how to get bibliography from google scholar

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How to Use Google Scholar

• Introduction
• Get the Full Text

Good news! Google scholar provides citations for articles from the search result list (currently MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard or Vancouver). 

To grab a citation, click on the  Quotes icon  below an article in your search result list and select from the available citation styles.

As with any resource that provides citations, always double check to make sure formatting is correct. See formatting tips below.

Change it Tips APA

• After pasting the citation in your paper, create a hanging indent. ( follow this link to see how ).
• Make it double spaced ( follow this link to see how ).
• Change the font to match the font of your paper.

Note: Google Scholar does not include DOI information. You'll need to grab the citation from Google Scholar, then click on the title of the article to go to the article page. The article page probably has the DOI, which you should add at the end of the citation with no period following as it can interfere with the link.  

It Should Look Like APA

Taylor, G. (2019). Shakespeare’s Early Gothic Hamlet. 

Critical Survey, 31(1-2), 4-25. 

https://doi.org/10.3167/cs.2019.31010202

Good news! Google scholar provides citations for articles from the search result list ((currently MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard or Vancouver).

Change it Tips MLA

• Change the font to Times New Roman 12.

It Should look Like MLA

Efron, Bradley, and Robert Tibshirani. "Bootstrap

methods for standard errors, confidence intervals,

and other measures of statistical

accuracy." Statistical Science (1986): 54-75.

• << Previous: Get the Full Text
• Last Updated: May 8, 2023 3:34 PM
• URL: https://libguides.com.edu/googlescholar

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Reference management. Clean and simple.

Google Scholar: the ultimate guide

What is Google Scholar?

Why is google scholar better than google for finding research papers, the google scholar search results page, the first two lines: core bibliographic information, quick full text-access options, "cited by" count and other useful links, tips for searching google scholar, 1. google scholar searches are not case sensitive, 2. use keywords instead of full sentences, 3. use quotes to search for an exact match, 3. add the year to the search phrase to get articles published in a particular year, 4. use the side bar controls to adjust your search result, 5. use boolean operator to better control your searches, google scholar advanced search interface, customizing search preferences and options, using the "my library" feature in google scholar, the scope and limitations of google scholar, alternatives to google scholar, country-specific google scholar sites, frequently asked questions about google scholar, related articles.

Google Scholar (GS) is a free academic search engine that can be thought of as the academic version of Google. Rather than searching all of the indexed information on the web, it searches repositories of:

• universities
• scholarly websites

This is generally a smaller subset of the pool that Google searches. It's all done automatically, but most of the search results tend to be reliable scholarly sources.

However, Google is typically less careful about what it includes in search results than more curated, subscription-based academic databases like Scopus and Web of Science . As a result, it is important to take some time to assess the credibility of the resources linked through Google Scholar.

➡️ Take a look at our guide on the best academic databases .

One advantage of using Google Scholar is that the interface is comforting and familiar to anyone who uses Google. This lowers the learning curve of finding scholarly information .

There are a number of useful differences from a regular Google search. Google Scholar allows you to:

• copy a formatted citation in different styles including MLA and APA
• export bibliographic data (BibTeX, RIS) to use with reference management software
• explore other works have cited the listed work
• easily find full text versions of the article

Although it is free to search in Google Scholar, most of the content is not freely available. Google does its best to find copies of restricted articles in public repositories. If you are at an academic or research institution, you can also set up a library connection that allows you to see items that are available through your institution.

The Google Scholar results page differs from the Google results page in a few key ways. The search result page is, however, different and it is worth being familiar with the different pieces of information that are shown. Let's have a look at the results for the search term "machine learning.”

• The first line of each result provides the title of the document (e.g. of an article, book, chapter, or report).
• The second line provides the bibliographic information about the document, in order: the author(s), the journal or book it appears in, the year of publication, and the publisher.

Clicking on the title link will bring you to the publisher’s page where you may be able to access more information about the document. This includes the abstract and options to download the PDF.

To the far right of the entry are more direct options for obtaining the full text of the document. In this example, Google has also located a publicly available PDF of the document hosted at umich.edu . Note, that it's not guaranteed that it is the version of the article that was finally published in the journal.

Below the text snippet/abstract you can find a number of useful links.

• Cited by : the cited by link will show other articles that have cited this resource. That is a super useful feature that can help you in many ways. First, it is a good way to track the more recent research that has referenced this article, and second the fact that other researches cited this document lends greater credibility to it. But be aware that there is a lag in publication type. Therefore, an article published in 2017 will not have an extensive number of cited by results. It takes a minimum of 6 months for most articles to get published, so even if an article was using the source, the more recent article has not been published yet.
• Versions : this link will display other versions of the article or other databases where the article may be found, some of which may offer free access to the article.
• Quotation mark icon : this will display a popup with commonly used citation formats such as MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and Vancouver that may be copied and pasted. Note, however, that the Google Scholar citation data is sometimes incomplete and so it is often a good idea to check this data at the source. The "cite" popup also includes links for exporting the citation data as BibTeX or RIS files that any major reference manager can import.

