management
• Technology Landscape
• Clinical Trial Landscape
• Article Galaxy Widget
• Applied BioMath
• Boehringer Ingelheim
• Product Information
• Research and Reports
• Press Releases
• Release Notes
• Knowledge Base
• ROI Calculator
• Research Solutions

The Article Galaxy Blog

• BioTech/Pharma

Securing Trust in ChatGPT: Quality Control and the Role of Citations

The integrity and reliability of research hinge on the trustworthiness of its sources. 

As Generative AI continues to grow in popularity and continues to evolve, examining the interplay between this technology and research publications underscores the essential role of citations in establishing the credibility of large language models (LLMs). Accurate citations ensure that advancements are grounded in verified knowledge, fostering innovation, and preventing the spread of erroneous information.

The key question is then: how can we ensure this accuracy?

Below, we are outlining how advancing research technology, including our Smart Citations and Scite Assistant , offer quality control, address trust-related concerns, and bring order to LLMs.

The Technology Trust Gap

Trained on huge corpuses of text, Generative AI applications , such as ChatGPT, can produce impressive and coherent text. These applications form the backbone of advancements in natural language processing (NLP), transforming the way we access and interact with information.

The many researchers who have used AI tools during the last year or so have come to appreciate their efficiencies and power in helping with a variety of tasks across the research and innovation workflows. At the same time, this same cohort has also begun to understand some of the challenges, specifically regarding transparency and trust, these technologies additionally pose.

These challenges, though daunting, are not unfamiliar (search and discovery technologies have faced similar issues before). While new obstacles arise, we also encounter long-standing difficulties with any new technology and information.

New Tech, Old Problems

Citations have proved pivotal in many stages of new technologies and in new ways of communicating and publishing information. Historically, they have been critical in helping to organize information, such as the Web, Wikipedia, and now LLMs. Flash back to the early nineties.

In comes powerful new technology in the form of web browsers and search engines, emerging and changing the world, much like with our current experience with ChatGPT. We’re also starting to have personal computers and be able to interact with massive amounts of information. You can look up anything on anything produced by anything. From AltaVista to Aliweb to Ask Jeeves: these were how we got answers from all these new sources of information from the World Wide Web.

And, of course, those aforementioned challenges existed here. 

How do we know what to trust? Is Jeeves going to give us the best article? Is it the most relevant? Is it something that an unknown someone produced? Or is it from the New York Times?

These issues, stemming from information overload and organization, are very reminiscent of where we are today with LLMs and ChatGPT. And we're still trying to figure out what is the best way to do this right.

Trusting Wikipedia: A Crowdsourced Encyclopedia 

Another example of a time we’ve had to contend with a powerful new technology or a way of looking at the information: Wikipedia. While we can take it for granted at this stage, it’s actually pretty remarkable. 

This is a crowd-sourced encyclopedia by strangers across the world on almost any topic. And yet, in many cases, it's more or less trustworthy. 

So, how are we able to rely on people, qualifications and credentials unknown, to put “source-able” content up on the web? How has Wikipedia been able to exist in this way, and that we can trust it for the most part?

This query brings us to yet another point: how can we trust ChatGPT? 

Citations As AI Trust Markers in Research

ChatGPT is exceedingly powerful and easy to use for a plethora of tasks. We’re using it for coding, writing, and information retrieval. 

But how can we have confidence any of this is accurate?

Knowing the history of these webpages from the early days of the internet, how can we trust the sources from which LLMs are pulling? And, in general, how can we trust the outputs that LLMs are producing? 

This is where we look for trust markers. 

Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to The Web

Here is an excerpt from the 1998 PageRank Paper :

Written by the founders of Google, this fundamentally helps to organize the web. Sergey Brin and colleagues, inspired by citations and academic citations, analyzed how they could utilize what’s being done in research publishing to better inform how we rank the web. 

This self-titled paper was a milestone point in what allows us to go from this massive amount of chaotic web information to some semblance of order. 

Simplified PageRank Calculation

With PageRank, as you can see above, higher ranking web pages will lend more credibility if they cite others. This provides us with an initial marker of trustworthiness. As time has gone by, this has grown extremely sophisticated, but that initial adaptation of citations from research papers to examining web pages is what really brought quality control into the spotlight.

If you look at Wikipedia again, you can see that key theme of citations. When contributing content: you write a sentence, you make a claim, and if that claim needs to be backed up, you will see the phrase “Citation Needed.”

The reason Wikipedia works is that we add citations to claims so moderators and readers can fact check them, therein building some trust. 

Citations in Large Language Models

Just as Wikipedia would be hard to trust without citations, much is the same with ChatGPT , and other LLM applications. We need to be able to verify, click through, and dig deeper into the articles to better understand credibility, relevancy, and impact. 

Therefore, it’s important to consider the various implementations of citations in LLM chatbots. 

Let’s take a look at Gemini .

The prompt: what are the causes of the misinformation?

If you ask this on Gemini, you’ll see little icons within the answers. Clicking those will open citations. 

In the case above, the answer references NCBI , a research article. This builds trust in this response. 

Now, let’s look at Copilot .

Using the same prompt, we can see a different style of output. Now those citations are along the bottom, similar to footnotes in certain academic papers. 

Finally, we’ll look at Perplexity . This time, next to each answer is a footnote or a citation.

These examples all demonstrate the crucial role of citations when evaluating generative outputs from LLMs. Citations enhance trustworthiness by allowing users to verify information so they can be more confident in the reliability and integrity of the outputs.

Raising Standards in Research

The idea of Scite was born out of a paper.

