write a case study for indian national congress in 200 words

Essay on Indian National Congress

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100 Words Essay on Indian National Congress

Introduction.

The Indian National Congress (INC) is a major political party in India. Founded in 1885, it played a pivotal role in India’s struggle for independence from British rule.

Formation and Early Years

Role in freedom struggle.

Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the INC became the main force against British rule, leading mass movements like the Quit India Movement.

Post-Independence Era

After independence, the INC led India’s transformation into a democratic nation. It has produced several Prime Ministers, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi.

250 Words Essay on Indian National Congress

Origin and evolution of the indian national congress, role in india’s struggle for independence.

Under the leadership of stalwarts like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the INC spearheaded India’s struggle for independence. Gandhi’s non-violent civil disobedience movement and Nehru’s modernist vision were instrumental in shaping the INC’s ethos and strategy.

Post-independence, the INC emerged as the dominant political force, with Nehru as India’s first Prime Minister. It played a crucial role in shaping India’s constitution and its secular, socialist democratic republic. The INC, however, faced severe criticisms and political challenges in the following decades, leading to its decline.

Contemporary Relevance

Today, the INC is one of the two major national parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Despite its historical significance, the INC faces numerous challenges, including leadership crises and ideological shifts. Its ability to reinvent itself and remain relevant in India’s dynamic political landscape will determine its future trajectory.

In conclusion, the INC’s journey encapsulates the evolution of modern Indian political thought and practice. Its history is intertwined with India’s struggle for independence and post-independence nation-building efforts. Its future will be a significant determinant of India’s democratic trajectory.

500 Words Essay on Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the oldest and most significant political parties in India. Founded on December 28, 1885, it played a crucial role in the country’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Post-independence, the INC emerged as the nation’s dominant political party, shaping India’s socio-political landscape.

The INC and India’s Struggle for Independence

The INC’s role in India’s freedom struggle was monumental. The party became a vehicle for the assertion of Indian nationalism, under the leadership of stalwarts like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and others. The INC’s non-violent resistance against British rule, including the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement, galvanized the masses towards the goal of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete self-rule.

Post-independence, the INC, under Nehru’s leadership, embarked on a mission to shape a new democratic India. The party initiated significant socio-economic reforms, aiming for a mixed economy, secularism, and social justice. The INC’s dominance continued under Indira Gandhi, with a shift towards a more socialist and populist policy. However, this period also saw the centralization of power, leading to splits within the party.

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Essay on Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress founded in 1885 was the institutionalized form of emergent Indian nationalism.

It was the first organized expression of Indian nationalism on an all-India scale.

The birth of the Indian National Congress was not a sudden event or a historical accident but the result of a gradual effort of a number of educated Indians of Bengal and other regions who were very much dissatisfied and disgusted by the exploitative nature of the alien British rule.

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In India, we notice a process of the beginning of political awakening since 1860, which took a major leap forward in 1870-1880 and finally led to the founding of the Indian National Congress in December 1885. R.C. Majumdar aptly observes, “The national conference held in Calcutta in 1883 forestalled it in all essential aspects.

The forerunners of the Indian National Congress were many and among them the most important ones were:

(a) The British Indian Association founded in Bengal in 1843,

(b) British India Association founded in Bengal in 1851,

(c) India League founded in 1875,

(d) Indian Association in 1876,

(e) Bombay Association founded in early fifties of the 19th century,

(f) Poona Sarvajanik Sabha set up in 1886, and

(g) National Conference in 1883.

Besides these major regional organizations in India, some radicals in England founded the British India Society in 1837 to promote and create interest in the conditions of India. In the year 1843, the Bengal British India Society was founded by George Thompson with the goal of advancement of the public welfare by peaceful means while being completely loyal to the British crown.

The British India Association actively campaigned for throwing open offices to all Indians, trial by jury, and establishment of provincial and central legislative councils with elected representatives. The Indian Association spearheaded by Surendranath Banerjee acted as a catalyst in creating awareness by undertaking mobilization activity against the injustices done to Indians in general and to Surendranath Banerjee in particular. Thus started an agitational strategy when age limit was reduced for Indians to appear for ICS and when a judge wanted an idol to be brought to the court.

Surendranath Banerjee initiated all-India tour to propagate the idea of national self-respect and he may justifiably be called the first national leader of India. We can agree with Bipan Chandra that the foundation of the Congress was the natural outcome of the political awareness and work done by various bodies in the years between 1850 and 1885. In the process of the foundation of the Indian National Congress by 72 people in 1885 at Bombay, undoubtedly, A.O. Hume, a retired civil servant of India played a very crucial role along with other early nationalist leaders like Naoroji, Ranade, Banerjee and others.

But a powerful and long-lasting myth, the myth of ‘Safety Valve’ has been in circulation, which states that the Indian National Congress was started by A.O. Hume and others under the official direction, guidance and advice of a no less a person than Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy, to provide a safe, Mild, peaceful and constitutional outlet or ‘safety valve’ for the rising discontent among the masses, which was inevitably leading to a popular and violent revolution.

Bipan Chandra after a detailed discussion about this myth and reality observes that the ‘safety valve’ theory is a myth but as ‘time factor’ was not ripe or suitable for the Indians to start an organization, the earliest nation­alists Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Pherozeshah Mehta, G. Subrahmanya Iyer and Surendranath Banerjee cooperated with Hume because they did not like to arouse official hostility at such an early stage of their work. Gokhale aptly points out “No Indian could have started the Indian National Congress”.

If an Indian had come forward to start such a movement embracing all-India, the officials in India would not have allowed the movement to come into existence. If the founder of the Congress had not been a great Englishman and distinguished ex-official, such was the distrust of political agitation in those days that the authorities would have at once found some way or the other to suppress the movement.

Bipan Chandra concludes this discussion on myth and reality as follows:

“If Hume and other English liberals hoped to use the Congress as a safety-valve, the Congress leaders hoped to use Hume as a lightening conductor. And as later developments show, it was the congress leaders whose hopes were fulfilled”. Percival Spear states, “At the start the Congress was a modest body, having only seventy delegates at its first session. But from the first it formed a focus for the new classes’ political opinions. By 1900, it had spread all over India and was regarded by the forward looking members of the new class as the natural mouthpiece of their aspira­tions. Its support came mainly from the new professionals with a sprinkling of businessmen in Bombay and of landlords in Bengal”.

The first step in the direction of founding of Indian National Congress was initiated by Hume in March 1883 by appealing to the graduates of the Calcutta University to come together to form an association for the moral and political regeneration of the Indians. In his appeal he stressed “self-sacrifice and unselfishness as the only unfailing guides to freedom and happiness”. In response to his appeal, Indian National Union was formed in 1884 under his leadership. Subsequently, it turned into Indian National Congress.

The objectives of the Indian National Congress were proclaimed by its first president W. Chandra Banerjee as follows:

(1) The promotion of personal intimacy and friendship among workers from various comers of India.

(2) The eradication of all prejudices from the minds of every Indian towards the others and to foster sentiments of national unity among all the inhabitants of India.

In the beginning, the Indian National Congress stood for piecemeal reforms by submitting petitions, resolutions and deputation to satisfy the demands of the Indians expressing their faith in the political liberalism of the British Raj.

