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Published 2016 Revised 2019
Mathematical Problem Solving in the Early Years: Developing Opportunities, Strategies and Confidence
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- familiar contexts
- meaningful purposes
- mathematical complexity.
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- which they understand - in familiar contexts,
- where the outcomes matter to them - even if imaginary,
- where they have control of the process,
- involving mathematics with which they are confident.
- taking some from one doll and giving to another, in several moves,
- starting again and dealing, either in ones or twos,
- taking two from each original doll and giving to the new doll,
- collecting the biscuits and crumbling them into a heap, then sharing out handfuls of crumbs.
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- brute force: trying to hammer bits so that they fit,
- local correction: adjusting one part, often creating a different problem,
- dismantling: starting all over again,
- holistic review: considering multiple relations or simultaneous adjustments e.g. repairing by insertion and reversal.
- getting a feel for the problem, looking at it holistically, checking they have understood e.g. talking it through or asking questions;
- planning, preparing and predicting outcomes e.g. gathering blocks together before building;
- monitoring progress towards the goal e.g. checking that the bears will fit the houses;
- being systematic, trying possibilities methodically without repetition, rather than at random, e.g. separating shapes tried from those not tried in a puzzle;
- trying alternative approaches and evaluating strategies e.g. trying different positions for shapes;
- refining and improving solutions e.g. solving a puzzle again in fewer moves (Gifford, 2005: 153).
- Getting to grips: What are we trying to do?
- Connecting to previous experience: Have we done anything like this before?
- Planning: What do we need?
- Considering alternative methods: Is there another way?
- Monitoring progress: How does it look so far?
- Evaluating solutions: Does it work? How can we check? Could we make it even better?
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Home > Learning & Development
Learning and Development
Maths problem-solving – Activities for Early Years settings
- Written By: Judith Dancer
- Subject: Maths
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Critical thinking doesn’t have to be a daunting prospect. There are simple, effective and exciting ways to encourage children’s maths problem-solving skills, says Judith Dancer…
Maths is a subject many adults lack confidence in. Having struggled with it at school they often avoid it, wherever possible, when grown up.
But if maths seems scary for some people, then maths problem-solving can cause even more anxiety. There is no ‘safety net’ of knowing the ‘correct answer’ beforehand. This is because maths problem-solving lends itself to investigation and exploration with lots of possible tangents.
Understandably this is often the area of maths where many practitioners feel least confident. However, young children, who are not restrained by right answers, feel the most enthused and animated.
The non-statutory Development Matters Guidance , as part of ‘creating and thinking critically’ in the Characteristics of Effective Learning, identifies that practitioners need to observe how a child is learning, noting how a child is:
- thinking of ideas;
- finding ways to solve problems;
- finding new ways to do things;
- making links and noticing patterns in their experience;
- making predictions;
- testing their ideas;
- developing ideas of grouping, sequences, cause and effect;
- planning, making decisions about how to approach a task, solve a problem and reach a goal;
- checking how well their activities are going;
- changing strategy as needed;
- reviewing how well the approach worked.
All of these elements are, at one time or another, part of the problem-identifying and solving process – although not at the same time and in the same problem.
Role of the adult
Maths problem-solving for young children involves them understanding and using two kinds of maths:
- Maths knowledge – learning and applying an aspect of maths such as counting, calculating or measuring.
- Maths thinking skills – reasoning, predicting, talking the problem through, making connections, generalising, identifying patterns and finding solutions.
The best maths problems for children are the ones that they identify themselves. They will be enthused, fascinated and more engaged in these ‘real’, meaningful problems.
Children need opportunities to problem-solve together. As they play, they will often find their own mathematical problems.
One of the key roles of practitioners is to provide time, space and support for children. We need to develop situations and provide opportunities in which children can refine their maths problem-solving skills and apply their mathematical knowledge.
Supporting maths problem-solving
You can effectively support children’s developing maths problem-solving strategies through:
- Modelling maths talk and discussion – language is part of maths learning because talking problems through is vital. Children need to hear specific mathematical vocabulary in context. You can promote discussion through the use of comments, enabling statements and open-ended questions.
- Providing hands-on maths problem-solving activities across all areas of the setting. Children learn maths through all their experiences and need frequent opportunities to take part in creative and engaging experiences. Maths doesn’t just happen in the maths learning zone!
- Identifying potential maths learning indoors and outdoors. Provide rich and diverse open-ended resources that children can use in a number of different ways to support their own learning. It is important to include natural and everyday objects and items that have captured children’s imaginations, including popular culture.
