solid waste management a case study of ahmedabad

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Waste to energy: a decision-making process for technology selection through characterization of waste, considering energy and emission in the city of Ahmedabad, India

• REGIONAL CASE STUDY
• Published: 01 February 2023
• Volume 25 , pages 1227–1238, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• Beena Patel   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0486-264X 1 ,
• Akash Patel 1 &
• Pankaj Patel 1  

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal has become major issue for the city of Ahmedabad, India. Development, concentrated population and economic growth have led to a substantial increase of MSW generation. Therefore, the objective of the study was to characterize MSW for selection of waste processing technology. To provide a solution for sustainable processing and for safe disposal of fresh MSW, Abellon Clean Energy Ltd joined forces with Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) under Public–Private Partnership (PPP) to establish a 14.9MW advanced controlled combustion-based waste to energy (WTE) generation facility to process and dispose 1000 tons/day of fresh MSW. For waste characterization, samples ( n =201) were collected from the Pirana waste dumping site using quadrate sampling method. A yearly weighted average Low Heating Value (LHV) of 9.85/kg and ash content 25.12% for unsegregated MSW makes controlled combustion with electricity generation an eligible technology. After combustion, the waste volume is reduced by 75%. The 14.9MW WTE facility replaces 417 t coal/day, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 300.38 tCO 2 eq/day through coal replacement, while avoiding 735.24 t CO 2 eq/day on account of landfill emissions from MSW dumping. Waste to energy is the fastest solution to reduce waste volume by generating electricity through reduction of GHG.

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Introduction

Rising incomes and increased industrialization are an index of economic prosperity, leading to greater utilization of resources and subsequently more waste generation. An increase in consumer products leads to increases in paper, plastics, paper packaging, multi material packing items in municipal solid waste (MSW). Residential, commercial, and institutional wastes get mixed up with traces of other wastes from industrial, municipal services, hospitals, as well as construction and demolition from urban waste collection, segregation, and transportation processes in India despite of strict policies on waste segregation [ 1 ].

India is culturally diverse country having different lifestyle and food habits in each state and cities. Indian waste has about 50% organic content as against 30% organic component in developed countries [ 2 ]. Only 12.45% of waste out of the total waste collected in Indian urban cities is responsibly processed, while the balance is disposed in open dumps [ 3 ].

Ahmedabad city is the 5th most populated economic and industrial hub in Gujarat State of Western India [ 4 ]. The city was listed by Forbes among the fastest growing cities of the decade [ 5 ]. Ahmedabad was declared as India’s first UNESCO World Heritage City in 2017 [ 6 ] attracting global tourism that leads to heterogeneous waste generation.

The MSW of the Ahmedabad city is being dumped at Pirana dump site since 1980 [ 7 ] and occupies an area of over 33.99 hectare of land. Around 3000–4000 tons of fresh waste is collected daily and dumped at the site resulting into major environmental problems and hazards to inhabitants.

Currently, Ahmedabad city is processing legacy waste heap to recover refuse derived fuel (RDF) for using it in heat generation industries such as cement. The leftover organic decompose portion is used as city compost as per Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) guideline [ 8 ]. The fresh waste is collected and dumped at the same site and further processed after aerobic composting for RDF and city compost recovery.

MSW at dump site receives mix of organic and inorganic inert waste with high moisture content and low calorific value. Organic part is most suitable for aerobic composting [ 9 ]. However, aerobic digestion (composting) is an area- and time-consuming process for large urban cities having inorganic inert mixed with organic waste. Composting also emits significant greenhouse gases (GHG) and wastewater penetrates downward to pollute ground water during the decomposition which is comparable with open dumping of the MSW [ 10 ]. Furthermore, farmers are not ready to use city compost because of major concerns due to heavy metal and other unwanted content carried forward through food chain [ 11 ]. The option of anaerobic digestion or bio-methanation to generate methane gas is environmentally friendly though equally time and area consuming process handling large scale urban MSW. The post digestion residue (digestate) faces the same environmental concerns as compost (mentioned earlier) for use as a fertilizer by farmers.

