literature definition of theme

Definition of Theme

As a literary device, theme refers to the central, deeper meaning of a written work. Writers typically will convey the theme of their work, and allow the reader to perceive and interpret it, rather than overtly or directly state the theme. As readers infer, reflect, and analyze a literary theme, they develop a greater understanding of the work itself and can apply this understanding beyond the literary work as a means of grasping a better sense of the world. Theme is often what creates a memorable and significant experience of a literary work for the reader.

Themes are often subject to the reader’s perception and interpretation. This means that readers may find primary and/or secondary themes in a work of literature that the author didn’t intend to convey. Therefore, theme allows for literature to remain meaningful, “living” works that can be revisited and analyzed in perpetuity by many readers at once or by a single reader across time.

For example, William Shakespeare ’s well-known tragedy ,  Romeo and Juliet , has been performed and read countless times and by countless people since its publication in 1597:

Come, gentle night ; come, loving, black-browed night; Give me my Romeo; and, when I shall die, Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night

Even those who have not directly heard or read the lines of this play are familiar with its theme of the power of romantic love and its potentially devastating effects.

Common Examples of Literary Themes

Many works of literature share common themes and central ideas. As a literary device, theme allows the author to present and reveal all aspects of human nature and the human condition. This enhances the enjoyment and significance of a literary work for readers by encouraging thought, interpretation, and analysis. Discovery and analysis of theme is also one of the primary reasons that readers return to “classic” literary works that are centuries old. There is no end or expiration to the significance and impact theme can have on readers of literature.

Here are some common examples of literary themes:

• Human versus nature
• Good versus evil
• Coming of age
• Courage and perseverance
• Individual versus society
• Faith versus doubt
• Chaos versus order
• Gender roles

Famous Examples of Disney Movies and Their Themes

Of course, theme is an essential literary device in terms of written works. However, nearly all works of art feature theme as an underlying meaning to be understood and interpreted by the audience . Here are some famous examples of Disney movies and their related themes:

• Peter Pan : out-growing the world of childhood
• Mulan : girls/women can do battle as honorably as boys/men
• The Sword in the Stone : education and courage are stronger than brawn and force
• Cinderella : kindness and inner beauty are rewarded
• Pinocchio : dishonesty leads to trouble
• Aladdin : the best course of action is to be who you are
• The Rescuers : it doesn’t take great size to make a difference
• Snow White : jealousy can lead to cruelty
• The Fox and the Hound : the importance of friendship
• The Little Mermaid : love often requires choices and sacrifices

Difference Between Theme and Subject Matter

Sometimes it can be difficult to determine the difference between the theme and subject matter of a literary work. They are both closely related to each other; however, the subject matter is the topic that is overtly addressed and presented by the writer whereas the theme is the meaning or underlying message that is imparted through the writing.

The subject matter of a written work is what the text is about and is, typically, clearly indicated by the writer. The theme of a literary work reflects why it was written and what the author hopes to convey on a deeper level to the reader without direct statements. A reader may infer and a writer may imply a theme within a literary work. However, the subject matter of a literary work is not inferred by the reader or implied by the writer; it is overtly stated and understood.

For example, in Shakespeare’s  Romeo and Juliet , the subject matter is two young people from feuding families who fall deeply in love with each other. One theme of this play, and Romeo and Juliet certainly features several themes, is the power of romantic love and the futility of others to stop it. The subject matter is almost exclusively related to the foundational elements of the story , such as what happens and to which characters. The theme, in contrast , is the lingering meaning and thought left to the reader as a means of reaching a greater understanding of the play itself and the larger concept of love.

Examples of Theme in Literature

As a literary device, the purpose of theme is the main idea or underlying meaning that is explored by a writer in a work of literature. Writers can utilize a combination of elements in order to convey a story’s theme, including setting , plot , characters, dialogue , and more. For certain works of literature, such as fables , the theme is typically a “ moral ” or lesson for the reader. However, more complex works of literature tend to have a central theme that is open to interpretation and reflects a basic aspect of society or trait of humanity. Many longer works of literature, such as novels, convey several themes in order to explore the universality of human nature.

Here are some examples of theme in well-known works of literature:

Example 1:  The Yellow Wall-Paper  (Charlotte Perkins Gilman)

If a physician of high standing, and one’s own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency – what is one to do? My brother is also a physician, and also of high standing, and he says the same thing. • So I take phosphates or phosphites whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to “work” until I am well again. Personally, I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good.

In her short story , Charlotte Perkins Gilman holds forth a revolutionary theme for the time period. The protagonist of the story is kept in a room with sickly yellow wall-paper as a means of “curing” her emotional and mental difficulties. Her husband, brother, and others are committed to keeping her idle. She is even separated from her baby. Rather than allow the narrator any agency over her daily life, they disregard her words and requests for the fact that she is a woman and considered incompetent.

Gilman conveys a theme of rebellion and feminism to the reader as the narrator begins to embrace the “trapped” woman she has become. Therefore, this allows the reader to perceive the narrator as an empowered figure in many ways, as opposed to one that is oppressed or incompetent.

Example 2:  Harlem  (Langston Hughes)

What happens to a dream deferred?       Does it dry up       like a raisin in the sun ?       Or fester like a sore—       And then run?       Does it stink like rotten meat?       Or crust and sugar over—       like a syrupy sweet?       Maybe it just sags       like a heavy load.        Or does it explode?

Hughes’s well-known poem explores the universality of hope and dreams among humans and the devastating legacy of oppression in deferring such hope and dreams. Hughes structures the poem in the form of questions and responses addressing what happens to a dream deferred. This calls on the reader to consider their own dreams as well those of others, which underscores the theme that dreams, and the hope associated with them, is universal–regardless of race, faith, etc.

Tied to this theme is the deferment of dreams, reflecting the devastating consequences of racism and oppression on the hopes of those who are persecuted. Therefore, the underlying theme of the poem that Hughes conveys to the reader is that, though dreams and hopes are universal, the dreams and hopes of certain members of society are put off and postponed due to the oppression of their race.

Example 3:  A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man  (James Joyce)

I will tell you what I will do and what I will not do. I will not serve that in which I no longer believe, whether it calls itself my home, my fatherland, or my church: and I will try to express myself in some mode of life or art as freely as I can and as wholly as I can, using for my defense the only arms I allow myself to use — silence , exile , and cunning.

Joyce incorporates several themes in his novel . However, as this passage indicates, the central theme of this literary work is the tension between individual artistic expression the demands of society for conformity. The novel’s main character , Stephen Dedalus, faces conflicting loyalties on one side to his family, church, and country, and on the other side to his life as an artist and dedication to artistic expression.

Through the experiences and conflicts facing the novel’s protagonist, Joyce is able to convey his exploration of the theme of the artist’s role in society. This includes freedom of individual expression versus the constraints of societal conventions. As a result, this theme is imparted to the reader who is able to interpret and analyze aspects of the novel’s central meaning. By the end of Joyce’s novel, the theme culminates in Stephen Dedalus’s decision to isolate himself from family, church, and country, to pursue his art. Therefore, the reader’s inference of the novel’s theme impacts their perception and understanding of the story’s resolution as well as the broader concept of the artist’s role in society.

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Theme Definition

What is theme? Here’s a quick and simple definition:

A theme is a universal idea, lesson, or message explored throughout a work of literature. One key characteristic of literary themes is their universality, which is to say that themes are ideas that not only apply to the specific characters and events of a book or play, but also express broader truths about human experience that readers can apply to their own lives. For instance, John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath (about a family of tenant farmers who are displaced from their land in Oklahoma) is a book whose themes might be said to include the inhumanity of capitalism, as well as the vitality and necessity of family and friendship.

Some additional key details about theme:

• All works of literature have themes. The same work can have multiple themes, and many different works explore the same or similar themes.
• Themes are sometimes divided into thematic concepts and thematic statements . A work's thematic concept is the broader topic it touches upon (love, forgiveness, pain, etc.) while its thematic statement is what the work says about that topic. For example, the thematic concept of a romance novel might be love, and, depending on what happens in the story, its thematic statement might be that "Love is blind," or that "You can't buy love . "
• Themes are almost never stated explicitly. Oftentimes you can identify a work's themes by looking for a repeating symbol , motif , or phrase that appears again and again throughout a story, since it often signals a recurring concept or idea.

Theme Pronunciation

Here's how to pronounce theme: theem

Identifying Themes

Every work of literature—whether it's an essay, a novel, a poem, or something else—has at least one theme. Therefore, when analyzing a given work, it's always possible to discuss what the work is "about" on two separate levels: the more concrete level of the plot (i.e., what literally happens in the work), as well as the more abstract level of the theme (i.e., the concepts that the work deals with). Understanding the themes of a work is vital to understanding the work's significance—which is why, for example, every LitCharts Literature Guide uses a specific set of themes to help analyze the text.

Although some writers set out to explore certain themes in their work before they've even begun writing, many writers begin to write without a preconceived idea of the themes they want to explore—they simply allow the themes to emerge naturally through the writing process. But even when writers do set out to investigate a particular theme, they usually don't identify that theme explicitly in the work itself. Instead, each reader must come to their own conclusions about what themes are at play in a given work, and each reader will likely come away with a unique thematic interpretation or understanding of the work.

Symbol, Motif, and Leitwortstil

Writers often use three literary devices in particular—known as symbol , motif , and leitwortstil —to emphasize or hint at a work's underlying themes. Spotting these elements at work in a text can help you know where to look for its main themes.

• Near the beginning of Romeo and Juliet , Benvolio promises to make Romeo feel better about Rosaline's rejection of him by introducing him to more beautiful women, saying "Compare [Rosaline's] face with some that I shall show….and I will make thee think thy swan a crow." Here, the swan is a symbol for how Rosaline appears to the adoring Romeo, while the crow is a symbol for how she will soon appear to him, after he has seen other, more beautiful women.
• Symbols might occur once or twice in a book or play to represent an emotion, and in that case aren't necessarily related to a theme. However, if you start to see clusters of similar symbols appearing in a story, this may mean that the symbols are part of an overarching motif, in which case they very likely are related to a theme.
• For example, Shakespeare uses the motif of "dark vs. light" in Romeo and Juliet to emphasize one of the play's main themes: the contradictory nature of love. To develop this theme, Shakespeare describes the experience of love by pairing contradictory, opposite symbols next to each other throughout the play: not only crows and swans, but also night and day, moon and sun. These paired symbols all fall into the overall pattern of "dark vs. light," and that overall pattern is called a motif.
• A famous example is Kurt Vonnegut's repetition of the phrase "So it goes" throughout his novel Slaughterhouse Five , a novel which centers around the events of World War II. Vonnegut's narrator repeats the phrase each time he recounts a tragic story from the war, an effective demonstration of how the horrors of war have become normalized for the narrator. The constant repetition of the phrase emphasizes the novel's primary themes: the death and destruction of war, and the futility of trying to prevent or escape such destruction, and both of those things coupled with the author's skepticism that any of the destruction is necessary and that war-time tragedies "can't be helped."

Symbol, motif and leitwortstil are simply techniques that authors use to emphasize themes, and should not be confused with the actual thematic content at which they hint. That said, spotting these tools and patterns can give you valuable clues as to what might be the underlying themes of a work.

Thematic Concepts vs. Thematic Statements

A work's thematic concept is the broader topic it touches upon—for instance:

• Forgiveness

while its thematic statement is the particular argument the writer makes about that topic through his or her work, such as:

• Human judgement is imperfect.
• Love cannot be bought.
• Getting revenge on someone else will not fix your problems.
• Learning to forgive is part of becoming an adult.

Should You Use Thematic Concepts or Thematic Statements?

Some people argue that when describing a theme in a work that simply writing a thematic concept is insufficient, and that instead the theme must be described in a full sentence as a thematic statement. Other people argue that a thematic statement, being a single sentence, usually creates an artificially simplistic description of a theme in a work and is therefore can actually be more misleading than helpful. There isn't really a right answer in this debate.

In our LitCharts literature study guides , we usually identify themes in headings as thematic concepts, and then explain the theme more fully in a few paragraphs. We find thematic statements limiting in fully exploring or explaining a the theme, and so we don't use them. Please note that this doesn't mean we only rely on thematic concepts—we spend paragraphs explaining a theme after we first identify a thematic concept. If you are asked to describe a theme in a text, you probably should usually try to at least develop a thematic statement about the text if you're not given the time or space to describe it more fully. For example, a statement that a book is about "the senselessness of violence" is a lot stronger and more compelling than just saying that the book is about "violence."

Identifying Thematic Statements

One way to try to to identify or describe the thematic statement within a particular work is to think through the following aspects of the text:

• Plot: What are the main plot elements in the work, including the arc of the story, setting, and characters. What are the most important moments in the story? How does it end? How is the central conflict resolved?
• Protagonist: Who is the main character, and what happens to him or her? How does he or she develop as a person over the course of the story?
• Prominent symbols and motifs: Are there any motifs or symbols that are featured prominently in the work—for example, in the title, or recurring at important moments in the story—that might mirror some of the main themes?

After you've thought through these different parts of the text, consider what their answers might tell you about the thematic statement the text might be trying to make about any given thematic concept. The checklist above shouldn't be thought of as a precise formula for theme-finding, but rather as a set of guidelines, which will help you ask the right questions and arrive at an interesting thematic interpretation.

Theme Examples

The following examples not only illustrate how themes develop over the course of a work of literature, but they also demonstrate how paying careful attention to detail as you read will enable you to come to more compelling conclusions about those themes.

Themes in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby

Fitzgerald explores many themes in The Great Gatsby , among them the corruption of the American Dream .

• The story's narrator is Minnesota-born Nick Caraway, a New York bonds salesman. Nick befriends Jay Gatsby, the protagonist, who is a wealthy man who throws extravagant parties at his mansion.
• The central conflict of the novel is Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy, whom he met and fell in love with as a young man, but parted from during World War I.
• He makes a fortune illegally by bootlegging alcohol, to become the sort of wealthy man he believes Daisy is attracted to, then buys a house near her home, where she lives with her husband.
• While he does manage to re-enter Daisy's life, she ultimately abandons him and he dies as a result of her reckless, selfish behavior.
• Gatsby's house is on the water, and he stares longingly across the water at a green light that hangs at the edge of a dock at Daisy's house which sits across a the bay. The symbol of the light appears multiple times in the novel—during the early stages of Gatsby's longing for Daisy, during his pursuit of her, and after he dies without winning her love. It symbolizes both his longing for daisy and the distance between them (the distance of space and time) that he believes (incorrectly) that he can bridge. 
• In addition to the green light, the color green appears regularly in the novel. This motif of green broadens and shapes the symbolism of the green light and also influences the novel's themes. While green always remains associated with Gatsby's yearning for Daisy and the past, and also his ambitious striving to regain Daisy, it also through the motif of repeated green becomes associated with money, hypocrisy, and destruction. Gatsby's yearning for Daisy, which is idealistic in some ways, also becomes clearly corrupt in others, which more generally impacts what the novel is saying about dreams more generally and the American Dream in particular. 

Gatsby pursues the American Dream, driven by the idea that hard work can lead anyone from poverty to wealth, and he does so for a single reason: he's in love with Daisy. However, he pursues the dream dishonestly, making a fortune by illegal means, and ultimately fails to achieve his goal of winning Daisy's heart. Furthermore, when he actually gets close to winning Daisy's heart, she brings about his downfall. Through the story of Gatsby and Daisy, Fitzgerald expresses the point of view that the American Dream carries at its core an inherent corruption. You can read more about the theme of The American Dream in The Great Gatsby here .

Themes in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart

In Things Fall Apart , Chinua Achebe explores the theme of the dangers of rigidly following tradition .

• Okonkwo is obsessed with embodying the masculine ideals of traditional Igbo warrior culture.
• Okonkwo's dedication to his clan's traditions is so extreme that it even alienates members of his own family, one of whom joins the Christians.
• The central conflict: Okonkwo's community adapts to colonization in order to survive, becoming less warlike and allowing the minor injustices that the colonists inflict upon them to go unchallenged. Okonkwo, however, refuses to adapt.
• At the end of the novel, Okonkwo impulsively kills a Christian out of anger. Recognizing that his community does not support his crime, Okonkwo kills himself in despair.
• Clanswomen who give birth to twins abandon the babies in the forest to die, according to traditional beliefs that twins are evil.
• Okonkwo kills his beloved adopted son, a prisoner of war, according to the clan's traditions.
• Okonkwo sacrifices a goat in repentence, after severely beating his wife during the clan's holy week.

Through the tragic story of Okonkwo, Achebe is clearly dealing with the theme of tradition, but a close examination of the text reveals that he's also making a clear thematic statement that following traditions too rigidly leads people to the greatest sacrifice of all: that of personal agency . You can read more about this theme in Things Fall Apart   here .

Themes in Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken

Poem's have themes just as plot-driven narratives do. One theme that Robert Frost explores in this famous poem,  The Road Not Taken ,  is the illusory nature of free will .

• The poem's speaker stands at a fork in the road, in a "yellow wood."
• He (or she) looks down one path as far as possible, then takes the other, which seems less worn.
• The speaker then admits that the paths are about equally worn—there's really no way to tell the difference—and that a layer of leaves covers both of the paths, indicating that neither has been traveled recently.
• After taking the second path, the speaker finds comfort in the idea of taking the first path sometime in the future, but acknowledges that he or she is unlikely to ever return to that particular fork in the woods.
• The speaker imagines how, "with a sigh" she will tell someone in the future, "I took the road less travelled—and that has made all the difference."
• By wryly predicting his or her own need to romanticize, and retroactively justify, the chosen path, the speaker injects the poem with an unmistakeable hint of irony .
• The speaker's journey is a symbol for life, and the two paths symbolize different life paths, with the road "less-travelled" representing the path of an individualist or lone-wolf. The fork where the two roads diverge represents an important life choice. The road "not taken" represents the life path that the speaker would have pursued had he or she had made different choices.

Frost's speaker has reached a fork in the road, which—according to the symbolic language of the poem—means that he or she must make an important life decision. However, the speaker doesn't really know anything about the choice at hand: the paths appear to be the same from the speaker's vantage point, and there's no way he or she can know where the path will lead in the long term. By showing that the only truly informed choice the speaker makes is how he or she explains their decision after they have already made it , Frost suggests that although we pretend to make our own choices, our lives are actually governed by chance.

What's the Function of Theme in Literature?

Themes are a huge part of what readers ultimately take away from a work of literature when they're done reading it. They're the universal lessons and ideas that we draw from our experiences of works of art: in other words, they're part of the whole reason anyone would want to pick up a book in the first place!

It would be difficult to write any sort of narrative that did not include any kind of theme. The narrative itself would have to be almost completely incoherent in order to seem theme-less, and even then readers would discern a theme about incoherence and meaninglessness. So themes are in that sense an intrinsic part of nearly all writing. At the same time, the themes that a writer is interested in exploring will significantly impact nearly all aspects of how a writer chooses to write a text. Some writers might know the themes they want to explore from the beginning of their writing process, and proceed from there. Others might have only a glimmer of an idea, or have new ideas as they write, and so the themes they address might shift and change as they write. In either case, though, the writer's ideas about his or her themes will influence how they write. 