Pro tip: Use a reference manager like Paperpile to keep track of all your sources. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular academic research engines and databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons and later cite them in thousands of citation styles:

Although Google Scholar limits each search to a maximum of 1,000 results , it's still too much to explore, and you need an effective way of locating the relevant articles. Here’s a list of pro tips that will help you save time and search more effectively.

You don’t need to worry about case sensitivity when you’re using Google scholar. In other words, a search for "Machine Learning" will produce the same results as a search for "machine learning.”

Let's say your research topic is about self driving cars. For a regular Google search we might enter something like " what is the current state of the technology used for self driving cars ". In Google Scholar, you will see less than ideal results for this query .

The trick is to build a list of keywords and perform searches for them like self-driving cars, autonomous vehicles, or driverless cars. Google Scholar will assist you on that: if you start typing in the search field you will see related queries suggested by Scholar!

If you put your search phrase into quotes you can search for exact matches of that phrase in the title and the body text of the document. Without quotes, Google Scholar will treat each word separately.

This means that if you search national parks , the words will not necessarily appear together. Grouped words and exact phrases should be enclosed in quotation marks.

A search using “self-driving cars 2015,” for example, will return articles or books published in 2015.

Using the options in the left hand panel you can further restrict the search results by limiting the years covered by the search, the inclusion or exclude of patents, and you can sort the results by relevance or by date.

Searches are not case sensitive, however, there are a number of Boolean operators you can use to control the search and these must be capitalized.

• AND requires both of the words or phrases on either side to be somewhere in the record.
• NOT can be placed in front of a word or phrases to exclude results which include them.
• OR will give equal weight to results which match just one of the words or phrases on either side.

➡️ Read more about how to efficiently search online databases for academic research .

In case you got overwhelmed by the above options, here’s some illustrative examples:

Tip: Use the advanced search features in Google Scholar to narrow down your search results.

You can gain even more fine-grained control over your search by using the advanced search feature. This feature is available by clicking on the hamburger menu in the upper left and selecting the "Advanced search" menu item.

Adjusting the Google Scholar settings is not necessary for getting good results, but offers some additional customization, including the ability to enable the above-mentioned library integrations.

The settings menu is found in the hamburger menu located in the top left of the Google Scholar page. The settings are divided into five sections:

• Collections to search: by default Google scholar searches articles and includes patents, but this default can be changed if you are not interested in patents or if you wish to search case law instead.
• Bibliographic manager: you can export relevant citation data via the “Bibliography manager” subsection.
• Languages: if you wish for results to return only articles written in a specific subset of languages, you can define that here.
• Library links: as noted, Google Scholar allows you to get the Full Text of articles through your institution’s subscriptions, where available. Search for, and add, your institution here to have the relevant link included in your search results.
• Button: the Scholar Button is a Chrome extension which adds a dropdown search box to your toolbar. This allows you to search Google Scholar from any website. Moreover, if you have any text selected on the page and then click the button it will display results from a search on those words when clicked.

When signed in, Google Scholar adds some simple tools for keeping track of and organizing the articles you find. These can be useful if you are not using a full academic reference manager.

All the search results include a “save” button at the end of the bottom row of links, clicking this will add it to your "My Library".

To help you provide some structure, you can create and apply labels to the items in your library. Appended labels will appear at the end of the article titles. For example, the following article has been assigned a “RNA” label:

Within your Google Scholar library, you can also edit the metadata associated with titles. This will often be necessary as Google Scholar citation data is often faulty.

There is no official statement about how big the Scholar search index is, but unofficial estimates are in the range of about 160 million , and it is supposed to continue to grow by several million each year.

Yet, Google Scholar does not return all resources that you may get in search at you local library catalog. For example, a library database could return podcasts, videos, articles, statistics, or special collections. For now, Google Scholar has only the following publication types:

• Journal articles : articles published in journals. It's a mixture of articles from peer reviewed journals, predatory journals and pre-print archives.
• Books : links to the Google limited version of the text, when possible.
• Book chapters : chapters within a book, sometimes they are also electronically available.
• Book reviews : reviews of books, but it is not always apparent that it is a review from the search result.
• Conference proceedings : papers written as part of a conference, typically used as part of presentation at the conference.
• Court opinions .
• Patents : Google Scholar only searches patents if the option is selected in the search settings described above.

The information in Google Scholar is not cataloged by professionals. The quality of the metadata will depend heavily on the source that Google Scholar is pulling the information from. This is a much different process to how information is collected and indexed in scholarly databases such as Scopus or Web of Science .

➡️ Visit our list of the best academic databases .

Google Scholar is by far the most frequently used academic search engine , but it is not the only one. Other academic search engines include:

• Science.gov
• Semantic Scholar
• scholar.google.fr : Sur les épaules d'un géant
• scholar.google.es (Google Académico): A hombros de gigantes
• scholar.google.pt (Google Académico): Sobre os ombros de gigantes
• scholar.google.de : Auf den Schultern von Riesen

➡️ Once you’ve found some research, it’s time to read it. Take a look at our guide on how to read a scientific paper .