Maths problem-solving possibilities
Spell it out.
This experience gives children lots of opportunities to explore calculating, mark making, categorising and decisions about how to approach a task.
What you need to provide:
- Assorted containers filled with natural materials. This includes leaves, pebbles, gravel, conkers, twigs, shells, fir cones, mud and sand. Include some ‘treasure’ – sequins, gold nuggets, jewels and glitter.
- Bottles and jugs of water, large mixing bowls, cups, a ‘cauldron’, small bottles, spoons and ladles.
- Cloaks and wizard hats.
- Laminated ‘spells’ – e.g. “To make a disappearing spell, mix 2 smooth pebbles, 2 gold nuggets, 4 fir cones, a pinch of sparkle dust, 3 cups of water”.
- Writing frameworks for children’s own spell recipes and a shiny ‘Spell Book’ to stick these in.
- Temporary mark-making opportunities such as chalk on slate.
The important thing with open-ended maths problem-solving experiences like this is to observe, wait and listen. Then, if appropriate, join in as a co-player with children, following their play themes.
So if children are mixing potions, note how children sort or categorise the objects. What strategies do they use to solve problems? What happens if they want eight pebbles and they run out? Observe what they do next.
When supporting children’s maths problem-solving, you need to develop a wide range of strategies and ‘dip into’ these appropriately. Rather than asking questions, it is often more effective to make comments about what you can see. For example, say, “Wow, it looks as though there is too much potion for that bottle”.
Acting as a co-player offers lots of opportunities to model mathematical behaviours. This might include reading recipes for potions and spells out loud, focusing on the numbers – one feather, three shells…
Going, going, gone
We all know that children will engage more fully when involved in experiences that fascinate them. If a particular group has a real passion for cars and trucks , consider introducing maths problem-solving opportunities that extend this interest.
This activity offers opportunities for classifying, sorting, counting, adding and subtracting, among many other things.
- Some unfamiliar trucks and cars and some old favourites. Ensure these include metal, plastic and wooden vehicles that can be sorted in different ways.
- Masking tape and scissors.
- Sticky labels and markers.
Mark out some parking lots on a smooth floor, or huge piece of paper using masking tape. Lining paper is great for this. Line the vehicles up around the edge of the floor area.
Encourage one child to select two vehicles that have something the same about them. Ask the child, “What is the same about them?”.
When the children have agreed on what is the same – e.g. size, materials, colour, lorries or racing cars – the child selects a ‘parking lot’ to put the vehicles in. So this first parking lot could be for ‘red vehicles’.
Another child chooses two more vehicles that have something the same. Do they belong in the same ‘parking lot’, or a different parking lot? E.g. these vehicles could both be racing cars.
What happens when a specific vehicle could belong in both lots? E.g. it could belong in the set of red vehicles and also belongs in the set of racing cars.
Support the children as they discuss the vehicle. Make new ‘parking lots’ with masking tape and create labels for the groups, if you choose.
Observe children’s strategies
It’s really important to observe the strategies the children use. Where appropriate, ask the children to explain what they are doing and why.
If necessary, introduce and model the use of the vocabulary ‘the same as’ and ‘different from’. Follow children’s discussions and interests. If they start talking about registration plates, consider making car number plates for all the wheeled toys outdoors.
Do the children know the format of registration plates? Can you take photos of cars you can see in the local environment?
Camping out
Constructing camps and dens outdoors is a good way to give children the opportunity to be involved in lots of maths problem-solving experiences and construction skills learning. This experience offers opportunities for using the language of position, shape and space, and finding solutions to practical problems.
- Materials to construct a tent or den such as sheets, curtains, poles, clips and string.
- Rucksacks, water bottles, compasses and maps.
- Oven shelf and bricks to build a campfire or barbecue.
- Buckets and bowls and water for washing up.
Encourage the children to explore the resources and decide which materials they need to build the camp. Suggest they source extra resources as they are needed.
Talk with the children about the best place to make a den or erect a tent and barbecue. During the discussion, model the use of positional words and phrases.
Follow children’s play themes. This could include going on a scavenger hunt collecting stones, twigs and leaves and going back to the campsite to sort them out.
Encourage children to try different solutions to the practical problems they identify. Use a running commentary on what is happening without providing the solution to the problem.
Look for opportunities to develop children’s mathematical reasoning skills by making comments such as, “I wonder why Rafit chose that box to go on the top of his den.”
If the children are familiar with traditional tales, you could extend this activity by laying a crumb trail round the outdoor area for children to follow. Make sure that there is something exciting at the end of the trail. It could be a large dinosaur sitting in a puddle, or a bear in a ‘cave’.
Children rarely have opportunities to investigate objects that are really heavy. Sometimes they have two objects and are asked the question, “Which one is heavy?” when both objects are actually light.
This experience gives children the chance to explore really heavy things and measures (weight). They also need to cooperate and find new ways to do things.
- A ‘building site’ in the outdoor area. Include hard hats, builders’ buckets, small buckets, shovels, spades, water, sand, pebbles, gravel, guttering, building blocks, huge cardboard boxes and fabric (this could be on a tarpaulin).
- Some distance away, builders’ buckets filled with damp sand and large gravel.
- Bucket balances and bathroom scales.
With an open-ended activity such as this, it is even more important to observe, wait and listen as the children explore the building site and the buckets full of sand and gravel.
Listen to the discussions the children have about moving the sand and the gravel to the building site. What language do they use?
Note the strategies they use when they can’t lift the large buckets. Who empties some of the sand into smaller buckets? Who works together collaboratively to move the full bucket? Does anyone introduce another strategy, for example, finding a wheelbarrow or pull-along truck?
Where and when appropriate, join in the children’s play as a co-player. You could act in role as a customer or new builder. Ask, “How can I get all this sand into my car?”. “How much sand and gravel do we need to make the cement for the foundations?”.
Extend children’s learning by modelling the language of weight:
- heavy/heavier than/heaviest
- light/lighter than/lightest
- about the same weight as/as heavy as
- balance/weigh
Judith Dancer is an author, consultant and trainer specialising in communication and language and mathematics. She is co-author, with Carole Skinner, of Foundations of Mathematics – An active approach to number, shape and measures in the Early Years .
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What your child will learn in Reception
In Reception, your child will learn to:
- Count reliably with numbers from 1 to 20, place them in order and say which number is one more or one less than a given number.
- Use quantities and objects to add and subtract 2 single-digit numbers and count on or back to find the answer.
- Use everyday language to talk about size, weight, capacity, position, distance, time, and money to compare quantities and objects and to solve problems.
- Recognise, create, and describe patterns.
- Explore characteristics of everyday objects and shapes and use mathematical language to describe them.
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Reception problem-solving
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Ten of our favourite early years problem-solving activities
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A lot of the time when we hear the term ‘problem-solving’, our brain jumps back to the tricky maths teasers from our school days, and we immediately recoil a little. However, problem-solving is much more than number conundrums.
Problem-solving is a key part of early years development and can support learning across many of the My First Five Years streams. The skill of problem-solving starts developing very early in a child's life and stems from the knowledge of the world that they are constantly building.[1]. For instance, your baby may cry when hungry as they know that crying gets the attention of an adult who can feed them.
Problem-solving is a part of everyday life for children, from being a baby through to their future adulthood. When children learn how to solve problems, it can support them in building resilience, self-confidence and self-esteem. Taking part in problem-solving activities with others can also help children develop social skills, communication and relationships.[2]
Psychologist Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development also focuses on the importance of problem-solving for early childhood development. In each developmental stage of his theory, the psychologist emphasised the importance of play-based learning for young children when it comes to problem-solving, and in turn building skills across the spectrum.[3]
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Supporting problem-solving
When thinking about problem-solving activities for your child, it can be difficult to know where to begin.
To keep children engaged, enabling them to take the lead and follow their interests, is key. Play-based, hands-on learning makes acquiring new skills more interesting and memorable for young children.[4]
Many activities can support children when developing their problem-solving abilities – the possibilities are wide open. When considering which problem-solving activities are the most effective, it is also important to consider how they can be adapted to multiple interests, abilities and how accessible they are when it comes to using resources and materials.
To help you out, here are ten of My First Five Years’ favourite problem-solving activities that you can try with your child.
1) Den-building
![maths problem solving for reception psa8](https://www.mffy.com/hs-fs/hubfs/psa8.jpg?width=1400&name=psa8.jpg)
Den-building is brilliant for problem-solving as it requires creative and critical-thinking, foresight, and planning. It is also a wonderful way to promote sustained shared thinking with your child. Sustained shared thinking is a way of working together that encourages individuals to evaluate the problem that they are working on and is focused on collaboration, using experiences and prior knowledge.[5]
When building a den with your child, encourage your child to take the lead. You could provide materials such as boxes and blankets, or you could even ask your child to decide what materials you need before starting, encouraging them to plan out their work. Den-building can also be done both indoors and outdoors and with children from a young age. You may find that people have already started creating these in your local woodland that you can add to, adapt, or just enjoy!
2) Cooking and baking
![maths problem solving for reception psa7](https://www.mffy.com/hs-fs/hubfs/psa7.jpg?width=1400&name=psa7.jpg)
Cooking and baking are not only fun activities, but they also focus on mathematical problem-solving. To bring problem-solving into a cooking and baking activity, you can ask your child to count out simple measurements, for instance, cups of flour or sugar. Activities like cooking or baking are great for children to be able to take ownership of what is happening; encourage them to choose what you will make and allow them to do all the elements themselves.
What’s great about cooking is it really doesn't matter how it turns out! Problems can arise often in cooking or baking, for example, the mixture may turn out too dry, you may be an ingredient short, or your cakes might not rise how you expected them to. If this is the case, talk to your child about what might have gone wrong and how you can rectify it next time! Then when they come to do it again, they can use their prior knowledge to help them.
3) Playing with patterns
![maths problem solving for reception psa6](https://www.mffy.com/hs-fs/hubfs/psa6.jpg?width=1400&name=psa6.jpg)
Patterns are a great activity for mathematical problem-solving. You can create patterns of any objects that you can find! For example, with pieces of fruit, pebbles from the garden, building blocks or even snacks! You could encourage your child to continue patterns, fill in the missing pieces or even create their own for you to solve problems with as they grow more confident.
4) Sorting and categorising
![maths problem solving for reception psa10](https://www.mffy.com/hs-fs/hubfs/psa10.jpg?width=1400&name=psa10.jpg)
Sorting and categorising objects is an activity that supports children in mathematical problem - solving and can be easily adapted to individual children’s abilities . You could encourage your child to sort by shape, size, colour, or better yet , their interests . For example, if they are a dinosaur enthusiast, they could classify them by wh ich is their favourite or least favourite , or order them by the size of their feet. They may even find enjoyment in helping you with daily sorting such as recycling or washing!
![maths problem solving for reception psa3](https://www.mffy.com/hs-fs/hubfs/psa3.jpg?width=1400&name=psa3.jpg)
Puzzles are a fun resource that can be used with children from a very young age. There are a wide variety of puzzles for children to access , such as chunky wooden puzzles or traditional shape sorters. When playing with puzzles, children will have to use their prior knowledge and experience of shape, space and measure whil e also experimenting with different angles and placements. They will use trial and error to find the best way to complete the puzzle and then will use this knowledge in future attempts.
6) Ice rescue
As well as being a great problem-solving activity, ice rescue enables children to explore seasonal changes, temperatures and develop their fine and gross motor skills using tools. To play ice rescue, freeze toys inside ice overnight. This could be in cake moulds or small bowls. Use toys that will motivate your child, for instance, their favourite small figurines.
Once frozen, place your blocks of ice in a big bowl or tray, and encourage your child to think about how they can get the items out. You could provide tools, or even get your child to find tools themselves.
7) Obstacle courses
![maths problem solving for reception psa2](https://www.mffy.com/hs-fs/hubfs/psa2.jpg?width=1400&name=psa2.jpg)
Obstacle courses are versatile and can be made with a wide variety of resources. When setting up an obstacle course for your child, try to include sections where your child will have to stop and think about how they will have to adapt their body to move through it , for example, something that they must climb over or under, or a section where they have to move differently. You could even include them in trying to create the obstacle course and allow them to make it the most challenging they can.
8) Filling, emptying and investigation
![maths problem solving for reception psa1](https://www.mffy.com/hs-fs/hubfs/psa1.jpg?width=1400&name=psa1.jpg)
Many children enjoy filling and emptying during play. Investigating this way helps children to get a sense of size, capacity and explore predicting and estimation. For instance, if your child likes playing with sand, you could ask them to guess how many scoops they will need to fill a container, or if they like water play you could challenge them to find a way to move the water between two containers as quickly as possible , or from one tray to another.