One additional key detail about themes and how they work is that the process of identifying and interpreting them is often very personal and subjective. The subjective experience that readers bring to interpreting a work's themes is part of what makes literature so powerful: reading a book isn't simply a one-directional experience, in which the writer imparts their thoughts on life to the reader, already distilled into clear thematic statements. Rather, the process of reading and interpreting a work to discover its themes is an exchange in which readers parse the text to tease out the themes they find most relevant to their personal experience and interests.

Other Helpful Theme Resources

• The Wikipedia Page on Theme: An in-depth explanation of theme that also breaks down the difference between thematic concepts and thematic statements.
• The Dictionary Definition of Theme: A basic definition and etymology of the term.
• In this instructional video , a teacher explains her process for helping students identify themes.

• PDFs for all 136 Lit Terms we cover
• Downloads of 1924 LitCharts Lit Guides
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• Explanations and citation info for 40,556 quotes across 1924 books
• Downloadable (PDF) line-by-line translations of every Shakespeare play
• Anthropomorphism
• Stream of Consciousness
• Figure of Speech
• End-Stopped Line
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Literary Devices

Literary devices, terms, and elements, definition of theme.

As a literary device, theme is the central topic or idea explored in a text. Usually the theme of a work of literature can be stated in one word, such as “love” or “solitude.” A work of literature can, and often does, have more than one theme. The theme is generally not stated explicitly in the text, but instead is expressed through the characters’ actions, words, and thoughts.

Thematic Concept vs. Thematic Statement

The definition of theme can be broken into two categories: the thematic concept of a work and the thematic statement. The thematic concept refers to what a reader understands the work to be about, while the thematic statement refers to what the work says about that subject in question. The thematic concept thus is usually an abstract concept, like “love” or “solitude” as we said before, while the thematic statement usually is a sentence highlighting the argument of the piece of literature. The thematic statement often comments on the way the human condition affects or is affected by the abstract concept of the theme. For example, the theme of Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace is stated directly in the title—war and peace. The thematic statement could be something about the irrationality of human decision-making in times of both war and peace, and the search for the meaning of life in the face of this irrationality.

Common Examples of Theme

• Many politicians craft a message about their campaign around a central theme. In 2008, American presidential candidate Barack Obama used the themes of “hope” and “change” to energize voters.
• Brands also sometimes relate their advertising campaigns around a theme. For example, in 1947, advertisers for De Beers came up with the slogan “A diamond is forever.” Connecting the theme of immortality with the theme of love, De Beers made it so that any man who wished to display his everlasting love for a woman had to buy a diamond. De Beers effectively created the tradition of the diamond engagement ring.

In both of these cases, the thematic concepts were so strong and convincing that they overcame oppositional arguments. In the case of De Beers, men were suddenly expected to spend two months of their salary on a diamond ring, which until that time would have been considered ludicrous.

Significance of Theme in Literature

All works of literature contain some sort of theme. Themes are generally universal in nature, and relate to the condition of being human. Thus the theme in a work of literature crosses boundaries and makes a story meaningful to people to any culture or age. While readers may not understand all the references and language in a book from a different time period or culture, the theme of the novel is what makes it comprehensible.

Examples of Theme in Literature

IAGO: Oh, beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock The meat it feeds on.

( Othello by William Shakespeare)

Much of the dramatic action in Othello hinges on the jealousy that Othello feels toward his wife, Desdemona. In this excerpt, Othello’s best friend, Iago, warns him of being jealous (the metaphor of jealously as a green-eyed monster is such a famous quote that it created the idea that a person could be “green with envy”). Ironically, Iago is the one who creates this jealousy and feeds it.

In the end the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it. It was inevitable that they should make that claim sooner or later: the logic of their position demanded it. Not merely the validity of experience, but the very existence of external reality was tacitly denied by their philosophy.

( 1984 by George Orwell)

George Orwell’s novel 1984 contains multiple references to power and manipulation. Orwell had been a firsthand witness to the propaganda put out during wartime in the 1930s and 1940s, and saw how officials in different countries manipulated stories to keep themselves in power and prove their legitimacy. This theme example presents the concept of “2+2=5” to show that the Party in power will try to make citizens believe even things that are obviously and unequivocally wrong. Orwell reiterates this theme later when the main character, Winston, ends up tracing “2+2=5” in the dust of a café table after he has been fully indoctrinated in the Party’s propaganda.

The gypsy was inclined to stay in the town. He really had been through death, but he had returned because he could not bear the solitude.

( One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez)

There are many themes in Gabriel García Márquez’s epic work One Hundred Years of Solitude , but the titular theme of solitude reoccurs many times throughout the novel. This is a theme that García Márquez states explicitly, and the characters in the novel have many different attitudes toward it. In this example of theme, a man has died and come back to life “because he could not bear the solitude.” The solitude of death is worse than the pain of life for the man. However, many characters actually seek solitude in life and find that the state of being alive is inseparable from a state of solitude. The characters try to connect over love, family, and duty, yet find themselves always and inextricably alone.

JOHN PROCTOR: Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!

( The Crucible by Arthur Miller)

Arthur Miller wrote his play The Crucible as a response to the scare tactics of the McCarthy era. As he saw his friends and peers being labeled as communists and blacklisted, Miller turned to the Salem witch-hunt as a model to artistically address the situation. One of the key themes both during the McCarthy era and in The Crucible is reputation and “having a good name.” At the end of the play, John Proctor refuses to admit to witchcraft to save his life. When asked why, he gives an impassioned speech about the importance of reputation, considering it even more important than life itself.

Do not pity the dead, Harry. Pity the living, and, above all those who live without love.

( Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J. K. Rowling)

J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series contains the major theme of good versus evil. Even more important than this, though, is the theme of love. Over the course of the series, Harry Potter learns that he is alive because of his mother’s love, and the sacrifice she made for him. This love, in J. K. Rowling’s conception, is so powerful that it resists the ultimate evil. And, indeed, Lord Voldemort is evil precisely because he is both unable to feel love and unable to grasp its significance. In this quote from the final installment of the series, Dumbledore tells Harry that living without love is the greatest hardship of all.

Test Your Knowledge of Theme

1. What is the correct theme definition? A. The “big idea” that is explored in a work of literature. B. What the author explicitly states is important. C. A refrain that characters say. [spoiler title=”Answer to Question #1″] Answer: A is the correct answer.[/spoiler]

2. Look at the following excerpts from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby . What theme do they expound upon?

Why they came East I don’t know. They had spent a year in France for no particular reason, and then drifted here and there unrestfully wherever people played polo and were rich together.

“Whenever you feel like criticizing any one,” he told me, “just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had.”

I lived at West Egg, the – well, the least fashionable of the two, though this is a most superficial tag to express the bizarre and not a little sinister contrast between them.

A. Boredom B. Wealth and class C. Resentment [spoiler title=”Answer to Question #2″] Answer: B is the correct answer.[/spoiler]

3. Which of the following excerpts from Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is an example of the theme of compassion?

When a child asks you something, answer him, for goodness’ sake. But don’t make a production of it. Children are children, but they can spot an evasion quicker than adults, and evasion simply muddles ’em.

After my bout with Cecil Jacobs when I committed myself to a policy of cowardice, word got around that Scout Finch wouldn’t fight any more, her daddy wouldn’t let her. This was not entirely correct: I wouldn’t fight publicly for Atticus, but the family was private ground.

First of all,” he said, “if you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you’ll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view […] until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.”

[spoiler title=”Answer to Question #3″] Answer: C is the correct answer.[/spoiler]

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What is a Theme in Literature? || Definition & Examples

"what is a theme in literature": a literary guide for english students and teachers.

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What is a Theme in Literature? Transcript (English and Spanish subtitles available in video. Click HERE for the Spanish transcript)

By J.T. Bushnell , Novelist and Oregon State University Senior Lecturer in Literature

15 March 2021

Be yourself. We’ve all heard it before, but is it good advice?

Well, sure, except that it’s maybe a little too simplistic to cover every situation. Yes, be yourself—unless you don’t know who that is, or unless you think it’s someone different from who you actually are, or unless you’ve got too many selves to be all of them at once, or unless you’re mean or selfish or closed-minded or conceited or dishonest, in which case—yeah, go ahead and work on that.

Usually, the more we look at an issue, the more we can see the complexity lurking behind the easy answers, and the less useful we find simplistic advice, like be yourself . That’s why the best stories and novels usually try to avoid it. Instead, they show the big, complicated questions beneath the advice, like how do you know who you are , and where does identity come from? They develop themes, in other words. Not morals.

A theme is a central, unifying idea. It’s the bigger issue that emerges as the characters pursue their goals. It has less to do with whether they’ll win the race, or get the date, or find the treasure, and more to do with the deeper questions and conflicts about identity, philosophy, or morality that arise during their attempts.

A moral, on the other hand, is a message, a recommendation for how to live. They can be useful for children, who need guidance and simplicity to make sense of the world, but usually the more we experience the world for ourselves, the more these simplistic answers feel unsatisfying, even insulting. What good is advice like “be yourself,” when the “self” inside us is still emerging, and ambiguous, and half-finished, and full of contradictions?

There's a famous writer and writing teacher named John Gardner, and this is what he had to say about it: "By 'theme' we do not mean 'message--a word no good writer likes applied to his work." There's another famous writer named Anton Chekhov, and here's how he said it: "You are confusing two concepts, the solution of the problem and the correct formulation of the problem. Only the second is required of the artist." In other words, it’s not a writer’s job to answer the world’s difficult questions, only to show those questions clearly with their stories.

chekhov_on_theme.jpg

In the story “Boys and Girls” by Alice Munro, for example, a girl growing up on a farm gets nudged from the traditionally masculine activities she enjoys, such as doing outdoor chores with her father, to the traditionally feminine activities she doesn’t, such as helping her mother in the kitchen. She rebels, trying to stay in her father’s world, but then, near the end , when he’s trying to chase down a mare he wants to slaughter, he orders the girl to close a gate, and she swings it open instead. In doing so, she’s still rebelling. She’s refusing to trap the girl horse as she herself refuses to be trapped by her gender. But she’s also choosing sides—and choosing the female side instead of her father’s—which the father then uses as proof that she’s, quote, "just a girl."

what_is_a_theme.jpg

So what’s the story’s theme? Well, one perfectly valid answer would be “gender roles.” That’s the deeper issue that emerges from the action. It’s what the story is about. But if you want to take it further, you could also state the theme as a more complex and specific question about that topic. How do gender roles define who we are? How legitimate is that definition? Are gender roles cultural or innate? What are the consequences of enforcing them and participating in them? These are the more specific, complex versions of the story’s theme.

But the story never recommends what to do about any of this. It doesn’t make a case for defying gender roles or accepting gender roles. It doesn’t show you how to live with them or escape them. It doesn’t offer any moral.

Why not? Well, probably because there are no easy answers to these questions, not in life and not in the story, which is why I think it’s appropriate to phrase themes as questions. The best stories honor the difficulty of these questions by demonstrating them clearly, with all their maddening mystery and complexity intact, rather than slapping on some half-valid answer. That’s what makes a story “true” even when it’s fiction, and it’s why it’s so important for us to understand a story’s theme rather than searching in vain for a moral.

Want to cite this?

MLA Citation: Bushnell, J.T.. "What is a Theme in Literature?" Oregon State Guide to English Literary Terms, 15 Mar. 2021, Oregon State University, https://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/wlf/what-theme . Accessed [insert date].

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I. What is Theme?

One of the first questions to ask upon hearing someone has written a story is, “What’s it about?” or “What’s the point?” Short answers may range from love to betrayal or from the coming of age to the haziness of memory. The central idea, topic, or point of a story, essay, or narrative is its theme .

II. Examples of Theme

A man, fueled by an urge for power and control due to his own pride, builds a supercomputer. That supercomputer then takes over the world, causing chaos and struggle galore.

This sci-fi style story contains many common themes. A few of its themes include:

• Danger of excessive pride
• The risky relationship between humankind and developing technology

A boy and a girl fall in love. The boy is forced to join the army and fights to survive in a war-torn country as his beloved waits at home. When he returns from war, the two are united and married.

The love story also has many common themes in literature:

• The power of true love
• Fate, which sometimes tears lovers apart and then joins them together

As can be seen from these examples, themes can range widely from ideas, as large as love and war, to others as specific as the relationship between humankind and technology.

III. Types of Theme

Just as a life is not constantly immersed in love, the pursuit of knowledge, or the struggle of the individual versus society, themes are not always constantly present in a story or composition. Rather, they weave in and out, can disappear entirely, or appear surprisingly mid-read. This is because there are two types of themes: major and minor themes.

a. Major Themes

Major themes are, just as they sound, the more important and enduring themes of the narrative. Major themes are the most significant themes of the story, and often they are a part of the entire story. A book on war would have the major theme of war’s effect on humanity, whereas a romance novel would have the major theme of love.

b. Minor Themes

Minor themes are, on the other hand, less important and less enduring. They may appear for part of the narrative only to be replaced by another minor theme later in the narrative. They provide discussion points for a chapter or two, but do not color the entire story. A book on war may have minor themes such as the home front’s reaction to war or the political aspects of war. A romance novel may have minor themes such as flirtation, marriage, and fidelity.

IV. The Importance of Using Theme

The importance of using theme in narrative is unparalleled. The theme is the underlining idea an author is trying to convey to an audience. A story without major ideas for the character and reader to experience, think through, and learn from is not a story at all. A story, by its very nature, must have a theme, sometimes many major and minor themes, all throughout. Themes are the ideas book clubs, poets, playwrights, literature students, film enthusiasts, movie-makers, and creative writers mull over in-depth. They are the meaning behind the entire story, the deeper reasons that the story has been written and shared.

V. Examples of Theme in Literature

Theme is a prominent element in literature. Here are a few examples of theme in poetry and prose:

“i carry your heart with me(i carry it in)” by E. E. Cummings:

i carry your heart with me(i carry it in my heart)i am never without it(anywhere i go you go,my dear;and whatever is done by only me is your doing,my darling)                                                       i fear no fate(for you are my fate,my sweet)i want no world(for beautiful you are my world,my true) and it’s you are whatever a moon has always meant and whatever a sun will always sing is you   here is the deepest secret nobody knows (here is the root of the root and the bud of the bud and the sky of the sky of a tree called life;which grows higher than soul can hope or mind can hide) and this is the wonder that’s keeping the stars apart   i carry your heart(i carry it in my heart)

This poem’s major theme is clear: love. Minor themes include fate, togetherness, and desire.

Atonement by Ian McEwan is an example of a novel whose theme is its title. Here are a few revealing excerpts:

How can a novelist achieve atonement when, with her absolute power of deciding outcomes, she is also God? There is no one, no entity or higher form that she can appeal to, or be reconciled with, or that can forgive There is nothing outside her. In her imagination she has set the limits and the terms. No atonement for God, or novelists, even if they are atheists. It was always an impossible task, and that was precisely the point. The attempt was all.

This section reveals the main theme of atonement along with other minor themes such as the life of the writer and forgiveness.

VI. Examples of Theme in Pop Culture

Just as literary narratives require themes, songs, movies, and television shows do as well. Here are a few examples of theme in pop culture:

The trailer shows that the main theme of Godzilla is nature, as a powerful and destructive force to be reckoned with. Other themes include the human effect on nature, fear of the unknown, and hubris.

Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day

The main theme of this movie is positivity in the face of a bad day, as they happen to all of us. Other themes include family, perseverance, and love.

VII. Related Terms

Because themes encompass main ideas in a narrative, they have many similar elements which do similar things for a narrative. Here are a few examples:

“And the moral of the story is…” As many fables and tales go, morals are a necessary element. They are the main message or lesson to be learned from reading a cautionary story. Although themes and morals are both major ideas in a story, they are different in that themes do not necessarily serve to teach a lesson, whereas morals always do. A theme is simply an idea to be examined, whereas a moral is a clear lesson to be learned. Here is an example of theme versus moral:

Love others the way you would like to be loved.

Whereas the theme is simply an idea, the moral is a message and instruction.

Motifs work in a story to emphasize the theme, and for this reason, is sometimes confused with the theme. Motifs are recurring images, objects, or ideas that highlight the theme. Here is one example of how motif works with theme:

A man is struggling with regret throughout a story. Motifs like dark dreams, repetitive thoughts, and dark lighting emphasize the mood and pervasiveness of the regret.

Whereas the theme is a larger idea, the motifs are smaller elements of a story which repeat in order to reflect that idea.

VIII. In Closing

Themes are the ideas that run through narratives, enlivening them with deeper meaning to be found in real life and fiction alike. They create stories that are not dull but compelling and emotional.

List of Terms

• Alliteration
• Amplification
• Anachronism
• Anthropomorphism
• Antonomasia
• APA Citation
• Aposiopesis
• Autobiography
• Bildungsroman
• Characterization
• Circumlocution
• Cliffhanger
• Comic Relief
• Connotation
• Deus ex machina
• Deuteragonist
• Doppelganger
• Double Entendre
• Dramatic irony
• Equivocation
• Extended Metaphor
• Figures of Speech
• Flash-forward
• Foreshadowing
• Intertextuality
• Juxtaposition
• Literary Device
• Malapropism
• Onomatopoeia
• Parallelism
• Pathetic Fallacy
• Personification
• Point of View
• Polysyndeton
• Protagonist
• Red Herring
• Rhetorical Device
• Rhetorical Question
• Science Fiction
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What is Theme? Definition, Examples of Theme in Literature

Home » The Writer’s Dictionary » What is Theme? Definition, Examples of Theme in Literature

Definition of theme: The theme of a literary work is a salient abstract idea that emerges from the treatment of its subject matter. Common themes are love, war, deceit, revenge, fate, destiny, etc .

What Does Theme Mean in Literature?

What is a theme in literature? A theme is a message or abstract idea that emerges from a literary work’s treatment of its subject matter.

The theme differs from the subject itself. The subject of a work can be described in concrete terms, usually through actions.

For example,

• The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

The subject matter is Huckleberry Finn’s adventures. The theme, however, is more of an abstract idea. The primary theme of Huck Finn, for example, is the conflict between civilization and natural life.

Theme vs. Subject

Example of Theme:

• Theme = Coming of Age.
• Subject Matter = A newcomers difficulties in moving from a small town to the big city.
• Explanation: The theme coming of age will explore the growing pains adolescents are likely to experience in the world. The subject matter for our hypothetical literary work is someone who recently moved from a small town to “the big city.”
• Theme = Pride.
• Subject Matter = The struggles of varsity football players to work together.
• Thematic Statement = It is important to maintain a balance between pride and humbleness because too much self-confidence can be destructive.
• Explanation = In this example, we see the author’s opinion regarding the theme of pride and how it relates to the work’s subject matter.