The Indian National Congress through resolution demanded for:

(i) The appointment of a commission to inquire into the working of the Indian government,

(ii) The abolition of the India council of the Secretary of state for India,

(iii) Creation of legislative councils of the north-west provinces and Awadh and the Punjab,

(iv) Enhancement of the number of elected members in the central and provincial legislative councils with the right of interpolation and discussion of the budget and the creation of a standing committee in the house of commons to look into the demands of the people,

(v) Reduction of military expenditure and equitable division of expen­diture between India and England,

(vi) Introduction of simultaneous Public Service Examinations in England and India and raising age of the candidates who wish to appear for ICS. Till 1905, the Indian National Congress, demanded only for piecemeal reforms through petitions and prayers.

On the basis of the goal, strategy and technique adopted by the Indian National Congress, the national movement of India was divided as moderate phase (1885-1905), extremist phase (1905 to 1918) and the revolutionary phase and finally the Gandhian phase (1919 to 1947).

Related Articles:

• Birth of Indian National Congress
• Political Associations for the Revolt before the Indian National Congress
• Achievement of Indian National Congress during the period from 1885-1905
• The Ideologies and Programmes of the Indian National Congress during 1885-1920

Indian National Congress, Formation, Sessions, Features, Objectives

Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, led India's independence movement. Initially moderate, it later adopted more radical approaches, becoming important in India's freedom struggle. Check History, features, sessions here.

April 19, 2024

Table of Contents

Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, holds a significant place in India’s political history. It originated as a platform for Indian leaders to address colonial grievances and push for reforms under British rule. With iconic figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress transformed into a force championing the cause of India’s independence. Its journey reflects the evolution of India’s struggle for self-determination and its transition from colonial subjugation to sovereignty.

Indian National Congress Formation

• A.O. Hume, a retired English civil servant, played a important role in establishing an all-India organization.
• He collaborated with prominent intellectuals to organize the inaugural session of the Indian National Congress (INC) in December 1885.
• The first session took place at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay and was attended by 72 delegates, primarily lawyers.
• Lord Dufferin served as the British Viceroy during this time.
• Subsequent annual meetings were held in December each year in different parts of the country.
• The Safety Valve Theory, which suggests that the Congress was created by the British to channelize Indian discontent, was advocated by figures like Lala Lajpat Rai and R.P. Dutt. However, contemporary historians do not support this theory.

Reason for Indian National Congress Formation

• Safety Valve Theory: A theory proposed by A.O. Hume, suggesting that the Indian National Congress (INC) was founded as a mechanism to prevent another mass uprising like the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Hume believed that by providing a platform for Indian grievances, the Congress could serve as a “safety valve” for the growing discontent among Indians. However, modern historians are skeptical of this theory, viewing the formation of the INC as driven more by the desire of politically conscious Indians to establish a national organization to express their political and economic concerns.
• Expression of Indian Demands: Another significant reason behind the formation of the Indian National Congress was the need for an organization to articulate the demands of politically aware Indians. While Hume played a role in facilitating the Congress’s establishment, historians like Bipan Chandra suggest that early Congress officials utilized him as a catalyst to bring people together, rather than the Congress being solely a “safety valve” as proposed by Hume and some extremist leaders.

Indian National Congress Objectives

• Establish a Pan-India Organization: The primary objective was to create a nationwide democratic nationalist movement through the formation of a pan-India organization.
• Promotion of Anti-Colonialism: Efforts were directed towards fostering friendly relations among nationalist activists across various regions, promoting and disseminating an anti-colonial nationalist ideology.
• Cultivation of Nationalism: The focus was on strengthening national unity among all citizens, transcending barriers of religion, caste, or province.
• Political Mobilization and Education: The Congress aimed to politicize and educate the populace about Indian political rights.
• Advocacy of a Progressive Political and Economic Agenda: The Congress formulated and advocated for public demands aimed at uniting people around a shared political and economic vision for the nation’s progress.

Indian National Congress Features

• The Indian National Congress (INC) emerged as the first national political movement in India, initially focusing on increasing Indian involvement in political affairs.
• Over time, the INC transitioned its goal towards achieving complete independence for India, becoming a prominent political force post-independence.
• In its early years, the INC adopted moderate approaches, primarily engaging in constitutional debates and strategies.
• Initially, the party’s demands were centered around enhancing Indian representation in the military and administration.
• However, as time progressed, the INC’s demands and tactics grew more assertive.
• By 1905, internal divisions within the party led to the emergence of moderates and extremists.
• Provincial conferences, organizations, media outlets, and literature played crucial roles in nationalist activities aligned with the Indian National Congress.

Indian National Congress Important Sessions

• First Congress Session (1885): This was the very first meeting of the Indian National Congress. It happened in Bombay, and around 72 delegates attended, mostly lawyers. They talked about how to work together for the betterment of India under British rule.
• Surat Session (1907): This session is remembered for the split between moderates and extremists within the Congress. The differences in their approaches to dealing with British rule led to a division in the party.
• Lucknow Session (1916): At this meeting, the Congress and the Muslim League joined hands. This was a significant moment in India’s freedom struggle because it showed unity between Hindus and Muslims against British rule.
• Special Session in Calcutta (1920): This session marked a shift towards more aggressive tactics in the struggle for independence. Mahatma Gandhi called for non-cooperation with the British government, urging Indians to boycott British goods and institutions.
• Karachi Session (1931): This session is notable because it was here that the Congress demanded complete independence from British rule. It was a bold step towards ending colonial rule in India.
• Tripuri Session (1939): During this session, Subhas Chandra Bose was elected as the Congress President. His leadership style and call for a militant struggle against the British sparked controversy within the party.

These sessions played crucial roles in shaping the direction of the Indian National Congress and the broader freedom movement in India.

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Indian National Congress FAQs

A: The Indian National Congress (INC) is a political party in India that played a significant role in the country's struggle for independence from British rule.

A: The INC was established in 1885.

A: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel were some prominent leaders of the INC.

A: Initially, it aimed to increase Indian participation in political affairs. Later, it advocated for complete independence from British rule.

A: The INC used a mix of constitutional debates, non-violent protests, civil disobedience, and mass movements to achieve its goals.

Indian National Movements, History, Importance, Struggles

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• Non Cooperation Movement

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) - Indian Freedom Struggle

The Non-cooperation Movement was launched on 5th September 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC) under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. In September 1920, in Congress session in Calcutta, the party introduced the Non-Cooperation programme. The period of the non-cooperation movement is taken as September 1920 to February 1922. It signified a new chapter in the history of the Indian freedom struggle.

Non-Cooperation Movement (UPSC Notes) Download PDF Here

Know the Difference Between the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement at the linked article.

The details about the Non-Cooperation Movement for IAS Exam , are mentioned in this article, both from the UPSC Prelims and Mains perspectives.

Non-Cooperation Movement and Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi was the main force behind the non-cooperation movement. In March 1920, he issued a manifesto declaring a doctrine of the non-violent non-cooperation movement. Gandhi, through this manifesto, wanted people to:

• Adopt swadeshi principles
• Adopt swadeshi habits including hand spinning & weaving
• Work for the eradication of untouchability from society

Gandhi travelled across the nation in 1921 explaining the tenets of the movement.

Features of the Non-Cooperation Movement

• The movement was essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government in India.
• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People were asked to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People were asked to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.
• People were asked to boycott the elections to the legislative councils.
• People were asked not to serve in the British army.
• It was also planned that if the above steps did not bring results, people would refuse to pay their taxes.
• The INC also demanded Swarajya or self-government.
• Only completely non-violent means would be employed to get the demands fulfilled.
• The non-cooperation movement was a decisive step in the independence movement because, for the first time, the INC was ready to forego constitutional means to achieve self-rule.
• Gandhiji had assured that Swaraj would be achieved in a year if this movement was continued to completion.

