annotated bibliography for psychology

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What is an Annotated Bibliography?

So you’ve been assigned an annotated bibliography . . . what does that mean?

An  annotated bibliography  is a descriptive list of resources (books, articles, films, sound recordings, Web sites, etc.) focusing on a common theme. Each entry in an annotated bibliography has a full citation and an annotation ranging from a few sentences to several paragraphs.

The  citation  provides information about the author, title, date, source, and publisher of the item. Citations should be formatted according to one of the style manuals: MLA, APA, CBE, or Chicago/Turabian. See our guide on  Citation Styles  for more information.

The  annotation  is a concise and informative description that summarizes and evaluates the contents of a resource. It differs from an abstract, which just summarizes the original content. An annotation usually strikes a balance between summary and evaluation by addressing some of the following:

• Describe briefly the  content  of a resource
• Evaluate the  usefulness  of the item for the particular topic being studied
• Explain the  methodology  that was used
• Draw attention to any  themes  addressed
• Highlight  strengths  and/or  weaknesses
• Discuss the  reliability  of the author or source
• Critically  evaluate  the content for accuracy, bias, and authority

In MLA Format (but make sure to double-space):

In APA Format  (but make sure to double-space):

Sample Annotations

These samples have different strengths and weaknesses. The highlighting demonstrates which part of the annotation is summary and which part is evaluation . A librarian's evaluation of each annotation is provided. 

Annotation 1: 

Ehrenreich, Barbara.  Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America.  New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2011. Print. 

In this book of nonfiction based on the journalist's experiential research , Ehrenreich attempts to ascertain whether it is currently possible for an individual to live on minimum wage in America. Taking jobs as a waitress, a maid in a cleaning service, and a Wal-Mart sales employee, the author summarizes and reflects on her work, her relationships with fellow workers, and her financial struggles in each situation. A n experienced journalist, Ehrenreich is aware of the limitations of her experiment and the ethical implications of her experiential research tactics and reflects on these issues in the text. The author is forthcoming about her methods and supplements her experiences with scholarly research on her places of employment, the economy, and the rising cost of living in America. Ehrenreich's  project is timely, descriptive, and well-researched.  

Librarian's Score: A-

This annotations include both summary and evaluation. The evaluation addresses authority and accuracy, but it could be a little stronger. For example, it could answer: What audience would benefit from reading this book? What I like about this annotation is the evaluation includes both the upside and downside to Ehrenreich's approach. It speaks to her position as the author (to wit: she's experienced, but she also backs up her work with research). The summary is also very good. I get a good sense of what this is about. 

Annotation 2: 

Waite, Linda J., Frances Kobrin Goldscheider, and Christina Witsberger. "Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults." American Sociological Review 51.4 (1986): 541-554. Print.

The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living. 

Librarian's Score: C

This annotation is mostly summary. The summary is strong, but the evaluation is weak. I’m glad to learn that the authors work for reputable institutions, but more evaluation could be included.

Annotation 3: 

Kotrla, Kimberly. "Domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States."  Social Work  55.2 (2010): 181-187.  Academic Search Premier.  Web. 15 Mar 2012. 

This article is about the sex trafficking of children and young adults. It is more commonly now being called "domestic minor sex trafficking." It is considered modern-day slavery. The author discusses: victims, the supply and demand of domestic minor sex tracking , how different countries tolerate it, help provided to survivors, and what this type of trafficking is. T his evidence is credible because it comes from social workers who work for the government. The goals of this source is to explain to people what domestic minor sex trafficking is, who is at risk, and what social workers can do to stop this problem. I t also brings up the human trafficking in the United States. The author, Kimberly Kotrla , is an assistant professor in the School of Social Work at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. She was a social worker for 10 years and does a lot of research about human trafficking. She gives most of her attention to the sexual exploitation of children in America. Kotrla is also on the human trafficking prevention task force committee. The audience of this article is most likely parents of young children and social workers. Published in 2010, it is fairly current. I felt that this source was an easy read, but written for a mature and educated audience.

Librarian's Score: B

This student did a great job of combining summary and evaluation. She told me what the article is about, its content as well as its purpose ("The goals of this source is..."). She addresses the author's credentials, the audience for the piece, and currency, and also the accuracy of the information ("social workers who work for the government"). However, this annotation lacks a critical analysis of how this article is relevant for the student's research question.

Useful Links

• Citing Sources A research guide on citation styles written by SSU librarians.
• How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography From the Cornell University Libraries.
• How to write an annotated bibliography From the UCSC Library.
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PSYCH 369: Contemporary Issues in Psychology and Law

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• Locating Cited Research from an APA Amicus Brief
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• Writing an Annotated Bibliography
• APA Citation Style

How to Write an Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a list of sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) with a short descriptive paragraph about each source. It is sometimes a useful step before writing a research paper or it can stand alone as an overview of the research available on a topic. 

Each source in the annotated bibliography starts with a citation - the information necessary for finding the original source, in a consistent format, such as MLA or APA style. Annotations are usually 4- 6 sentences long and roughly 150 words. 

Annotations include:

Process for Preparing an Annotated Bibliography:

• First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic.
• Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose works that provide a variety of perspectives on your  topic.
• Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style.
• Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the work and include the information listed above.           

Annotations versus Abstracts

Many scholarly articles start with an abstract, which is the author's summary of the article to help you decide whether you should read the entire article. This abstract is not the same thing as an annotation. The annotation needs to be in your own words, to explain the relevance of the source to your particular assignment or research question.

Examples of Well-Crafted Annotated Bibliographies:

The following examples use APA format for a journal and a book citation:  

Goldschneider, F. K., Waite, L. J., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51, 541-554.

The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

Graybosch, A., Scott, G.M. & Garrison, S. (1998). The Philosophy Student Writer's Manual.  Upper Saddle River,NJ: Prentice Hall. Designed to serve as either as a writing guide or as a primary textbook for teaching philosophy through writing, the Manual is an excellent resource for students new to philosophy. Like other books in this area, the Manual contains sections on grammar, writing strategies, introductory informal logic and the different types of writing encountered in various areas of philosophy. Of particular note, however, is the section on conducting research in philosophy. The research strategies and sources of information described there are very much up-to-date, including not only directories and periodical indexes, but also research institutes, interest groups and Internet resources.

Examples of What Your Bibliography Should Not Look Like:

Marieb, Elaine N. (1992). Human Anatomy and Physiology Redwood City,CA : The Benjamin/ Cummings Co.

I use this book to get the basic information about arthritis, it was very informative.

            Keefe FJ., (1996) Pain in Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy ,  24, 279-290.            I got all the facts about exercising with arthritis and the different types of exercise.

Attribution:

Content for this guide is attributed to:

Olin Library Reference Research & Learning Services, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY, USA.

and   Research Strategies Libguide, California State University, Northridge

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Writing Your Annotations

An Annotated Bibliography is a list of citations to articles and other sources. Each citation is followed by a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. Your annotations should follow a reference citation, annotation, then repeat format . Your annotations should also include the following three sections and answer their corresponding questions:

• Summarize the key points of the source : What was the topic? Why was the research important? How was the research done? What did the authors find? Did the authors discuss implications of the research?
• Assess the source (critical evaluation) : Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography? Is the information reliable? Is this source biased or objective? What is the goal of your source?
• Reflection : Was this source helpful to you? How can you use this source in your research project? Has it changed how you think about your topic? How does this source make you think about your question and build your arguments and discussion? Does the source support or counter any of your arguments? How will you apply the source’s theoretical positions, issues discussed, study data, and claims made based on that data to your research question and arguments?

Use this Annotated Bibliography example from the UNC Chapel Hill for more help putting together your Annotated Bibliography.

Grading Rubric

Detailed information about how Dr. Clark-Foos will evaluate your work for each question of the Research Article Analysis/Annotated Bibliography assignment

• Article Analysis/Annotated Bibliography Rubric
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PSY 333: Cognitive Psychology : Annotated Bibliographies

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McGovern Library [email protected] (605) 995-2618

What is an Annotated Bibliography?

Definitions 

A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, websites, etc.) that you used for researching a topic. These are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the citation style used. Bibliographies usually include only the citation (which includes the author, title, and publisher information).

An  annotated bibliography  includes a summery and/or evaluation of each of the sources you have read through for your research. Depending on your project or assignment, you annotation may include a summary, assessment, and/or reflection.

Why Should I Write an Annotated Bibliography? 

A top reason why you should write an annotated bibliography is to learn more about your topic. Writing an annotation is an excellent way to prepare for a research project by having you to closely read through each source that you are considering using for your research. Another important reason why you should write an annotated bibliography is to help you formulate your thesis and gather evidence to support your argument. By writing out annotations, you can gain perspective on what is being said about your topic and how it relates to your paper more broadly. 

Summarize, Assess, and Reflect

Your annotated bibliography may include some or all of the following. If you have questions about what you should add into your annotated bibliography, ask your professor for specific guidelines. 

Summarize Some annotations merely summarize the source. Ask: What are the main arguments made? What is the point of this book or article? What topics are covered and talked about? If someone asked what this article or book is about, what would you tell them? 

Assess and Evaluate After summarizing a source, it is helpful to evaluate what you have read. Ask: How does this source compare with other sources you have read? Is the information reliable? Is the source or author biased and/or objective? What is the overall goal of this source?

Reflect Once you have summarized and assessed your source, you need to ask how this source fits into your research. Ask: Was this source helpful to you? How does it help to shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project? How has it changed how you think about your topic?

Formatting Your Annotation

General Format

The format of an annotated bibliography can vary, so always ask your professor for specific guidelines. 

Generally, annotated bibliographies contain two parts: the bibliographic citation and the annotation . Begin your entry with the citation of your source. This should be formatted as it would be for your final paper. After your citation (on a new line), comes the annotation. Annotations are written in paragraph form, with the length varying depending on the purpose.

Examples of Annotations  Remember, the annotations you include should reflect  your  research project and/or the guidelines of your assignment. 

Sample APA Annotation 

Ehrenreich, B. (2001).  Nickel and dimed: On (not) getting by in America . Henry Holt and Company.

In this book of nonfiction based on the journalist's experiential research, Ehrenreich attempts to ascertain whether it is currently possible for an individual to live on a minimum-wage in America. Taking jobs as a waitress, a maid in a cleaning service, and a Walmart sales employee, the author summarizes and reflects on her work, her relationships with fellow workers, and her financial struggles in each situation.

An experienced journalist, Ehrenreich is aware of the limitations of her experiment and the ethical implications of her experiential research tactics and reflects on these issues in the text. The author is forthcoming about her methods and supplements her experiences with scholarly research on her places of employment, the economy, and the rising cost of living in America. Ehrenreich’s project is timely, descriptive, and well-researched.

Sample MLA Annotation

Lamott, Anne.  Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life . Anchor Books, 1995.

Lamott's book offers honest advice on the nature of a writing life, complete with its insecurities and failures. Taking a humorous approach to the realities of being a writer, the chapters in Lamott's book are wry and anecdotal and offer advice on everything from plot development to jealousy, from perfectionism to struggling with one's own internal critic.

In the process, Lamott includes writing exercises designed to be both productive and fun. Lamott offers sane advice for those struggling with the anxieties of writing, but her main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding writing, publishing, and struggling with one's own imperfect humanity in the process. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this text is indispensable because of its honest perspective, its down-to-earth humor, and its encouraging approach.

Chapters in this text could easily be included in the curriculum for a writing class. Several of the chapters in Part 1 address the writing process and would serve to generate discussion on students' own drafting and revising processes. Some of the writing exercises would also be appropriate for generating classroom writing exercises. Students should find Lamott's style both engaging and enjoyable.

Sample Chicago Annotation 

Davidson, Hilda Ellis.  Roles of the Northern Goddess . London: Routledge, 1998.

Davidson's book provides a thorough examination of the major roles filled by the numerous pagan goddesses of Northern Europe in everyday life, including their roles in hunting, agriculture, domestic arts like weaving, the household, and death. The author discusses relevant archaeological evidence, patterns of symbol and ritual, and previous research. The book includes a number of black and white photographs of relevant artifacts.

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Psychology: Annotated Bibliography

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What is an annotated bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Reference page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Types of Annotations

• A summary annotation describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description.
• An evaluative annotation includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.

How do I write an annotated bibliography?

• Examples of Annotated Bibliographies in APA
• Annotated Bibliography (U. Wisconsin-Madison)
• Annotated Bibliography (UNC Chapel Hill)

Writing an Annotated Bibliography Tutorial

Annotated Bibliographies: An Illustrated Guide

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Psyc 210 - Cognitive Psychology: Annotated Bibliographies

A quick video introduction to annotated bibliographies.

Getting Started

• What is an Annotation?
• Why Do an Annotated Bibliography?
• What Should be Included in the Annotation?
• What Format Should I Use for the Citations?

*These pages contain content adapted from  Creating Entries for an Annotated Bibliography : UW Bothell Writing Center,  How to prepare an annotated bibliography : Cornell University Library and Annotated Bibliographies handout . The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

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How to Annotate Citations

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An annotated bibliography provides a brief account of the available research on a given topic. It is a list of research sources that includes concise descriptions and evaluations of each source.  The annotation usually contains a brief summary of content and a short analysis or evaluation, and the sources that are listed provide an exensive literature review of a particular topic.

Depending on your assignment you may be asked to reflect, summarise, critique, evaluate or analyse the source. While an annotation can be as brief as one sentence, the standard annotated bibliography consists of a citation followed by a short paragraph.

A successful annotated bibliography will:

• Encourage you to explore a topic to a significant depth
• Include the most relevant literature on a topic
• Include sources written by experts in their field
• Not omit the most important research/literature on the topic

In addition to having the characteristics mentioned above, the annotation provided about each source should be descriptive and place the source in a broader context.  Generally, a good annotation will seek to answer the questions of What, Who, How, and Why:

• What --Describe and summarize what the source says
• Who --Explain who the author is, the author's credentials, and why the author is a reliable source of information.
• How --Explain how the particular source is relevant to your research project
• Why --Explain why the particular source is the best source for the job when other sources are available
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PSY101 - Introduction to Psychology

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What is an Annotated Bibliography

More on annotated bibliographies from the owl at purdue, use 5ws to evaluate your sources, how to create an annotation, annotation example, library assignment: create one annotation.

• Assignments

What is an Annotated Bibliography? from Kimbel Library on Vimeo .

The Online Writing Lab at Purdue is the online bible of citation style, so check out their description and examples.

• Annotated Bibliographies from OWL

The 5Ws help to evaluate any source you want to use.

Who?  Who is the author, how are they an authority on this topic?

What?  What's this publication really about? How is it relevant to YOUR paper? What's the purpose of the article? To persuade or to inform? What is the author's tone?

When?  When was this document published? How soon after the events happened? This helps to understand the context.

Where?  Where was this piece published? A newspaper, journal, book, blog? Does the publication reveal something about the bias of the author or of the publisher?

Why?  Describe the purpose of this document? Who is the intended audience? Why does it enhance your paper?

Annotated bibiographies are designed to help you be selective about your sources. They encourage you to find, summarize, and evaluate only the best sources on your topic and prepare you to more easily organize your paper.

Basically, it's a reference page or works cited page with a short paragraph describing each source. 

There are three parts to an annotated entry in a bibliography:

• A  citation  for the source done in the chosen citation style (APA, MLA, etc.)
• A  summary  of the source: one or two sentences describing the source: what information it covers, and the purpose of the source.
• An  evaluation  of the source: this can include an assessment of the expertise of the author, an evaluation of the scope of the work, etc. Is the source useful? Current? Reliable? Authoritative? Accurate? Fact or opinion? Also, you can include an assessment on the significance of the source as it relates to your topic. Usually an evaluation is two to three sentences long.

Good Annotation:

Hock, S., & Rochford, R. A. (2010). A letter-writing campaign: linking academic success and civic

            engagement. Journal of Community Engagement and Scholarship , 3 (2), 76+. Retrieved from

            http://go.galegroup.com

Two two classes of developmental writing students were engaged in a service-learning project to support the preservation of an on-campus historical site. The goal of the assignment was to help students to see how they may assert influence on their community by acting as engaged citizens, and simultaneously to improve their scores on the ACT Writing Sample Assessment (WSA) exam. 

The authors candid description of the flaws and strengths of their project would be advantageous to other instructors who would like to implement a similar assignment. Many students enrolled in developmental classes often feel disempowered, especially when English is not their first language. This assignment not only assisted them in elevating their written communication skills, it gave real-life significance to the assignment, and by extension made them feel as empowered members of the community. The number of students enrolled in this project was small, however, and it would be beneficial to see more statistically verifiable results in addition to the qualitative results which were overwhelmingly positive.

Bad Annotation:

            engagement.  Journal of Community Engagement and Scholarship ,  3 (2), 76+. Retrieved from

Two ELL classes complete a service learning project and improve their writing scores.

This article was good because it provided me with lots of information I can use. The students learned a lot in their service learning project and they passed the ACT exam. 

• PSY101 Annotated Bibliography Assignment
• PSY101 Disorder Project-Library Research

Your task before you leave today is to complete one annotation. Use the attached template to complete this assignment.

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Annotated Bibliography

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What is an Annotated Bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.

An annotation is NOT the same thing as an abstract.  Annotations are more than just summaries, they also include a CRITICAL evaluation of the work as well.  For information on how to critically evaluate the credentials and the content of an article please visit Cornell's Critically Analyzing Information Sources page.

This content was reproduced and adapted with the permission of Olin Library Reference Research & Learning Services Cornell University Library Ithaca, NY, USA

RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY GUIDELINES for PSYC 400

Complete the following information for each journal article you read.  Complete the information for each section of the article before reading the next section; it will help you understand the sections that follow.  Use bullets, sentences, or paragraphs, whatever is your preferred note taking style.

REFERENCE Start by typing the complete reference – in APA style – for this study.

INTRODUCTION First, identify the general area(s) being investigated.  Then, for each research study discussed, identify the purpose or hypotheses of the research, what the authors did (their participants, method, and design), what they found (results), and what they concluded.  If later studies in the introduction have similar procedures and findings just say that.

Summarize, in your own words, the hypotheses being tested in the research study you are reading.  What were the authors attempting to show?  What are the independent variables (IVs) and dependent variables (DVs) of this study?

METHOD Participants Who were the participants – describe appropriate characteristics.  For example, it may not be important to the study to know where participants are from – skip this information if this is the case.

Measures What was/were the DVs?  What tests, scales or instruments were used to operationally define each DV?

Procedure Describe, in your own words, what was done to collect data.  You should be able to do this in a just a few sentences.  Describe any attempts made to control confounds or extraneous variables.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Don’t use numbers here but summarize in words what the authors found.  What were the major results? Did they find support for their hypotheses?  How do the results relate to the other studies cited in the introduction?  How did the researchers interpret the results; what are their overall conclusions?  Did they offer any big “whoops” statements – something that went wrong that makes them (or you) hesitate with their conclusions?  Do they offer suggestions for future research?  Do you have any other interpretations or suggestions for future research?

CONCLUSIONS In 2-3 sentences, in your own words, what did this study tell you?  What were the important conclusions that you might use later?  Add anything else that you think is important to know about this research.

APPLICATION In a final few sentences, describe if and how you will use this study in your proposal.  How does this study relate to other studies you have read? What authors did they cite in this paper that you could follow-up on?   Be as specific as you can at this point.  

REVIEW ARTICLE/CHAPTER SUMMARY GUIDELINES

Complete the following information for each review article or chapter you read.  You can use sentence, paragraph, or bullet format, whatever is most comfortable and useful for you.

Summaries of review articles or chapters in books are similar to the summaries you complete for background information in the Introduction section of a research article. A major difference is that in reviews, you do not always get detailed information about the research methodology; the information usually focuses on results and implications. 

• First identify the overall goal or purpose of the review.
• Next, identify the main or key points or subsections of the review.  For each key point, identify the claims made and the research evidence used as support for the claims (ID the authors cited), and the overall interpretations or conclusions about the key point or claim.
• Next, do your own analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the article.  How credible was the information presented?  What were the weak points and strengths?  Was there sufficient evidence presented for the claims made? What questions still remain? Make any other comments you thinks will help you later.
• Finally, discuss if and how you can use this article/chapter in your term paper.  If you plan to use it, where do you see it fitting into your overall organization?   How does this article relate to others you have read? Identify any authors or research studies cited that would be important to follow-up on for your paper.  Give the article and overall rating in terms of usefulness for your paper. 
• Annotated Bibliographies (Purdue Owl) Information from Purdue Owl on what Annotated Bibliographies are and examples.
• Annotated Bibliographies - Writing Center at UNC-CH Introduction to and elements of an annotated bibliography from the Writing Center at Chapel Hill
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Psychology: A Research Guide: Bibliographies

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• Oxford Bibliographies Online: Psychology A continuously updated annotated bibliography of the most important books, article, and online resources. Well over 100 review articles are available to date and growing.

• Annual Review of Psychology Call Number: Olin Library BF30 .A61 Contains critical articles reviewing the current year's significant developments in the field of psychology. A cumulative author/title index appears in every fifth volume.

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Annotated Bibliography Composition

• Guidelines/Suggestions
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Suggestions When Writing an Annotation

You may consider including the following (though not all of these will necessarily be in any one annotation):

• Write clearly and concisely, 30-60  but no more than 150 words will usually suffice.
• State the authority and qualifications of the author.
• Describe the subject and scope of the work.
• Indicate biases or limitations of the work.
• Describe the intended audience, particularly if a level of expertise is necessary to appreciate the work.
• Compare the work to others in the field.
• Describe features of importance, e.g., indexes, illustrations, appendices.
• Avoid repetition of information explicit in the title, and do not just restate the abstract.
• State the use, significance and value of the work
• Reliability: is this an original source, accurate, well-researched with logical arguments?
• Identify whether the work uses or is influenced by a particular theory
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Psychology: Annotated Bibliographies

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What's an Annotated Bibliography?

WHAT IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY?

An annotated bibliography provides additional information about a work along with the bibliographic citation.

The annotation usually provides a summary of the work, an evaluation, and information about the author.  Some annotations are only a summary of the work.  Check with your professor to see what is required for your assignment.

The annotation is usually 1 to 2 paragraphs in length, about 100 to 150 words.

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER IN WRITING AN ANNOTATION PARAGRAPH

1. What are the main points of the work (article, books, etc.)?

2. What is the author’s position on the topic?  What credentials does the author have to speak to this topic?

3. Is there any bias?

4. To whom is the author writing?

5. How well does the author make his/her point?  Is the author convincing?

6. How useful is this work to your research?  

7. Are there important points that you want to remember?

8. What is your reaction to the work?

SAMPLE - APA

APA Guidelines are found on page 307-308 of the 7th edition. Use the same guidelines for writing your annotation as you would your paper. Here are some highlights:  

• Sort alphabetically by the first author's last name.
• Use Times New Roman , 12-point font
• Double-space with no extra spaces between entries
• In Zotero, set your Default export style to "APA Annotated,"  click and drag your citation
• You'll need to change the first line of the paragraph to line up with the rest of the paragraph.  Do not indent or use a hanging indent. The first line of a second (or additional paragraphs) should be indented.   

Phillips, M., Van Epps , A., Johnson, N., & Zwicky , D. (2018). Effective Engineering Information Literacy

Instruction: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Academic Librarianship , 44 (6), 705–711.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2018.10.006

This study investigated effective methods of teaching information literacy to engineering

undergraduate students. Thirteen studies were included in the final data set, of which eleven

studies reported effective results based largely upon descriptive statistical analysis. The

strongest indicator of effectiveness that emerged in the data was collaboration with disciplinary 

There are 2 Zotero citation styles that include annotations: APA and Chicago .  

To add these citations styles to your Zotero account, add them through Preferences .

       Edit --> Preferences  (PC)

       Zotero --> Preferences (Mac)

Access  additional styles through Cite, then the Styles tab

Type Annotated in the search bar.  Choose the citation style.  After the file downloads, install.

After your Citation style is made available in the Style Manager,  choose it as the Default Format in the Export tab.  Click OK.

In Zotero, APA annotation style, the EXTRA field is used to to create the Annotation.  Type or Copy + Paste your annotation in to the Extra field.

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APA Style & Citation 7th edition

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Information on Annotated Bibliographies can be found in Section 9.51 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.)

• Title page, page numbers, font style and size, etc. See Format basics
• Alphabetical with hanging indents etc. See Citations: references
• The annotation - the notes you have about the source - appear in a new paragraph below its reference entry, indented 0.5 inches from the left margin
• Annotated bibliography example To use as a template, open the document with Word, replace the text with your own but keep the formatting intact.
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Psychology and Addiction Studies: Annotated Bibliography

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• Addiction Studies
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• PSYC 4400--Statistics in Journal Articles
• Graduate Work

Introduction

An annotated bibliography is a list of books, articles, and other documents, plus brief descriptive or evaluative sentences. The purpose of the annotations is to provide information to the reader about the accuracy, relevancy, and quality of the sources cited.    

The notations provided in an annotated bibliography vary in content but are brief and usually critical or descriptive.   

Unless specifically  told otherwise by your instructor or publisher, use the format or style guide required by your class or field. For more details, consult the manual or the website for the style guide you are using. APA st yle, based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , is the obvious standard for psychology.

Two types of Annotated Bibliography

Descriptive/Paraphrase – describes the content of the work without judging it

Critical/Commentary – evaluates the usefulness of the work for a particular audience or situation

Additional Resources

"Annotated Bibliographies." Purdue OWL. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/annotated_bibliographies/index.html

Harner, James L. On Compiling an Annotated Bibliography . 2nd ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2000.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . 7th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2020.

Steps to Preparing an Annotated Bibliography

• Research –  find citations to likely books, journal articles, and other documents and locate the material.
• Read – examine and review the actual items and make final selections for inclusion.
• Cite – choose the appropriate citation format.
• Organize – decide how to present your bibliography (alphabetical, chronological, or by subject).
• Annotate –  write a concise annotation summarizing the central premise and scope of the material.  Other points may include evaluation of the author’s authority, comparison to other works included in your bibliography, or explanation of how this work illuminated your bibliographic topic.

In the annotations, include some or all of the following items:

• Credentials of the author
• Scope, purpose, and perspective of the work cited
• Intended audience or level of reading difficulty
• Relationship to other works in the area of study
• Very brief summary of content
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Annotated bibliographies

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Contact me for research assistance

• What is an annotated bibliography?
• Writing an annotated bibliography
• Example annotations

WHAT IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY?

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.

ANNOTATIONS VS. ABSTRACTS

Abstracts are the purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in periodical indexes. Annotations are descriptive and critical; they may describe the author's point of view, authority, or clarity and appropriateness of expression.

Permission to use all content in the tabs on this page granted from: Olin Library Reference Research & Learning Services Cornell University Library Ithaca, NY, USA

This guide shared under a Creative Commons Commons Deed, version 2.0 regarding attribution, noncommercial use, and "Share Alike" reuse.

WRITING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual skills: concise exposition, succinct analysis, and informed library research.

• First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.
• Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style -- here is a page explaining and offering examples of the different major citation styles.
• Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or more sentences that (a) evaluate the authority or background of the author, (b) comment on the intended audience, (c) compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or (d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.

SAMPLE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY FOR A JOURNAL ARTICLE

The following example uses APA style ( Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 6th edition, 2010)  for the journal citation:

Waite, L. J., Goldschneider, F. K., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults.  American Sociological Review,   51 , 541-554. The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

This example uses MLA style ( MLA Handbook , 8th edition, 2016)  for the journal citation:

Waite, Linda J., et al. "Nonfamily Living and the Erosion of Traditional Family Orientations Among Young Adults."  American Sociological Review,  vol. 51, no. 4, 1986, pp. 541-554. The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

• Additional examples from Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab)
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Annotated Bibliography Samples

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Below you will find sample annotations from annotated bibliographies, each with a different research project. Remember that the annotations you include in your own bibliography should reflect your research project and/or the guidelines of your assignment.

As mentioned elsewhere in this resource, depending on the purpose of your bibliography, some annotations may summarize, some may assess or evaluate a source, and some may reflect on the source’s possible uses for the project at hand. Some annotations may address all three of these steps. Consider the purpose of your annotated bibliography and/or your instructor’s directions when deciding how much information to include in your annotations.

Please keep in mind that all your text, including the write-up beneath the citation, must be indented so that the author's last name is the only text that is flush left.

Sample MLA Annotation

Lamott, Anne. Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life . Anchor Books, 1995.

Lamott's book offers honest advice on the nature of a writing life, complete with its insecurities and failures. Taking a humorous approach to the realities of being a writer, the chapters in Lamott's book are wry and anecdotal and offer advice on everything from plot development to jealousy, from perfectionism to struggling with one's own internal critic.

In the process, Lamott includes writing exercises designed to be both productive and fun. Lamott offers sane advice for those struggling with the anxieties of writing, but her main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding writing, publishing, and struggling with one's own imperfect humanity in the process. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this text is indispensable because of its honest perspective, its down-to-earth humor, and its encouraging approach.

Chapters in this text could easily be included in the curriculum for a writing class. Several of the chapters in Part 1 address the writing process and would serve to generate discussion on students' own drafting and revising processes. Some of the writing exercises would also be appropriate for generating classroom writing exercises. Students should find Lamott's style both engaging and enjoyable.

In the sample annotation above, the writer includes three paragraphs: a summary, an evaluation of the text, and a reflection on its applicability to his/her own research, respectively.

For information on formatting MLA citations, see our MLA 9th Edition (2021) Formatting and Style Guide .

Sample APA Annotation

Ehrenreich, B. (2001). Nickel and dimed: On (not) getting by in America . Henry Holt and Company.

In this book of nonfiction based on the journalist's experiential research, Ehrenreich attempts to ascertain whether it is currently possible for an individual to live on a minimum-wage in America. Taking jobs as a waitress, a maid in a cleaning service, and a Walmart sales employee, the author summarizes and reflects on her work, her relationships with fellow workers, and her financial struggles in each situation.

An experienced journalist, Ehrenreich is aware of the limitations of her experiment and the ethical implications of her experiential research tactics and reflects on these issues in the text. The author is forthcoming about her methods and supplements her experiences with scholarly research on her places of employment, the economy, and the rising cost of living in America. Ehrenreich’s project is timely, descriptive, and well-researched.

The annotation above both summarizes and assesses the book in the citation. The first paragraph provides a brief summary of the author's project in the book, covering the main points of the work. The second paragraph points out the project’s strengths and evaluates its methods and presentation. This particular annotation does not reflect on the source’s potential importance or usefulness for this person’s own research.

For information on formatting APA citations, see our APA Formatting and Style Guide .

Sample Chicago Manual of Style Annotation

Davidson, Hilda Ellis. Roles of the Northern Goddess . London: Routledge, 1998.

Davidson's book provides a thorough examination of the major roles filled by the numerous pagan goddesses of Northern Europe in everyday life, including their roles in hunting, agriculture, domestic arts like weaving, the household, and death. The author discusses relevant archaeological evidence, patterns of symbol and ritual, and previous research. The book includes a number of black and white photographs of relevant artifacts.

This annotation includes only one paragraph, a summary of the book. It provides a concise description of the project and the book's project and its major features.

For information on formatting Chicago Style citations, see our Chicago Manual of Style resources.

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Clinical mental health counseling.

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Creating an Annotated Bibliography (Purdue OWL)

Annotated bibliography (university of illinois library).

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Contact a Librarian

What is an Annotated Bibliography?  

A  bibliography  is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).

An  annotation  is a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore, an  annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of the sources. Depending on your project or the assignment, your annotations may do one or more of the following.

• Summarize : Some annotations merely summarize the source. What are the main arguments? What is the point of this book or article? What topics are covered? If someone asked what this article/book is about, what would you say? The length of your annotations will determine how detailed your summary is.
• Assess : After summarizing a source, it may be helpful to evaluate it. Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography? Is the information reliable? Is this source biased or objective? What is the goal of this source?
• Reflect : Once you've summarized and assessed a source, you need to ask how it fits into your research. Was this source helpful to you? How does it help you shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project? Has it changed how you think about your topic?

Your annotated bibliography may include some of these, all of these, or even others. If you're doing this for a class, you should get specific guidelines from your instructor.

Why should I write an annotated bibliography?

To learn about your topic : Writing an annotated bibliography is excellent preparation for a research project. Just collecting sources for a bibliography is useful, but when you have to write annotations for each source, you're forced to read each source more carefully. You begin to read more critically instead of just collecting information. At the professional level, annotated bibliographies allow you to see what has been done in the literature and where your own research or scholarship can fit. To help you formulate a thesis: Every good research paper is an argument. The purpose of research is to state and support a thesis. So a very important part of research is developing a thesis that is debatable, interesting, and current. Writing an annotated bibliography can help you gain a good perspective on what is being said about your topic. By reading and responding to a variety of sources on a topic, you'll start to see what the issues are, what people are arguing about, and you'll then be able to develop your own point of view.

To help other researchers : Extensive and scholarly annotated bibliographies are sometimes published. They provide a comprehensive overview of everything important that has been and is being said about that topic. You may not ever get your annotated bibliography published, but as a researcher, you might want to look for one that has been published about your topic.

How do I format an annotated bibliography?

The format of an annotated bibliography can vary, so if you're doing one for a class, it's important to ask for specific guidelines.

The bibliographic information : Generally, though, the bibliographic information of the source (the title, author, publisher, date, etc.) is written in either MLA or APA format.

The annotations:  The annotations for each source are written in paragraph form. The lengths of the annotations can vary significantly from a couple of sentences to a couple of pages. The length will depend on the purpose. If you're just writing summaries of your sources, the annotations may not be very long. However, if you are writing an extensive analysis of each source, you'll need more space.

You can focus your annotations for your own needs. A few sentences of general summary followed by several sentences of how you can fit the work into your larger paper or project can serve you well when you go to draft.

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Search for articles and reviews from English-language periodicals and yearbooks about all aspects of education. From 1994 has abstracts, from 1996 has full text of major articles from selected journals. See Education Index Retro for 1929-1983.

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