The thematic statement of a work is rarely said explicitly. Instead, people interpret it through characters, actions, and events within a book.

Thematic Concept vs. Thematic Statement

A thematic statement , however, can be read to be more of an argument about that concept. In an essay, a thematic statement would be called your thesis statement.

• Theme / Thematic Concept = Freedom.
• Thematic Statement = Freedom should be extended to all citizens of the world.

As you can see, the theme of freedom is abstract and broad, and it doesn’t have a thesis statement. The thematic statement of a work, however, will make a claim about this concept. Think of the thematic statement as being an opinion held by the author about the theme itself.

In our example above, the theme is freedom , and the thematic statement is freedom should be extended to all citizens of the world .

There are also central themes and minor themes in literary works, which are just as they sound.

• Central theme = the central or main message of a literary work.
• Minor themes = other, less important messages of a literary work.

Examples of Theme in Literature

• In Paulo Choelo’s novel, The Alchemist , the author explores the subject of fate through a person’s dreams. His thematic statement regarding dreams is that one should always follow his heart and pursue his dreams at any cost.
• In William Blake’s poem, The Poison Tree , the author explores the theme of anger. The thematic statement of the poem is if anger is not dealt with, the feeling will intensify and eventually leads to destruction.

Define theme in literature: In summation, the theme is an idea or concept that a literary work explores: love, despair, honor, etc .

The author explores the theme through the subject matter of his or her work, and when telling the story, arrives at some kind of thematic statement.

Here is a final example of theme found in the short story “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry.

In “The Gift of the Magi,” Henry conveys the message that love is more important than material possessions.

• Theme: Love, charity, sacrifice.
• Subject matter: Young couple struggling financially during Christmas.
• Thematic Statement: Love is more important than material possessions.

What is Theme in Literature?

Before you can think about teaching or analyzing theme, it’s essential to understand what it is (and isn’t), why it’s used, and how to identify themes in a text. Consider this article your one-stop-shop for understanding theme.

Theme Definition

A theme is a central idea or underlying message in a piece of literature that ties together various textual elements. Every work of literature has at least one theme to serve as an overarching message, offering readers insights into the author’s commentary on life, society, or human nature.

Themes explore universal concepts such as love, power, identity, or justice. Therefore, while a theme applies to a particular work of literature, it also speaks to the general human experience, creating a bridge between literature and the real world.

Theme Pronunciation

Theme is a one-syllable word pronounced with a long “e.”

Here’s how to pronounce theme: theem

What are the Different Types of Theme?

While all themes reflect a universal topic, there are two forms of theme: thematic topics and thematic statements .

• A thematic topic is the broader concept or abstract idea explored and developed throughout a literary work. These are general concepts that are often universal and can be applied to various situations. Thematic topics are often represented in a single word, such as love or power.
• A thematic statement is more specific, providing clear insight that expresses the author’s commentary on the topic. These statements offer more perspective on a broader theme within the context of the story while still leaving room for real-world application. Examples include, “The pursuit of power corrupts individuals, blinding them to the ethical consequences of their actions” and “Love conquers all.”

Essentially, themes are broader and overarching, while thematic statements offer a clearer statement that reflects the author’s perspective or the message they want readers to take away from a literary work.

What it’s NOT: Theme vs. Main Idea

It’s easy to confuse a story’s theme with its main idea. While these two concepts are similar, there are some key differences between theme and main idea to be aware of.

A main idea refers to what a text is about, summarizing the overarching concept of a paragraph, passage, chapter, or entire text. These statements include specific details about a particular piece of literature and are often explicitly stated or easily supported with concrete details from the text.

On the other hand, a theme refers to a more universal and abstract message that an author is revealing through a piece of literature. Themes consistently show up throughout a text, working to emphasize a deeper meaning that reflects an author’s commentary on a particular idea. While readers must rely on details and literary elements to reveal a text’s theme, their universal nature allows readers to apply the concept to the world beyond the pages.

What is the Purpose of Theme in a Story?

Authors use themes to explore intricate or abstract ideas about the human experience in their writing. As a result, they can infuse their works with complexity and depth, allowing readers to engage with the text on multiple levels.

In some ways, themes give stories their meaning. While literary elements such as plot, conflict, setting, character, and tone help tell a story, themes reveal the bigger picture beyond the narrative itself. Therefore, themes help establish a bridge of relevance between the literary work and the real world, empowering students to make connections with a text and think more critically about its broader message.

Due to their universal nature, themes give literature the power to hold enduring significance through time, allowing generations of readers to analyze, enjoy, and extract meaning from a single text.

How to Identify Theme in a Story

The challenge with identifying a text’s theme(s) is that they are not usually explicitly stated, requiring readers to make inferences , identify patterns, uncover underlying messages, and interpret the author’s overarching commentary or perspective. Therefore, identifying themes in literature requires close reading and critical thinking.

Follow the steps below to identify and analyze a theme in literature: 

1. Seek Out Patterns and Reoccurring Symbols

Authors rely on meaningful patterns, called motifs, and recurring symbolism, including characters, objects, or images, to reveal a more profound message. Note any words or phrases, patterns, or symbols that appear repeatedly throughout a text and consider how they represent abstract concepts or reinforce a central idea.

2. Pay Attention to Character

Paying attention to characterization , including what a character says, thinks, and does, can reveal an author’s overall message. Consider characters’ motivations, conflicts, and changes throughout the story, analyzing how their experiences contribute to the overall message the author is conveying about human nature, society, or life.

Use my free STEAL chart to keep track of characterization .

3. Consider Conflict and Resolution

Conflicts can reveal more than a point of tension in a story. By analyzing a text’s central conflicts and resolutions, readers can gain perspective on the theme. While the conflict helps establish the thematic topic, the resolution often provides valuable insights into the author’s commentary.

4. Analyze Mood and Tone

Analyze the nuances of an author’s language choices and their impact on the narrative, paying attention to how diction elicits specific emotions for the reader. Paying attention to the tone and mood ( and the feelings that go with them) plays a pivotal role in revealing an author’s perspective and underlying messages within a text.

5. Note Contrasts and Irony

Look for instances of contrast in a story, especially moments of irony where the narrative contradicts the reader’s expectations. Authors often use these literary devices to highlight thematic elements by challenging readers’ assumptions, leading to a deeper understanding of the theme.

6. Determine the Author’s Purpose

Consider the bigger picture beyond the pages. Reflect on why the author wrote the work and the messages they may want to convey. By considering a narrative’s historical, cultural, or social context, the reader can gain valuable insight into the intended themes.

Tips for Teaching Theme

• Identify Concrete Details First: Start by encouraging students to identify concrete details in a text before diving into abstract themes. Analyzing specific information provides a solid foundation of understanding before jumping to thematic conclusions.
• Scaffold as Needed: Recognize that theme analysis is an abstract and complex task. Break down the steps, offer guidance, and provide additional help or resources to support students in building their analytical skills.
• Start with Short Stories: Begin theme exploration with short stories to reduce overwhelm and build confidence in thematic analysis. The concentrated nature of more concise narratives allows students to hone their skills before tackling longer works.
• Use Anticipation Guides: Use anticipation guides as a pre-reading activity to activate students’ prior knowledge about potential themes. This strategy initiates critical thinking around thematic concepts before diving into the nuances of a text.
• Keep Students Organized: Encourage students to keep notes, utilize graphic organizers, or use tools like concept maps to keep their thoughts in order. This helps them track evidence, connections, and interpretations as they explore themes in a text.
• Remind Students to Use Evidence: Teach students to support their abstract themes with concrete evidence. Emphasize the significance of quoting specific lines or passages from the text to validate their analysis.
• Be Flexible: Remember, interpretation plays a significant role in literary analysis. As long as students can support their thematic claims with textual evidence, give them space to explore their thoughts and perspectives—even if they don’t match your own.

Examples of Theme in Literature

1. the theme of guilt in “the tell-tale heart” by edgar alan poe.

A prominent theme in “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe is the theme of guilt and the psychological effects of a guilty conscience . After murdering his neighbor, the unnamed narrator is haunted by the memories of the old man and the constant sound of his beating heart. The noise serves as one of the story’s main symbols of the narrator’s psyche as he slips into madness, revealing the inescapable nature of his guilt.

Throughout the short story, Poe explores the psychological weight of guilt through the unraveling of the narrator’s thoughts and actions, showcasing the effect of a guilty conscience. While Poe’s commentary certainly applies to the story, it causes readers to consider the real-life consequences of guilt and wrongdoing .

2. The theme of power and corruption in “Animal Farm” by George Orwell

As an allegory to the Russian Revolution of 1917, George Orwell’s “Animal Farm ” explores the theme of power and corruption as a group of farm animals rebel against their human oppressors. While the animals are initially motivated by the pursuit of equality and justice, they quickly find themselves in the midst of a power struggle that leads to corrupt leadership amongst themselves.

The theme is clearly illustrated through characters such as Napoleon, who initially represents the ideas behind the revolution. However, over time, he and the other pigs succumb to the allure of power. The motif of the pigs’ gradual transformation into oppressive leaders and the evolving language of the commandments reinforce the theme of power and corruption in the narrative, creating a cautionary tale about unchecked authority and how those in power can use manipulation to maintain control .

3. The theme of tradition in “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson

Shirley Jackson’s short story “The Lottery” expresses her profound commentary on the dangers of conformity by exploring the dark consequences of mindlessly following tradition. The story is set in a small pastoral town as they prepare for their annual lottery, where the “winner” is stoned to death by the community, including their family and neighbors.

While horrifying to readers, the townspeople are seemingly unphased by the dark and gruesome tradition. Jackson hints at the story’s theme using symbols, characters, and motifs throughout the story. Everything from the townspeople’s passive participation in the ritual without question to the splintered black box used for picking names emphasizes how everything about the lottery is rooted in how things have always been done. As a result, Jackson skillfully crafted a cautionary tale about the dangers of blindly following societal norms and traditions without reevaluating their moral and ethical implications.

More examples of theme in classic and popular literature:

• The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald explores themes of the American Dream and how the relentless pursuit of wealth and social status often results in moral decay and unfulfilled aspirations.
• The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins dives into themes of survival and societal inequality , positioning Katniss Everdeen as a symbol of hope and resistance against oppressive forces.
• To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee explores themes of racial prejudice and social justice , highlighting the importance of empathy in the face of systemic inequality.
• Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by J.K. Rowling highlights the battle between good and evil , emphasizing the importance of resilience and standing up against dark forces.
• Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare explores the theme of fate , and regardless of Romeo and Juliet’s love for each other, they are “star-crossed lovers”  trapped by their doomed fate.

Additional Resources for Teaching Theme

Save time by using my done-for-you lesson plan for introducing theme .

Read this post for more tips on teaching theme using short stories .

Engage your students in an exploration of theme with the following videos:

• Review themes in popular Pixar films
• Explore side-by-side examples of 10 universal themes
• Introduce theme with a detailed breakdown

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What is Theme? Definition & Examples of Theme in Literature

by Fija Callaghan

Often scholars will talk about theme in literature like it’s this highbrow, deeply intellectual feat of narrative engineering hiding between the lines of a novel or collection of poetry. “Theme,” they say, delicately sipping hundred-year-old brandy from crystal glasses, “is the intentional and philosophical confluence of story archetypes to convey a groundbreaking, politically or socially relevant ideal.” And you nod eagerly in agreement, because you would also like to try some hundred-year-old brandy.

Writers, on the other hand, will often talk about theme like it’s a clumsy animal that has somehow wandered into your story and, having proven itself to be only a minimal nuisance and actually kind of cute, has been allowed to stay and build itself a nest somewhere between your Midpoint and the first major plot point of Act Three .

Really, theme can be both of these things and more. Let’s look at what theme is in literature, how a strong theme can elevate a story, and how to discover the themes already brewing in your own work.

What is theme in literature?

Theme is the broad central idea supporting any narrative work. The work can be a novel, a short story, a poem, or even something like a song or visual art. In a story, each choice made by your characters and each turn of events will support this core underlying theme which you’re trying to convey to your readers.

Any medium that tells a story will have this underlying message—whether it was put there painstakingly by the artist layer by layer, or whether it grew organically from their unconscious experience as they created their literary work.

Literary themes can be concepts like redemption, sacrifice, true love, or family. Storytelling in particular has an enormous range of tools from which to draw themes, like setting, imagery, metaphor , conflict , and—most importantly of all— character . It’s through character that your readers will experience the underlying meaning of your story and come away with a new understanding.

Which comes first—theme or plot?

A question as old as the written word: Is it better to start with a meaningful theme or an engaging plot ? Do you choose a thematic concept and then build your story around it, or do you draft your story and then see what theme emerges? What if you have a story in mind but you don’t even know what the theme is?

Theme and plot are intertwined; neither one comes first, but rather they’re developed together. The moment you have an idea for a story, the theme of that story is already being born. The more you learn about the characters, motivations, and events of your story, the clearer its theme will become.

Writing a story is equal parts art, craft, and intuition. Theme is something that tends to reside in the latter category. While your cognitive mind is exploring roads of possibility in your plot, setting, and characters, your subconscious will be constantly reaching out and searching for deeper meaning in these things.

Ask yourself: Why is this story important? Why is this story happening here , now ? Who are the people in this story, and why do they matter to me? That’s theme at work.

Why does theme matter in storytelling?

Okay but do I need a theme? Isn’t it enough to have a fun story and a lovable hero and a dastardly villain and a happily ever after at the end of it?

Well, yes, but even the simplest of universal tales will have some sort of theme bubbling under the surface. Every story needs to communicate something with the reader.

This will usually be the same main idea that’s driving your protagonist towards their goal. It might be a simple developmental ideal such as the overt central morals in Aesop’s fables, or it might be a larger, more complex exploration of multi-faceted issues that we’re still facing in the world today (we’ll look at some theme examples of these later on).

Crafting a literary theme that resonates with readers on a deep, visceral level will help them feel connected to your characters and invested in what those characters are fighting for. A vibrant, engaging theme in a work of literature has the power to affect real change and make readers look at the world in a new way.

Classic themes in literature

Because stories are so universal, we’ll often see the same central themes being repeated over and over in different works. This doesn’t mean the stories that share these central ideas are unoriginal; rather, it means that they speak to deep universal truths that we all recognize and resonate with. That’s why we return to those stories again and again.

Most of these common themes will fall under two categories: one central idea, or a contrast or conflict between two opposing principles.

Here are some common themes in literature that you can explore in your own writing.

Love is something that we all recognize regardless of our background, language, age, class, ability, or understanding of the world. Love is the greatest unifier of the human species, and it can be as bright and empowering as it can be terrible.

Many works of literature deal with the theme of love, but Romeo and Juliet is one famous story in which the author explores the intensity and destructive qualities of undying love.

We most often associate love with romantic relationships, but focusing on love as a theme in your own work can also look at the deep, soulful love between two best friends, or even the journey towards discovering love for yourself.

Many of us have been betrayed in our lives by people we thought we could trust, whether that’s a friend, a family member, a partner, or someone we knew professionally. Just as antagonists are rarely single-faceted, betrayal is usually a very complex thing that can come from a wide range of different motivations.

What one person sees as betrayal might feel like a natural progression to another, and so this theme can be useful for exploring the complexity of human needs and desires. Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a famous work of literature that deals with strong themes of betrayal.

The theme of rebirth has figured into the mythological cycles of a variety of cultures, most famously the rebirth of Christ in the Christian bible.

On a microcosmic level, we often see rebirth as a dawn of hope and opportunity after a devastating experience such as a divorce, a failure, or the loss of a loved one. On a deep psychological level, we like to believe that there can be hope for us even when we ourselves have become lost.

There are many stories of rebirth, but Charles Dickens’ famous holiday piece A Christmas Carol explores the rebirth of its protagonist after a lifetime of avarice and misery.

Modern popular culture has seen a huge resurgence in redemptive character arcs, most famously in “anti-hero” type characters . There is something so satisfying about watching a rascally ne’er-do-well make mistakes, learn from them, and grow into someone we wouldn’t be embarrassed to introduce to our mothers.

Much like rebirth, redemption comes from a place of hope—the idea that there’s always room to grow, and that anyone can find the will to do better. Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables is a famous novel that uses this thematic concept to create a dynamic character arc.

For many of us, our relationships with our families are quite complex. And yet, the bond between family members is a very universal idea that can teach us a lot about other cultures, generations, and ways of life.

The relationship we have with our families can also teach us a lot about ourselves, and so this theme is very useful for character-driven stories and novels.

The Book Thief , a novel by Markus Zusak, explores our connection to our blood families as well as the families we build around us.

Prejudice has always been a major societal issue, and those issues are being brought into new light. Prejudice can be found through race, class, and ability both in literature and in the world around us. For this reason, art of all kinds is a powerful tool in fighting against these poisonous ideas and helping people understand them in a new way.

The novel Such a Fun Age , by Kiley Reid, is one of many powerful works that explore themes of racial and class-driven prejudice that is still prevalent today.

Disillusionment

Often we discover that growing and learning about ourselves and the world means letting go of precious ideals or perceptions we once had. Knowledge is never an inherently negative thing, but coming to terms with it can be a less than comfortable experience.

These themes often deal with the sacrifice of innocence and idealism in order to attain a greater understanding of ourselves and the world. The Great Gatsby is a tragic literary work that follows the central character’s disillusionment—and, by proxy, the reader’s—with the glittering party lifestyle that was once so seductive.

Closely related to prejudice, oppression is a very real problem in our world that has inspired a lot of powerful art and literature. Literary work that deals with this theme often seek to accomplish two things: the first, to enlighten people to a toxic situation that they may not have been aware of, and second, to show them that we can do something about it.

Although they deal with very negative and difficult subject matter, themes of oppression are often found in stories full of hope for a better future.

Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale is one such groundbreaking novel that uses a speculative lens to draw attention to some of the problems we have faced historically and are still fighting against today.

The desire for revenge is a universal human impulse, and watching those impulses play out in the safe arena of fiction is both riveting and cathartic. However, revenge left to ferment and fester can be a very damaging thing and many of these stories teach us just how damaging these desires can be.

Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a revenge-driven tale that shows two different characters undone by their need for revenge above all else. These themes are often useful for examining the contrast of human strength and weakness.

On the topic of human weakness, corruption is one of the most vicious poisons to enter a human heart. Most corruption comes from a place of fear and survival instinct, and feeds easily from one person to another.

George Orwell’s allegorical novel Animal Farm examines the way this theme takes root and spreads, turning the best intentions into destructive actions fueled by pride and greed.

On some small level, we all take little steps to try and make it through each day. But most of us have never been in a situation so extreme that we need to fight for our lives.

Stories that explore the theme of survival are often a beat or two removed from our day-to-day understanding of the world, but they help us learn a lot about what we are capable of in difficult circumstances. The famous novel Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story that follows the central character cast away on a deserted island, pitting his strength and intellect against the whims of nature and fate.

Death and mortality are constant underlying themes in all works of literature as they are in life. The battle against the inevitability of death has been present in stories from all cultures for as long as there have been storytellers.

Very often literature that deals with the theme of mortality doesn’t present death as something wholly antagonistic, but something with its own place in the cycle of the world. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , from the classic Arthurian Legends, deals strongly with multiple themes of life, death, rebirth, and honoring our place within those themes.

Good vs. Evil

Themes that explore morality are some of the first themes that many readers are exposed to as children. The Chronicles of Narnia , among many others, is a story that shows us this polarity. This theme teaches us that we should always try to do good in the world, and that even when there are bad people doing scary things, we can overcome them by being true to our own best natures.

Even as we grow older and learn that the world and the people in it are more complex than we could have imagined, there is still some part of us that wants to believe in those ideals. We gather strength from believing that good can triumph over evil—whether that’s between two forces in the wider world, or deeper, more intimately, within ourselves.

Individual vs. Society

Tying into some of the popular themes we looked at above like prejudice, oppression, and corruption, this theme will often explore those ideas by placing an individual protagonist at odds with the world around them.

The reader will identify with the central character and use their journey as a way to examine the failings of the society in the story—which may, in turn, reflect some of the failings that the reader can see in their own world as well. The Hunger Games is a popular novel that places an individual in opposition with a seemingly insurmountable status quo.

Life vs. Death

While some stories include themes that seek to understand mortality and the place it has in our life’s journey, other stories may look at life and death as two opposing, contradictory forces.

In the Harry Potter series, all of the events of the story unfold because the primary antagonist is at constant war with death. He treats it as an enemy to be overcome, even domesticated.

Since death is unfortunately a very real part of our natural cycle, these sorts of themes rarely end well for those involved. However, fear of the unknown is also a very real part of our natural cycle and so this central topic has arisen again and again in stories throughout history.

Fate vs. Free Will

How much of our path do we truly choose, and how much is preordained? This is a question we have been asking as long as there has been human consciousness—and people are still debating it today. Stories that explore this theme will usually follow a character who has seen a glimpse of what the future holds for them… and doesn’t care for it at all.

Oedipus the King , a famous Greek tragic drama, follows a character who’s trying to dodge a terrible prophecy about his future. He removes himself from the situation completely, only to find that those very actions are what set his fate into motion.

This theme doesn’t have to be tragic, though; it works just as well if you give your characters the strength to choose their own destinies.

Tradition vs. Change

Tension has always existed between one generation and another, regardless of what culture, ethnicity, or era they might be from. Stories with this theme look at finding the right balance between honoring the traditions of those before us and allowing room to grow.

Neil Gaiman’s American Gods takes a fantastical approach to this theme by pitting the old world gods of popular mythology against the new world of worship that people bow down to today, including media, technology, and the stock market.

These themes teach us that there is wisdom to be learned from our predecessors as well as wisdom in new ideas.

Pride vs. Humility

Pride is one of the most seductive of human sins. It’s also one of the most difficult to break away from, even when we can see as well as anyone how quickly it’s tearing us apart.

Themes of pride and humility are usually character-driven examinations of how we are all susceptible to this weakness, and the ways in which we can find the strength to overcome it. The appropriately named Pride and Prejudice is a good example of a story that shows two characters overcoming their pride in order to find the happiness they truly deserve.

Justice vs. Depravity

Any work of literature that follows a judicial system knows what a knife edge the threat of corruption can be. James Ellroy’s novel L.A. Confidential is a famous modern noir story that explores the thin line between righteousness and corruption, heroes and villains.

Using this concept in your work is an excellent way to explore our strengths, weaknesses, and limitations as human beings in a fundamentally unjust world.

Morality vs. Fear

This is another staple theme of the “hero vs. villain” stories. We like heroes because they always try to do the right thing, but we sometimes forget that doing the right thing can be very difficult and scary. Stories with this theme show us that we all constantly battle between doing what is right and what is easy, and that choosing the brave or honorable path does not happen without fear—it happens in spite of it.

Kristin Harmel’s WWII novel The Room on Rue Amélie follows a brave protagonist determined to play her part in the war efforts, even when she has every reason to feel afraid of doing so. From stories like this we learn how to be brave in our own lives.

How to find the theme of your own story

Unlike plot, theme isn’t really something you build from the ground up. Once you begin to see glimmers of a story, your theme is already beginning to take shape under the surface. It’s your job to excavate it and bring it to life.

To find the theme of your story, decide what central message the story is trying to communicate with the reader. Try asking yourself why you’re writing it in the first place. Why does it matter to you? This can take time, and the answer may surprise you.

For example, if you’re writing about a girl who discovers she’s from a secret lineage of super spies, deep down you might be writing it as a way to understand your feelings about your own lineage.

What sort of conflict is your main character facing? Has someone in her family been kidnapped by a rival super spy faction? Has she discovered some shady business in her family history that has her questioning her own values and perception of herself? In these cases your theme might be things like the importance of family, or the contrasting values of independence and tradition.

Develop your thematic statement

Then, see if you can crystallize your idea into a thematic statement—a one-sentence summary of the concept you’re trying to convey. In the above examples, your thematic statement might be, “Family always comes first,” or “One is not bound by the mistakes of their parents.” This thematic statement then becomes the driving force of your plot.

It doesn’t matter how fantastical or far-removed your story is—its heart, its reason for existing, will be something that you’re exploring or working to understand through the filter of art. It may be conscious or unconscious. Then, once you know what your story is really trying to say, you can share it with people who need your story to help them explore or understand these ideas too.

How to strengthen the theme of a story

Once you’ve figured out what your theme is, it’s time to find ways to make it shine even brighter through the course of your plot points and narrative development. You can do this as you go, or you can go back and find ways to give it a nudge later in the editing process.

Every literary element in your story should help communicate your theme with the reader, and your protagonist’s journey should be a direct parallel to their relationship with the theme. If the theme of your story is “family,” you may need to put your protagonist through a series of obstacles to help them realize the importance of this idea and why it’s worth fighting for.

The types of conflicts your characters face might all be different, but they should all circle back to the relationship they have with this central idea and how that relationship evolves through each major plot point.

When your characters grow to understand the theme in a new way, your readers will too. Making your characters do this is an important way of strengthening the themes of your story.

A writer can use literary devices like motifs, symbolism, and repetition to emphasize the themes in your story. Adding in recurring colors, words, objects, places, numbers, or cultural symbols will help intensify the theme for your reader. See if you can find ways to add little details that make your story’s theme even more prominent.

For example, if your central theme is “corruption,” you could use these literary devices to show a metaphorical corruption, or corrosion, of positive things in the story. You might have your character buy a new pair of shoes which becomes steadily more worn down until they fall apart—this would be a repeated symbol for other things that are being “worn down,” such as the character’s hope, morals, or ideals.

Certain motifs can also bring to mind this idea of corruption, such as tarnished coins or dirty water, and you can drop images like these here and there throughout your story to make the theme even more powerful for your reader.

These sorts of symbols can be used to emphasize all kinds of themes. If your theme is “mortality” or “life vs. death” you may have your main character come across a dead animal early in the story, and have them take time to reflect on their feelings and understanding of this idea before their journey begins.

Conversely, if your theme is “family”, they might need to stop their car to let a family of animals cross the road in front of them. How do they feel about that? Enchanted? Annoyed? Frightened? Their reaction won’t necessarily be stated explicitly, but showing it on the page will give further depth to your theme.

Theme is the heart of storytelling

Theme is one of the most important building blocks of powerful storytelling, but it doesn’t need to be approached from a place of anxiety or stress. Theme is simply a statement of why your story exists and why you need to be the one to tell it.

Storytelling has a very real power to change the world for the better, and theme—sharing it, talking about it, helping people understand why it matters—is how we can begin doing that.

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What Is Theme? Definition, Examples of Theme in Literature

The theme is the central topic of a narrative. Novels, films, plays, and TV shows all have themes. To identify the theme, you simply need to look at the central conflict of a story and ask yourself what it’s all about. How does the protagonist’s experience relate to the broader human condition?

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Basically, any work of art with a plot and a conflict has a big idea at the heart of the action. When you figure out what the creator is trying to say about the way the world works, you’ve probably identified the theme. 

The definition of theme, according to Merriam-Webster , is “a subject or topic of discourse or of artistic representation.” Music can even have a theme, defined as “a melodic subject of a musical composition or movement.”

For the purposes of this article, we’ll mostly be discussing the way authors, playwrights, and screenwriters communicate theme in a piece of writing. 

What Does Theme Mean in Literature?

In a nonfiction book without a narrative structure, you would call the main argument the thesis. A novel or memoir has a theme instead. Much like a thesis in a paper, the theme of a book often expresses an opinion. In some ways, the entire narrative—with its character arcs and plot twists—serves as an argument in support of the author’s theme.

The theme of a work of fiction is different from the genre of that work. For example, you might know that a novel is about mystery or romance, but that doesn’t give you any indication of the book’s theme. 

The topic of the book is not the same as the theme, either. You might know that a book is about World War I, but the theme could express the author’s opinion about any number of big ideas: courage, religious faith, imagination, etc.

How Do You Identify a Theme in Literature?

To identify the theme, look to the climax of the story. Usually, the climax occurs towards the end of the plot, and it’s the moment where tension builds to the highest level. What issues are at stake in the climax? Ask yourself what the conflict is about in that scene. The abstract ideas that drive the story to its climax will usually give you insight into the major theme.

Beyond the major theme, there may be subplots with their own minor themes. Typically, the minor themes will support and build on the primary theme of the story. 

You can distinguish the minor themes from the major theme in two ways. First, the major theme is likely to preoccupy the protagonist (and the antagonist, if one exists) in some way. If the theme only appears in relation to a minor character, it’s not likely the main theme. Second, the major theme should be relevant to the climax. The most dramatic moment in a work of fiction will touch on the major theme.

You can also keep an eye out for motifs, or recurring images or details, since they may give you a clue about the author’s intentions. Similarly, any symbolism that the author uses can help you to define the theme. For example, the blood in the play MacBeth by William Shakespeare is a symbol that points to one of the major themes: the destructive power of guilt. 

Theme vs. Subject

As mentioned above, the theme of a book or play isn’t the same as its subject matter. In a memoir, this is very clear. The subject of the book would be the author’s own life, but the theme could vary based on what the author chooses to write about. 

Returning to Macbeth , the subject of the play is power struggles in 11th century Scotland. The theme has to do with timeless human concerns, such as loyalty, ambition, guilt, etc. 

In literary fiction, the subject may not be as clear-cut. You can deduce the subject matter of a book from the title and the plot. So, the subject, or the topic, of a book might be family life in the suburbs. The theme may require you to dig a bit deeper. Ask yourself, what are the sources of conflict in this story? What abstract ideas do the characters discuss? What is the author trying to say about this subject? Why did the author select these scenes to tell the story?

Thematic Concept vs. Thematic Statement

Thematic concept describes the reader’s understanding of the theme. So, for example, two readers may argue about the theme of a book. In that case, they would have different thematic concepts. 

In contrast, a thematic statement is a sentence or two summarizing the author’s theme. A writing teacher might assign you to write a paper with a thematic statement as its thesis. Usually, thematic statements are written in abstract language, and they sound almost like short aphorisms. 

Some examples might include:

• Love is blind.
• Success takes sacrifice.
• Pride leads to foolish behavior. 

A thematic statement is longer than a one- or two-word description. If you know that the theme is “love,” and you want to write a thematic statement, think about what perspective the author expresses about human love. You might make a list of possible opinions, drawn from what the author communicates through plot, dialogue, setting, symbolism, and so on. 

Your list might look something like this:

• Without love, we die. 
• Love is what makes a house a home. 
• Friendship is the most important kind of love. 
• Lovers will always betray one another. 
• Unconditional love is possible but rare. 

Next, look through the book for passages that support your argument. If you find ample evidence to support a particular statement, you can feel confident that your thematic statement is workable. On the other hand, if you have trouble locating example sentences that confirm your thematic statement, you may want to revise your thematic concept. 

Examples of Theme in Literature

To better understand theme, let’s take some well-known fictional works and examine their climaxes. 

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, the last film in the series, the climax occurs when Harry chooses to return from the dead to face off with Voldemort. The elder wand recognizes Harry as its master, giving him the power to overcome his rival. This scene underscores the theme of the movie—that love is more powerful than death. 

The climax of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen happens when Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth for the second time even after many misunderstandings. This reinforces the novel’s theme. With this story, Austen illustrates how finding romantic love may require you to overcome social prejudices and personal pride. 

Major vs. Minor Themes

Sometimes a work of literature contains subplots that deviate from the main idea. For example, A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens has duality as a major theme. Starting from the first sentence of the book, Dickens sets up contrasting pairs with his settings, characters, and philosophical ideas. 

Meanwhile, a subplot within that work reveals a minor theme, having to do with fate. Madame Defarge stitches the names of her enemies into her knitting, an action that echoes the weaving goddesses (the Fates) of Greek mythology. Yet, fate is not addressed with every character’s subplot, nor does it appear in every chapter of the book. For those reasons, the inevitability of fate acts as a minor theme rather than a major theme. 

To some degree, the categorization of major and minor themes may be a matter of personal opinion. It’s possible that a particular theme resonates more with one reader than it does with another. If that’s the case, two readers may develop different thematic concepts, or they may prioritize the major theme differently. 

Common Themes

Certain themes tend to come up in literature again and again. If you’re stuck trying to identify a theme in a novel, film, or play, ask yourself if any of these common types of themes fit:

• Coming of age
• Greed and betrayal
• Good vs. evil
• Survival and perseverance
• The importance of family
• Order vs. chaos
• https://examples.yourdictionary.com/20-powerful-thematic-statement-examples
• https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/page.cfm
• https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theme
• https://www.litcharts.com/lit/a-tale-of-two-cities/themes/fate-and-history

Kevin Miller is a growth marketer with an extensive background in Search Engine Optimization, paid acquisition and email marketing. He is also an online editor and writer based out of Los Angeles, CA. He studied at Georgetown University, worked at Google and became infatuated with English Grammar and for years has been diving into the language, demystifying the do's and don'ts for all who share the same passion! He can be found online here.

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What is Theme in Literature? Definition, Examples of Literary Theme

Theme is the central idea explored throughout a text and can be stated either indirectly or directly. A literary theme is universal and applies to all characters and events of the entire text.

What is a Theme?

All complete works of literature have themes that explore abstract concepts relating to the human experience. Themes are generally meaningful to certain groups of people in a certain time, cross boundaries, and can be understood universally.

Major themes are the ideas in works of literature that carry the most significance. They are repeated throughout the text and are important to various character interactions and plot developments.

Minor themes are the ideas that appear briefly and give significance to part of a story only to give way to another minor theme at another point in the story.

• The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger explores a major theme of innocence.
• Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen explores minor themes such as class, friendship, and family.

Theme vs. Subject

Subject is a term that is often confused with theme . It is important to understand that there are key differences between these two terms, however, and they cannot be used interchangeably.

The theme of a story is, by its nature, an abstract concept or idea. For example, think love, revenge, war, and deceit. These are all examples of literary theme. The subject of a story, however, is more concrete.

The subject of a story is simply the topic on which the author has chosen to write. A possible subject might be “life as newlyweds” where a newly married couple experiences growing pains as they start life on their own. This could fit within a common literary theme called “coming of age.”

As you can see, one is more abstract than the other. The subject is a newly married couple starting their family while the theme is coming of age.

These terms are related in concept but theme lends itself to a deeper exploration of meaning, as it commonly offers an idea or opinion the author wished to reveal to the reader. The subject doesn’t explore meaning in any such way.

• The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald deals with a subject of upper-class life in the 1920s. The major theme of the book involves the decline of the American Dream.

The Importance of Theme

Writers carefully craft a theme by considering what message they want to convey to readers. They present the theme through important characters and their opinions and actions.

A theme is necessary to create a successful story since it provides readers with a context in which to view all other literary elements of that story. Every element of a story is affected by its themes. Theme unites major literary elements.

Ultimately, a theme is an author’s message to the audience and affects the way readers receive lessons, messages, and key points of information.  Effective themes impact entire cultures of people.

The importance of theme is noticed particularly strongly when analyzing the way characters interact with their surroundings. The types of conversations characters carry and reactions they have to people and events will reflect the author’s broader themes and affect the overall tone of a story.

How Themes are Used in Literature

Themes of love are common throughout the history of literature.

• Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous examples. The intensity of love is a major theme and violence, individualism, and youth are a few minor themes. Shakespeare conveys his important thematic elements through the main two characters, Romeo and Juliet, and how they interact with their peers, families, and each other.

War is a vastly-explored theme, as well.

• Transformation brought on by war is a major theme in Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell. This is seen at several points through descriptions of settings and how the American South transitions from glory to wreckage to rebirth. The way that major characters react to the intense changes lets readers understand the devastation that war brings about.

Recap: What is Theme in Literature?

Theme is a meaningful main idea that is central to a story. Themes are important expressions of an author’s viewpoint and are portrayed through characters and other key literary devices.

Additionally, themes can be both directly and indirectly stated.

• In “The Fall of the House of Usher” by Edgar Allan Poe, madness is a major theme which is expressed through all major literary elements of the story including setting, dialogue, character assumptions and observations, and tone. This is often the case and shows that identifying theme is best done by observing commonalities in other prominent literary factors.

• English Literature
• Short Stories
• Literary Terms
• Web Stories

What is Theme Definition And Examples

Table of Contents

Theme refers to the central message, idea, or underlying concept explored in a literary work. It is the overarching, abstract concept or topic that the author wants to convey to the reader. Themes provide a deeper layer of meaning and unify various elements of the story, such as characters, plot, and setting, to create a cohesive and meaningful narrative.

Themes in literature are not explicit statements, but rather implicit and often require interpretation and analysis. What is Theme Definition And Examples They are open to multiple perspectives and can evoke different responses from readers based on their own experiences and perspectives. What is Theme Definition And Examples Themes resonate with readers because they address universal human experiences, emotions, and dilemmas, transcending the specific details of the story.

• What is Symbolism Definition And Examples
• What is Subtext Definition And Examples
• What is Style Definition And Examples

Identifying themes requires close reading and analysis of the text. While themes are not explicitly stated, they can be inferred through the actions, beliefs, conflicts, and transformations of the characters, as well as the events and symbols presented in the story. What is Theme Definition And Examples The author’s use of language, imagery, and symbolism often contributes to the development and exploration of the themes.

Themes can vary widely, depending on the genre, context, and purpose of the literary work. What is Theme Definition And Examples Some common themes include love, friendship, betrayal, justice, power, identity, loss, redemption, and the human condition. What is Theme Definition And Examples These themes are timeless and continue to resonate with readers across different cultures and time periods.

For example, in William Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet,” one of the central themes is the power of love and its ability to transcend societal boundaries. What is Theme Definition And Examples The story revolves around the forbidden love between Romeo and Juliet, who come from feuding families. What is Theme Definition And Examples The theme of love is explored through their passionate and tragic relationship, highlighting the transformative and destructive power of love.

Themes can also reflect social or political issues of the time in which a work was written. For instance, George Orwell’s novel “1984” explores themes of totalitarianism, surveillance, and the loss of individual freedom. What is Theme Definition And Examples The dystopian setting and the struggles of the protagonist, Winston Smith, serve as a warning against the dangers of authoritarianism and the erosion of personal liberties.

Themes can be complex and multifaceted, allowing for different interpretations and layers of meaning. They can also intersect and interact with one another within a single work, adding depth and complexity to the narrative. What is Theme Definition And Examples For example, a story might explore themes of identity and self-discovery alongside themes of family and cultural heritage, highlighting the ways in which these themes intersect and influence one another.

Themes in literature serve several purposes. What is Theme Definition And Examples They provide insight into the human condition, provoke thought and reflection, encourage empathy and understanding, and offer a lens through which readers can interpret and make sense of the world. What is Theme Definition And Examples Themes invite readers to engage intellectually and emotionally with the text, encouraging them to question, analyze, and explore the ideas presented.

Themes in literature play a significant role in conveying deeper meanings, exploring universal human experiences, and adding layers of complexity to a story. What is Theme Definition And Examples They provide a central message or idea that unifies various elements of the narrative and resonates with readers on intellectual and emotional levels. What is Theme Definition And Examples Themes invite interpretation, provoke thought, and encourage readers to engage with the text on a deeper level. What is Theme Definition And Examples They serve as a vehicle for exploring complex ideas, addressing social issues, and offering insights into the human condition. By recognizing and analyzing themes, readers can gain a deeper understanding of literary works and appreciate their artistic and philosophical dimensions.

Q. What is the difference between a theme and a subject?

Ans. A theme is the underlying message or idea that a literary work explores, while a subject refers to the topic or subject matter that the work is about. The subject can be a broad concept, such as love or war, while the theme delves into the deeper meaning or commentary on that subject.

Q. Can a literary work have multiple themes?

Ans. Yes, it is common for a literary work to have multiple themes. Themes can intersect, overlap, or interact with each other within a single work, adding complexity and richness to the narrative. Multiple themes allow for a deeper exploration of different aspects of the human experience and provide a more nuanced understanding of the work.

Q. Are themes the same across different cultures and time periods?

Ans. While certain themes may be universal and transcend cultural and temporal boundaries, the way they are expressed and understood can vary. Cultural context and historical circumstances can influence the specific nuances and interpretations of themes. However, many themes address fundamental human experiences and emotions that resonate across cultures and time.

Q. Can themes change over the course of a literary work?

Ans. Yes, themes can evolve and change as the story progresses. The initial theme introduced at the beginning of a work may be developed, modified, or transformed through the actions of the characters, the unfolding events, or the author’s deliberate narrative choices. These changes in themes contribute to the narrative’s complexity and character development.

Q. Can themes be explicitly stated in a literary work?

Ans. Themes are often implicit and require readers to engage in interpretation and analysis. While some works may include explicit statements or discussions that reflect the theme, the exploration and development of themes are typically conveyed through subtler means such as character arcs, plot progression, symbolism, and imagery.

Q. Can themes be subjective?

Ans. Themes can be subject to interpretation and can evoke different responses from readers based on their individual perspectives and experiences. While themes may have intended meanings from the author’s perspective, readers can bring their own understanding and personal associations to the interpretation of themes, making them somewhat subjective.

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When someone asks you “What is this book about?” , there are a few ways you can answer. There’s “ plot ,” which refers to the literal events in the book, and there’s “character,” which refers to the people in the book and the struggles they overcome. Finally, there are themes in literature that correspond with the work’s topic and message. But what is theme in literature?

The theme of a story or poem refers to the deeper meaning of that story or poem. All works of literature contend with certain complex ideas, and theme is how a story or poem approaches these ideas.

There are countless ways to approach the theme of a story or poem, so let’s take a look at some theme examples and a list of themes in literature. We’ll discuss the differences between theme and other devices, like theme vs moral and theme vs topic. Finally, we’ll examine why theme is so essential to any work of literature, including to your own writing.

But first, what is theme? Let’s explore what theme is—and what theme isn’t.

Common Themes in Literature: Contents

• Theme Definition

20 Common Themes in Literature

• Theme Examples

Themes in Literature: A Hierarchy of Ideas

Why themes in literature matter.

• Should I Decide the Themes of a Story in Advance?

Theme Definition: What is Theme?

Theme describes the central idea(s) that a piece of writing explores. Rather than stating this theme directly, the author will look at theme using the set of literary tools at their disposal. The theme of a story or poem will be explored through elements like characters , plot, settings , conflict, and even word choice and literary devices .

Theme definition: the central idea(s) that a piece of writing explores.

That said, theme is more than just an idea. It is also the work’s specific vantage point on that idea. In other words, a theme is an idea plus an opinion: it is the author’s specific views regarding the central ideas of the work. 

All works of literature have these central ideas and opinions, even if those ideas and opinions aren’t immediate to the reader.

Justice, for example, is a literary theme that shows up in a lot of classical works. To Kill a Mockingbird contends with racial justice, especially at a time when the U.S. justice system was exceedingly stacked against African Americans. How can a nation call itself just when justice is used as a weapon?

By contrast, the play Hamlet is about the son of a recently-executed king. Hamlet seeks justice for his father and vows to kill Claudius—his father’s killer—but routinely encounters the paradox of revenge. Can justice really be found through more bloodshed?

What is theme? An idea + an opinion.

Clearly, these two works contend with justice in unrelated ways. All themes in literature are broad and open-ended, allowing writers to explore their own ideas about these complex topics.

Let’s look at some common themes in literature. The ideas presented within this list of themes in literature show up in novels, memoirs, poems, and stories throughout history.

Theme Examples in Literature

Let’s take a closer look at how writers approach and execute theme. Themes in literature are conveyed throughout the work, so while you might not have read the books in the following theme examples, we’ve provided plot synopses and other relevant details where necessary. We analyze the following:

• Power and Corruption in the novel Animal Farm
• Loneliness in the short story “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”
• Love in the poem “How Do I Love Thee”

Theme Examples: Power and Corruption in the Novel Animal Farm

At its simplest, the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell is an allegory that represents the rise and moral decline of Communism in Russia. Specifically, the novel uncovers how power corrupts the leaders of populist uprisings, turning philosophical ideals into authoritarian regimes.

Most of the characters in Animal Farm represent key figures during and after the Russian Revolution. On an ailing farm that’s run by the negligent farmer Mr. Jones (Tsar Nicholas II), the livestock are ready to seize control of the land. The livestock’s discontent is ripened by Old Major (Karl Marx/Lenin), who advocates for the overthrow of the ruling elite and the seizure of private land for public benefit.

After Old Major dies, the pigs Napoleon (Joseph Stalin) and Snowball (Leon Trotsky) stage a revolt. Mr. Jones is chased off the land, which parallels the Russian Revolution in 1917. The pigs then instill “Animalism”—a system of government that advocates for the rights of the common animal. At the core of this philosophy is the idea that “all animals are equal”—an ideal that, briefly, every animal upholds.

Initially, the Animalist Revolution brings peace and prosperity to the farm. Every animal is well-fed, learns how to read, and works for the betterment of the community. However, when Snowball starts implementing a plan to build a windmill, Napoleon drives Snowball off of the farm, effectively assuming leadership over the whole farm. (In real life, Stalin forced Trotsky into exile, and Trotsky spent the rest of his life critiquing the Stalin regime until he was assassinated in 1940.)

Napoleon’s leadership quickly devolves into demagoguery, demonstrating the corrupting influence of power and the ways that ideology can breed authoritarianism. Napoleon uses Snowball as a scapegoat for whenever the farm has a setback, while using Squealer (Vyacheslav Molotov) as his private informant and public orator.

Eventually, Napoleon changes the tenets of Animalism, starts walking on two legs, and acquires other traits and characteristics of humans. At the end of the novel, and after several more conflicts , purges, and rule changes, the livestock can no longer tell the difference between the pigs and humans.

Themes in Literature: Power and Corruption in Animal Farm

So, how does Animal Farm explore the theme of “Power and Corruption”? Let’s analyze a few key elements of the novel.

Plot: The novel’s major plot points each relate to power struggles among the livestock. First, the livestock wrest control of the farm from Mr. Jones; then, Napoleon ostracizes Snowball and turns him into a scapegoat. By seizing leadership of the farm for himself, Napoleon grants himself massive power over the land, abusing this power for his own benefit. His leadership brings about purges, rule changes, and the return of inequality among the livestock, while Napoleon himself starts to look more and more like a human—in other words, he resembles the demagoguery of Mr. Jones and the abuse that preceded the Animalist revolution.

Thus, each plot point revolves around power and how power is wielded by corrupt leadership. At its center, the novel warns the reader of unchecked power, and how corrupt leaders will create echo chambers and private militaries in order to preserve that power.

Characters: The novel’s characters reinforce this message of power by resembling real life events. Most of these characters represent real life figures from the Russian Revolution, including the ideologies behind that revolution. By creating an allegory around Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, and the other leading figures of Communist Russia’s rise and fall, the novel reminds us that unchecked power foments disaster in the real world.

Literary Devices: There are a few key literary devices that support the theme of Power and Corruption. First, the novel itself is a “satirical allegory.” “ Satire ” means that the novel is ridiculing the behaviors of certain people—namely Stalin, who instilled far-more-dangerous laws and abuses that created further inequality in Russia/the U.S.S.R. While Lenin and Trotsky had admirable goals for the Russian nation, Stalin is, quite literally, a pig.

Meanwhile, “allegory” means that the story bears symbolic resemblance to real life, often to teach a moral. The characters and events in this story resemble the Russian Revolution and its aftermath, with the purpose of warning the reader about unchecked power.

Finally, an important literary device in Animal Farm is symbolism . When Napoleon (Stalin) begins to resemble a human, the novel suggests that he has become as evil and negligent as Mr. Jones (Tsar Nicholas II). Since the Russian Revolution was a rejection of the Russian monarchy, equating Stalin to the monarchy reinforces the corrupting influence of power, and the need to elect moral individuals to posts of national leadership.

Theme Examples: Loneliness in “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”

Ernest Hemingway’s short story “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” is concerned with the theme of loneliness. You can read this short story here . Content warning for mentions of suicide.

There are very few plot points in Hemingway’s story, so most of the story’s theme is expressed through dialogue and description. In the story, an old man stays up late drinking at a cafe. The old man has no wife—only a niece that stays with him—and he attempted suicide the previous week. Two waiters observe him: a younger waiter wants the old man to leave so they can close the cafe, while an older waiter sympathizes with the old man. None of these characters have names.

The younger waiter kicks out the old man and closes the cafe. The older waiter walks to a different cafe and ruminates on the importance of “a clean, well-lighted place” like the cafe he works at.

Themes in Literature: Loneliness in “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”

Hemingway doesn’t tell us what to think about the old man’s loneliness, but he does provide two opposing viewpoints through the dialogue of the waiters.

The younger waiter has the hallmarks of a happy life: youth, confidence, and a wife to come home to. While he acknowledges that the old man is unhappy, he also admits “I don’t want to look at him,” complaining that the old man has “no regard for those who must work.” The younger waiter “did not wish to be unjust,” he simply wanted to return home.

The older waiter doesn’t have the privilege of turning away: like the old man, he has a house but not a home to return to, and he knows that someone may need the comfort of “a clean and pleasant cafe.”

The older waiter, like Hemingway, empathizes with the plight of the old man. When your place of rest isn’t a home, the world can feel like a prison, so having access to a space that counteracts this feeling is crucial. What kind of a place is that? The older waiter surmises that “the light of course” matters, but the place must be “clean and pleasant” too. Additionally, the place should not have music or be a bar: it must let you preserve the quiet dignity of yourself.

Lastly, the older waiter’s musings about God clue the reader into his shared loneliness with the old man. In a stream of consciousness, the older waiter recites traditional Christian prayers with “nada” in place of “God,” “Father,” “Heaven,” and other symbols of divinity. A bartender describes the waiter as “otro locos mas” (translation: another crazy), and the waiter concludes that his plight must be insomnia.

This belies the irony of loneliness: only the lonely recognize it. The older waiter lacks confidence, youth, and belief in a greater good. He recognizes these traits in the old man, as they both share a need for a clean, well-lighted place long after most people fall asleep. Yet, the younger waiter and the bartender don’t recognize these traits as loneliness, just the ramblings and shortcomings of crazy people.

Does loneliness beget craziness? Perhaps. But to call the waiter and old man crazy would dismiss their feelings and experiences, further deepening their loneliness.

Loneliness is only mentioned once in the story, when the young waiter says “He’s [the old man] lonely. I’m not lonely. I have a wife waiting in bed for me.” Nonetheless, loneliness consumes this short story and its older characters, revealing a plight that, ironically, only the lonely understand.

Theme Examples: Love in the Poem “How Do I Love Thee”

Let’s turn towards brighter themes in literature: namely, love in poetry . Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s poem “ How Do I Love Thee ” is all about the theme of love.

Themes in Literature: Love in “How Do I Love Thee”

Browning’s poem is a sonnet , which is a 14-line poem that often centers around love and relationships. Sonnets have different requirements depending on their form, but between lines 6-8, they all have a volta —a surprising line that twists and expands the poem’s meaning.

Let’s analyze three things related to the poem’s theme: its word choice, its use of simile and metaphor , and its volta.

Word Choice: Take a look at the words used to describe love. What do those words mean? What are their connotations? Here’s a brief list: “soul,” “ideal grace,” “quiet need,” “sun and candle-light,” “strive for right,” “passion,” “childhood’s faith,” “the breath, smiles, tears, of all my life,” “God,” “love thee better after death.”

These words and phrases all bear positive connotations, and many of them evoke images of warmth, safety, and the hearth. Even phrases that are morose, such as “lost saints” and “death,” are used as contrasts to further highlight the speaker’s wholehearted rejoicing of love. This word choice suggests an endless, benevolent, holistic, all-consuming love.

Simile and Metaphor: Similes and metaphors are comparison statements, and the poem routinely compares love to different objects and ideas. Here’s a list of those comparisons:

The speaker loves thee:

• To the depths of her soul.
• By sun and candle light—by day and night.
• As men strive to do the right thing (freely).
• As men turn from praise (purely).
• With the passion of both grief and faith.
• With the breath, smiles, and tears of her entire life.
• Now in life, and perhaps even more after death.

The speaker’s love seems to have infinite reach, flooding every aspect of her life. It consumes her soul, her everyday activities, her every emotion, her sense of justice and humility, and perhaps her afterlife, too. For the speaker, this love is not just an emotion, an activity, or an ideology: it’s her existence.

Volta: The volta of a sonnet occurs in the poem’s center. In this case, the volta is the lines “I love thee freely, as men strive for right. / I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.”

What surprising, unexpected comparisons! To the speaker, love is freedom and the search for a greater good; it is also as pure as humility. By comparing love to other concepts, the speaker reinforces the fact that love isn’t just an ideology, it’s an ideal that she strives for in every word, thought, and action.

“Theme” is part of a broader hierarchy of ideas. While the theme of a story encompasses its central ideas, the writer also expresses these ideas through different devices.

You may have heard of some of these devices: motif, moral, topic, etc. What is motif vs theme? What is theme vs moral? These ideas interact with each other in different ways, which we’ve mapped out below.

Theme vs Topic

The “topic” of a piece of literature answers the question: What is this piece about? In other words, “topic” is what actually happens in the story or poem.

You’ll find a lot of overlap between topic and theme examples. Love, for instance, is both the topic and the theme of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s poem “How Do I Love Thee.”

The difference between theme vs topic is: topic describes the surface level content matter of the piece, whereas theme encompasses the work’s apparent argument about the topic.

Topic describes the surface level content matter of the piece, whereas theme encompasses the work’s apparent argument about the topic.

So, the topic of Browning’s poem is love, while the theme is the speaker’s belief that her love is endless, pure, and all-consuming.

Additionally, the topic of a piece of literature is definitive, whereas the theme of a story or poem is interpretive. Every reader can agree on the topic, but many readers will have different interpretations of the theme. If the theme weren’t open-ended, it would simply be a topic.

Theme vs Motif

A motif is an idea that occurs throughout a literary work. Think of the motif as a facet of the theme: it explains, expands, and contributes to themes in literature. Motif develops a central idea without being the central idea itself .

Motif develops a central idea without being the central idea itself.

In Animal Farm , for example, we encounter motif when Napoleon the pig starts walking like a human. This represents the corrupting force of power, because Napoleon has become as much of a despot as Mr. Jones, the previous owner of the farm. Napoleon’s anthropomorphization is not the only example of power and corruption, but it is a compelling motif about the dangers of unchecked power.

Theme vs Moral

The moral of a story refers to the story’s message or takeaway. What can we learn from thinking about a specific piece of literature?

The moral is interpreted from the theme of a story or poem. Like theme, there is no single correct interpretation of a story’s moral: the reader is left to decide how to interpret the story’s meaning and message.

For example, in Hemingway’s “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,” the theme is loneliness, but the moral isn’t quite so clear—that’s for the reader to decide. My interpretation is that we should be much more sympathetic towards the lonely, since loneliness is a quiet affliction that many lonely people cannot express.

Great literature does not tell us what to think, it gives us stories to think about.

However, my interpretation could be miles away from yours, and that’s wonderful! Great literature does not tell us what to think, it gives us stories to think about, and the more we discuss our thoughts and interpretations, the more we learn from each other.

The theme of a story affects everything else: the decisions that characters make, the mood that words and images build, the moral that readers interpret, etc. Recognizing how writers utilize various themes in literature will help you craft stronger, more nuanced works of prose and poetry .

“To produce a mighty book, you must choose a mighty theme.” —Herman Melville

Whether a writer consciously or unconsciously decides the themes of their work, theme in literature acts as an organizing principle for the work as a whole. For writers, theme is especially useful to think about in the process of revision: if some element of your poem or story doesn’t point towards a central idea, it’s a sign that the work is not yet finished. 

Moreover, literary themes give the work  stakes . They make the work stand for something. Remember that our theme definition is an idea plus an opinion. Without that opinion element, a work of literature simply won’t stand for anything, because it is presenting ideas in the abstract without giving you something to react to. The theme of a story or poem is never just “love” or “justice,” it’s the author’s particular spin and insight on those themes. This is what makes a work of literature compelling or evocative. Without theme, literature has no center of gravity, and all the words and characters and plot points are just floating in the ether. 

Should I Decide the Theme of a Story or Poem in Advance?

You can, though of course it depends on the actual story you want to tell. Some writers certainly start with a theme. You might decide you want to write a story about themes like love, family, justice, gender roles, the environment, or the pursuit of revenge.

From there, you can build everything else: plot points, characters, conflicts, etc. Examining themes in literature can help you generate some strong story ideas !

Nonetheless, theme is not the only way to approach a creative writing project. Some writers start with plot, others with character, others with conflicts, and still others with just a vague notion of what the story might be about. You might not even realize the themes in your work until after you finish writing it.

You certainly want your work to have a message, but deciding what that message is in advance might actually hinder your writing process. Many writers use their poems and stories as opportunities to explore tough questions, or to arrive at a deeper insight on a topic. In other words, you can start your work with ideas, and even opinions on those ideas, but don’t try to shoehorn a story or poem into your literary themes. Let the work explore those themes. If you can surprise yourself or learn something new from the writing process, your readers will certainly be moved as well. 

So, experiment with ideas and try different ways of writing. You don’t have think about the theme of a story right away—but definitely give it some thought when you start revising your work!

Develop Great Themes at Writers.com

As writers, it’s hard to know how our work will be viewed and interpreted. Writing in a community can help. Whether you join our Facebook group or enroll in one of our upcoming courses , we have the tools and resources to sharpen your writing.

Sean Glatch

18 comments.

Sean Glatch,Thank you very much for your discussion on themes. It was enlightening and brought clarity to an abstract and sometimes difficult concept to explain and illustrate. The sample stories and poem were appreciated too as they are familiar to me. High School Language Arts Teacher

Hi Stephanie, I’m so glad this was helpful! Happy teaching 🙂

Wow!!! This is the best resource on the subject of themes that I have ever encountered and read on the internet. I just bookmarked it and plan to use it as a resource for my teaching. Thank you very much for publishing this valuable resource.

Hi Marisol,

Thank you for the kind words! I’m glad to hear this article will be a useful resource. Happy teaching!

Warmest, Sean

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What is Theme? A Look at 20 Common Themes in Literature | writers.com

Hello! This is a very informative resource. Thank you for sharing.

farrow and ball pigeon

This presentation is excellent and of great educational value. I will employ it already in my thesis research studies.

John Never before communicated with you!

Brilliant! Thank you.

[…] THE MOST COMMON THEMES IN LITERATURE […]

marvellous. thumbs up

Thank you. Very useful information.

found everything in themes. thanks. so much

In college I avoided writing classes and even quit a class that would focus on ‘Huck Finn’ for the entire semester. My idea of hell. However, I’ve been reading and learning from the writers.com articles, and I want to especially thank Sean Glatch who writes in a way that is useful to aspiring writers like myself.

You are very welcome, Anne! I’m glad that these resources have been useful on your writing journey.

Thank you very much for this clear and very easy to understand teaching resources.

Hello there. I have a particular question.

Can you describe the exact difference of theme, issue and subject?

I get confused about these.

I love how helpful this is i will tell my class about it!

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Definition of Theme Theme is defined as a main concept or an underlying that means of a literary work, which may be stated immediately or indirectly. Major and Minor Themes Major and minor subject matters are two varieties of subject matters that seem in literary works. A principal subject matter is an idea that a writer repeats in his literary paintings, making it the most sizeable idea within the paintings. A minor subject matter, on the alternative hand, refers to an concept that looks in a piece briefly, giving way to some other minor subject. Examples of subject matter in Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice” are matrimony, love, friendship, and affection. The complete narrative revolves around the foremost subject of matrimony. Its minor themes are love, friendship, affectation etc. Difference Between a Theme and a Subject It is essential now not to confuse a subject of a literary work with its subject. Subject is a topic that acts as a basis for a literary work, whilst a subject matter is an opinion expressed on the concern. For example, a creator may pick a subject of conflict for his tale, and the subject matter may be his private opinion that struggle is a curse for humanity. Usually, it is up to the readers to explore the subject matter of a literary paintings through analyzing characters, plot, and different literary devices. Presentation of Themes A creator gives issues in a literary paintings via numerous means. A writer may also express a theme through the feelings of his main individual approximately the concern he has chosen to write approximately. Similarly, themes are presented through thoughts and conversations of various characters. Moreover, the studies of the principle character inside the path of a literary paintings provide us an concept about its topic. Finally, the moves and events taking vicinity in a narrative are consequential in determining its theme. Short Examples of Theme When the astronaut landed at the moon, he felt loneliness. Thinking there was nobody else, he have become a bit forlorned, even though the view of Earth turned into stunningly beautiful. (Theme of lonesomeness) The space tourists had been visiting to the moon, while their spaceship unexpectedly ran out of fuel. They had been all nervous to examine that they wouldn’t be able to go back to Earth, and could most effective land on the moon. (Theme of fear) The bus turned into travelling at a splendid speed when it changed into stopped via a gang of robbers. The passengers had been ordered to get out, leaving their valuable belongings within the bus. (Theme of fear) Their wedding ceremony changed into taking location in a grand hotel. All the eminent humans of the city have been invited, the purpose that the party become remarkable. (Theme of happiness) As soon because the clock struck 12 at noon, the jubilations started. It travelled from East to West on the first day of the year. (Theme of felicitation) The religious leader become leading a massive congregation of followers, praying with utmost humility. (Theme of religiosity) All the family members had been wearing black, with somber faces. They had been participating inside the funeral ceremony of their deceased relative. (Theme of gloom) The cricket suit was achieving a highpoint, the enthusiasts of both groups screaming their support. It changed into an wonderful game. (Theme of cheerfulness) The teacher said that she was hoping all of her students would skip with properly grades. (Theme of optimism) The father of the slowwitted student stated he had no fake hopes about his son’s future. (Theme of pessimism) The immigrant looked round to speak to somebody, but could discover no one who spoke his language. He felt claustrophobic and desolate. (Theme of hopelessness) Only the laborers were working on Labor Day. (Theme of irony) The conference became in full swing, with scholars handing over informed lectures on various subjects. The audience loved it immensely. (Theme of learning) The politician was delivering a speech on the need for peace between neighboring states. He said through peace they could attain what no longer possible through struggle. (Theme of peace) The fashionable commanded his troops to open fire at the enemy, and to kill every and each soldier of the combatants. (Theme of struggle) Examples of Theme in Literature Example #1: Love and Friendship Theme Love and friendship are frequently going on issues in literature. They generate emotional twists and turns in a story, and might lead to a number of endings: happy, sad, or bittersweet. The following are well-known literary works with love and friendship topics: Romeo and Juliet with the aid of William Shakespeare Wuthering Heights via Emily Bronte Anna Karenina with the aid of Leo Tolstoy Sense and Sensibility by way of Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice by means of Jane Austen Example #2: War Theme The subject matter of warfare has been explored in literature since historic times. Literary woks making use of this subject can also either glorify or criticize the concept of battle. Most recent literary works portray war as a curse for humanity, due to the suffering it inflicts. Some well-known examples consist of: Iliad and Odyssey with the aid of Homer War and Peace with the aid of Leo Tolstoy Gone with the Wind with the aid of Margaret Mitchell A Farewell to Arms through Ernest Hemingway Arms and the Man via Bernard Shaw A Band of Brothers: Stories from Vietnam via Walter McDonald Example #3: Crime and Mystery Themes Crime and mystery are utilized in detective novels. Such narratives also consist of sub-topics, such as “crimes can not be hidden,” “evil is always punished,” and others. Some well-known crime and mystery theme examples encompass: The Murders in the Rue Morgue by means of Edgar Allan Poe Sherlock Holmes through Arthur Conan Doyle Bleak House by using Charles Dickens Murder at the Orient Express by way of Agatha Christie Da Vinci Code by means of Dan Brown Example #4: Revenge Theme Revenge is every other recurrent subject observed in many famous literary works. A man or woman comes across sure occasions that make him aware of his want for revenge. The final results of his movement is often bitter, but sometimes they will turn out to be being satisfied. Examples are: Hamlet and Macbeth by using William Shakespeare The Count of Monte Cristo via Alexander Dumas The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet’s Nest with the aid of Stieg Larsson A Time to Kill by means of John Grisham Example #5: Annabel Lee (By Edgar Allan Poe) “I turned into a child and he or she became a child, In this kingdom by using the sea, But we cherished with a love that became more than love— I and my Annabel Lee— With a love that the wingèd seraphs of Heaven Coveted her and me.” This quick extract, taken from Poe’s poem, depicts the subject matter of love. Example #6: The Charge of the Light Brigade (By Alfred Tennyson) “Half a league, half of a league, Half a league onward, All within the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. ‘Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns!’ he stated: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.” This extract from a poem by means of Tennyson has interwoven themes. War is the principle theme of the poem, which naturally results in dying — at the same time as the theme of demise is interwoven with the subject of battle. Function of Theme Theme is an element of a story that binds collectively various vital elements of a story. It is often a fact that reveals universality, and stands actual for humans of all cultures. Theme gives readers higher knowledge of the principle character’s conflicts, stories, discoveries, and feelings as they are derived from them. Through themes, a writer tries to give his readers an insight into how the world works, or how he or she perspectives human life.

• Alliteration
• Anachronism
• Antimetabole
• Aposiopesis
• Characterization
• Colloquialism
• Connotation
• Deus Ex Machina
• Didacticism
• Doppelganger
• Double Entendre
• Flash Forward
• Foreshadowing
• Internal Rhyme
• Juxtaposition
• Non Sequitur
• Onomatopoeia
• Parallelism
• Pathetic Fallacy
• Personification
• Poetic Justice
• Point of View
• Portmanteau
• Protagonist
• Red Herring
• Superlative
• Synesthesia
• Tragicomedy
• Tragic Flaw
• Verisimilitude

English Studies

This website is dedicated to English Literature, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, English Language and its teaching and learning.

Theme: A Literary Device

A theme is the underlying message or central idea that a piece of literature, art, music, or design demonstrates through its contents.

Etymology of Theme

Table of Contents

The term “theme” originates from the Greek word thema. It means proposition, subject, or thesis. The Greek word thema, however, is a derivative of tithenai , which means to put, to place, or to set. The Latin equivalent of thema is themata , which seems the major contributor to its entry into the English language. With time, the meaning has evolved to include a broad range of concepts such as a central idea or message or a recurring melody in music.

Meanings of Theme

• Literary Theme : Refers to the underlying message or central idea in literature, like the theme of love and loss in various literary works.
• Musical Theme : Denotes a recurring melody or musical idea developed within a musical composition.
• Design and Art Theme : Represents a unifying concept or motif that ties together a work of design or art.

Theme in Grammar

• Noun Usage : “Theme” is primarily used as a noun and can take both singular and plural forms.
• Verb Usage : While less common, “theme” can also function as a verb.
• Contextual Variations : The choice between singular or plural depends on the context.

Definition of Theme

A theme is the underlying message or central idea that a piece of literature, art, music, or design demonstrates through its contents. It is the unifying concept or motif that ties the work together and creates unity, coherence, and logic in it. Major elements that express themes include characters , settings , symbols, and events.

Types of Themes

There are many different types of themes literature, art, music, and other forms of creative expression explore or present. Some common types of themes include:

These examples are representative of the themes mentioned and are not exhaustive. Literary works can explore themes in diverse ways, providing different perspectives and nuances.

Literary Examples of Themes in Different Works

Suggested readings.

• Abrams, M.H. “How to do Things with Texts: A Guide to Critical Reading.” The Norton Anthology of English Literature, edited by Stephen Greenblatt, 9th ed., vol. A, W.W. Norton, 2012, pp. 168-178.
• Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory . Manchester UP, 2009.
• Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry . Harcourt, 1947.
• Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Blackwell, 1983.
• Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton UP, 1957.
• Leitch, Vincent B., et al. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. W.W. Norton, 2010.

Related posts:

• Onomatopoeia: A Literary Device

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What is Theme in Literature and Film? Definition and Examples

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W hat is theme? In the simplest terms, a theme is the subject of a story. But that definition actually does more harm than good in fully understanding the theme of a story. In this article, we’re going to look at some common misconceptions by breaking down how to use theme in literature and screenwriting, with examples from Lost , A Clockwork Orange , and more. But before we jump into some theme examples, let’s start with a theme definition.

Watch: What is Theme Explained

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Theme in Film

How to define theme in literature & film.

Themes can be communicated in cinema in two ways: auditorily and visually. They can be blended into both categories, or expounded upon in either sense. In literature, themes are restricted to the page. But before we dive too deep into the intricacies of how themes are uniquely used in the film, let’s start with a theme definition.

THEME DEFINITION

What is theme.

A theme is the inferred stance taken on the central topic or message of a story. Think love for example: love may be the topic , but learning to love yourself may be the theme . Themes are used to communicate important ideas and messages about issues that face the characters and the setting of a narrative. Everything that happens within a story should reference back to a theme. 

What does theme mean in literature and film:

• A theme is what the story is truly about at its core
• It is often the lesson or moral we are meant to take away from this particular story
• Plot and narrative are vehicles that drive the reader or viewer to the theme in a story
• In some cases, there are major themes and minor themes combined to inform and support each other

Articulating themes can be a little tricky. That’s largely due to how broadly we generalize the term “theme” in everyday conversation. Love, war, death, isolation, etc., these are not themes — they’re topics. Many, myself included, fall into the trap of conceptualizing these ideas into themes without considering what the point of their use could be.

A theme isn't complete unless it actually says something or takes a position about the topic. That's why identifying "love" as a theme doesn't really help us understand what we are meant to take away from the story. "Love is blind" or "love is all you need" are themes that make a clear argument about the topic and, therefore, help us to process, interpret and understand the story on a deeper level.

What is Theme?  •  How to Define Theme in Literature

Here, the video essayist aptly says that love and fate are two central topics of  Romeo and Juliet , then suggests that the story’s major theme is that "fate conquers love." Of all the themes in literature, this is perhaps the most iconic.

We’re going to focus on how themes are used in the cinema though. Here’s a quick breakdown of how to differentiate topics and themes in popular films:

Example:  Beauty and the Beast

• Topic: Vanity
• Theme: True beauty is on the inside not out

Example:  Good Will Hunting

• Topic: Friendship
• Theme: Friends help each other grow

Now let’s do a quick example of a film’s major and minor themes.

Example:  The Godfather  

• Major Theme: Power consumes the powerless
• Minor Theme: Family is the most important thing in the world

Oftentimes, major and minor themes clash. In  The Godfather: Part II , we see how the minor theme of family loyalty is destroyed by the indomitable major theme of all-consuming power. This creates drama and nuance in the story.

Related Posts

• What is a Trope? →
• How to Use Motifs in Film? →
• What is a MacGuffin in Screenwriting? →

Major Theme Examples

How are major themes used.

One of the most enduring themes of all-time is the battle between reason vs. faith. Perhaps the most obvious example of this thematic conflict put to use in television is John Locke vs. Jack Sheppard in Lost .

Jack represents scientific reason. Locke represents actionable faith.

This moral difference causes conflict between the two characters. Not just any type of conflict though, thematic conflict — something that digs far deeper than physical confrontations and connects to the central topic of the series. It is also a battle between internal and external conflict .

Let’s take a look at a clip from the first season of  Lost to see how this conflict materializes.

Theme Examples  •  Lost: Science vs. Faith

How is the theme of reason vs. faith communicated to us in this scene? In truth, it’s done in a variety of ways, some conceptual, some visual. Characters, plot , production design , and dialogue all play a role in getting across the point of the topic.

Let’s break down the major aspects of the scene to see how it works:

Characters 

Jack is young, energetic, but scattered. Locke is older, reserved, but purposeful. Then, of course, there’s the implications of subtext in Locke’s name suggesting an added referential layer to the philosophy of John Locke’s teachings on empiricism and faith.

What do the props say about the scene? I’d say that they help communicate a sense of tribalism or primalism.

Jack suggests Locke is crazy for his faith. Locke suggests Jack is crazy for lacking faith.

Throughout the show, the topic of reason vs. faith plays a central role in pushing the story forward. In the end, a definitive stance is taken on the topic, which results in an impactful theme.

Minor Theme Examples

How are minor themes used.

If you’re looking to learn more about how themes are communicated in film, you have to watch Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange . Everything in the film points back to the topics of the story, such as conformity, chaos, sexuality, repentance, good vs. evil, etc.

I’d say that the central theme of A Clockwork Orange is the inescapability of conformity. We see this theme communicated throughout the film in wardrobe, props, and plot. But what are the other types of themes?

Well, if the topic they’re commenting on isn’t central to the story, then they may be referred to as minor.

One of the more unique minor topics of the film is sexuality. Let’s take a look at a scene from the script for A Clockwork Orange to see how Stanley Kubrick built a sexual theme.

Minor Theme Examples  •  A Clockwork Orange  •   Read Full Scene

What can we infer from this scene? Well for starters, we can certainly say that there’s something purposeful about Kubrick’s choice of props. A sword fight involving a Beethoven bust and a phallic statue is certainly something you don’t see every day — hopefully ever.

So what’s the point of writing in these uber-specific props? I’d ponder that the props are meant to establish the theme of carnal, masculine domination.

Now let’s take a look at this scene from the film:

What is Theme?  •  A Clockwork Orange

When the events of the script are put into action, we see how this conflict is communicated in a strictly visual sense. In addition to the statues, there are paintings of nude women that adorn the walls. It’s clear that this is a setting of overt sexuality. 

So what happens when our protagonist Alex, a representative for violent, criminal sexuality, meets with this Cat Lady in her brash, feminine sanctuary. He quite literally bludgeons her with a penis, so as to say that he uses his manhood to destroy her. This creates an unforgettable theme of “male domination.”    

Theme Meaning

What is the theme of schindler's list.

Cinema is a unique medium because it offers something that would be impossible to do in literature — the ability to tell a story with visuals and audio. For filmmakers, there’s a near-endless spectrum of tools available to convey theme meaning in unique and exciting ways.

Again, remember that themes aren’t outwardly defined, they’re planted by a writer/director then inferred by the audience through the plot, dialogue, and production design.

One great theme that’s communicated solely through filmmaking tactics is that of senseless tragedy; implied by the girl in red in Schindler’s List .

Let’s take a look at how director Steven Spielberg uses color in costuming, character detail, audio, and plot to establish a topic, then communicate its tragedy.

Theme Examples in Film  •  Schindler’s List

Everything Spielberg does in this sequence is purposeful, from framing to audio to color grading. So, what’s the topic? There’s clearly an overarching sense of death and mortality. But I’d say that the major point of the scene is more acutely about the loss of innocence and the reflection of Oskar Schindler’s (Liam Neeson) own guilt.

How do we infer that this scene may be about the loss of innocence though? Well, it starts with all the aspects of filmmaking that we alluded to earlier. Spielberg uses music to swell our emotions, then uses the sound of gunfire to juxtapose it.

Visually, he highlights a young girl in a red coat, who is just one of the many victims of this horrid picture. In this next video, we take a look at how Spielberg uses eye trace and framing to guide our attention to her.

Schindler’s List  •  Eye Trace Example

When filmmaking tactics meet a sharp script that’s layered with subtext and theme, a masterpiece is created.

Later in the film, Spielberg ties a bow on the theme of the loss of innocence. In this next scene, we see that Schindler breaks down in remorse over the fact that he could have saved more victims.