In 2012, a widely discussed report was prepared by two executives at Amgen. It revealed that over a decade, they attempted to validate 53 major cancer studies in-house and found that most of these studies could not be replicated. They termed this issue a “reproducibility crisis.” Similar findings were reported by Bayer, which observed reproducibility challenges not only in cancer studies but also across various other indications.

This “reproducibility crisis” also translates to a crisis in trust in research. There are citations, but is that enough? 

It’s possible that ChatGPT can produce bibliographies and lists of real journals, complete with real-looking DOIs and authors that are probably real in most cases, but the articles themselves don’t actually exist. We’ve seen students increasingly request articles from librarians that don't exist, meaning people are utilizing information that has been hallucinated or is just untrustworthy.

In our space of research, utilizing this information could impact social policy or could have passed clinical decisions.

This is why we developed the next generation of citations and applied them to our tool Scite Assistant, providing researchers with richer context around scholarly content and instilling better trust LLMs, specifically ChatGPT. 

Scite Assistant brings together the flexibility and ease of use of LLMs with the trust of peer-reviewed articles and those next generation Smart Citations. Answers to prompts come directly from research articles and users can see how they’ve been cited. It’s quick and easy to compare citations statements and better utilize the world’s knowledge, whether you’re a student, industry professional, or even just pursuing personal areas of interest.

Large Language Model Experience for Researchers

The north star of Scite Assistant is to build out control and trust. Our tool combines the power of large language models with our unique database of Smart Citations to minimize the risk of hallucinations and improve information quality with real references.

We validate ChatGPT's output against research articles and scholarly literature to ensure accuracy and reliability. Assistant also provides valuable insights into the application of citations and quality control, fostering trust in AI. Use Assistant to develop search strategies, build reference lists for new topics, write compelling marketing and blog posts, and much more. With observability at its core, Assistant helps you make more informed decisions about AI-generated content.

Try it today and elevate your work with confidence! You can also register to watch our ChatGPT for Science webinar series, available on demand. Dive into further discussions about navigating quality control in ChatGPT and explore the technical aspects behind the scenes of Scite Assistant.

Related Blogs

Smart(er) citations.

The Internet, life-saving vaccines, space telescopes, pasteurization, gene-editing, and the smartphone in your pocket — these breakthroughs were all made possible by scientific research.

Smart Citations, ChatGPT, & The Future of ...

In the dynamic research landscape, leaders, scientists, and scholars must have dependable ways to discover relevant studies and evaluate their impact.

Reference Manager vs. Citation Manager: Wh...

Have you noticed that people refer to reference management software, citation management software, or even literature management software—and there doesn’t seem to be any difference between one or...

Ready to See Article Galaxy in Action?

Schedule a call with one of our advisors. We will get you started with a FREE 14-day trial, with no obligation.

REQUEST MORE INFORMATION

Schedule a call with a knowledgeable Research Solutions advisor. We'll get you started with a FREE 14-day trial, with no obligation.

We've detected unusual activity from your computer network

To continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot.

Why did this happen?

Please make sure your browser supports JavaScript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. For more information you can review our Terms of Service and Cookie Policy .

For inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference ID below.

• Free Tools for Students
• MLA Citation Generator

Free MLA Citation Generator

Generate accurate citations in MLA format automatically, with MyBib!

😕 What is an MLA Citation Generator?

An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.

The citations on a Works Cited page show the external sources that were used to write the main body of the academic paper, either directly as references and quotes, or indirectly as ideas.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an MLA Citation Generator?

MLA style is most often used by middle school and high school students in preparation for transition to college and further education. Ironically, MLA style is not actually used all that often beyond middle and high school, with APA (American Psychological Association) style being the favored style at colleges across the country.

It is also important at this level to learn why it's critical to cite sources, not just how to cite them.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Writing citations manually is time consuming and error prone. Automating this process with a citation generator is easy, straightforward, and gives accurate results. It's also easier to keep citations organized and in the correct order.

The Works Cited page contributes to the overall grade of a paper, so it is important to produce accurately formatted citations that follow the guidelines in the official MLA Handbook .

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's MLA Citation Generator?

It's super easy to create MLA style citations with our MLA Citation Generator. Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form.

The generator will produce a formatted MLA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall Works Cited page (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for MLA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Help | Advanced Search

Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: chameleon: mixed-modal early-fusion foundation models.

Abstract: We present Chameleon, a family of early-fusion token-based mixed-modal models capable of understanding and generating images and text in any arbitrary sequence. We outline a stable training approach from inception, an alignment recipe, and an architectural parameterization tailored for the early-fusion, token-based, mixed-modal setting. The models are evaluated on a comprehensive range of tasks, including visual question answering, image captioning, text generation, image generation, and long-form mixed modal generation. Chameleon demonstrates broad and general capabilities, including state-of-the-art performance in image captioning tasks, outperforms Llama-2 in text-only tasks while being competitive with models such as Mixtral 8x7B and Gemini-Pro, and performs non-trivial image generation, all in a single model. It also matches or exceeds the performance of much larger models, including Gemini Pro and GPT-4V, according to human judgments on a new long-form mixed-modal generation evaluation, where either the prompt or outputs contain mixed sequences of both images and text. Chameleon marks a significant step forward in a unified modeling of full multimodal documents.

Submission history

Access paper:.

• HTML (experimental)
• Other Formats

References & Citations

• Google Scholar
• Semantic Scholar

BibTeX formatted citation

Bibliographic and Citation Tools

Code, data and media associated with this article, recommenders and search tools.

• Institution

arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators

arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.

Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs .