write annotation in spring

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How to create a custom annotation in Spring Boot?

Annotation is a powerful feature in Java.

You can plug in some logic by just adding a word !

Consider this annotation in Spring Data:

@Transactional

Add this to a method where you are performing a sequence of database operations and they suddenly turn transactional. If any of the database operation fails all the other executed database operations are rolled back automatically!

You can make use of the same power.

It’s quite easy to create an annotation in spring boot and plugin logic as and where you need it.

Here are the steps to follow:

STEP1: Create an interface with the annotation name

Let’s say we want to trace the requests and responses to a REST method in Spring Boot.

To do this let’s make use of a custom annotation.

Let’s call this

Now , in whichever method you add the above annotation , the method suddenly transforms into a traceable one. The requests and responses are traced automatically!

Let’s say we want to trace the below REST method “test”:

We want to print the input , the output and the ip address (which we can get from http servlet request object passed as the second parameter in the above method)

First let’s create the annotation.

Make use of @interface in Java to create the annotation like below:

Our annotation @Traceable is defined now.

@Target in the above annotation definition defines where to apply the annotation . In our case it is at the method level , so we give ElementType.METHOD as parameter

@Retention denotes when to apply this annotation , in our case it is at run time

Having defined the annotation now let’s build the logic to be applied .

To do this , move to step 2

STEP2: Create an Aspect

The kind of programming we implement using annotations is called Aspect Oriented Programming or declarative programming. You declare in code what to do at certain areas (point cuts is the technical term for this)

To make use of the above annotation , build the logic inside an Aspect class:

Use the annotation @Aspect to let know Spring that this is an Aspect class.

Use the annotation @Component so that Spring will consider this class as a Spring bean.

Create a method with any name and apply the annotation @Around() to define the logic you want to execute .

@Before and @After are other annotations which can be used , they represent the logic to be executed before the start of a method and after the end of a method respectively.

In our case we want to trace both the request and the response , so let’s use @Around

Inside the @Around annotation , pass the annotation name which you created so that Spring knows that it needs to apply the logic around this annotation.

The method should accept a single parameter ProceedingJoinPoint and should return Object data type.

The ProceedingJoinPoint gives access to the method .

From this object you can retrieve the parameters using getArgs() method which returns the input parameters in an array

You can get the input from the first parameter and the ip address from the second parameter as shown above.

You can get the response by calling joinPoint.proceed() . This is where the original method is executed.

Having built the logic , now lets plugin the annotation where we want

STEP3: Add the annotation

Add the annotation on the REST method as below:

We are all set.

Now when you hit the above REST method , the below gets printed:

All because of the @Traceable annotation!

You can add this annotation to whichever REST method you want to trace and the tracing will take place automatically.

Note : you need to use spring-boot-starter-web and spring-boot-starter-aop dependencies for the above to work.

Here is the github link:

https://github.com/vijaysrj/customannotation

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@Controller and @RestController Annotations in Spring Boot

• Introduction

In Spring Boot, the controller class is responsible for processing incoming REST API requests, preparing a model, and returning the view to be rendered as a response.

The controller classes in Spring are annotated either by the @Controller or the @RestController annotation. These mark controller classes as a request handler to allow Spring to recognize it as a RESTful service during runtime.

In this tutorial, we'll cover the definition of the @Controller and the @RestController annotations, their use-cases, and the difference between the two annotations.

If you are new to Spring Boot, you might also want to check out our full guide on How to Build a Spring Boot REST API .

• Spring Boot REST API Workflow

Before defining the two annotations, we'll quickly go through the workflow of how Spring Boot handles REST API requests and processes and returns a response:

First, the request is received by the DispatcherServlet , which is responsible for processing any incoming URI requests and mapping them to their corresponding handlers in the form of controller methods. After the controller method has been executed, the resource is then processed as a response which can either be JSON or XML.

In the diagram above, the two processes encapsulated in the rectangle are the processes actually implemented by a developer. The rest are executed by Spring services that are running in the background, including the DispatcherServlet .

• The @Controller Annotation

The @Controller annotation is a specialization of the generic stereotype @Component annotation, which allows a class to be recognized as a Spring-managed component.

The @Controller annotation extends the use-case of @Component and marks the annotated class as a business or presentation layer. When a request is made, this will inform the DispatcherServlet to include the controller class in scanning for methods mapped by the @RequestMapping annotation.

Now, we'll declare the actual controller to define the business logic and handle all the requests related to the model Tree .