Thermal processing or incineration of waste to generate electricity reduces waste volume by 80%, however, past experience of the first large-scaled 300 tons per day (TPD) capacity MSW incineration plant, built in 1987, at Timarpur, Delhi, could not run for a long time due to non-availability of waste having required calorific value for incineration [ 12 ]. The government has revamped the Municipal Solid Wastes Rules 2000 and notified the new Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 to waste generators and authorize for source segregation of waste, recycle the recyclable waste, power generation from waste having 6,276 kJ/kg by providing subsidy for power plant infrastructure development to the plant operators [ 13 , 14 ]. The policy facilities MSW to electricity generation with subsidy to set up the plant and power purchase tariff suitable to accommodate new advanced technologies that controls environmental pollution.

India needs to revisit advanced thermal controlled combustion technologies for waste to energy generation that can handle large scale fresh MSW to reduce post combustion waste volume. Globally several countries including China, Germany, USA, Japan, etc. have installed advanced combustion technologies for waste to energy to minimize waste with environmental controlled emissions [ 15 ]. The economic and technical viability and stability of waste processing and resource utilization in any country, especially for combustion technology is strongly dependent on the waste composition and quantities. In view of that, it is advisable to characterize MSW to review its structural suitability to meet the requirements to be economically viable to treat in any downstream technological process.

Therefore, this study was undertaken, to (1) commence systemic large scale waste characterization of the fresh MSW from Ahmedabad city to select the suitable waste treatment technology and (2) to analyze data for understanding energy and environmental emissions from waste transportation to dumping site as against its use for energy production to evaluate fresh MSW to electricity generation that can validate potential suitability of controlled combustion technology.

Materials and methods

Waste sample collection and processing.

The MSW sampling plan and methodology were designed that covers all collection zones of the city, collection vehicles/type, source of waste by following the standard method of MSW sampling [ 16 ]. Total two hundred and one sample ( n =201) were collected by quadrate sampling method and analyzed as shown in Fig. 1 . From total 201 samples, 102 samples were collected from commercial zone while 99 samples were collected from residential zone between years 2010 and 2012. Sample collection was done in three phases every year in December, April and August months from each season and the process was repeated for three years from 2010 to 2012.

Process steps for of Municipal Solid Waste characterization

Field samples were further characterized into subcomponent by segregating into organic waste and inert waste [ 17 ]. Organic waste was further segregated into different types of waste like, cloths, coconut, food, green waste, paper, plastic, rubber and wood. Inert waste was further segregated into glass, metal, and construction debris. Each type of segregated waste was weighted on site without delay and calculated the respective compositional percentage (weight %). Among total waste, only organic waste types were used for detailed laboratory analysis as shown in Fig. 1 .

Laboratory analysis

Laboratory sampling.

From each individually segregated organic waste, powder form of <0.5 mm laboratory samples was prepared using Universal Cutting Mill (Fritsch - P19) [ 18 ].

Proximate analysis

Each homogenized laboratory sample was analyzed for moisture, ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon by standard procedures [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].

Gross calorific value (GCV) and lower heating value (LHV)

A standard measurement of calorific or heating value using digital bomb laboratory calorimeter at the specified volume gives the gross calorific value of the test material [ 23 , 24 ]. The GCV of laboratory sample was analyzed by the method described in DIN 51900 (1-3) [ 25 ].

While the lower heating value (LHV) of the respective laboratory sample was derived by using following formula (Eq.1) [ 26 ].

where LHV: Lower heating value (MJ/kg), GCV: Gross calorific value (MJ/kg); HHV: Higher Heating Value (MJ/kg), W: Weight % of moisture in fuel; H: Weight % of hydrogen in fuel. All values considered for above calculations were on as such /as received basis (wet basis).

Ultimate analysis

The ultimate analysis determines the C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen), O (Oxygen), N (Nitrogen) and S (Sulfur) percentage of the respective fuel sample [ 27 ]. The ultimate analysis of laboratory samples were conducted using an ultimate analyser (Perkin Elmer Element analyzer - PE2400) in accordance with ASTME775 [ 28 ], ASTM E777 [ 29 ], ASTM E778 [ 30 ] and ASTM D5291 [ 31 ].

Statistical analysis

All samples were statistically analyzed using SPSS statistical software version-20 (IBM) [ 32 ]. Pearson Correlation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to analyze the statistical difference between means of different variables of types of the waste by comparing the associated variance at a significant level of <0.05 and <0.01.

Cost, energy, and carbon footprint in MSW logistic

AMC operates seven Refuse Transfer Station (RTS) in Ahmedabad [ 33 ]. After the collection of waste in morning and evening, small trucks, big tipper trucks and hydraulic lifter vehicles carry the waste to the RTS where it is weighed and compressed before being sent to the Pirana-dumping site [ 33 ]. The fuel consumption for transportation of waste was calculated based on total quantity of MSW transported per day, total logistic distance, load capacity per vehicle and fuel efficiency. Diesel is commonly used by the waste transportation vehicles.

Data related to daily waste collection quantity for each RTS, capacity of logistic vehicle and compacting volume were collected in person visits at each RTS of the city. Fuel consumption was calculated based on round trip distance from each RTS to waste processing site and fuel milage of vehicles used. Fuel cost, fuel energy consumption and GHG emissions were also calculated from fuel consumption data. [ 35 ]

where EC diesel = Energy Coefficient/Calorific value for diesel = 36.12 MJ/L [ 34 ]

MSW based renewable power generation and GHG emission reduction

This waste to energy plant was designed based on lowest heating value (LHV) of 6.7 MJ/kg for MSW considering World Bank’s guide for a minimum LHV of 6.00 MJ/kg for MSW incineration for all the seasons for uninterrupted power generation operations [ 36 ]. Coal replacement by unit quantity of MSW was calculated based on difference between lower heating value of MSW (realized based on waste characterization) and coal (12.64MJ/kg). While coal replacement by plant operations per unit time is calculated based on coal consumption for 14.9 MW power generation capacity of the plant.

GHG emission reduction by coal replacement were calculated considering grid emission factor of 0.81 tCO 2 eq per 1 MWh coal-based electricity generation [ 37 ]. Emission reductions by prevention of MSW landfilling were calculated with reference to 1.38 tCO 2 eq GHG emissions per ton MSW landfilled [ 38 ]. The value of CO 2 eq GHG emissions per ton MSW landfilled derived based on methane generation potential of Ahmedabad city waste upon uncontrolled anaerobic degradation of organic portion of waste at dump site [ 38 ]. GHG emission prevention of open dumping of the waste was calculated based on the waste characterization data and total quantity of waste diverted from landfill site by processing the same at WTE plant.

Results and discussion

Type of waste and its comparison.

The MSW generated from residential and commercial segments contains organic and inorganic inert material [ 2 ]. The organic fraction includes materials such as food waste, paper of all types, cardboard, plastic of all types, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, and yard wastes. Uncontrolled anaerobic degeneration of organic waste leads to methane generation, which in turn released to the atmosphere. Knowledge and understanding of the waste stream including composition, quantities and sources is, therefore, an essential step in selection of appropriate waste processing technology.

Inorganic fraction consists of glass, crockery, tin, cans, aluminum, ferrous metals, and dirt [ 39 ]. The inert materials do not have energy content and therefore are not eligible to add to energy recovery process. AMC has divided MSW collection into 6 zones for effective operations. These zones are subdivided into commercial and residential zones [ 33 ].

Physico-chemical properties of MSW showed zone wise variations in municipalities of Indian cities [ 40 ]. Fig .2 shows comparison between weighted average values of proximate and ultimate analysis parameters for waste samples of residential and commercial zones. It should be noted that the analysis results in this article are based on year 2010-2012 data. Recent analysis of waste composition was restricted due to COVID-19 restrictions. All waste types were similar in nature and properties from commercial and residential areas. Weighted average of all parameters was comparable between residential and commercial zone samples. Calorific values were higher, in line with world bank’s guide for thermal treatment process [ 36 ].

Comparison of waste samples between residential and commercial zones

Energy recovery through thermal conversion to electricity generation requires only organic waste having energy content. Calorific value is important for combustion-based technology, whereas nitrogen, sulfur and carbon content are primary concern for organic fertilizer development. It is well established that MSW comprises of a high fraction of combustible organic elements and therefore, significant consideration has been given to use the combustible fraction of MSW for combustion in a waste to energy plant for recovering energy [ 41 , 42 ]. Combustion has advantages of substantial waste volume reduction, recovering energy with complete disinfection of waste [ 43 ]. However, its broader spread is still restricted, owing to the harmful emissions generated due to inherent sulfur, nitrogen and hydrogen content of the organic waste [ 44 , 45 ]. However technological solutions are available to get rid of these pollutants provided one is aware of the waste characteristics. Therefore, we have also analyzed waste types for proximate, ultimate analysis and energy values.

Proximate, ultimate analysis and energy content

The behavior of the combustion system mainly depends on physical characteristics and chemical composition of MSW. MSW having extreme size variations, larger sized would require higher retention/resident time for complete combustion and therefore characterization of MSW is important for the design of a combustion system [ 46 ].

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out to understand statistical difference between and within the type of the waste (Table 1 ). All the waste types showed significant difference, for moisture ( F = 46.51; p =0.001), ash ( F = 34.46; p =0.001), volatile matter ( F =14.05; p =0.001), fixed carbon ( F = 5.744; p =0.001) and LHV ( F = 63.7; p =0.001) (Table 1 ). It has been reported that the moisture content for Asian countries varies between 17 and 65% [ 47 , 48 ]. Studies conducted in Delhi and Ahmedabad also showed moisture content of the MSW in the range of 9–24% [ 49 , 50 ]. Moisture plays an important role in understanding the nature of the waste, as high moisture content indicates presence of higher fraction of organic and putrescible materials [ 49 ]. The energy content (Calorific values) of solid waste is a function of physical composition of the waste, moisture, and ash content. Calorific values indicate the quality of the fuel, and a high-quality fuel has high caloric value. Most of the MSW is a low-quality fuel when compared to other biomass waste. The low quality of MSW fuel is because of its high moisture content which reduces the calorific values of waste and leads to poor ignition and reduce the combustion temperature and impede combustion of reaction products affecting quality of combustion [ 51 ]. Therefore, knowledge of calorific value of MSW is necessary for designing the energy recovery system from the MSW. MSW characterization studies conducted in metropolitan cities of Delhi and Mumbai [ 52 , 53 ] indicated approximate calorific values of 7.43 MJ/kg and 9.03 MJ/kg, respectively. While weighted average LHV of Ahmedabad city MSW showed energy content of 9.85MJ/kg.

A wide range of variations in chemical properties of waste is attributed because of the heterogeneity of the waste type in size, shape and composition in India [ 9 ]. Fixed carbon represents the portion of combustible matter that must be burned in the solid state rather than as gas or vapor [ 54 ]. The average fixed carbon in the MSW samples of tri-cities (Mohali, Chandigarh and Panchkula) in India was reported to be 3.40% [ 55 ].

Carbon and oxygen content did not differ much between the type of wastes except for cloth, plastic, and wood (Fig. 3 A, B). Hydrogen content showed wide range within and between the types of the waste, being highest of 6.48% in plastic (Fig. 3 C). Calculation of air requirement for the complete combustion that is excess air or starved air combustion necessitates knowledge of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen content of the waste to estimate installation capacity of air compressor power and costing [ 51 ]. The conversion efficiency of steam energy into electricity increases with higher steam temperatures and pressures in combustion. High concentrations of chlorine and sulfur in MSW create severe high-temperature corrosion at the heat transfer surfaces on the gas tubes [ 56 ]. Most chlorines are present in plastics (e.g., PVC), while fluorine are present in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTEF) along with other inorganic compounds [ 57 ]. Nitrogen and sulfur content in green and paper waste showed wide range (Fig. 3 D, E).

Descriptive statistics of waste samples for ultimate analysis

To understand correlation of all parameters and their impacts on energy recovery, we have performed Pearson correlation analysis. Moisture content showed inverse and negative correlation with energy content and LHV ( r =− 0.720, p =0.0001). This indicates high moisture containing waste has lower energy content. All parameters of ultimate analysis including Carbon ( r = − 0.906, p =0.0001), hydrogen ( r =− 0.788, p =0.0001), nitrogen ( r = − 0.220, p =0.002), sulfur ( r =− 0.221, p =0.002) and oxygen ( r =− 0.875, p =0.0001) were also negatively correlated with moisture. As fix carbon increases, LHV ( r =0.128, p =0.099) significantly increases with positive correlation. These observations are in line with other studies [ 58 , 59 ].

Bhopal is capital city of Madhya Pradesh state of India having population of around 25 lakhs. It is one of the clean cities of India with effective and robust waste management system. Bhopal has a humid sub-tropical climate, with dry and cool winters, hot summer and humid monsoon season. Chemical characteristics of MSW of Bhopal on dry weight showed mean level for moisture (31.1%), volatile matter (44.52%), ash (15.58%), fix carbon (8.79%), carbon (27.02%), hydrogen (5.78%), oxygen (46.91%) , ash (17.21%) and C:N ratio (26.3%) while LHV of 9.39 MJ/kg, respectively [ 60 ]. Bhopal city’s MSW has high moisture and high inert content with low calorific value, making aerobic composting as choice for MSW treatment.

We have calculated percentage of waste portion in one kilogram of MSW as shown in Table 2 to understand weight-based energy content available for a kilogram of waste. A weighted average LHV 9.85 MJ/kg with weighted average moisture and ash were 28.43 and 25.12% were observed, respectively, in Ahmedabad city’s fresh MSW. A report from Ahmedabad city MSW analysis showed GCV of 16209 kJ/kg, moisture 23.5 and ash 1.43% suggesting energy recovery using combustion technology as suitable technological option [ 61 ]. Bhopal city reported similar results of municipal solid waste characteristics being average LHV 9.39 MJ/kg, moisture 28.1 and ash 15.5% [ 60 ]. Nandan et al (2017) reported GCV of 6.4MJ/kg and moisture 46% as an average of all metro cities of India. While Western region of India showed lower but comparable GCV with Ahmedabad city’s MSW having average GCV of 10.9 MJ/kg with moisture content of 46% [ 39 ].

The quality of municipal solid waste mainly depends on efficiency of source segregation and waste collection mechanism adopted by local municipal body. The nature of waste also varies with time based on the change in lifestyle of the citizens and use of different recyclable and non-recyclable materials in routine. In case of Ahmedabad city, waste quality is quite improved during last decade Recent report says quantity of waste generation ramped up to 4000 tone/day while quality of waste improved in terms of segregation of green waste and wet waste from construction and demolition waste [ 62 ]. This change in waste composition is due to enhancement of public awareness programs and government initiatives such as clean India Mission [ 63 , 64 ]. Based on the insights on the waste characterization and composition, AMC joined with Abellon to set-up the 14.9 MW electricity generation from 1000 tons per day (TPD) fresh MSW by establishing advanced controlled combustion-based technology that complies with stringent environmental emission standards [ 14 , 33 , 65 ] . Considering weighted average ash content of 25.12%, the waste to energy project reduces 75% of the MSW mass, which is supported by report stating 75% volume reduction by incineration as choice of technology for volume handling [ 39 ]. Benefits of controlled combustion include volume reduction of waste with energy recovery, and mitigation of negative impact of GHG emission through open dumping.

It has been reported that annually, 12.1 and 3.6 USD per capita are spent as capital and maintenance cost, respectively, in Indian A1-type cities (metro cities) to meet MSW services [ 40 ] Municipal corporations of cities of India are unable to meet the task given by Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2000 [ 2 ]. This can only be met by Public–Private Partnership (PPP) mode to get rid of MSW related challenges. PPP mode is appeared to be suitable for waste to energy projects as individually neither public services nor private sector can achieve their respective goals and desires of stakeholders [ 2 ]. PPP mode is still in nascent stage in India, despite of many entrepreneurs’ participation in MSW challenge as a business opportunity and about 40 projects are running under PPP mode for segregation at community bin, collection, transportation including waste to energy in India. The Ahmedabad city WTE project is among few of the project under Clean India Mission ( Swatchh Bharat Mission) from Government of India [ 64 , 66 ].

Energy and emission in waste transportation

It is advisable to locate WTE facility closer to the dumping site; thus, reducing transfer and management costs for municipalities, as well as GHG emissions. Public satisfaction for the WTE plant is important as there are serious problem such as “Not In My Back Yard” (NIMBY), where social factor is important [ 67 ]. However, based on the production factors, land factors, policy factors, natural and environment factors, it is wise to site the plant near by the periphery of city and existing dumping site. Currently, AMC operates seven Refuse Transfer Station (RTS) in Ahmedabad [ 33 ]. After the collection of waste in morning and evening, small trucks, big tipper trucks and hydraulic lifter vehicles carry the waste to the RTS where it is weighed and compressed before being sent to the Pirana-dumping site [ 33 ]. Fig. 4 shows diesel consumption, fuel cost and CO 2 emission for transportation of the waste from RTS to Pirana-dumping site where the WTE plant is located. Fuel energy of 0.93MJ/Ton of waste is consumed for one kilometer to transport which cost 0.023 USD/Ton/km corresponding to CO 2 Emissions of 0.069 kgCO 2 e/Ton/km.

Diesel consumption, fuel cost and CO 2 e emission for transportation of MSW from different RTS to dumping site

In other words, to transfer 11.53 GJ energy per Ton of waste, one needs 0.93MJ fuel energy per kilometer. It has been reported that Ahmedabad city’s MSW comprises of more than 50% of organic waste that gets decompose upon open dumping to contribute 5, 195,280.37 CO 2 e tons/year emissions, while 22,838.88 tons CO 2 e /year in form of transporting the waste to dumping site through transport fuel emissions [ 68 , 69 ].

AMC is spending transportation cost for waste dumping with CO 2 emissions in terms of fossil fuel emissions and open dumping decomposition without harnessing energy from waste. An average of 717 liters of diesel costing 630.82USD having 25.91 GJ energy is consumed for 1,000 tons of waste transportation which emits 1,922.35 kg CO 2 e GHG /Day from transportation alone (Table 3 A). The transportation cost of the waste has been utilized to produce electricity through Waste to energy power plant facility reducing negative impacts on environment.

Characterization of MSW from Ahmedabad city showed annually weighted average LHV of 9.85 MJ/kg, which is far higher than World Bank’s guide for a minimum LHV of 6 MJ/kg on municipal solid waste incineration for all the seasons [ 36 ]. However, with reference to the World Bank’s guide and considering plant operations for next 25 years as well as assuming variations in waste calorific values over time and season, the Ahmedabad WTE plant was designed in such a way that it can process the waste with wide range of LHV and average LHV of 6.7 MJ/kg.

The WTE plant in Ahmedabad city is situated near the dumping site with 14.9MW power generation capacity.

Estimation of GHG emission reduction is performed considering 9.85MJ/kg LHV of mixed municipal solid waste characterization. One metric ton MSW used for renewable power generation can replace around 0.78 metric ton coal consumption with reference to the actual calorific value of MSW and coal. This 14.9MW renewable power plant with MSW consumption rate of 22.17 MT per hour replaces total 152,278 MT coal per year. Total 378,000.9 tCO 2 eq GHG emissions can be reduced yearly by renewable power generation through coal replacement (109,638.7 tCO 2 eq /year) and prevention of MSW landfilling GHG emission (268,362.2 tCO 2 eq/year) (Table 3 B).

Treated sewage water is used for steam generation and at cooling tower as wastewater utilization. Boiler ash and fly ash has been proposed for paver manufacturing as value chain from waste produced from the renewable power generation. Solid waste to energy, fly ash utilization and water policies are integrated at waste to energy plant in Ahmedabad city for sustainable resource utilization and considering circular economy [ 14 , 70 , 71 ] (Fig. 5 ).

Technology selection with policy integration for sustainable development

The waste characterization undertaken between 2010 and 2012 from 201 samples concluded that Ahmedabad city’s waste composition and characteristics were suitable for controlled combustion-based waste to energy (WTE) generation to process and dispose waste while recovering energy in the form of electricity. The WTE technology reduces 75% of the waste volume. The Ahmedabad WTE plant replace 417 t/day coal by consuming 1,000 tons of unsegregated fresh MSW daily, having weighted average LHV of 9.85 GJ/ton of waste samples analyzed to produce 14.9 MW electricity. The WTE plant reduces total GHG emission of 378,000.9 MTCO 2 eq/ Year by renewable power generation; through coal replacement 109,638.7 MTCO 2 eq/ Year and by stoppage of MSW landfilling emissions, 268,362.2 MTCO 2 eq/ Year. This plant is among few of the WTE plants in India promoted by Government of India under clean India mission.

Data Availability

Data not available due to restriction - Due to the confidentiality concern, supportive data sets are not shared publically by authors.

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Acknowledgement

Authors are thankful to all the authorities and officials from Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) for providing overall support during waste collection and secondary data collection. We also acknowledge Power Finance Corporation and IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency) for financing the WTE project. Sincere thanks to Mr.Vishal Parmar and Mr. Sanjay Mehta from Abellon research department, who helped in coordination of sampling from AMC dumping site under the guidance of Dr Bharat Gami and Dr Akash Patel.