No. Google Scholar is a bibliographic search engine rather than a bibliographic database. In order to qualify as a database Google Scholar would need to have stable identifiers for its records.

No. Google Scholar is an academic search engine, but the records found in Google Scholar are scholarly sources.

No. Google Scholar collects research papers from all over the web, including grey literature and non-peer reviewed papers and reports.

Google Scholar does not provide any full text content itself, but links to the full text article on the publisher page, which can either be open access or paywalled content. Google Scholar tries to provide links to free versions, when possible.

The easiest way to access Google scholar is by using The Google Scholar Button. This is a browser extension that allows you easily access Google Scholar from any web page. You can install it from the Chrome Webstore .

Measuring your research impact: Google Scholar Citations

Getting Started

Journal Citation Reports (JCR)

Eigenfactor and Article Influence

Scimago Journal and Country Rank

Google Scholar Metrics

Web of Science Citation Tools

Google Scholar Citations

PLoS Article-Level Metrics

Publish or Perish

• Author disambiguation
• Broadening your impact

Table of Contents

Author Impact

Journal Impact

Tracking and Measuring Your Impact

Author Disambiguation

Broadening Your Impact

Some words of caution on Google Scholar

• Google’s New “Scholar Metrics” Have Potential, But Also Prove Problematic
• Scholarish: Google Scholar and its Value to the Sciences

Your Google Scholar Profile

Google Scholar Citations  is a citation service provided free of charge.  It is easy to set up, especially if you already have a Google account.  Like other citation tracking services, it tracks academic articles, but it also counts theses, book titles and other documents towards author citation metrics.

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• Last Updated: Dec 7, 2022 1:18 PM
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Question title

How can i get citation information from articles in google scholar.

In order to get citation information from articles found using Google Scholar ( scholar.google.com ), enter your search terms and hit the search key.

From the search results page, click on the quotation marks under the article's listing (see below):

A box that looks like the one below will appear. From there, you can copy and paste the citation in MLA, APA,  Chicago, Harvard, or Vancouver, or you can click on one of the options beneath to import the citation into BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan, or RefWorks.

In  RefWorks , you can also use the "Save to RefWorks" bookmarklet to capture multiple citations from Google Scholar. For more information on "Save to RefWorks", visit this FAQ .

• Citing Sources

Faculty and researchers : We want to hear from you! We are launching a survey to learn more about your library collection needs for teaching, learning, and research. If you would like to participate, please complete the survey by May 17, 2024. Thank you for your participation!

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Google Scholar Search Strategies

• Cite from Google Scholar
• About Google Scholar
• Manage Settings
• Enable My Library
• Google Scholar Library
• Tracking Citations
• Add Articles Manually
• Refine your Profile Settings

How can I cite an individual article?

If you wish to cite an individual article in MLA, APA or Chicago, simply select "Cite" under the search result. You will be given the options to copy and paste any of these three formats or export the citation in RefWorks, RefMan, EndNote and BibteX. You can also export any of these from simply clicking on the citation from the search results. Select export in the upper right corner and a pull-down menu of these 4 options will appear. 

How can I add a full citation under the search result?

If you want the citation link to be displayed under the search result for automatic export you must configure  this in your settings  under Bibliography Manager. Google Scholar supports RefWorks, RefMan, EndNote and BibTeX. This will enable you to automatically get  the citation in the format of your choice directly from the search results page. In this way, you are able to create a bibliography manager in a site like RefWorks from those articles you use on Google Scholar. 

• << Previous: Google Scholar Library
• Next: Google Scholar Profile >>
• Last Updated: Feb 14, 2024 2:55 PM
• URL: https://libguides.uml.edu/googlescholar

Citation Guide

• AMA 10th ed.
• AMA, 11th ed
• APA, 6th ed.
• APA, 7th ed
• Council of Science Editors (CSE)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• American Mathematical Society
• American Institute of Physics (AIP)
• American Chemical Society (ACS)
• Other Styles

Google Scholar

Google Scholar ( https://scholar.google.com/ ) includes a function to search by particular authors AND the results include links to articles that cite those in the results set.

USC collaborated with Google Scholar to include links to USC article citation databases and electronic journals. To enable this feature on your browser, select Scholar Preferences near the top of the Google Scholar homepage, and in the Library Links box in the resulting screen, type "University of Southern California". Watch a short video on how to do this.

Google Scholar tracks more book/chapter citations than does Web of Science, and it covers more disciplines.

Citation Tracking

You can use Google Scholar for citation tracking (to see who has cited a work).

Here is an example of a search in Google Scholar for the book called City of Quartz . Note the "Cited by" link beneath each edition of the book. Click on "Cited by 4,813" to see who is citing this landmark work.

Hazring's Publish or Perish citation analyzer uses Google Scholar raw data and performs several operations on it in addition to counts.  More details on the "Citation" tab of this guide.

• Last Updated: Jun 10, 2024 12:29 PM
• URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/citation

University Libraries

Google tips & tricks.

• Google Scholar

Exporting Citations from Google Scholar

• Google Books
• Backing Up Data
• Try Something Different
• Keep Up with Google's Changes
• Need More Help?