What is the Theme of a Story?  •  Schindler’s List

How is this resolution communicated? Through all the aspects of film production: plot, dialogue, props, etc. Many have suggested that when Schindler says that his Nazi pin could’ve saved “one more person” he’s actually referencing the girl in red who Spielberg highlighted earlier. A theme should be incorporated throughout a story from start to finish. Perhaps no movie does a better job of incorporating themes than Schindler’s List .

How to use conflict in a story

At the core of every story is some sort of conflict, whether internal or external. And no theme could be effectively communicated without conflict — evident by our examples from A Clockwork Orange and LOST . In this next article, we break down conflict in further detail, with a clear definition and video examples.

Up Next: Conflict explained →

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• Literary devices

Definition of Theme

As a literary device, theme is the central topic or idea explored in a text. Usually the theme of a work of literature can be stated in one word, such as “love” or “solitude.” A work of literature can, and often does, have more than one theme. The theme is generally not stated explicitly in the text, but instead is expressed through the characters’ actions, words, and thoughts.

Thematic Concept vs. Thematic Statement

The definition of theme can be broken into two categories: the thematic concept of a work and the thematic statement. The thematic concept refers to what a reader understands the work to be about, while the thematic statement refers to what the work says about that subject in question. The thematic concept thus is usually an abstract concept, like “love” or “solitude” as we said before, while the thematic statement usually is a sentence highlighting the of the piece of literature. The thematic statement often comments on the way the human condition affects or is affected by the abstract concept of the theme. For example, the theme of Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace is stated directly in the title—war and peace. The thematic statement could be something about the irrationality of human decision-making in times of both war and peace, and the search for the meaning of life in the face of this irrationality.

Common Examples of Theme

• Many politicians craft a message about their campaign around a central theme. In 2008, American presidential candidate Barack Obama used the themes of “hope” and “change” to energize voters.
• Brands also sometimes relate their advertising campaigns around a theme. For example, in 1947, advertisers for De Beers came up with the slogan “A diamond is forever.” Connecting the theme of immortality with the theme of love, De Beers made it so that any man who wished to display his everlasting love for a woman had to buy a diamond. De Beers effectively created the tradition of the diamond engagement ring.

In both of these cases, the thematic concepts were so strong and convincing that they overcame oppositional arguments. In the case of De Beers, men were suddenly expected to spend two months of their salary on a diamond ring, which until that time would have been considered ludicrous.

Significance of Theme in Literature

All works of literature contain some sort of theme. Themes are generally universal in nature, and relate to the condition of being human. Thus the theme in a work of literature crosses boundaries and makes a story meaningful to people to any culture or age. While readers may not understand all the references and language in a book from a different time period or culture, the theme of the novel is what makes it comprehensible.

Examples of Theme in Literature

IAGO: Oh, beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock The meat it feeds on.

( Othello by William Shakespeare)

Much of the dramatic action in Othello hinges on the jealousy that Othello feels toward his wife, Desdemona. In this excerpt, Othello’s best friend, Iago, warns him of being jealous (the of jealously as a green-eyed monster is such a famous quote that it created the idea that a person could be “green with envy”). Ironically, Iago is the one who creates this jealousy and feeds it.

In the end the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it. It was inevitable that they should make that sooner or later: the logic of their position demanded it. Not merely the validity of experience, but the very existence of external reality was tacitly denied by their philosophy.

( 1984 by George Orwell)

George Orwell’s novel 1984 contains multiple references to power and manipulation. Orwell had been a firsthand witness to the put out during wartime in the 1930s and 1940s, and saw how officials in different countries manipulated stories to keep themselves in power and prove their legitimacy. This theme example presents the concept of “2+2=5” to show that the Party in power will try to make citizens believe even things that are obviously and unequivocally wrong. Orwell reiterates this theme later when the main character, Winston, ends up tracing “2+2=5” in the dust of a café table after he has been fully indoctrinated in the Party’s propaganda.

The gypsy was inclined to stay in the town. He really had been through death, but he had returned because he could not bear the solitude.

( One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez)

There are many themes in Gabriel García Márquez’s epic work One Hundred Years of Solitude , but the titular theme of solitude reoccurs many times throughout the novel. This is a theme that García Márquez states explicitly, and the characters in the novel have many different attitudes toward it. In this example of theme, a man has died and come back to life “because he could not bear the solitude.” The solitude of death is worse than the pain of life for the man. However, many characters actually seek solitude in life and find that the state of being alive is inseparable from a state of solitude. The characters try to connect over love, family, and duty, yet find themselves always and inextricably alone.

JOHN PROCTOR: Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!

( The Crucible by Arthur Miller)

Arthur Miller wrote his play The Crucible as a response to the scare tactics of the McCarthy era. As he saw his friends and peers being labeled as communists and blacklisted, Miller turned to the Salem witch-hunt as a model to artistically address the situation. One of the key themes both during the McCarthy era and in The Crucible is reputation and “having a good name.” At the end of the play, John Proctor refuses to admit to witchcraft to save his life. When asked why, he gives an impassioned speech about the importance of reputation, considering it even more important than life itself.

Do not pity the dead, Harry. Pity the living, and, above all those who live without love.

( Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J. K. Rowling)

J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series contains the major theme of good versus evil. Even more important than this, though, is the theme of love. Over the course of the series, Harry Potter learns that he is alive because of his mother’s love, and the sacrifice she made for him. This love, in J. K. Rowling’s conception, is so powerful that it resists the ultimate evil. And, indeed, Lord Voldemort is evil precisely because he is both unable to feel love and unable to grasp its significance. In this quote from the final installment of the series, Dumbledore tells Harry that living without love is the greatest hardship of all.

The 25 Most Common Themes in Literature and Why They Matter

by Sue Weems | 0 comments

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If you've ever survived a high school English class, you've likely been asked to consider the most common themes in literature. What are they and why do they matter for readers and writers? Let's take a look.

Literature's first job is to entertain. But at the same time every novel has a kernel of truth in it, or perhaps several kernels, ideas about how life works or philosophies on the best way to live or some gesture to the broader meaning of life. 

Taken together, these ideas may combine into a “theme.” 

I say “may” because theme is more a tool of interpretation than creativity. The writer may come into the story with an idea of what their story is about. This understanding of what their story is “about ” may even help add focus and depth to their story.

Once a book is published, though, the audience owns theme, and they may depart with a totally different message than the author intended.

Which is all to say, as a writer, theme may or may not be helpful to you. 

As a reader, though, you can use theme to unlock the deeper truths both in the story and in life. Let's look at what theme is, why it matters for readers and writers, how to identify them, and some common examples of theme in literature. 

Why trust Sue on theme? I'm one of those annoying English teachers who helps students analyze literature. Students ask me why we do it, and I'll tell you the secrets I share with them: analyzing literature helps us understand our humanity and world– from the misuse of power to the meaning of life.

Secondly, learning to look at a part of something and understand how it functions in the whole (AKA analysis) is a skill that transcends literature. It's a low-stakes way to practice life skills. 

Want to skip ahead? Click on the topic that best answers your question. 

Table of Contents

What is a literary theme? Why does theme matter for a reader? How do you identify theme in a story? Types of story: a shortcut to theme Common themes in literature with examples Why theme matters for writers Practice  

What is a literary theme?

A literary theme is a universal concept, idea or message explored in a story or poem. It's often a moral, lesson, or belief that the writer wants to convey to readers.

Think of theme as the underlying message that shapes the story. It’s not always obvious at first glance – sometimes it takes some close reading and analysis to identify what’s going on beneath the surface.

A universal theme is one that transcends time and place. For example, the popular theme “love conquers all” shows up in old romances such as The Epheseian Tale from 2-50 AD to Disney's Robin Hood from 1973 to Nicholas Sparks' novel The Notebook from 2004. 

Why does theme matter for a reader?

You can certainly enjoy a story without knowing the theme explicitly, but most stories are about something beyond the character's actions. And we want them to be about something more. 

Stories are the way we build meaning—the way we understand human life, the way we process and confront controversial ideas, the way we sometimes relate to each other on a universal level. 

When someone asks you what a book you're reading is about, you likely give a sentence or two about the character, their goal, and the conflict, but you're just as likely to identify an abstract idea that the book is about. That idea is a touchpoint for our humanness. 

I may not be into a book about a boy wizard who is swept into a world where he must overcome his fears and insignificance to defeat a formidable foe, but I can certainly understand what it means to belong, what it means to find your way through inadequacy, what it means to defeat your fears. 

That's the power of theme. It points to deeper meaning, connecting me to a story and to other readers like me.

How do you identify theme in a story?

If you are a student or a writer trying to identify theme, it sometimes feels like trying to crack a secret English major code. But here's a trick I teach my students. 

1. Find the big idea

First, ask yourself about the big ideas or concepts that seem important throughout the entire story. These may feel abstract, such as love, beauty, despair, justice, or art. Sometimes the main character has very defined beliefs (or misbeliefs!) about the idea. 

2. Ask what the story suggests about the idea

Once you have one or two overarching central ideas that seem important for the story, then ask yourself this question: What does the story seem to say about this idea?

For example, if I'm reading Shirley Jackson's chilling short story “The Lottery,” I might identify that the story is about community and tradition. If I wanted to be a little more specific I'd say tradition in the vein of conformity. 

Quick summary of the story (spoiler alert!): The story opens on a summer day when an entire community participates in their annual lottery. Each family in town draws a paper until a single community member has been selected. The end of the story shows the town stoning the “winner” in a barbarous act of solidarity to maintain community traditions.

Now, to identify the central theme, I'd ask myself, what does Jackson's story seem to say about community or tradition or conformity? 

Some communities are willing to maintain their traditions (or conformity) at any cost.

3. Support the theme or message with examples

If I wanted to support the central theme I identified, I would pull quotes or examples from the story that support it. In this case, I could look at the children who are willing to participate, the contrast of the summer day and the dark deed, the insistence that the stoning will keep them prosperous, even though there is no evidence of such. 

Are there other possible themes? Sure. There are no wrong answers, only themes that can be defended from the texts and those that don't have enough support. It takes a little practice, but try this technique and see if it doesn't help. 

Types of Story: a shortcut to finding theme in a story

As a part of his book The Write Structure , Joe has identified several types of story that help writers plan and execute their books. The detailed post is here. 

In short, Joe argues that all stories are built on six values frameworks, regardless of genre. The values are directly related to the human condition and identify base needs we have for moving through the world. 

Knowing your story types and the value scale can be a short cut to identifying themes in books and stories, because those universal ideas are tucked inside the values. 

Here are the values in each type of story:

• Survival from Nature > Life vs. Death
• Survival from Others > Life vs. Fate Worse than Death
• Love/Community > Love vs. Hate
• Esteem > Accomplishment vs. Failure
• Personal Growth > Maturity vs. Immaturity
• Transcendence > Right vs. Wrong

The types can help you identify the central ideas that the story speaks into because you know that the values will be key. Your question then is what does the story seem to say about this value? Or more specifically, what does the story seem to say about the way this particular character pursues this value? 

For example: If you are reading a Jack London short story or novel, you know that the protagonist is going to be facing survival from nature. The value is life versus death. So to determine the theme we ask what does the story say about life vs death or survival?

In Jack London's short story “To Build a Fire,” an arrogant man trying to survive the Yukon wilderness makes a series of novice mistakes from traveling alone to getting wet with no way to get warm and dry. Spoiler alert, he dies. 

What is the theme of this story? My students usually shout out something like, “Don't be a dummy and travel alone with no way to make a fire!” And they're not wrong. The ideas here are life, death, nature, and humanity. Here are a number of ways you could frame the theme with specific support from the story:

• Nature is indifferent to human suffering. 
• Human arrogance leads to death.
• There are limits to self-reliance. 

As you can see, the theme is what the story suggests about the story value. 

Common themes in literature with examples

James Clear collected a list of the best-selling books of all time on his website . Let's start with some of those fiction titles.

Disclaimer: I know many of these summaries and themes are vastly oversimplified and most could be fleshed out in long, complicated papers and books. But for the sake of time, let's imagine my list as limited examples of theme among many that could be argued. 

Disclaimer 2: I tried to get ChatGPT to help me write the one sentence summaries for these titles even though I've read all but two of the listed books. The summaries ChatGPT wrote were weak or too general for our purposes. So if there are errors below, they are all mine—I can't blame the bots today. Let's look at the list: 

1. Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes (1605) summary: Aging nobleman Don Quixote deludes himself into thinking he's a knight and takes on a satirical quest to prove his honor by defending the helpless and defeating the wicked. 

theme: Being born a nobleman (or any class) does not automatically determine your worth. 

2. Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens (1859) summary: In this sprawling novel of swapped (or reconstructed) identities and class warfare during the French Revolution, characters navigate the nature of love, betrayal, justice, and the possibility of transformation. 

theme: Transformation is possible for enlightened individuals and societies.

3. The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien (1954) summary: An unlikely hobbit and his diverse team set out to find and destroy a powerful ring to save Middle-earth and defeat the dark lord Sauron. 

theme: Good can defeat evil when people (or creatures) are willing to sacrifice for the common good. 

4. The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery (1943) summary: A prince visits various planets and discovers the importance of curiosity and openness to emotion.

theme: The most important things in life can't be seen with the eyes but with the heart. 

5. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by J.K. Rowling (1997) summary: An unsuspecting orphan attends a wizard school where he discovers his true identity, a dark foe, and the belonging he craves. 

theme: Love and friendship transcend time and space. 

6. And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie (1939) summary: Seven guests gather at a house on an island where they are killed off one-by-one as they try to discover the murderer. 

theme: Death is inevitable, justice is not.  

7. The Dream of the Red Chamber by Cat Xueqin (1791) summary: In this complex family drama, a nobleman's son is born with a magic jade in his mouth, and he rebels against social norms and his father resulting in an attempted arranged wedding and illness rather than reinforce oppression.

theme: Social hierarchies maintained by oppression will eventually fall. 

8. The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien (1937) summary: Timid hobbit Bilbo Baggins is called by a wizard to help a band of dwarves reclaim their land from a terrible dragon, Smaug.

theme: Bravery can be found in the most unlikely places.

9. She: A History of Adventure by H. Rider Haggard (1886) summary: An professor and his ward seek out a lost kingdom in Africa to find a supernatural queen.

theme: Considering the imperialism of the time as well as worry about female empowerment, the themes here are varied and problematic, but perhaps one theme might resonate: Be careful what you seek, for you may find it. 

10. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis (1950) summary: Four children venture through a wardrobe into a magical kingdom where they must work together to save Narnia, meet Aslan, and defeat the White Witch. 

theme: Evil is overwhelmingly tempting and can only be defeated through sacrifice. 

11. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger (1951) summary: An expelled prep school student, Holden Caulfield, has a number of coming-of-age misadventures on his way home for the holiday break.

theme: Innocence can only be protected from the risks of growing up for so long. 

12. The Alchemist by Paolo Coelho (1988) summary: A Spanish shepherd named Santiago travels to Egypt searching for treasure he saw in a dream. 

theme: Anyone can make the world better if we are willing and courageous.

13. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1967) summary: This circle of life novel covers seven generations of the Buendia family as they build a small dysfunctional utopia in a swamp amidst a changing political and social Latin American landscape.

theme: Solitude is an inevitability for humankind. 

14. Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery (1908) summary: An orphan finds her place with the Cuthbert siblings, and she brings her peculiar and delightful blend of imagination and optimism to their lives and community.

theme: Every human desires and deserves belonging. 

15. Charlotte's Web by E.B. White (1952) summary: Wilbur the pig and his unconventional spider friend Charlotte join forces to save Wilbur's life from the slaughterhouse. 

theme: Friendship can be found in the most unlikely places.

And let's throw in a few additional well-known stories and notable examples to see how their themes stack up:

16. Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (1597) summary: Two teens from warring families fall in love and die rather than be kept apart from their families feud. 

theme: Passion is costly.

17. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1818) summary: An ambitious scientist creates a monster without considering the larger implications. Chaos ensues.

theme: Knowledge can be dangerous when coupled with unbridled ambition.

18. Beloved by Toni Morrison (1987) summary: Formerly enslaved mother Sethe and her daugher Denver are haunted by the ghost of Sethe's oldest daughter who died when she was two-years-old. 

theme: The physical and psychological effects of slavery are damaging and long-lasting. 

19. Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro (2005) summary: In this dystopian novel, people are cloned and held in preparation to be life-long organ donors for others. 

theme: Freedom is a basic human desire. 

20. Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry (1959) summary: The Younger family grapples with identity and dreams in the wake of the death of their patriarch. 

theme: Dignity and family are worth more than money. 

The 5 most common themes in literature

You may have been asked to define universal themes as a part of a school assignment. Universal themes are those that transcend time and cultures, meaning they are often found to be true in real life no matter who you are or where you live. 

Granted, I haven't read all the books across time and space (yet), but there's a pretty good bet that one of these major themes might apply to what you're reading regardless of time period, genre, or culture: 

• Love conquers all.
• Things are not always what they seem.
• Good triumphs over evil.
• Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 
• Blood (family) is thicker than water. 

Which other larger themes would you list here as some of the most common in literature? Share your theme examples in the comments . 

Why theme matters for writers

Why do themes matter for writers though? After all, isn't it enough to write an entertaining story? It can be, but exploring universal themes can help take your work to the next level. You don't have to identify a theme for your story and write everything to that end—in fact that might work against you. But when done well, it can enhance your story.

Here are a few reasons you may want to think about theme in your writing:

1. Coherence

Theme can bring together the various parts of a story, including plot and subplot, characters, symbols, and motifs. Readers can feel the variations on a theme laced throughout your story and done well, it's engaging and satisfying.

If your theme is love conquers all, then you likely have two people who over come incredible odds to be together. What are the other elements that subtly underscore it? Maybe there's a house that was built with love in the setting or maybe a secondary character is failing at love because they keep putting their work first. If it's subtle, those small details reinforce the main storyline.  

2. Significance

As we discussed, universal themes will resonate with readers, even when they haven't experienced the same events. Many of the works we've listed above are remembered and revered due in part to their lasting themes about human experience.

3. Expression

Theme is an opportunity to weave together your world view, experiences, perspective, and beliefs with artistic and creative possibilities. Theme serves as a unifying element as you express your vision. Try playing with theme in a story or other creative work to see how it pushes boundaries or got beyond the expected. 

In summary, theme can serve as the backbone of a story, giving it structure, depth, and resonance. It can help convey the writer's intended message and engage readers on multiple levels, making it a crucial element of literary and creative expression. 

Which other larger themes would you list as the most common in literature? Share your theme examples in the comments .

Set your timer for 15 minutes . Choose one of the common themes above and create a character who has strong beliefs about that theme. Now, write a scene where an event or person challenges that belief. How will the character react? Will they double-down and insist on their worldview? Or will they soften and consider alternatives? Will shock at the challenge plunge them into despair? Play with their reaction. 

Once you've written for 15 minutes, post your practice in the Pro Practice Workshop and leave feedback for a few other writers. 