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Patel, B., Patel, A. & Patel, P. Waste to energy: a decision-making process for technology selection through characterization of waste, considering energy and emission in the city of Ahmedabad, India. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 25 , 1227–1238 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-023-01610-1

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Received : 07 May 2022

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Issue Date : March 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-023-01610-1

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Assessment on Solid Waste Management for Ahmedabad City

2020, Research Paper

Today, with exponential increase in population, waste is being generated in huge quantities all over the world. Cities where proper disposal and processing of waste is not done, environments are being polluted and living beings are being harmed. Hence, it is very important that these cities focus upon managing and handling waste efficiently. Since the city of Ahmedabad has been facing the problem of solid waste management since the past decade, I decided to do a project report on the same to collect information and data about solid waste management in the city. Ahmedabad is one of the most urbanized and developed city in India, which is why making the city sustainable, clean and well planned is important. In the project I have explained how waste is collected and transported from different zones in the city, how a part of the waste is processed and what is the ultimate plan of AMC to efficiently carry out waste management and reduce the accumulated waste. To help do the same, I have also suggested and recommended a few solutions/ initiatives that have been taken by foreign countries, which have been successful in managing solid waste, so that they can be implemented and contribute to reducing the waste and enhance the process of handling it.

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Ahmedabad generates more than 4000 MT of municipal solid waste (MSW) daily. More than 90% of this waste ends up in open dumping site within the municipal limit. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) signed an MoU with United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD) to make Ahmedabad a 'Zero Waste City' by the year 2031. This report presents a roadmap for AMC towards becoming zero waste city. The project team tracked each type of waste by source (residential, commercial, street sweeping waste, construction & demolition waste, slaughterhouse waste, animal carcass and e-waste) from its generation point to its disposal or processing. The team conducted empirical analysis of municipal waste collection, transportation, processing and treatment data maintained by AMC. The recommendations are based on the analysis and field tracking. Key recommendations include adopting a phased approach towards sound material cycle (SMC) society and creating a minimised-bin city. Other recommendations include segregation of waste at source, mainstreaming informal waste pickers in waste business, engaging self-help groups/ CBOs for door-step collection in slums, staggering timings of collection for commercial establishments based on their operational timings, strict enforcement of public health bye-laws and setting-up e-waste collection centres in the city. This report also presents a block-cost estimate and phase-wise implementation plan.

RSIS International

There has been a significant increase in MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) generation in India in the last few decades. MSW generation is largely because of rapid population growth and economic development in the country. Solid waste management has become a major environmental issue in India. The per capita of MSW generated daily, in India ranges from about 100 g in small towns to 500 g in large towns. There is no national level data for Municipal Solid Waste generation, collection and disposal, over the years in our India. Municipal Solid waste management (MSWM) constitutes a serious problem in many third world Cities. Most cities do not collect the totality of wastes generated, and of the wastes collected, only a fraction receives proper disposal. The insufficient collection and inappropriate disposal of solid wastes represent a source of water, land and air pollution, and pose risks to human health and the environment. Over the next several decades, globalization, rapid urbanization and economic growth in the developing world tend to further deteriorate this situation. Items that we no longer need or don’t have any further use are falling in the category of waste and we tend to throw them away. In early days people were not facing such big problems of disposal because of availability of space and natural material but now a day’s congestion in cities and use of non-biodegradable materials in our day life create many problems. It is directly deals with our hygiene and psychology.

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Considering the geo-ecological sensitivity, the Himalayan urban centres are seriously struggling to design useful and economical municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. The Srinagar is the first metropolis and fastest growing city of Western Himalayas and here the management of MSW is a big challenge for local authorities. The aim of this study was to study the overall scenario of MSW in the city. A comprehensive survey was conducted and data were also collected from local municipal department. The results suggested that in most of cases MSW is being dumped openly along roadsides and open spots in the city. Open dumps are responsible for so many negative environmental impacts in the study area. The paper presents the current status of municipal solid waste generation and disposal practices, and different sort of environmental problems arising out of it. Major problems identified include land and water pollution, inadequate technical know-how, shortage of sweepers and collection bins, non-availability of sanitary landfill, uncontrolled disposal of solid waste by people, lack of public awareness, etc. a comprehensive survey of the whole city revealed that biodegradable/ compostable food waste was the major constituent of municipal solid waste (MSW) stream followed by inert material and recyclable materials including polythene, plastic, cardboard and paper. Most of the solid waste generated was found to remain unattended and only 40-45% was being collected that too irregularly by municipal workers and unscientifically disposed off at a dumping ground located in the buffer zone of Anchar Lake, around 8 km north of Srinagar city. Irregular and selective waste collection was the major force behind disposal of solid waste in water bodies, roadsides and open spaces by the people. The study reveals that due to lack of funding and unscientific management the existing solid waste management system is not working successfully in the city. Due to shortage of storage bins, collection efficiency is very low which has severely damaged the environmental condition and also induces to stray dog population phenomenally. The acute absence of waste segregation at the source all types of materials are being disposed along with municipal solid waste which make waste handling very risky especially dumping and disposal points. The lack of governance and inadequate infrastructures for waste collection, transportation and management are the major constrains in designing a suitable MSW management plan for the city. Apart to that unplanned urban settlement and encroachments are also responsible for poor waste collection and disposal system.