First, mark the class with the @Controller annotation together with @RequestMapping and specify the path to /api/tree :

The @Autowired annotation is used to automatically inject dependencies of the specified type into the current bean. In this case, the TreeRepository bean is injected as a dependency of TreeController .

@GetMapping is a shortcut for @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET) , and is used to map HTTP GET requests to the mapped controller methods.

We've applied a @ResponseBody annotation to the class-level of this controller. When the request handlers return data back, such as return repository.findById() , the response will be serialized to JSON before being returned to the client.

Alternatively, you could've annotated each response type with the @ResponseBody annotation instead:

If we run this application, assuming we've already got a Tree instance saved to the database, with the ID of 1, and hit the localhost:8080/1 endpoint, we'd be greeted with:

Because of the @ResponseBody annotation, the fields from the fetched object are serialized into JSON and returned to the client that requested it.

• The @RestController Annotation

The @RestController annotation in Spring is essentially just a combination of @Controller and @ResponseBody . This annotation was added during Spring 4.0 to remove the redundancy of declaring the @ResponseBody annotation in your controller.

That's one less annotation declaration! If you also look at the interface definition of the two annotations to see the difference between the two:

The RestController interface is annotated by @Controller and @ResponseBody instead of directly annotating it with @Component .

If we replace the annotation of our controller with @RestController , we won't need to change the domain and persistence layer as they still will be compatible with this annotation.

Using the example controller TreeController above, let's compare the changes when we use this annotation:

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Now, all methods have the @ResponseBody annotation applied to them, as @RestController applies it at class-level.

Essentially, @RestController extends the capabilities of both the @Controller and @ResponseBody annotations.

Other than the fact that @RestController exists to allow Spring controllers to be one line shorter, there aren't any major differences between the two annotations.

The primary function of both annotations is to allow a class to be recognized as a Spring-managed component and to allow handling of HTTP requests using REST API.

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Spring is one of the most popular Java EE frameworks. It is an open-source lightweight framework that allows Java EE 7 developers to build simple, reliable, and scalable enterprise applications. This framework mainly focuses on providing various ways to help you manage your business objects. It made the development of Web applications much easier than compared to classic Java frameworks and application programming interfaces (APIs), such as Java database connectivity (JDBC), JavaServer Pages(JSP), and Java Servlet. This framework uses various new techniques such as Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP), Plain Old Java Object (POJO), and dependency injection (DI), to develop enterprise applications. Now talking about Spring Annotation

Spring Annotations are a form of metadata that provides data about a program. Annotations are used to provide supplemental information about a program. It does not have a direct effect on the operation of the code they annotate. It does not change the action of the compiled program. 

There are many annotations are available in Spring Framework. Some of the Spring Framework Annotations are listed below as follows where here we are going to discuss one of the most important annotations that is @Controller Annotation

• @Configuration
• @ComponentScan
• @Controller
• @Repository, etc.

@Controller Annotation

Spring @Controller annotation is also a specialization of @Component annotation. The @Controller annotation indicates that a particular class serves the role of a controller . Spring Controller annotation is typically used in combination with annotated handler methods based on the @RequestMapping annotation. It can be applied to classes only. It’s used to mark a class as a web request handler. It’s mostly used with Spring MVC applications. This annotation acts as a stereotype for the annotated class, indicating its role. The dispatcher scans such annotated classes for mapped methods and detects @RequestMapping annotations. Let’s understand all of these by example. 

• Create a simple Spring Boot project
• Add the spring-web dependency in your pom.xml file
• Create one package and name it as “controller”
• Create a class inside the package
• Run our application inside the DemoApplication.java file

Step 1: Create a Simple Spring Boot Project

Refer to this article Create and Setup Spring Boot Project in Eclipse IDE and create a simple spring boot project. 

Step 2: Add the spring-web dependency in your pom.xml file. Go to the pom.xml file inside your project and add the following spring-web dependency.

Step 3: In your project create one package and name the package as “controller”. In the controller package create a class and name it as DemoController . This is going to be our final project structure.

We have used the below annotations in our controller layer. Here in this example, the URI path is  /hello .

• @Controller: This is used to specify the controller.
• @RequestMapping: This is used to map to the Spring MVC controller method.
• @ResponseBody: Used to bind the HTTP response body with a domain object in the return type.

Step 4: Now, our controller is ready. Let’s run our application inside the DemoApplication.java file. There is no need to change anything inside the DemoApplication.java file. 

Tip: Try Tomcat URL depicted in below media, which is running on http://localhost:8989/hello

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