Also, read, Non-Cooperation Movement was Launched – [1st August, 1920] 

Causes of Non-Cooperation Movement

• Resentment at the British after the war: Indians thought that in return for the extensive support of manpower and resources they had provided to Britain during the First World War, they would be rewarded by autonomy at the end of the war. But the Government of India Act 1919 was dissatisfactory. In addition, the British also passed repressive acts like the Rowlatt Act which further angered many Indians who felt betrayed by the rulers despite their wartime support.
• Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant character.
• Economic hardships due to World War I: India’s participation in the war caused a lot of economic hardships to the people. Prices of goods began to soar which affected the common man. Peasants also suffered because the prices of agricultural products did not increase. All this led to resentment against the government.
• The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The repressive Rowlatt Act and the brutal massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the Indian leaders and the people. Their faith in the British system of justice was broken and the whole country rallied behind its leaders who were pitching for a more aggressive and firm stance against the government.
• The Khilafat Movement: During the First World War, Turkey, which was one of the Central Powers, had fought against the British. After Turkey’s defeat, the Ottoman caliphate was proposed to be dissolved. Muslims regarded Sultan of Turkey as their Caliph (religious head of the Muslims). The Khilafat movement was launched under the leadership of  Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani. It got the support from Mahatma Gandhi to persuade the British government not to abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British.

Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement suspended?

• Gandhiji called off the movement in February 1922 in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident .
• In Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and protesters of the movement.
• Gandhiji called off the movement saying people were not ready for revolt against the government through ahimsa. Several leaders like Motilal Nehru and C R Das were against the suspension of the movement only due to sporadic incidents of violence.

A few other related CSE exam modern Indian history articles are linked below:

Significance of Non-Cooperation Movement

• Swaraj was not achieved in one year as Gandhiji had told.
• However, it was a truly mass movement where lakhs of Indians participated in the open protest against the government through peaceful means.
• It shook the British government who were stumped by the extent of the movement.
• It saw participation from both Hindus and Muslims thereby showcasing communal harmony in the country.
• This movement established the popularity of the Congress Party among the people.
• As a result of this movement, people became conscious of their political rights. They were not afraid of the government.
• Hordes of people thronged to jails willingly.
• The Indian merchants and mill owners enjoyed good profits during this period as a result of the boycott of British goods. Khadi was promoted.
• The import of sugar from Britain reduced considerably during this period.
• This movement also established Gandhiji as a leader of the masses.

Facts about Non-Cooperation Movement for UPSC

Aspirants preparing for UPSC 2024  should read the facts given below about the movement:

Aspirants should know that in Indian History, Kheda Satyagraha (1918) is the first step towards non-cooperation.

How did the people respond to the Non-Cooperation Movement?

The great leaders who were supporting the movement were given complete cooperation by people belonging to different sections of the country:

• The businessmen supported the movement as the nationalist movement on the use of Swadeshi had proven to be beneficial for them
• Peasants and the middle class got an opportunity to show their unacceptance of British rule by being a part of the movement
• Women too actively participated in the movement and actively protested
• Plantation workers who were not allowed to leave the tea gardens left the plantation fields in support of the Gandhian movement
• A lot of people also surrendered their titles and honours given by the British government
• People had started boycotting civil services, courts, schools and colleges run by the British government

To get to the point and brief answers for many other such questions on the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement, UPSC exam aspirants can refer to the links given below:

Candidates preparing for the upcoming UPSC recruitment must refer to the  IAS topper list  and get inspired and motivated with their success stories.

For more details, study material and preparation tips for the modern history part of the IAS Syllabus , candidates can visit BYJU’S.

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The pre-independence period

Postindependence dominance of the nehru clan.

• The party since 1991
• State politics
• Policy and structure

What role did the Indian National Congress play in the Indian independence movement?

What policies have historically been supported by the indian national congress, is the indian national congress’s gandhi family related to mahatma gandhi.

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Indian National Congress

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What is the Indian National Congress?

The Indian National Congress is one of two major political parties in India . It was influential in the 20th-century Indian independence movement and dominated much of the republic’s early political scene.

When was the Indian National Congress founded?

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885, initially with the goal of pursuing moderate reform under the British raj in India. Its roots are in the early Indian nationalist movement that arose from the Indian Rebellion of 1857 .

The Indian National Congress was initially focused on moderate reform under the British raj in India. However, some early 20th-century activists began to boycott British imports and promote Indian goods, garnering the support of a wide swath of social classes. In the 1920s and ’30s party leader Mahatma Gandhi supported nonviolent acts of civil disobedience. Although tensions between the Congress Party and the raj escalated during World War II , by 1947 these tactics had secured independence for India.

Prior to Indian independence, the Indian National Congress was a champion of moderate reform, although during the 1920s and ’30s it transitioned to a focus on independence through nonviolent civil disobedience. Since independence, the party has traditionally supported socialist economic policies within a mixed economy , although in the 1990s it supported more conservative economic reforms. Its social policies have included secular government and equal rights, irrespective of caste.

The Indian National Congress’s prominent Gandhi family is not related to Mahatma Gandhi . Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi , who both served as prime minister of India, were close associates of the Mahatma. However, Indira’s surname came from her husband, Feroze Gandhi. Feroze and the Mahatma were not related.

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Indian National Congress , broadly based political party of India . Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain . It subsequently formed most of India’s governments from the time of independence and often had a strong presence in many state governments.

(Read Indira Gandhi’s 1975 Britannica essay on global underprivilege.)

The Indian National Congress first convened in December 1885, though the idea of an Indian nationalist movement opposed to British rule dated from the 1850s. During its first several decades, the Congress Party passed fairly moderate reform resolutions, though many within the organization were becoming radicalized by the increased poverty that accompanied British imperialism. In the early 20th century, elements within the party began to endorse a policy of swadeshi (“of our own country”), which called on Indians to boycott of imported British goods and promoted Indian-made goods. By 1917 the group’s “extremist” Home Rule wing, which was formed by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant the previous year, had begun to exert significant influence by appealing to India’s diverse social classes.

In the 1920s and ’30s the Congress Party, led by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi , began advocating nonviolent noncooperation . The new change in tactics was precipitated by the protest over the perceived feebleness of the constitutional reforms enacted in early 1919 ( Rowlatt Acts ) and Britain’s manner of carrying them out, as well as by the widespread outrage among Indians in response to the massacre of civilians in Amritsar ( Punjab ) that April. Many of the acts of civil disobedience that followed were implemented through the All India Congress Committee, formed in 1929, which advocated avoiding taxes as a protest against British rule. Notable in that regard was the Salt March in 1930 led by Gandhi. Another wing of the Congress Party, which believed in working within the existing system, contested general elections in 1923 and 1937 as the Swaraj (Home Rule) Party , with particular success in the latter year, winning 7 out of 11 provinces.

When World War II began in 1939, Britain made India a belligerent without consulting Indian elected councils. That action angered Indian officials and prompted the Congress Party to declare that India would not support the war effort until it had been granted complete independence. In 1942 the organization sponsored mass civil disobedience, called the Quit India Movement , to support the demand that the British leave India. British authorities responded by imprisoning the entire Congress Party leadership, including Gandhi, and many remained in jail until 1945. After the war the British government of Clement Attlee passed an independence bill in July 1947, and independence was achieved the following month. In January 1950 India’s constitution as an independent state took effect.