Click on the black arrow to open the chat in a new window. If we're not online, please email us at [email protected]. Please allow 1-2 business days for a response.

If you have searched in Google Scholar and found a number of citations you would like to download, you can do so by saving items to your personal "Library" of citations and download them individually or in a batch.

Please note: You will need to be logged in to your uri.edu or other Gmail account. Also, by default, this will allow you to download 10 citations at a time. To download more, navigate to the Settings in Google Scholar to set the display to 20 items. (20 items is the maximum number.)

1. Click on the star just below citations you'd like to save to add the item to "My Library". Repeat as desired.

2. Use the "My Library" link to see your saved citations.

3. Click on the Export all link to export all of your citations.

4. Select the format that you'd like to download from the list.

You can then import the file to your citation manager or other analysis tool.

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• Last Updated: Feb 12, 2024 10:15 AM
• URL: https://uri.libguides.com/google

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Google Scholar: an Introduction to Google Scholar: Citations

• Master Google Scholar
• Google Scholar Search Tips
• Miscellaneous
• Search Google Scholar

Scholar Citations

Google scholar citations.

http://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/citations.html

Google Scholar Citations provides a simple way for scholars to keep track of citations to their articles.

• Authors can check who is citing their publications, graph citations over time and compute several citation metrics.
• Authors can also create an automatically maintained public profile that lists all their articles.
• An author's public profile can appear in Google Scholar results when someone searches for his name. (e.g., richard feynman ).

Google Scholar Citations is currently in limited launch with a small number of users. This is a new direction for us and we plan to use the experience and feedback from the limited launch to improve the service. We plan to make Google Scholar Citations available to all users at a later date.

If you are a current user, we thank you for your willingness to work with an early version. We would love to hear your feedback and suggestions (you can use the Provide feedback link in your profile).

General Questions on Scholar Citations

Setting up your profile.

How do I create my profile?

  You can  sign up for a Google Scholar Citations profile . It's quick and free.

Some of my articles are not in my profile. How do I add missing articles?

Select the "Add" option from the Actions menu. Search for your article(s) using title(s), keywords, or your name.

To add one article at a time, click on "Search articles" and then on "Add article" next to the article(s) you wish to add. Your citation metrics will update immediately to account for the articles(s) you added. If your search doesn't find the article you want to add, click on the "Add article manually" link. Then, type in the title, the authors, etc., and click "Save". Keep in mind that citations to manually added articles may not appear in your profile for a few days.

To add a group of related articles, click on "Search article groups" and then on "Add article group" next to the group you wish to add. If you have written articles under different names, with multiple groups of colleagues, or in different journals, you may need to select multiple groups. Your citation metrics will update immediately to account for the groups(s) you added. When you add an article group, Google Scholar will also keep track of changes to this group as search robots index the web. You can choose to have these changes automatically applied to your profile (recommended) or emailed to you for review. Select "Profile updates" under the Actions menu to configure the updates.

Some of the articles in my profile aren't mine. Why are they included in my profile?

Alas, Google Scholar has no way of knowing which articles are really yours . Author names are often abbreviated and different people sometimes share similar names. We use a statistical model to try to tell different authors apart but such automatic processes are not always accurate. The best way to fix this is to look through the articles in your profile and remove the ones that were written by others.

How do I remove articles that aren't mine?

Select the articles you would like to remove. Then, choose the "Delete" option from the Actions menu.

I deleted one of the articles in my profile by mistake. How do I fix this?

Deleted articles are moved to the Trash. To view articles in the Trash, select the "View Trash" option from the Actions menu. To restore an article from the Trash, select the article and click on the "Restore" button.

The description of one of my articles isn't correct. How do I fix it?

Click on the title of the article and then click on the "Edit" button. When you finish your changes, click on the "Save" button.

If you have substantially changed the bibliographic record (title, authors, journal, etc.), Google Scholar may not able to match it up with Google Scholar's index right away. If so, it may take a few days for your citation metrics to include the updated article.

My profile shows the same article twice. How do I fix this?

Select both versions of the article. Next, choose the "Merge" option from the Actions menu. You will then see both citations for the article listed. Click "Select" next to the best citation to the article (you can edit it later if you wish). This will merge the two versions.

I merged a version with 27 citations with the one with 4 citations. How come the merged article has 30 citations - shouldn't it be 31?

No, the cited-by count after the merge is the number of papers that cite the merged article. One of these probably cites both versions that you've merged, the 27+4=31 formula counts this citation twice. But if the count has dropped below 27... ugh, please do let us know.

Making your profile public

Will my profile be visible to others?

Your profile is private and visible only to you until and unless you make your profile public.

How do I make my profile public?

Click the "Edit" link next to "My profile is private" and select the "My profile is public" option.

How do I see what my profile will look like to others before I make it public?

Click the "Edit" link next to "My profile is private". Next, click on "Preview public version".

How do I link to my public profile?

Click on the "Link" link next to "My profile is public". That will show the Public URL for your profile which you can add to your homepage or email to your colleagues. Highlight it with the mouse and paste it wherever you wish.

I have changed my mind about making my profile public. How do I make it private again?