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Sue Weems is a writer, teacher, and traveler with an advanced degree in (mostly fictional) revenge. When she’s not rationalizing her love for parentheses (and dramatic asides), she follows a sailor around the globe with their four children, two dogs, and an impossibly tall stack of books to read. You can read more of her writing tips on her website .

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What Is a Theme? Definition & 20+ Examples

In the vast and intricate realm of storytelling, themes weave together threads of emotion, perspective, and life experience to create a rich, unforgettable narrative. It provides a deeper meaning to the story or art and offers insights into various aspects of human experiences, such as love , death , betrayal , and friendship .

In this captivating exploration of themes, we will embark on a journey to unravel the essence of this literary element, elucidate its purpose, and examine examples that have stood the test of time.

So, settle in and prepare to embark on a literary adventure!

Table of Contents

Definition of Theme

A theme is an underlying message, idea, or concept that runs throughout a piece of literature, art, or performance. It is the central idea or subject that the work explores and tries to convey to the audience.

Themes are often universal, dealing with topics that resonate with people from different backgrounds and experiences.

Themes can be found in all types of literature, including novels , short stories , poetry , and plays . They help readers and viewers connect with the work on a deeper level, enabling them to reflect on the message being expressed and how it relates to their own lives.

Identifying a theme is not always straightforward, as it may be implied rather than explicitly stated. However, paying close attention to elements such as character interactions , plot development , and symbolism can provide valuable clues to the theme.

Theme vs. Motif vs. Symbol

Understanding the differences between theme, motif, and symbol is essential for the analysis of literature. While these terms may seem similar, they play distinct roles in storytelling and carry unique meanings.

Theme refers to the central idea or message that pervades a story. It is a universal concept that the author wants to convey, such as love, overcoming adversity, or the human condition. Themes are intangible and cannot be directly pointed to within the text; instead, they emerge through characters, dialogue, and events in the story.

In contrast, a motif is a recurring element , image , or concept that contributes to the development of a theme. Motifs are tangible and can take various forms, such as objects, symbols, or phrases. They appear repeatedly throughout the narrative, enhancing the reader’s understanding of the theme by making connections between different parts of the story.

Lastly, a symbol is an object, character, or event that represents something more than its literal meaning. Symbols can stand for abstract ideas , emotions , or concepts , and they often contribute to the development of themes by representing them in a tangible way.

However, not all symbols are motifs; a symbol becomes a motif when it recurs throughout a narrative.

Importance of Theme in Storytelling

A well-crafted theme can significantly impact storytelling by providing a unifying idea that resonates with readers.

Reader Connection

One of the primary purposes of a theme is to connect with readers on an emotional level. By addressing universal human experiences, themes create a shared understanding that transcends individual perspectives. This fosters a sense of empathy and encourages readers to reflect on their own lives and experiences.

Themes also serve to create relatability within a story. By incorporating familiar elements or principles, authors establish an emotional connection with the audience that increases their overall engagement and enjoyment of the story.

Social Commentaries

Using themes in storytelling can also function as a tool for social commentaries. A carefully chosen theme can expose societal issues, provoke discussion, and inspire change. By weaving social commentaries into their stories, authors can bring awareness to critical issues and reflect on the human condition.

For example, themes of inequality, prejudice, and discrimination address important social topics and can be used to challenge readers’ understanding of these issues, opening the door to potential change.

Critical Thinking

Themes also promote critical thinking skills in readers by encouraging them to think beyond the surface level of the plot. A strong theme invites readers to examine the text more closely, analyze character motivations, and consider alternative perspectives.

Furthermore, exploring themes allows readers to develop their analytical skills by connecting and comparing different elements within the story. This deepens their understanding of the text and enhances their overall reading experience.

Purpose of Themes

They provide a unifying element to a piece of writing.

The purpose of themes in literature is manifold. At the core, themes provide a unifying element to a piece of writing, allowing the author to weave together different aspects of the narrative, setting, characters, and plot into a cohesive whole.

They help readers perceive and understand the deeper meanings and messages that a work of art is trying to convey.

They Can Provoke Thought and Introspection

Themes can provoke thought and introspection, driving readers to question their own experiences , attitudes , and beliefs . They make a story more immersive and relatable by transcending mere storylines and characters, connecting them to universal human experiences and emotions.

They Offer a Framework for Analyzing and Comparing Different Works of Literature

By identifying common themes in diverse texts, readers can gain insights into the author’s perspectives and values, as well as the cultural and historical context in which the work was created.

For writers, employing themes can serve as a guiding principle for the narrative arc and character development, allowing them to create more profound and meaningful stories. They can also use themes to improve the structural and emotional power of their work, creating memorable and impactful compositions.

Functions of Themes

They establish a sense of unity and coherence in a story.

Themes are key in weaving a captivating narrative:

• Connecting elements : Themes act as threads linking characters , plotlines , settings , and motifs , giving stories purpose and direction.
• Unified experience : Focusing on specific themes provides a unified audience experience. The characters’ actions and motivations, the conflicts they face, and the resolutions they reach can all be related to the central theme(s), making the story more meaningful and impactful.
• Deeper engagement : Thematic coherence allows audiences to delve into the story on a deeper level, recognizing and relating to the underlying messages and ideas.

By using themes to create unity and coherence, stories come alive and leave a lasting impression on the audience.

They Enable Authors to Convey Deeper Meanings and Messages Within Their Work

Themes enable authors to convey deeper meanings and messages within their work, allowing them to explore complex ideas, emotions, and issues that go beyond the surface-level narrative.

By using elements like plot , character growth , and symbols , authors create stories that encourage us to think, discuss, and reflect on our own experiences and values. 

Whether it’s exploring redemption in human nature or power dynamics in society, themes make reading a thought-provoking journey.

They Facilitate the Development of Memorable and Relatable Characters

Using themes in character development allows authors to create relatable characters that deeply connect with audiences. When characters grapple with emotions and issues related to the story’s central themes, they become more complex and engaging. This allows readers to better grasp their motivations , actions , and growth , making them unforgettable. 

Moreover, by creating characters that reflect the story’s themes, authors can powerfully convey deeper meanings and messages. For example, a character facing identity struggles in a self-discovery themed story helps explore self-identity, personal growth, and the challenges of finding one’s true self.

They Act as A Vehicle for The Exploration and Discussion of Universal Human Experiences

By focusing on themes that are relevant to a wide range of audiences, creators can delve into the complexities of the human condition, addressing emotions, issues, and questions that resonate with people across different cultures and time periods.

Themes often touch on essential aspects of human life, such as:

• the passage of time

By exploring these themes, authors, and artists can create works that provoke thought , reflection , and empathy , encouraging audiences to consider their own experiences, values, and perspectives with the themes being presented.

Moreover, themes provide a common ground for discussion and interpretation. 

Types of Themes

There are numerous types of themes found in literature, each highlighting distinct human experiences , emotions , and values .

The theme of beauty often emphasizes the importance of inner beauty and the appreciation of aesthetics. Works with this theme usually encourage readers to recognize and cherish the beauty in various forms, such as nature , art , and human relationships .

Family themes explore the dynamics, relationships, and values within a familial structure. They often revolve around love , conflict , and the challenges faced by family members.

Loyalty is a prevalent theme in literature, highlighting the importance of commitment and dedication to a cause, person, or belief. The consequences of loyalty, both positive and negative, are often central to stories exploring this theme.

Betrayal often serves as a contrasting theme to loyalty, exploring the repercussions of disloyalty and deception. It can demonstrate the impact of broken trust on individuals and relationships.

The concept of justice involves fairness, equality, and the pursuit of moral rightness. Literature often portrays justice as a central theme, addressing questions of morality, ethics, and individual versus societal values.

Power examines the effects of authority and control on individuals and societies. This theme can explore the struggle for power, the abuse of power, and the balance between power and responsibility.

Good vs. Evil

Good versus evil is a classic theme in literature, often illustrating a moral conflict between characters or forces. This theme encourages readers to reflect on the nature of good and evil and the choices that define one’s character.

Life and Death

Life and death themes explore the cyclical nature of existence, highlighting the inevitable passages of life, the fear of mortality, and the significance of living a meaningful life.

Coming-of-Age

Coming-of-age themes center around the growth and development of a character as they transition from youth to adulthood. These stories typically involve experiences that lead to self-discovery, personal growth, and the formation of identity.

Change vs. Tradition

Change versus tradition explores the tension between progress and preservation, often addressing the challenges of adapting to new circumstances while honoring cultural or personal legacies.

Examples of Themes in Literature

Classic works.

Classic works of literature often contain themes that continue to resonate with readers today.

Here are some examples of timeless themes found in well-known classic works:

• “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee (Social Injustice and Moral Growth)
• “Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen (Love, Social Class, and Individuality)
• “1984” by George Orwell ( Dystopia , Individualism, and the Dangers of Totalitarianism)
• “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D. Salinger (Adolescence, Identity, and Alienation)

Contemporary Works

Contemporary literature also delves into a variety of themes that speak to modern readers.

Here are a few examples:

• “The Hunger Games” by Suzanne Collins (Power, Resistance, and Survival)
• “The Hate U Give” by Angie Thomas (Racial Identity, Prejudice, and Activism)
• “Life of Pi” by Yann Martel (Spirituality, Storytelling, and the Nature of Truth)
• “A Man Called Ove” by Fredrik Backman (Aging, Loss, and the Power of Community)

Examples of Themes in Everyday Life

Themes in music can be represented through lyrics , melody , or tone . For example, the theme of love is commonly explored in numerous songs across different genres. Some songs celebrate the joys of love, while others deal with heartbreak and loss.

Examples include:

• “Symphony No. 9” by Beethoven (Human Unity and Freedom)
• “All You Need Is Love” by The Beatles (Love and Relationships)
• “Born This Way” by Lady Gaga (Empowerment and Self-Acceptance)
• “You’ve Got a Friend” by Carole King (Friendship and Loyalty)
• “Time” by Pink Floyd (Mortality and the Passage of Time)

Visual Arts

Visual arts often incorporate various themes that evoke emotions, provoke thought, and inspire viewers. These themes can be found across different mediums and styles, from paintings and sculptures to photography and street art.

For example:

• “The Starry Night” by Vincent van Gogh (Nature and Human Connection)
• “Guernica” by Picasso (War and its devastating impact on humanity)
• “Water Lilies” series by Claude Monet (Nature and Landscapes)
• “The Kiss” by Gustav Klimt (Love and Relationships)
• “The Creation of Adam” by Michelangelo (Spirituality and the Divine)

Cinema, Film, and Television

Cinema, film, and television often explore various themes that resonate with audiences, evoking emotions and prompting thought and discussion. These themes can be found across different genres and styles, from drama and comedy to science fiction and documentary.

Here are some everyday examples:

• “The Notebook” (2004) (Love and Relationships)
• “Indiana Jones” franchise (1981-2008) (Heroism and Adventure)
• “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind” (2004) (Identity and Self-Discovery)
• “Modern Family” (2009-2020) (Coming of Age and Family Dynamics)

Impact of Themes on Literary Works

Themes in literary works play a vital role in the overall understanding and appreciation of the piece. They serve as a unifying element that ties together various components such as plot , character , and dialogue . Themes can help to convey the author’s message or shed light on the human experience.

When exploring the impact of themes in literature, it’s essential to recognize the connection between the reader and the text. As various themes resonate with different audiences, a single literary work can be interpreted in numerous ways depending on the reader’s perspective and cultural background.

Consider the following potential impacts themes can have on both the work of literature and the reader:

• Emotional Engagement: Themes evoke emotions in the reader, ranging from happiness to sadness , anger to empathy . These emotions help the reader connect with the story and its characters on a deeper level.
• Intellectual Stimulation: A well-developed theme can challenge a reader’s intellect, prompting them to contemplate societal issues , philosophical questions , or even personal values and beliefs .
• Moral Development: Some themes present a moral dilemma, allowing readers to reflect on their own principles and ethical decision-making processes.
• Cultural Awareness: Themes may expose readers to different cultures, traditions, or historical contexts, broadening their understanding of the world and fostering empathy for diverse perspectives.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a theme and a subject.

A theme and a subject are related concepts in literature , arts , and media , but they serve different purposes and convey different aspects of work.

A subject refers to the primary topic, idea, or focus of a work. It is the superficial or literal aspect of a narrative or piece of art that is often more directly recognizable to the audience. The subject is what the work is essentially “about” on a surface level.

For example, the subject of a painting could be a landscape, a portrait, or a still life, while the subject of a novel could be a specific historical event, a family drama, or a love story.

On the other hand, a theme is an underlying message, meaning, or central idea that runs through a work. It is an abstract concept that goes beyond the subject matter, exploring deeper issues, emotions, or aspects of the human experience.

Themes are often universal, resonating with audiences across different cultures and time periods. They give a work depth and significance, allowing the audience to connect with the material on a more emotional and intellectual level.

For example, the theme of a novel might be redemption, power, identity, or the passage of time.

How can I identify the theme of a story?

To identify a theme, begin by examining the main characters , their actions , and the conflicts they experience. Pay attention to symbols, recurring images, or patterns within the story.

Consider the story’s resolution and what lessons can be inferred from the outcome. Lastly, look for any overarching message, idea, or moral that connects these elements throughout the narrative.

How can authors develop themes in their works?

Authors develop themes by using literary techniques such as symbolism , foreshadowing , motifs , and characterization . These techniques help convey the theme by adding layers of meaning and nuance to the story’s events and characters.

By skillfully weaving the theme into the fabric of the narrative, authors can create a compelling and thought-provoking work of literature.

Can a single work have multiple themes?

Yes, a single work can have multiple themes. Many works of literature, arts, and media explore several themes simultaneously, often intertwining and complementing each other to create a more complex and nuanced narrative.

The presence of multiple themes can add depth and richness to a work, allowing for a broader exploration of human experiences, emotions, and issues.

For example, a novel could explore themes of love and loss, identity, and the passage of time, all within the same narrative.

Similarly, a film might address themes of power, corruption, and morality, along with themes of family and loyalty. The integration of multiple themes can enhance the overall impact and significance of a work, offering multiple layers of meaning for audiences to engage with and interpret.

Can themes change over time or across different cultures?

Yes, themes can change over time or across different cultures. While some themes are universal and timeless, resonating with audiences across different cultures and time periods, others may be more specific to a certain time period or cultural context.

The interpretation and significance of themes can also evolve over time as societal values, perspectives, and historical contexts change.

For example, a theme that was relevant and powerful in a particular historical period might become less significant or take on new meanings in a contemporary context.

Additionally, cultural differences can lead to varying interpretations of the same theme, as people from diverse backgrounds might have different perspectives on certain issues, emotions, or experiences.

This dynamic nature of themes allows for a continuous exploration and reinterpretation of works of literature, arts, and media, reflecting the evolving nature of human experiences and cultural contexts.

A theme is a central idea, message, or moral that prevails throughout a literary work. It helps to give meaning and depth to a story, allowing readers to connect on a deeper level. Themes can be expressed in various ways, and they can be both simple and complex.

Exploring examples of themes in literature, such as love , courage , and perseverance , highlights how these concepts bring a narrative to life. They not only unify the plot but also provide insights into the human experience.

When analyzing a piece of literature, one should recognize the theme(s) present and reflect upon their significance. Understanding a story’s theme can ultimately lead to a more profound appreciation of the work and its relevance to our own lives.

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The Met Gala’s Strange but Fitting Literary Inspiration

In 1962, J.G. Ballard published “The Garden of Time,” a short story about aristocrats overrun by “an immense rabble.” Now it’s the dress-code theme for the year’s most lavish ball.

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By Jim Windolf

• May 6, 2024

In an Instagram post on Feb. 15, Vogue rather cryptically announced the dress code for this year’s Met Gala: “The Garden of Time.”

An article published that same day on the Vogue website cleared things up a little, noting that “The Garden of Time” was the title of a short story by J.G. Ballard , a British author who specialized in dystopian works of fiction.

“The Garden of Time” appeared in the February 1962 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction and was included in the “The Complete Stories of J.G. Ballard,” a collection published not long after the author’s death in 2009. The story describes the last days of Count Axel and his wife, known only as the Countess, who reside in a Palladian villa surrounded by a garden.

They pass the days in seclusion. The count busies himself by attending to rare manuscripts. The countess plays Bach and Mozart on a harpsichord.

The threat to their peaceful existence arrives in the form of an army on the horizon. As it moves closer, Count Axel develops a clearer view of this “vast throng of people, men and women, interspersed with a few soldiers.” In an effort to turn back the advance of this “immense rabble,” he reverses time by plucking blooms from the garden’s most exquisite plant, the time flowers.

Soon enough, the last flower is plucked, and the mob overruns the property. The villa lies in ruins, and all that remains of the count and countess is a pair of statues “gazing out over the grounds” from behind a stand of thorn bushes.

“The Garden of Time” is a fitting but ironic choice as a theme for the year’s most lavish celebration. It’s fitting because the Met Gala celebrates the contemporary equivalents of aristocrats at a time of widespread social anger toward elites; it’s ironic because the reference suggests that the guests and hosts may be doomed.

The same Ballard story inspired a 2021 fashion collection by the designer Thom Browne. The clothing was understated and classic, and the clay-like makeup worn by some of Mr. Browne’s models suggested creatures halfway between statue and human.

The sympathies of “The Garden of Time” seem to lie with the count and countess. And yet the author slips in hints that their lovely existence may be empty. When Count Axel puts his arm around his wife’s waist, he realizes that “he had not embraced her for several years.”

In a 1975 interview with Science Fiction Monthly, Mr. Ballard denied that the story suggested that he missed a bygone way of life. “I think some social changes that took place in this country in the mid-’60s are the best and greatest thing that ever happened here,” he said, adding that it was “marvelous” to see the breakdown of old class divisions.

Our Coverage of the 2024 Met Gala

Zendaya Makes Two Arrivals: The actress wore a second John Galliano design to make a late (re)entrance at the Met Gala . The first was a custom Maison Margiela couture dress he created specifically for her.

A Fitting Literary Inspiration: In 1962, J.G. Ballard published “The Garden of Time,” a short story about aristocrats overrun by “an immense rabble.” It was a fitting but ironic choice as this year’s  dress-code theme .

The Body Spectacle: The night saw Kim Kardashian engaged in a kind of body modification  via extreme corseting. While Tyla, the South African singer and songwriter, appeared coated in sand .

Arrests and Protests: As expected, protesters gathered near the Met Gala to protest the war in Gaza, creating an atmosphere far different  from the one inside the event.

The ‘Naked’ Trend: What better way to distinguish oneself  from hundreds of well-dressed competitors than to wear almost nothing at all?

A Night of Firsts: Here’s the story behind Rebecca Ferguson’s sequin, bird-covered dress , Da’Vine Joy Randolph’s all-denim look , Pamela Anderson’s new incarnation , Christian Cowan and Sam Smith’s debut as a couple , and Amanda Seyfried’s semi-recycled look .