From 1951 until his death in 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru dominated the Congress Party, which won overwhelming victories in the elections of 1951–52, 1957, and 1962. The party united in 1964 to elect Lal Bahadur Shastri and in 1966 Indira Gandhi (Nehru’s daughter) to the posts of party leader and thus prime minister . In 1967, however, Indira Gandhi faced open revolt within the party, and in 1969 she was expelled from the party by a group called the “Syndicate.” Nevertheless, her New Congress Party scored a landslide victory in the 1971 elections, and for a period it was unclear which party was the true rightful heir of the Indian National Congress label.

In the mid-1970s the New Congress Party’s popular support began to fracture. From 1975 Gandhi’s government grew increasingly more authoritarian , and unrest among the opposition grew. In the parliamentary elections held in March 1977, the opposition Janata (People’s) Party scored a landslide victory over the Congress Party, winning 295 seats in the Lok Sabha (the lower chamber of India’s parliament) against 153 for the Congress; Gandhi herself lost to her Janata opponent. On January 2, 1978, she and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I)—the “I” signifying Indira. Over the next year, her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition, and in 1981 the national election commission declared it the “real” Indian National Congress. In 1996 the “I” designation was dropped. In November 1979 Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat, and the following year she was again elected prime minister. In 1982 her son Rajiv Gandhi became nominal head of the party, and, upon her assassination in October 1984, he became prime minister. In December he led the Congress Party to an overwhelming victory in which it secured 401 seats in the legislature.

Although the Congress Party remained the largest party in parliament in 1989, Rajiv Gandhi was unseated as prime minister by a coalition of opposition parties. While campaigning to regain power in May 1991, he was assassinated by a suicide bomber associated with the Tamil Tigers , a separatist group in Sri Lanka . He was succeeded as party leader by P.V. Narasimha Rao , who was elected prime minister in June 1991.

Indian National Congress History, Foundation, Objective and Feature

Womesh Chandra Bonnerje was the President of the first session of Indian National Congress. Read all about Indian National Congress History, Foundation, Objective and Feature for UPSC Exam.

Table of Contents

Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 by A.O. Hume. The Indian Nation Union was its previous name. It was not by chance that the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It was the result of a political awakening process that started in the 1860s and 1870s and came to a head in the late 1870s and early 1880s. Read all about Indian National Congress for UPSC Examination.

This process reached a turning point in 1885. Modern political thinkers who viewed themselves as defenders of the interests of the nation rather than particular interest groups saw the results of their labour. They created an all-India nationalist organization that would act as a platform, coordinator, focal point, and a representation of the new national politics.

Indian National Congress History

The Indian National Congress was founded by 72 delegates on December 28, 1885, at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Mumbai (then Bombay). It was created by former Indian Civil Services Officer Allan Octavian Hume. The Congress was established with the goal of fostering a climate that would allow for polite dialogue between Indians and British.

Only educated Indians were invited to the Congress. Through the Congress, the British could gain support for their rule in India. This was made feasible because educated Indians were more receptive to modernization concepts and could therefore influence other Indians. General Secretary of the Congress was Allan Octavian Hume, and President of the Congress was Womesh Chunder Banerjee.

Indian National Congress Foundation

In the late 1870s and early 1880s, the foundation for the creation of an all-India organisation had been created. A.O. Hume, a retired English civil official, gave this concept its definitive form by enlisting the help of prominent intellectuals of the day.

For the first session, Hume received approval from Lord Dufferin, the viceroy of India at the time. Due to a cholera outbreak in Poona, where it was originally scheduled to take place, it was shifted to Bombay. In 1883, Hume expressed his wish to create an organisation for educated Indians to demand greater participation in government and to offer a forum for discussion in an open letter to Calcutta University graduates.

The first woman to graduate from Calcutta University, Kadambini Ganguly, spoke before the Congress in 1890, demonstrating the liberation movement’s dedication to ensuring that Indian women receive their proper standing in public life.

Indian National Congress Feature

The INC was the country of India’s first national political movement, and its main goal was to boost Indian participation in governmental affairs. Later, it upgraded its objective to complete independence. Following independence, it evolved into a powerful political force in the country. In its early years, the INC was a moderate group that restricted its tactics to constitutional ones and discourse.

Its demands were limited to increasing the percentage of Indians participating in the armed services and government. Independence was never discussed. After some time, the party’s demands and strategy grew more extreme.

The party had clearly split by 1905, with the more recent segment, the extremists, who were known for their radical tactics, and the long-standing moderates. Along with the Indian National Congress, provincial conferences, associations, newspapers, and literature also participated in nationalist action.

Indian National Congress Objective

The Indian National Congress was the country’s first large-scale political movement, and its main goal was to boost Indian participation in governmental affairs. The goal is to foster friendly contacts between nationalist political activists from various parts of the nation. INC Developing and enhancing a sense of national unity that transcends caste, religion, and province was the goal.

The goal was to compile and submit a list of general demands to the government. Another goal was to organise and inform the public opinion of the country. Creating and promoting an anti-colonial nationalist concept and upholding a sense of national unity among all citizens, regardless of their religion, caste, or province, were additional goals.

Indian National Congress Role of A. O Hume

Following the Theosophical Convention in Madras in December 1884, a small group of seventeen persons is believed to have discussed the concept for an all-India congress. It is also said that Hume’s Indian union, which he created after leaving the Civil Service, contributed to the Congress’s convocation.

We can infer that there was a need for such an organization, and A.O. Hume took the initiative, regardless of where the idea originated or who the idea’s original creator was. Hume was the son of British radical activist Joseph Hume. He adopted his father’s political beliefs and originally had an interest in European revolutionary groups.

He began working for the East India Company in 1849 and was stationed in the Northwestern Provinces. He got interested in initiatives like promoting education, eradicating social ills, and advancing agriculture. Even Hume launched a newspaper in 1861 to inform Etawah residents about political and social issues.

The other British commanders did not appreciate Hume’s pro-Indian position and efforts to advance Indian welfare. Hume was made Secretary to the Government of India in 1870. For his opinions, Viceroy Northbrook threatened to fire Hume.

Additionally, he did not get along with Lord Lytton, and as a result, he was demoted in 1879 and eventually left the service in 1882. Hume established himself in Shimla and developed a passion for Indian politics. He felt more sympathy for the Bombay and Poona factions than for the leaders of Calcutta, such Surendranath Banerjee and Narendra Nath Sen. Hume also got to know Viceroy Lord Ripon and developed an interest in his plan for local self-government.

Indian National Congress Foundation Theories

1. safety valve theory (lala lajpat rai).

It has been hypothesized that A.O.Hume, a retired English civil officer who created the INC rather than an Indian, did so in order to address the growing unrest against British authority. Viceroy Dufferin is said to have given Hume the idea for an annual gathering of intelligent Indians for political discourse.

This may be somewhat true, but there is no solid proof that Dufferin suggested the INC’s formation or that the INC was meant to serve as a “safety value.”

2. Conspiracy Theory (R P Dutt)

The idea of a “safety valve” gave rise to the conspiracy theory of the Marxist historian. According to R.P. Dutt, the bourgeois leaders conspired to put down an uprising of the Indian people, and this is how the Indian National Congress came to be.

3. Lightning Conductor Theory (G.K Gokhale)

Indians who were politically aware wanted to create a national organisation to voice their political and economic aspirations, and the Indian National Congress served as their representation. The authorities would have been violently opposed to such a body if the Indians had created it on their own; it would not have been permitted to exist.

Even though they did so in the name of a “safety valve,” the early Congress leaders utilised Hume as a “lightning conductor,” or a catalyst, to unite patriotic forces.

Indian National Congress UPSC

The fight for India’s independence from foreign domination was officially began in 1885 with the founding of the National Congress, which was modest but well-organized. The national movement would intensify, and until freedom was attained, neither the nation nor its citizens could rest. This article contains comprehensive information on UPSC Exam Preparations.

Indian National Congress FAQs

Q) Who founded Indian National Congress and why?

Ans. Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil service officer, spearheaded the idea for the Indian National Congress, which held its first meeting in Bombay from December 28 to December 31, 1885. In an open letter to University of Calcutta graduates in 1883, Hume had described his concept for a group representing Indian interests.

Q) Who is the CEO of Indian National Congress?

Ans. At Present CEO of Indian National Congress is  Mallikarjun Kharge since 26 October 2022

Q) Which state is Indian National Congress?

Ans. The Indian National Congress (INC), which enjoys majority support, is in power in Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, and Rajasthan as of 9 December 2022.

Q) When and who established the Indian National Congress?

Ans. The Indian National Congress was started in 1885 by retired civil officer A.O. Hume. Its original name was the Indian Nation Union, but Dadabhai Naoroji suggested changing it.

Q) Who was the President of the first session of INC?

Ans. The INC’s inaugural session was presided over by Womesh Chandra Bonnerje. 72 delegates from all the Indian provinces attended the first session. There were 2 Muslims, 2 Jain, and 54 adherents of the Hindu, Jain, and Parsi faiths.

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Who founded Indian National Congress and why?

Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil service officer, spearheaded the idea for the Indian National Congress, which held its first meeting in Bombay from December 28 to December 31, 1885. In an open letter to University of Calcutta graduates in 1883, Hume had described his concept for a group representing Indian interests.

Who is the CEO of Indian National Congress?

At Present CEO of Indian National Congress is Mallikarjun Kharge since 26 October 2022

Which state is Indian National Congress?

The Indian National Congress (INC), which enjoys majority support, is in power in Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, and Rajasthan as of 9 December 2022.

When and who established the Indian National Congress?

The Indian National Congress was started in 1885 by retired civil officer A.O. Hume. Its original name was the Indian Nation Union, but Dadabhai Naoroji suggested changing it.

Who was the President of the first session of INC?

The INC's inaugural session was presided over by Womesh Chandra Bonnerje. 72 delegates from all the Indian provinces attended the first session. There were 2 Muslims, 2 Jain, and 54 adherents of the Hindu, Jain, and Parsi faiths.

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In the Name of Democracy? The Rise and Decline of India's Congress Party

• Format: Print
• | Language: English
• | Pages: 30

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• March 2017 (Revised January 2018)
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• In the Name of Democracy? The Rise and Decline of India's Congress Party  By: Akshay Mangla
• In the Name of Democracy? The Rise and Decline of India's Congress Party  By: Akshay Mangla and Jonathan Schlefer

Essay on Mahatma Gandhi [100, 150, 200, 300, 500 Words]

Essay on Mahatma Gandhi in English: In this article, you are going to read short and long essays on Mahatma Gandhi in English (100, 150, 200-250, 300, and 500 words). This article will be also helpful for you If you are looking for a speech on Mahatma Gandhi or Paragraph on Mahatma Gandhi in English. We’ve written this article for students of all classes (nursery to class 12). So, let’s get started.

Table of Contents

Short Essay on Mahatma Gandhi 100 Words

Mahatma Gandhi was one of the greatest leaders of our country. He was born in Porbandar, India, on October 2, 1869. His father Karamchand Gandhi was the Dewan and his mother Putlibai was a pious lady. Gandhiji went to England to become a barrister. In 1893 he went to South Africa and worked for the rights of our people.

He returned to India in 1915 and joined the freedom struggle. He started many political movements like Non-cooperation movement, Salt Satyagraha, Quit India Movement to fight against the British. Gandhiji worked for the ending of the caste system and the establishment of Hindu-Muslim unity. He was killed by Nathuram Godse On January 30, 1948.

Mahatma Gandhi Essay in English 150 Words

Mahatma Gandhi was a great leader. His full name was Mohandas and Gandhi. He was born on October 2, 1869 at Porbandar. His father was a Diwan. He was an average student. He went to England and returned as a barrister.

In South Africa, Gandhiji saw the bad condition of the Indians. There he raised his voice against it and organised a movement.

In India, he started the non-cooperation and Satyagraha movements to fight against the British Government. He went to jail many times. He wanted Hindu-Muslim unity. In 1947, he got freedom for us.

Gandhiji was a great social reformer. He worked for Dalits and lower-class people. He lived a very simple life. He wanted peace. He believed in Ahimsa.

On January 30, 1948, he was shot dead. We call him ‘Bapu’ out of love and respect. He is the Father of the Nation.

Also Read: 10 Lines on Mahatma Gandhi

Essay on Mahatma Gandhi 200-250 Words

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, freedom activist, and politician. Gandhiji was born on October 2, 1869 at Porbandar, Gujarat. His father Karamchand Gandhi was the Chief Minister (diwan) of Porbandar state. His mother Putlibai was a religious woman.

He went to England to study law at the age of 18 years. After his return to India, he started a practice as a lawyer in the Bombay High Court. He went to South Africa and started practicing law. There he protested against the injustice and harsh treatment of the white people towards the native Africans and Indians.

He returned to India in 1915 and started to take interest in politics. Mahatma Gandhi used the ideals of truth and non-violence as weapons to fight against British colonial rule. He worked for the upliftment of Harijans. He fought against untouchability and worked for Hindu-Muslim unity.

Through his freedom movements like Non-cooperation movement, Khilafat movement, and civil disobedience movement he fought for freedom against the British imperialists. 1942, he launched the Quit India movement to end the British rule. At last, India got freedom in 1947 at his initiative.

People affectionately call him ‘Bapu’ and the ‘Father of the Nation’. He was shot dead in 1948 by the Hindu fanatic Nathuram Godse.  Gandhiji’s life is a true inspiration for all of us.

Mahatma Gandhi Essay in English 300 Words

Mahatma Gandhi was born at Porbandar in Gujarat on 2nd October, 1869. His father was the Diwan of the State. His name was Karam Chand Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi’s full name was Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi. His mother’s name was Putali Bai. Mahatma Gandhi went to school first at Porbandar then at Rajkot. Even as a child, Mahatma never told a lie. He passed his Matric examination at the age of 18.

Mohan Das was married to Kasturba at the age of thirteen. Mahatma Gandhi was sent to England to study law and became a Barrister. He lived a very simple life even in England. After getting his law degree, he returned to India.

Mr. Gandhi started his law practice. He went to South Africa in the course of a law suit. He saw the condition of the Indians living there. They were treated very badly by the white men. They were not allowed to travel in 1st class on the trains, also not allowed to enter certain localities, clubs, and so on. Once when Gandhiji was travelling in the 1st class compartment of the train, he was beaten and thrown out of the train. Then Mahatma decided to unite all Indians and started the Non-violence and Satyagrah Movement. In no time, the Movement picked up.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India and joined Indian National Congress. He started the Non-violence, Non-cooperation Movements here also. He travelled all over India, especially the rural India to see the conditions of the poor.

Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagrah Movement to oppose the Rowlatt Act and there was the shoot-out at Jalian-Wala-Bagh. The Act was drawn after many people were killed. He then started the Salt Satyagraha and Quit India Movements. And finally, Gandhiji won freedom for us. India became free on 15th August, 1947. He is called as “Father of the Nation”. Unfortunately, Gandhiji was shot on 30 January 1948 by a Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse.

Also Read: Gandhi Jayanti Speech 10 Lines

Mahatma Gandhi Essay in English 500 Words

Introduction:.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi was a politician, social activist, writer, and leader of the Indian national movement. He is a figure known all over the world. His name is a household word in India, rather, in all the world round. His creed of non-violence has placed him on the same par with Buddha, Sri Chaitanya, and Jesus Christ.

Family & Education:

Mahatma Gandhi was born in the small town of Porbandar in the Kathiwad state on October 2, 1869. His father Karamchand Gandhi was the prime minister of Rajkot State and his mother Putlibai was a pious lady. Her influence shaped the future life of Mahatma Gandhi.

He was sent to school at a very early age, but he was not a very bright student. After his Matriculation Examination, he went to England to study law and returned home as a barrister. He began to practice law in Bombay but he was not very successful.

Life in South Africa:

In 1893 Gandhiji went to South Africa in connection with a case. He found his own countrymen treated with contempt by the whites. Gandhiji started satyagraha against this color hated. It was a non-violent protest, yet hundreds were beaten up and thousands were sent to jail. But Gandhiji did not buzz an inch from his faith in truth and non-violence and at last, he succeeded in his mission. He was awarded the title of Mahatma.

Fight for India’s Independence:

In 1915 Gandhiji came back to India after twenty long years in South Africa. He joined the Indian National congress and championed the cause of India’s freedom movement. He asked people to unite for the cause of freedom. He used the weapons of truth and non-violence to fight against the mighty British.

The horrible massacre at Jalianwalabag in Punjab touched him and he resolved to face the brute force of the British Government with moral force. In 1920 he launched the Non-cooperation movement to oppose British rule in India.

He led the famous Dandi March on 12th March 1930. This march was meant to break the salt law. And as a result of this, the British rule in India had already started shaking and he had to go to London for a Round Table Conference in 1931. But this Conference proved abortive and the country was about to give a death blow to the foreign rule.

In 1942 Gandhiji launched his final bout for freedom. He started the ‘Quit India’ movement. At last, the British Government had to quit India in 1947, and India was declared a free country on August 15, 1947.

Social Works:

Mahatma Gandhi was a social activist who fought against the evils of society. He found the Satyagraha Ashram on the banks of the Sabarmati river in Gujarat. He preached against untouchability and worked for Hindu-Muslim unity. He fought tirelessly for the rights of Harijans.

Conclusion:

Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation was a generous, god-loving, and peace-loving person. But unfortunately, he was assassinated by Nathuram Godse on 30th January 1948 at the age of 78. To commemorate Gandhiji’s birth anniversary Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated every year on October 2. Gandhiji’s teachings and ideologies will continue to enlighten and encourage us in the future.

Read More: 1. Essay on Swami Vivekananda 2. Essay on Subhash Chandra Bose 3. Essay on Mother Teresa 4. Essay on APJ Abdul Kalam 5. Essay on Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

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• Modern History

Indian Independence and the Partition explained

On August 15th, 1947, India finally gained its independence from British rule after decades of struggle.

This event is one of the most important in Indian history, and it had a huge impact on the region as a whole. However, it was not a smooth transition. 

On August 14th, just one day before India's independence, the Muslim state of Pakistan also gained its independence from British rule.

This was in comparison to India, which was predominantly Hindu.

This was accomplished through the partition of India into two separate countries. The consequences of this partition were devastating.

Over the course of just a few months, millions of people were killed and displaced in what is considered to be one of the worst humanitarian disasters in history. 

The background of Indian independence and partition dates back to the 18th century when the British first began to colonise India. 

For centuries, India had been ruled by a number of different dynasties and empires.

The British East India Company was established in 1600 and slowly began to take control of more and more territory.

The East India Company eventually dominated regions of the Indian subcontinent beginning in 1757, when it began ruling Bengal, a time period known as Company Rule or Company Raj.

In 1858, after the Sepoy Rebellion , the British Crown took over direct rule of India from the East India Company.

From that point on, India was effectively a colony of Britain.

Rise of Sectarianism

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a growing movement for Indian independence from British rule.

This was led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi who believed in nonviolent resistance. However, not all Indians wanted independence.

There were also those who wanted to maintain the British Raj because they believed it was a stabilising force in the region.

In the late 19th century, there was also a growing movement among Indian Muslims for a separate Muslim state.

This was in response to fears that Hindus would dominate an independent India.

In 1885, the Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress was founded to fight for Indian independence from British rule.

At first, the Muslim minority in India was not supportive of the Congress's goals. However, this changed when Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a lawyer and politician, joined the Congress in 1906. 

The British divided electoral districts among different religious groups in 1909, which resulted in sectarianism hardening of boundaries.

The colonial regime emphasised these distinctions by, for example, having separate toilet and water facilities for Muslims and Hindus at railway terminals.

Jinnah advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity and helped to found the All-India Muslim League in 1912.

The Muslim League's goal was to protect the rights of Muslims within India. 

The World Wars

During World War I, India was formally a part of the British Empire. This meant that Indian soldiers were fighting for Britain in Europe and the Middle East.

At the same time, Muslims in India felt a sense of loyalty to the Ottoman Empire which was also fighting against Britain.

This led to tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India.

In exchange for the service of over a million Indian soldiers in the British Army during WWI, Indians expected political concessions as far as, and including, independence.

However, after the conflict, Britain made no such offers.

At the time, Mahatma Gandhi was referred to as "The Father of the Nation," and he became the most prominent figure in Congress.

Although he pushed for a unified Hindu and Muslim India with equal rights for all people, other members of Congress were less eager to cooperate with Muslims against the British.

As a result, the Muslim League began formulating separatist plans.

During World War II, India once more contributed to the conflict as part of the British Empire.

However, this time there was much greater support for independence among Indians.

In response to this, Britain promised independence to India after the war, if they fought on their side.

At the end of the Second World War, the Labour Party was voted into office in Britain, and they pushed for Indian independence.

Labour sought almost immediate independence for India, as well as a slower schedule for decolonisation of other British imperial possessions.

Separate Muslim State

With Indian independence finally a possibility, Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, began a public battle in support of a separate Muslim state as well, while Jawaharlal Nehru of the Congress suggested a unified India.

The country was on the verge of a sectarian civil war as independence approached. Despite Gandhi's calls for Indians to come together in peaceful resistance to British rule, the Muslim League scheduled "Direct Action Day" for August 16, 1946.

This was meant to be a day of peaceful protest, calling for a separate Muslim state.

However, the day saw violence from Muslim crowds against Hindus. By the end of the day, approximately 3,500 Hindus and Sikhs had been killed in Calcutta.

The next day, there were reports of Hindu reprisal attacks, with some 400 Muslims killed.

The Indian Independence Act of 1947 was an act passed by the British Parliament that granted independence to India.

The act came into effect on August 15th, 1947, making August 15th the official date of Indian independence.

The Radcliffe Line

The Radcliffe Line was the boundary line between India and Pakistan that was drawn up by British lawyer Cyril Radcliffe.

The line was intended to be a fair and impartial division of the country, but it ended up being highly controversial.

The Award was a report published by the British government in August 1947 that proposed the partition of India into two separate states: India and Pakistan.

The Award was highly controversial as millions of Hindus and Muslims were forced to leave their homes and cross the border into either India or Pakistan.

The problem was severe in the fertile and prosperous Punjab, where Hindus and Muslims lived nearly side by side.

Both sides refused to give up this valuable real estate, and religious animosity was strong.

The Partition of India

The partition of India was the division of the country into two separate states: India and Pakistan.

The partition took place on August 14th, 1947 and led to mass violence and displacement as millions of Hindus and Muslims were forced to leave their homes and cross the border into either India or Pakistan.

Around 10 million people escaped north or south, depending on their religion. An estimated 500,000 people were killed in fighting. 

The partition also led to the division of families, with some members going to India while others went to Pakistan.

The partition was a difficult and traumatic experience for many people.

On January 30, 1948, Mohandas Gandhi was murdered by a Hindu extremist opposed to his goal of building a secular state.

The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was motivated by his belief that Gandhi was appeasing Muslims at the expense of Hindus.

Burma and Ceylon gained independence from Britain in 1948, and Bangladesh separated from Pakistan in 1971.

Since August 1947, India and Pakistan have been engaged in three major conflicts and one minor conflict regarding border issues.

Also, the demarcation of the borders in Jammu and Kashmir remains a major issue.

Today, the partition is still a highly sensitive issue. The events of 1947 continue to have a profound impact on the lives of people in India and Pakistan.

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Q. Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s? (150 words)

• Highlight the immediate reasons for dissatisfaction in 1870s-80s.
• Highlight how such dissatisfaction gave rise to moderate led INC.
• Highlight how overall dissatisfaction gave rise to radicals.

Introduction

• Post-1857 revolts period marked the rise of nationalism as people got increasingly aware of British control over resources and their lives. The dissatisfaction intensified in the 1870s and 1880s.
• Arms and Vernacular Press Act of 1878: disallowing Indian from possessing arms and allowing the government to confiscate newspaper printing assets if anything objectionable was printed against the government.
• Ilbert Bill, 1883: White people’s opposition to equality in the trial of Europeans and Indian prisoners. The racial attitude of the British in India was highlighted. These events made educated Indians aware of the need of an all Indian organisation, resulting in the formation of Indian National Congress in 1885 in Bombay with early leadership of Dadabhai Naroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, WC Banerjee etc.

The congress raised several demands in the 1880s:

• Greater voice of Indians in administration and government.
• Indianisation of the administration.
• Separation of Judiciary from Executive, repeal of Arms Act, freedom of speech and expression.
• Economic issues: famines, cut in military expenditure.
• The dissatisfaction eventually led to the rise of radicals by the 1890s like Tilak, Rai, Pal. It also gave rise to the demand for Indianisation of the administration, as people became more aware of the discrimination. The radicals criticised the Moderates for their “politics of prayers”, and emphasised the importance of self-reliance and constructive work. The dissatisfaction expressed at this time was significant as it eventually led to the Swadeshi movement.

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Elaborate upon the Communist Party of India’s perspective on Independence.(600 words)

The communist party of india (cpi) played a distinctive and influential role in the struggle for indian independence..

While it was aligned with the overarching objective of ending British colonial rule, the CPI’s perspective on independence differed significantly from the mainstream Indian nationalist movements, particularly the Indian National Congress and other parties. The CPI’s approach can be elucidated in several key aspects:

1. Class Struggle Over Nationalism:

The CPI was founded in 1920 with a clear Marxist ideology that viewed the world through the lens of class struggle. At its core, the party believed that the root cause of India’s suffering lay not only in British colonialism but also in the deep-seated exploitation of the Indian masses by the indigenous bourgeoisie and landlords. From this perspective, the struggle for independence was not merely about ending British rule; it was about initiating a revolutionary transformation of Indian society. The CPI contended that national liberation would only be meaningful if it led to the complete restructuring of Indian society, which included land reforms, worker empowerment, and the equitable distribution of wealth.

2. Radical Economic Reforms:

One of the defining features of the CPI’s perspective on independence was its emphasis on radical economic reforms. The party called for the redistribution of land and wealth, the nationalization of key industries, and the elimination of the zamindari system. These ideas distinguished the CPI from the Congress and other mainstream parties that were more inclined towards a mixed economy with a significant role for private enterprise. The CPI’s vision for a post-independence India involved a planned economy with a focus on the welfare of the masses.

3. Internationalism:

The CPI was profoundly influenced by internationalism. It looked to the Soviet Union and the global communist movement for inspiration and support. During the tumultuous period of World War II, the CPI initially opposed Indian involvement in the war, arguing that it was an imperialist conflict. However, its stance shifted when the Soviet Union joined the Allied forces. This shift was in part due to the CPI’s realignment with the broader anti-fascist and anti-imperialist movements, and it sought to align its goals with the larger global context.

4. Role in the Quit India Movement

: The CPI actively participated in the Quit India Movement of 1942. While the party had been banned by the British government, its members played a crucial role in the mass protests and contributed to the broader anti-colonial resistance. This participation was notable because it marked a moment of convergence with other nationalist movements, such as the Indian National Congress, as both sought the immediate end of British rule. The party’s involvement in the Quit India Movement demonstrated its commitment to the cause of independence and its willingness to work with other political groups when necessary.

5. Post-Independence Role:

After India gained independence in 1947, the CPI faced a complex political landscape. It participated in the first general elections of independent India and won several seats, including in the state legislatures of Kerala and West Bengal. However, it remained a relatively small player in the Indian political landscape, with its influence limited primarily to these two states. Over the years, the CPI and its splinter groups continued to advocate for socialist and communist ideals, sometimes participating in coalition governments at the state level.

In conclusion, the Communist Party of India’s perspective on independence was marked by its strong emphasis on class struggle and the necessity of profound economic reforms alongside the broader anti-colonial struggle. While it shared the ultimate goal of ending British rule with other nationalist movements, its distinct vision of a post-independence India as a socialist state with radical socio-economic changes set it apart. The CPI’s role in the broader narrative of Indian independence remains significant, as it provided an alternative perspective that influenced both the independence movement and the subsequent political landscape in India. The CPI’s commitment to the cause of independence, combined with its unique ideological perspective, leaves an indelible mark on the historical tapestry of India’s struggle for self-rule.

