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Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. If you are unsure about which system to use, read on.

Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

The notes and bibliography system is preferred by many working in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. The notes and bibliography system can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system.

The author-date system is more common in the sciences and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Aside from the use of numbered notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share a similar style. Follow the links at the top of this page to see examples of some of the more common source types cited in both systems.

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students who are unsure of which system to use will find more information here .

For a more comprehensive look at Chicago’s two systems of source citation and many more examples, see chapters 14 and 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style.

A Citation Guide: Chicago style

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Chicago, Chicago

"Chicago style" comes from the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) and is actually three systems: Chicago author-date (similar to APA), Chicago notes-and-bibliography (a little like MLA), and Turabian (a simpler CMOS.) Use the one your instructor assigns, or the one favored by the field in which you are writing. For a basic guide, look at its website, https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html. Or, carefully use the Chicago section of the Purdue OWL. Purdue University's very reliable Online Writing Lab  (OWL)  is now yoked to a profit-oriented company, so the website is cluttered with ads and video. Ignore them. Just use the basic content: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/chicago_manual_of_style_17th_edition.html 

Below is a comparison of the two styles of Chicago style, taken from the CMOS website. The content is the same in both styles, but the format is slightly different. For in-text references, use footnotes instead of parentheses.

Chicago/Turabian Author-Date style

Journal article.

In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality         and Income Inequality.”  Journal of Human Capital  11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.”  New England Review  38 (1): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the  Pax Deum .”  Classical Philology  111, no. 2 (April): 165–76.

In-text citations

(Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10)

(LaSalle 2017, 95)

(Satterfield 2016, 170)

Chicago/Turabian Notes and Bibliography style

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Notes (Use this form for the first mention of a source.)

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum ,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

Shortened notes (Use this form after the first mention.)

4. Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Bibliography entries (Put them in alphabetical order.)

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.

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Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Papers & Bibliographies

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Paper & Bibliography Formatting

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Assemble your paper in the following order:

• Body of paper
• Appendix (if needed)
• Bibliography
• Use Times New Roman, Size 12 (unless otherwise instructed).

Margins and Indents

• Your margins should be 1 inch on all sides.
• Indent new paragraphs by one-half inch.
• Double-space the main text of your paper.
• Single-space the footnotes and bibliography, but add a blank line between entries.
• Start numbering your pages on the  second  page of your paper (don't include the title page).
• Put your page numbers in the header of the first page of text (skip the title page), beginning with page number 1. Continue numbering your pages to the end of the bibliography.
• Place the footnote number at the end of the sentence in which you have quoted or paraphrased information from another source. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed  after  any punctuation (This is an example. 3 ).
• Put your footnotes in the footer section of the page.

An  annotated bibliography  is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Works Cited page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Types of Annotations

 A  summary annotation  describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description. 

 An  evaluative annotation  includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.

Formatting Rules

The  Chicago Manual of Style  states the following formatting rules.   Check your assignment description in case your instructor has other instructions .

• The text should be double-spaced.
• Numbering starts on the first page of writing (not the title page), at the top right of the page.
• Reference list entries must have a hanging indent (to do this in Microsoft Word 2003, click Format, then Paragraph, then Special, and choose Hanging).
• There should be 1 inch (2.54 cm) margins all around (top, bottom, left, and right) on each page.

Example Formatting

This annotation includes only one paragraph, a summary of the book. It provides a concise description of the project and the book's project and its major features.

Davidson, Hilda Ellis.  Roles of the Northern Goddess . London: Routledge, 1998.

Stacks, Geoff, Erin Karper, Dana Bisignani, and Allen Brizee. "Annotated Bibliographies." Purdue Online Writing Lab. Last modified March 10, 2013. Accessed October 10, 2017.

• Chicago 17 Notes & Bibliography Style Sample Paper (Purdue OWL)
• Chicago Sample Paper Template w/ Appendix (Columbia College))
• Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition Sample Paper (Tuskegee University)
• Annotated Bibliography Sample (Purdue OWL)
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Cite sources.

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Citing References In-Text

Chicago citation style uses two style: the Notes-Bibliography system and the Author-Date system. The Author-Date system is similar to the APA in-text citation style while the Notes-Bibliography system uses footnotes or a Notes page with a shortened citation for in-text citations, with a full citation provided in the Bibliography. When quoting another source, make sure you also provide a page number. Check in with your instructor regarding which Chicago style they require for their class. Remember that every source that you cited in-text or within the footnotes/endnotes of your document should be included in the alphabetical Bibliography/References page.  

One author  

Umoja Noble (2018) describes how algorithms in search engines can be used to reinforce oppressive societal structures.  Algorithms used in search engines can be used to reinforce oppressive social structures (Umoja Noble 2018).