9) Story problems
![maths problem solving for reception psa5](https://www.mffy.com/hs-fs/hubfs/psa5.jpg?width=1400&name=psa5.jpg)
Stories are an effective way of introducing problem-solving and they can be a highly engaging way to promote creative and critical-thinking. You could use familiar or traditional stories to help scaffold play opportunities for your child. For example, you could try building a house for the three little pigs that cannot be knocked over. You could test out different methods using materials that you can find around your home.
If you are feeling creative, you could also make up a little story using your child’s favourite toys. An example of this could be figuring out how to share food between their favourite teddies during a picnic and making sure that everyone gets enough.
10) Playing with loose parts or open-ended resources
Natural materials such as leaves, conkers, sticks, acorns, and pinecones are all brilliant open-ended play opportunities (if supervised). You can also use household objects like bottle caps, curtain rings, tubes, tins, boxes, buttons etcetera in this sort of play. All it requires is a tray of different objects that you've collected and time to explore them. Your child will have to think creatively about how to utilise the objects and in doing so will be challenging their cognitive capacity by problem-solving to achieve the desired outcomes.
References
[1] Rachel Keen. (2011). The Development of Problem Solving in Young Children: A Critical Cognitive Skill. Available: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130730#_i22 .
[2] Sheila Ebbutt. (2009). EYFS best practice - All about ... problem-solving . Available: https://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/features/article/eyfs-best-practice-all-about-problem-solving .
[3] Piaget, J. (1983). Piaget's Theory. In P. Mussen (ed). Handbook of Child Psychology. 4th edition. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley.
[4] Unicef. (2018). Learning Through Play. Available: https://www.unicef.org/sites/default/files/2018-12/UNICEF-Lego-Foundation-Learning-through-Play.pd .
[5] Kathy Sylva, Edward Melhuish, Pam Sammons, Iram Siraj-Blatchford and Brenda Taggar. (2004). The Effective Provision of Pre-School Education (EPPE) Project: Findings from Pre-school to end of Key Stage1. Available: https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/8543/7/SSU-SF-2004-01.pdf .
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This exciting series provides stimulating and problem-solving activities that are fun to do.
It provides comprehensive guidance and support in an area of mathematics that many teachers find difficult to plan for.
Reception/ Years 2 chapters include:
Numbers and the number system
Reasoning about numbers or shapes
Counting and recognising numbers
Measures, shape and space
Solving problems involving real life'
Adding and subtracting
Calculation
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Reception Christmas problem solving activity
Subject: Maths for early years
Age range: 3-5
Resource type: Worksheet/Activity
![maths problem solving for reception EarlyMathsMastery's Shop](https://d2w4qhtqw2dbsq.cloudfront.net/profile_live/26301609/small.jpg?_=1715588432370)
Last updated
25 October 2023
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What’s inside the locked case? Solve the clues to find the code and unlock the surprise!
This engaging and hands on early years maths problem-solving activity gives children practise with core number (0 - 10) and shape skills in an exciting Christmas-themed context that will have them hooked.
Instructions, clues for the code and ideas for adaptation and extension are included in this download, You will need to source a 6-digit combination lock and surprise rewards yourself. However, if you are unable to get a real lock, there is a printable lock template included that you could use instead.
My class loved this activity and were so excited and determined about unlocking the case - it was a real joy!
Tes paid licence How can I reuse this?
Get this resource as part of a bundle and save up to 28%
A bundle is a package of resources grouped together to teach a particular topic, or a series of lessons, in one place.
Reception Maths Mastery - The 'Everything So Far' Bundle
Every single Reception Early Maths Mastery paid resource in one awesome bundle! This is much more than simply planning documents (although there's 22 weeks' worth of those). Included in these units of work are: * over 400 pages of printed resources to support teaching and enhanced provision in Early Years * 180 ideas for enhanced provision activities * misconceptions and key ideas highlighted within each unit * high quality, mastery question prompts * ideas for keep up work or extension * 19 powerpoint/pdf presentations to support teaching inputs That's hours and hours of work - all done for you! **With a total value of £80, this bundle saves you 25% off the cost of buying everything individually. ** Check out this [FREE sample taster unit](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-12172504) before you buy. All Early Maths Mastery planning follows this format so you can be assured that the same high-quality, research-based planning, support information and range of activities will be included with any unit of work that you download. Included in this bundle are the following units of work: * Pattern * Numbers 0-10 * Sorting and Comparing * Measures * Shape (units 1 and 2) * 1 more and 1 less * Calculation within 10 * Numbers beyond 10 Plus a bonus Christmas problem-solving activity! This equates to over half the year's planning - woo hoo! :)
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