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Home » Modern Indian History » National Movement (1919 – 1939) » Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1931)

Introduction

• Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government
• In India, Civil disobedience movement was a landmark event in the Indian Nationalist movement. In many ways, the civil disobedience movement is credited for paving the way for freedom in India
• The abrupt withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhi after the Chauri Chaura incident of February 1922, had a demoralising effect on many Congress leaders and led to a sharp decline in the national movement
• The Swarajist programme of wrecking dyarchy from within, petered out into council and municipal politicking.
• The ‘No Changer’ group which emphasised upon Gandhian Constructive Work in villages remained scattered and kept themselves aloof from the political developments.
• The remarkable Hindu-Muslim unity of the Non-Cooperation Khilafat days dissolved into widespread communal riots in the mid-1920s
• Negotiations with Jinnah over the Nehru Report plan for an alternative constitution broke down in 1927-28 largely because of Hindu Mahasabha opposition and Jinnah’s obstinacy in relation to it
• Demonstration and hartals in towns in the course of the boycott of the Simon Commission
• Militant communist led workers movement in Bombay and Calcutta which alarmed Indian businessmen and British officials and capitalists alike
• The revival of revolutionary groups in Bengal and Northern India (with Bhagat Singh’s HSRA introducing a new secular and socialistic tone)
• Peasant movements in various regions, particularly the successful Bardoli Satyagraha led by Vallabhbhai Patel in Gujarat in 1928 against the enhancement of land revenue
• Also, during this period when the Congress Left was emerging, under Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose slogans of Purna Swaraj rather than of only Dominion Status were voiced.
• Contradictions were enormously sharpened by the impact of the World Depression which set in from late 1929. Business groups were not happy with the British tariff policy. Lancashire textile imports were going up again, and there were growing conflicts in Calcutta between the Birlas and British Jute interests, and in Bombay over coastal shipping.
• The workers facing large scale retrenchment started agitations with unprecedented militancy and organization.
• Rural tensions were sharpened by stagnation in agrarian production and by British efforts to enhance land revenue in Ryotwari areas in the late 1920s-till the Bardoli victory halted such endeavours permanently

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930 -1931)

• The Lahore Congress (1929) left the choice of the precise methods of non-violent struggle for Purna Swaraj to Gandhi
• It was resolved that a Manifesto or pledge of Independence would be taken all over India by as many people as possible on 26 January 1930.
• On this day Civil disobedience was supposed to commence and It was declared Independence Day

Gandhi’s Efforts

• Gandhi was still not sure of his action. Before launching the movement he once again tried for compromise Government. He placed ‘ eleven points ‘ of administrative reform and stated that if Lord Irwin accepted them there would be no need for agitation
• The rupee-Sterling ratio should be reduced
• Land revenue should be reduced by half and made a subject of legislative control
• Salt tax should be abolished and also the government salt monopoly
• Salaries of the highest grade services should be reduced by half
• Military expenditure should be reduced by 50% to begin with
• Protection for Indian textiles and coastal shipping
• All Political prisoners should be discharged

Beginning of the Movement: Dandi March

• Gandhi took the decision to start the movement. On 12 March 1930 Gandhi started the Historic Salt March from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi beach accompanied by his 78 selected followers.
• There Gandhi and his followers broke the law by manufacturing salt from the sea. The Programme of the movement was as follows:
• a) Salt law should be violated everywhere.
• b) Students should leave colleges and government servants should resign from service.
• c) Foreign clothes should be burnt.
• d) No taxes should be paid to the government.
• e) Women should stage a Dharna at liquor shops, ctc.
• Thus, the historic march, marking the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement, began on March 12, and Gandhi broke the salt law by picking up a lump of salt at Dandi on April 6

Spread of Movement

• Once the way was cleared by Gandhi’s ritual at Dandi, defiance of the salt laws started all over the country
• Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930 when he had announced that he would lead a raid on Dharasana Salt Works on the west coast
• The onset of Monsoon made the salt manufacture difficult and the Congress switched to other forms of mass struggle, all characterised by a similar pattern of careful choice of social issues, followed by their broadening and radicalisation through a variety of populist initiatives, such as:
• non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas;
• no-chowkidara-tax campaign in zamindari areas; and
• violation of forest laws in the Central Provinces.
• Social boycott of Police and lower level administrative officials led to many resignations

Response at Different Places

• In April 1930, C. Rajagopalachari organised a march from Thiruchirapalli to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore (or Thanjavur) coast to break the salt law.
• The event was followed by widespread picketing of foreign cloth shops and anti-liquor campaign
• Kelappan, a Nair Congress leader famed for the Vaikom Satyagraha, organised salt marches
• District salt marches were organise in east and west Godavari, Krishna and Guntur. A number of sibirams (military style camps) were set up to serve as the headquarters of the Salt Satyagraha.
• Bengal provided the largest number of arrests as well as the highest amount of violence.
• Midnapur, Arambagh and several rural pockets witnessed powerful movements developed around salt satyagraha and chaukidari tax.
• During the same period, Surya Sen’s Chittagong revolt group carried out a raid on two armouries and declared the establishment of a provisional government
• Champaran and Saran were the first two districts to start salt satyagraha
• However, very soon, a very powerful non-chaukidari tax agitation replaced the salt satyagraha (owing to physical constraints in making salt)
• Here, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan’s educational and social reform work among the Pathans had politicised them. Gaffar Khan, also called Badshah Khan and Frontier Gandhi, had started the first Pushto political monthly Pukhtoon and had organised a volunteer brigade ‘ Khudai Khidmatgars ’, popularly known as the ‘Red-Shirts’, who were pledged to the freedom struggle and non-violence
• On May 21, 1930, Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib and Manilal (Gandhi’s son) took up the unfinished task of leading a raid on the Dharasana Salt Works.
• The unarmed and peaceful crowd was met with a brutal lathicharge
• A no-revenue campaign was organised; a call was given to zamindars to refuse to pay revenue to the government. Under a no-rent campaign, a call was given to tenants against zamindars

Response of different Sections

• The Militant urban educated youth tended to be attracted more by Revolutionary Terrorism in Bengal, and in North Indian towns because of Bhagat Singh’s popularity
• Still, some areas such as the NWFP saw an overwhelming participation. Middle class Muslim participation was quite significant in Senhatta, Tripura, Gaibandha, Bagura and Noakhali. In Dacca, Muslim leaders, shopkeepers, lower class people and upper class women were active
• Traders’ associations and commercial bodies were active in implementing the boycott, especially in TamilNadu and Punjab
• The handful of postgraduate women students in 1930s still went to class escorted by their teachers, and yet there were women from far more socially conservative professional, business or peasant families, picketing shops, facing lathis, and going to jail

Government Attitude

• The British Government followed a policy of repression to suppress the movement. Even before the movement was actually started, thousands of Congress workers were arrested and put in jails
• On 23 August 1930, the Bengal ordinance was promulgated and the life of freedom fighters was made very hard.
• The Press Act of 1910 was strictly enforced and many restrictions was put on the newspapers. Many newspapers and magazines stopped their publications.
• Civilian property was destroyed. Innocent men and women were beaten up. Prisoners were starved and suffocated. Hundreds of men and women were killed as a result of police firing

Efforts for truce

• The government’s attitude throughout 1930 was ambivalent as it was puzzled and perplexed
• He also accepted the suggestion that Tej Bahadur Sapru and M.R. Jayakar be allowed to explore the possibility of peace between the Congress and the government
• Further, In August 1930 Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru were taken to Yeravada Jail to meet Gandhi and discuss the possibility of a settlement. Here, Nehru and Gandhi unequivocally reiterated the demands of:
• right of secession from Britain;
• complete national government with control over defence and finance; and
• An independent tribunal to settle Britain’s financial claims.

However, talks broke down at this point.

• When almost all leading Congress leaders were put behind bars, this was probably the context for Gandhi’s rather sudden retreat. He initiated a talk with Irwin on 14 February 1931, which culminated in the Delhi Pact of 5 March 1931. The pact is popularly called Gandhi-Irwin pact .

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