sayena singla

Solid waste management is defined as the process of managing the waste from its source of generation to its disposal in a scientific manner. The uncontrolled growth of cities and rapid urbanization is the main cause of municipal solid waste for being the main problem. The change in lifestyle and growth in the urban population of India which is at the rate of 3-3.5% per annum has increased per capita waste generation by 1.3% per annum resulting in an increase of 5% waste generation annually. In India around 377 million people live in urban areas and generate 62 million tons of municipal waste per annum out of which 43 million tones (MT) of the waste is collected, 11.9 MT is treated and 31 MT is dumped in landfills. It is estimated that by 2051 the population of India will reach 1823 million resulting in the generation of 300 million tons of municipal waste per annum that will require 1450km of land to dispose of the waste in a scientific manner. The facts clearly indicate the growing...

The objective of this paper is to examine the waste management of Nagpur city. Nagpur is one of the largest market place in India with population of 24, 05, 665 NMC has divided Nagpur in total of 10 zones for proper administration. Due to factors like industrialization and urbanisation it is the fastest growing city leading to increase in waste generation. This present case study aims to analyse current MSW management practices and its status and it also discusses the issues related with collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. The goal of this study is to help in minimizing the waste generation and to reduce its impact on humans. It also suggests ways to improve the administration of NMC.

ANJALI PRAJAPATI

In Municipal solid waste disposal is a burning issue around the world. Increase of the population and change in lifestyle are finding their way out to manage for a fight quantum increase in MSW. Due to least priority of the governing body in developing country like India, it is much tougher to have a sustainable management system for MSW. Town in India is characterizing as per population. This paper gives detail studied with segregation and sustainable management of waste composition was suggested for MSW in the medium scale town of the south Gujarat region in India. Route study of the MSW transportation is also done so as optimum route can be suggested with the quantity of waste in minimum cost.

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What is the most economical and environmental way to manage waste in India? This paper tries to answer this question. Based on hard evidence and experience of working on the ground, the paper is an attempt to bridge the gap in knowledge about sustainable waste management practices in India.

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The treatment of strongly anisotropic scattering phase functions is still a challenge for accurate radiance computations. The new delta- M+ method resolves this problem by introducing a reliable, fast, accurate, and easy-to-use Legendre expansion of the scattering phase function with modified moments. Delta- M+ is an upgrade of the widely used delta- M method that truncates the forward scattering peak with a Dirac delta function, where the “+” symbol indicates that it essentially matches moments beyond the first M terms. Compared with the original delta- M method, delta- M+ has the same computational efficiency, but for radiance computations, the accuracy and stability have been increased dramatically.

Sesteki titresim, ya da dalgalanma seklinde tanimlayabilecegimiz vibratonun ortaya cikisi; aslinda gunumuzden en az uc yuzyil kadar oncesine dayanir. 19. yy.’in sonlarindan itibaren, keman icrasiyla ilgili uzerinde belki de en cok tartisilmis olan estetiklerden biridir. Ozellikle modernitenin cikisi, teknolojinin gelisimiyle beraber vibratonun kullanim stilleri de farklilasmis; uzun bir donem boyunca sadece bir cesit ‘’susleme’’ olarak benimsenen bu estetik; artik genel keman tekniginin ayrilmaz bir parcasi haline gelmistir. Bu arastirmada tarihsel surec icerisinde vibratonun degisim ve gelisimi ele alinacak; ulasilan sonuclar gunumuz kemancisina konuyla ilgili isik tutacaktir

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