Click on the "Edit" link next to "My profile is public". Select the "My profile is private" option.

My profile is already public. Is there anything else I need to do to make it available for inclusion in Google Scholar search results?

You also need to add a verified email address at your university.

To be eligible for inclusion in Google Scholar search results, your profile needs to be public and needs to have a verified email address at your university (non-university email addresses, such as gmail.com , hotmail.com , aol.com , yahoo.com , qq.com etc, are not suitable for this purpose). To add a verified email to your profile, click on the "Edit" link next to "No verified email", add your email address at your institution and click "Save". We will send you an email message with a verification link. Once you click on this link, the email address will be marked verified. Your profile will now be eligible for inclusion in Google Scholar search results.

Rest assured, Google Scholar will NOT display your email address on your public profile. Nor will Google Scholar sell it, trade it, or use it to send you email unrelated to Google Scholar.

Citation Export

Exploring citations to your articles.

How do I see the list of citations to one of my articles?

Click on the "Cited by" number for the article.

How do I see the citation graph for one of my articles?

Click on the title of the article.

How do I get notified about new citations to one of my articles?

Click on the "Cited by" number for your article and then click on the envelope icon in the green bar below the search box. Then we'll email you when newly published articles cite yours.

Why is the "Cited by" count for one of my articles crossed out?

Google Scholar considers this article the same as another article in your profile. We display the "Cited by" count next to both of the duplicates, but we only count them once in your citation metrics.

We recommend that you merge the duplicates - select both the articles and choose "Merge" from the "Actions" menu.

I like other citation metrics. Do you plan to add the g-index or the e-index? Or maybe the w-index?

Not yet. We compute two versions ( All and Recent ) of three metrics ( h-index , i10-index and Citations ). We would like to understand how these metrics are used before considering additional metrics.

The number of citations to one of my articles is too low. I know of several articles citing it that are not included in the list of citations. What I can do to help fix this?

Your "Cited by" counts come from the Google Scholar index. You can change the articles in your profile, but citations to them are computed and updated automatically as we update Google Scholar.

To change the "Cited by" counts in your profile, you would need to have them updated in Google Scholar. Google Scholar generally reflects the state of the web as it is currently visible to our search robots and to the majority of users. If some of the citations to your article are not included, chances are that the citing articles are not accessible to our search robots or are formatted in ways that make it difficult for our indexing algorithms to identify their bibliographic data or references.

To fix this, you'll need to identify the specific citing articles with indexing problems and work with the publisher of these articles to make the necessary changes (see our inclusion guidelines for details). For most publishers, it usually takes 3-6 months for the changes to be reflected in Google Scholar; for very large publishers, it can take much longer.

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• Last Updated: May 14, 2024 12:48 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.tulsacc.edu/googlescholar

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Researcher Profiles, Identifiers and Social Networks: Maximise your Impact

What is google scholar citations, why create a google scholar citations author profile, how to create your google scholar citations author profile.

• Scopus Author Identifier
• ResearchGate
• Academia.edu
• Find an Expert
• Considerations and Risks

Google Scholar Citations lets authors set up a profile page that lists their publications and citation metrics.

The citation metrics are updated automatically, and you can choose to have your list of publications updated automatically or update them yourself.

You can make your profile public, so that it appears in Google Scholar results when people search for your name.

• About Google Scholar Citations

Set up a Google Scholar Citations profile to make it easier for yourself and others to quickly:

• Find your publications,
• Keep track of citations to your publications,
• Check who has cited your publications,
• Graph citations over time, and compute several citation metrics.

You can sign up for a Google Scholar Citations profile:

• Sign in to your Google account, or create one if you do not have one.
• Go to Google Scholar  and click on the My profile  link.
• Enter your unimelb email address  in the Email for verification  field.
• Add your publications.
• Select the  Article updates  setting:  Email me updates for review  (otherwise Google Scholar may automatically add incorrect publications to your profile).
• Review and complete your profile: for example, upload a photo and double check the list of articles.
• Ensure you make your profile public if you want other people to be able to view it .
• Visit your email inbox and click on the verification link.

For more detailed instructions see:

• Google Scholar Citations : Setting up your profile

• Justin Zobel

For example: Fiona Fidler

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• Last Updated: Jun 21, 2024 11:50 AM
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Citation Searching

• Intro to Citation Searching
• How to: Cited Reference searches in Web of Science
• How to: Related Record searches in Web of Science
• Google Scholar Search

How to search by citations: Cited By searching in Google Scholar

• How to: Citation Searches in other Databases

Google Scholar also tracks how many times an item is cited by other documents in Google Scholar.  Since Google Scholar includes all sorts of scholarly works, including Google Books, this can be a great resource for tracking citations forward.  Particularly in fields of study that rely on books to a greater degree than journal articles (such as many humanities disciplines), you may find very different results in Google Scholar compared to Web of Science.

1.  To begin, search for your item in Google Scholar  using words from the title, the author, etc.  You can click on the small downward triangle near the search button (magnifying glass) to get an advanced search screen.

2.  The results will be ranked by relevance, with matching titles closer to the top.  Beneath each entry, you will see a link that says 'Cited by ...' and a number.   Look carefully, as there may be more than one entry matching your search.  Often there will be a separate entry with [Citation] at the beginning of the title, indicating it is ONLY in Google Scholar as a citation.  Both types of entries are useful for tracing citations forward.

3.  Clicking on "Cited by ..." will bring up a list of citing documents in Google Scholar.  These are arranged with the most highly cited works at the top. 

To locate a copy of these works, you can look for [PDF] links on the right, or links to Find it @ UToledo to the right or below each citation.  Book entries will also have the ability to 'Find in a Library', but you need to click on More to reveal those links.  This will look for the book in libraries close to you based on ZIP Code.

4. You can further narrow you search by searching within the citing articles .  Just check the box below the search box, and enter your search.  The results will be a subset of the citing articles identified above.

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Research Impact Metrics: Citation Analysis

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• Text/Data Mining for Citation Indexes

Introduction

Google Scholar   has both benefits and limitations when it comes to citation analysis. 

• It's free
• It's fast
• It will most likely offers a higher number of documents which have cited a work.
• It offers a almost unlimited universe of content. Whatever has been cited by another work on the web and can be collected by Google will be in Google Scholar.

Limitations:

• There is no standardization of author names so you may have to search multiple variations of a name to find works written by an individual. 
• Anything cited by another article, whether scholarly or not will be included in the times cited list .  This can include blog posts, syllabi or anything else mentioned in a scholarly article. To determine if a journal is peer-reviewed you can look up the title of the journal in the library database Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory see if the title is listed as "referreed."
• Every version of an article is included in search results so there are likely duplicate entries for the same article and the times cited count may also include duplicates. 
• Google Scholar provides only very basic citation analysis options compared with reports and tools available from Scopus and Web of Science. 

Finding the Number of Times an Article has Been Cited

The simplest option for analyzing citation counts in Google Scholar is to find the number of times an individual article has been cited by others. 

The order by which search results are arranged is difficult to determine but generally it appears that the times an article has been cited is given weight and those articles cited the most tend to appear toward the top of the list of results. 

Using Google Scholar Citations

In November, 2011, Google Scholar added a new option called Google Scholar Citations. Authors can use this service to compute citation metrics and track them over time. The same caveats that apply to citation searching in Google Scholar apply to Google Scholar Citations so check the information in the previous box to learn about those. 

To get started with Google Scholar Citations to create your own profile, go to Google Scholar and click on the My Ciations link.

Choose the articles or groups of articles you wish to track. (Google Scholar suggests articles for your profile, but also allows you to search and add articles). Later, you can edit or delete the articles in your profile or add more articles to your profile.

Add articles to your profile on an ongoing basis, either by having Google Scholar automatically update your profile, or you can first review and confirm updates.

Warning: Google Scholar frequently confuses authors with similar names so you may get incorrect results if you choose to have Google automatically add citations to your profile. Make sure to review your profile periodically and delete citations inappropriately assigned to your name. 

Finding an Author Profile

It is up to each individual researcher to set up his or her own profile within Google Scholar. Because of this, not every author listed in Google Scholar will have a profile you can view. There are 2 ways to find an author's profile. 

Finding an Author's Most Cited Paper

Citations included in an author profile are sorted so that the most cited research appears at the top of the list. Articles can be re-sorted by title or date published by clicking on the appropriate column heading.

If an author has not created a citation profile there is no option within Google Scholar to find the most cited article authored by a specific person. 

because LaTeX matters

Using google scholar to download bibtex citations.

Google indexes most things on the web. “Most things” includes publications which are searchable through Google Scholar . Google Scholar generates BibTeX citations which can be imported into a .bib file or citation database.

To download BibTeX citation go to Google Scholar and search for a publication. Through the cite button below a search result Google provides formatted citations for MLA, APA, and Chicago styles.

Now click the link “Import into BibTeX” at the bottom of the window to copy and paste the BibTeX citation.

You will be presented with the BibTeX citation, here for The TeXbook:

If you have a Google account, you can configure Google Scholar to show the “Import into BibTeX” on the search result page. Here is how:

• Login with your Google account
• Use the small down arrow in the top right corner to access Settings
• At the bottom, select “Show links to import into” and select BibTeX

As long as you are logged-in, you can directly access the BibTeX citation.

It’s always better to double check the citation generated by Google Scholar. Especially if the titles or author names contain special characters such as symbols or umlauts. In the example, the title should be changed to:

  What method or service do you use to generate citations? Let me know below.

Share this:

20 comments.

22. April 2014 at 9:23

Be careful with blindly copy-pasting Google scholar’s bibtex entries. I found that regularly there are omissions, errors, or even completely faulty entries. I don’t know how they collect the data for these bibliographic entries, but I doubt that there will be much human involvement in the process. Furthermore, as there does not seem to be a way to send in corrections to google scholar, chances are faulty entries stay faulty for a long time.

For that matter, it’d be a great idea to have some sort of bibliographic wikipedia where we all (as a scientific and scholarly community) would combine, refine, and improve our bibliographies.

22. April 2014 at 9:44

Thanks for your thoughts on this. I agree, it is important to check Google Scholar citations for their correctness before using them. I just can’t believe typing BibTeX manually is what most people do. A bibliographic Wikipedia would certainly be a great resource. Thanks, Tom

22. April 2014 at 10:14

Typing manually is not that odd. For one thing, processing a reference, i.e., finding it, reading it, thinking about it, using it, takes a long time. Carefully writing out the bibliographic information doesn’t take long compared to that.

Furthermore, in some fields, literature referencing is done much more rigorous than in others. For example, in History it matters what exact source you used as these sources are the foundation of historiography. Other historians should be able to find the exact same source, not another edition, not something similar. Plus, many a source is not a simple article or proceedings but a letter, archival record, painting, or whatever else. It is hard, if not impossible, to find automatic generated bibliographic entries that fulfill the requirements of the historic art.

Then again, you would like people who use references, i.e., the highly educated, to have enough computational thinking skill to understand and look for pre-existing bibliographic items when they’re citing sources and articles that either from publication databases or modern publications.

22. April 2014 at 17:34

Good points, thanks! Tom

25. April 2014 at 13:14

I recommend using a reference source manager, such as Papers (papers app.com, not free) or Mendeley (mendeley.com, free). This lets you keep the PDF of your reference in a fully searchable database, and if your source is a journal article, it will (almost always, at least in the case of Papers) fetch the citation data automatically and correctly.

This allows you to manage 1 collection from which you can export a bib-file in whatever style you wish, with all or a subset of entries, and also other versions such as EndNote if you want to share your bibliography with non-LaTeX users.

A nice touch in the Papers app, I find, is that you can bring up a quick search tool when writing a manuscript, so you can look up the paper you want to reference and insert the citation code blurb (i.e. “\cite{CITEKEY}”) with the click of a button. This works in any LaTeX editor (as well as MS Word if you use EndNote).

25. April 2014 at 19:36

Thanks for the insight. I heard and read about Mendeley, but haven’t tried the software yet. Will add it to my todo-list…

Thanks again, Tom

Retrieving citations in BibTeX format with doi2bib.org

6. June 2014 at 8:34

[…] Google Scholar is doing a reasonable, but not always brilliant job in generating BibTeX entries (see my recent post on the topic and the discussion). The main drawbacks include the missing digital object identifier (DOI) or URL linking back to […]

11. November 2014 at 20:37

Never see a “Link to Bibtex” in google scholar. NEVER. AM logged into my google account, have gone through settings and selected option for saving Bibtex info. Nothing. Any help?

12. November 2014 at 5:06

Hi Michelle,

Do you see a “cite” button below every search result? You can get the BibTeX results through that link too.

Btw. You might also be interested in http://doi2bib.org , which fetches bibtex entries from digital object identifiers (doi). You can find dois on almost every article and journal website.

Cheers, Tom

12. November 2014 at 10:04

If I look in the “Scholar Settings”, I see a section headed with “Bibliography manager”. There are two options. By default, the option “Don’t show any citation import links” is selected. Instead, select the option “Show links to import citation into [ ]” and, in the selection box following, select “BibTeX”. Save your changes and reload.

18. April 2015 at 10:50

How to import bibtex citation for a website link through Google Scholar

20. April 2015 at 11:27

Google Scholar is a search engine for scholarly literature. Therefore, you won’t be able to find citations for websites. This page explains how to manually create a BibTeX citation entry for a web-based resource.

22. April 2015 at 15:53

Also check out bibtexsearch.com – they have a a large number of Google Scholar records but including additional fields that scholar tends to omit (doi, issn, etc).

23. April 2015 at 7:17

Thanks for the link. It seems some of their BibTeX entries are incomplete. My suggestion is to use http://doi2bib.org instead. Doi2bib retrieves BibTeX entries directly from the publishers, including DOIs.

9. October 2015 at 19:01

Do you have any insights on how to perform a search on google scholar and get the BibTex from that search?

I am sorry. I am referring on how to do that using R.

9. October 2015 at 22:27

Conceptually, I would send a query through the crossref API , convert the JSON to a data.frame , and then use the DOI to query for BibTeX, again through crossref.

Let me know how it goes.

In case you already have a DOI, you might want to consider using the doi2bib web-service .

14. October 2015 at 2:48

Thanks for your reply!

There is the code to find references, get doi and than print using bibtex format:

14. October 2015 at 9:59

Thanks for posting your solution! Best, Tom

24. February 2019 at 20:35

why my google scholar is not working??

19. March 2019 at 13:44

Can you be a bit more specific. What are you trying to do? Also, consider using doi2bib.org for BibTeX citations.

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Google Scholar Metrics

Google Scholar Metrics provide an easy way for authors to quickly gauge the visibility and influence of recent articles in scholarly publications. Scholar Metrics summarize recent citations to many publications, to help authors as they consider where to publish their new research.

To get started, you can browse the top 100 publications in several languages , ordered by their five-year h-index and h-median metrics. To see which articles in a publication were cited the most and who cited them, click on its h-index number to view the articles as well as the citations underlying the metrics.

You can also explore publications in research areas of your interest. To browse publications in a broad area of research, select one of the areas in the left column. For example: Engineering & Computer Science or Health & Medical Sciences .

To explore specific research areas, select one of the broad areas, click on the "Subcategories" link and then select one of the options. For example: Databases & Information Systems or Development Economics.

Browsing by research area is, as yet, available only for English publications. You can, of course, search for specific publications in all languages by words in their titles.

Scholar Metrics are currently based on our index as it was in July 2023 .

Available Metrics

The h-index of a publication is the largest number h such that at least h articles in that publication were cited at least h times each. For example, a publication with five articles cited by, respectively, 17, 9, 6, 3, and 2, has the h-index of 3.

The h-core of a publication is a set of top cited h articles from the publication. These are the articles that the h-index is based on. For example, the publication above has the h-core with three articles, those cited by 17, 9, and 6.

The h-median of a publication is the median of the citation counts in its h-core. For example, the h-median of the publication above is 9. The h-median is a measure of the distribution of citations to the articles in the h-core.

Finally, the h5-index , h5-core , and h5-median of a publication are, respectively, the h-index, h-core, and h-median of only those of its articles that were published in the last five complete calendar years.

We display the h5-index and the h5-median for each included publication. We also display an entire h5-core of its articles, along with their citation counts, so that you can see which articles contribute to the h5-index. And there's more! Click on the citation count for any article in the h5-core to see who cited it.

Coverage of Publications

Scholar Metrics currently cover articles published between 2018 and 2022 , both inclusive. The metrics are based on citations from all articles that were indexed in Google Scholar in July 2023 . This also includes citations from articles that are not themselves covered by Scholar Metrics.

Since Google Scholar indexes articles from a large number of websites, we can't always tell in which journal a particular article has been published. To avoid misidentification of publications, we have included only the following items:

• journal articles from websites that follow our inclusion guidelines ;
• selected conference articles in Engineering and Computer Science.

Furthermore, we have specifically excluded the following items:

• court opinions, patents, books, and dissertations;
• publications with fewer than 100 articles published between 2018 and 2022;
• publications that received no citations to articles published between 2018 and 2022.

Overall, Scholar Metrics cover a substantial fraction of scholarly articles published in the last five years. However, they don't currently cover a large number of articles from smaller publications.

Inclusion and Corrections

If you can't find the journal you're looking for, try searching by its abbreviated title or alternate title. There're sometimes several ways to refer to the same publication. (Fun fact: we've seen 959 ways to refer to PNAS.)

If you're wondering why your journal is not included, or why it has fewer citations than it surely deserves, that is often a matter of configuring your website for indexing in Google Scholar. Please refer to the inclusion manual . Also, keep in mind that Scholar Metrics only include publications with at least a hundred articles in the last five years.

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How to obtain citation counts per year or exportable data from Google Scholar?

To me, it seems that "Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation" ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.4038v2 ) has quite a bit of impact. However, I would like to support this feeling with data.

On Google Scholar , I can see that the paper was cited by 116 publications. However, I would like to plot a curve showing when it was cited. So I would like to export this data to a CSV with a "date" column and a "title" column. (Other columns like authors, how often the other paper was cited, journal, ... would be nice, too).

Are there other ways to quickly analyze the impact of a paper?

• bibliometrics
• google-scholar

• The google scholar link is broken –  fileunderwater Commented Nov 18, 2015 at 14:00
• For this specific case, bear in mind that most bibliographic metadata doesn't reliably provide information on a more specific basis than year of publication, so you're unlikely to get a very useful "when was it cited" graph for a paper published at the end of 2014... –  Andrew is gone Commented Nov 18, 2015 at 14:11
• 3 you know it's really easy to game Google Scholar, right? –  410 gone Commented Nov 18, 2015 at 14:26
• @EnergyNumbers Interesting, thank you for the link. Why didn't you link the paper Manipulating Google Scholar Citations and Google Scholar Metrics: simple, easy and tempting on which the article seemes to be based? –  Martin Thoma Commented Nov 18, 2015 at 21:04

2 Answers 2

Are you referring to this type of plot, which can be found through an author page containing that paper (in this case Evan Shelhamer ), by clicking on the title:

At the Google scholar page of that paper you can also hover over the bars to see e.g. that the paper has 109 citations from 2015. I don't know about a way to directly export data from Google scholar. You could probably html scrape the data though, or by manually using " custom range " here to get citation counts for each year.

Another option is to use the Publish or Perish software (which functions as a front-end to Google scholar), which allows you to use the " Lookup citations " feature to get an exportable list of all the citing papers found through Google Scholar. This list will contain year, title, authors, citation count etc for all the citing papers.

An excerpt of the data for this particular paper is included below. In this particular case (since most of the citations are coming from arXiv) you can actually get a better temporal resolution of the citations after some post-processing of the exported data, since it includes the arXiv identifier which contains the month of publication (posting to Arxiv). That plot looks like this, for the 77 arXiv papers citing " Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation ":

Data excerpt:

You can do it with scholar package. Follow the steps

5) Get the data for the article and plot the data

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