Multiple authors  

If a work has two authors, then include both names every time the reference occurs in the text.

Anzaldúa and Keating (2002) propose that ... ...was their focus ( Anzaldúa and Keating 2002). 

If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”).

(Tagawa et al. 2023)

One author   Footnote

1. Safiya Umoja Noble,  Algorithms of Oppression (New York: New York University Press, 2018), 4-5. 

One author   Endnote

3. Umoja Noble,  Algorithms of Oppression , 4. 

Multiple authors  Footnote

If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by  et al . (“and others”).

10. Michihito Tagawa et al., "Hemophagocytic syndrome in a cat with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia,"  Veterinary Clinical Pathology 52, no. 2 (2023): 313-319, https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13176

Multiple authors Endnote

23. Tagawa et al., " Hemophagocytic syndrome in a cat," 315. 

Creating the Bibliography/References List

The  References or Bibliography  page is your works cited page. Citations in your references should be numbered and listed in alphabetical order by author last name. For more than one work by the same author, list the earliest publication first. The following citations follow guidelines set for the Notes-Bibliography system. For more information on guidelines for the Author-Date system, you can visit the Chicago Manual of Style Author-Date: Sample Citations .

Authored book

Hooks, Bell.  Where We Stand: Class Matters. New York:Routledge, 2000. 

Book chapter

For a chapter in an authored book, include the editor(s) name and title of the book the chapter is found within. 

Wilkerson, Isabel. "1914-1919 The great Migration." In Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619-2019 , edited by Ibrahim X. Kendi and Keisha N. Blain, 303-308. New York: One World, 2021.

Zalta, Edward N., ed.,  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.  Stanford University, 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/

Government report 

United States National Center for Environmental Health.  Ask A Scientist: How Loud is Too Loud?  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Online Comic, https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hearing_loss/toolkit/comic.html (Accessed October 3, 2023). 

Journal Articles

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL/DOI or the name of the database. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors, list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al. Journal article with a DOI 

Cotera, María. "Nuestra Autohistoria: Toward a Chicana Digital Praxis."  American Quarterly  70, no.3 (2018): 483–504. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2018.0032

Journal article without a DOI, from a print journal or database 

Littletree, Sandra and Cheryl A. Metoyer. "Knowledge Organization from an Indigenous Perspective: The Mashantucket Pequot Thesaurus of American Indian Terminology Project."  Cataloging & Classification Quarterly  53, no.5-6 (2015): 640-657.​

Newspaper article 

Zafar, Nina. "Wendy Osefo is a Professor, Political Commentator and Philanthropist. She's also the Newest 'Real Housewife.'"  The Washington Post, October 3, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2020/08/03/real-housewives-potomac-wendy-osefo/ 

For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date.

Web page with author listed  

Bleacher, Lora and Sandra Jones. "NASA Astronaut, Crewmates Reach Space Station for Science Expedition." September 15, 2023. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronaut-crewmates-reach-space-station-for-science-expedition

Web page with a group author

Asian Americans Advancing Justice. "Equitable Educational Opportunities." Accessed October 3, 2023.   https://www.advancingjustice-aajc.org/equitable-educational-opportunities

Blog posts  

Generally, blog entries are cited only as notes. If you frequently cite a blog, however, then you may choose to include it in your bibliography.

Alese, Whitney. "In Renaissance, Beyoncé Makes Culture Reckon with Blue Ivy." Medium (blog), September 25, 2023, https://thereclaimed.medium.com/in-renaissance-beyonc%C3%A9-makes-culture-reckon-with-blue-ivy-2e336ff9dcca

Podcasts  

Iyer, Deepa. "Truth Telling From the Banks of the Ohio River." Produced by the Building Movement Project. Solidarity is This. September 3, 2023.   Podcast, MP3 audio, 00:21:08. https://solidarityis.org/our-work/solidarity-is-this-podcast/pastepisodesofsit/2023sit/sit0923/

YouTube or other streaming video 

Bayat, Asef. "From Tahrir to Tehran - The Arab Spring and Iran Uprisings."   Rethinking Iran. February 28, 2023. Video, 1:01:15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzxqJ0ePCSs

Social Media 

Posts on social media will often be cited only as notes, though if you intend to discuss the content in depth, you should also put a citation in the bibliography. Private content, such as a direct message or a post in a restricted-membership group should be cited as a personal communication. Do not include more than 160 characters in this section of the citation; if the post is longer than that, cut it off (with an ellipsis) before the 160-character mark is reached. 

The Authors Guild (@AuthorsGuild), "It's #BannedBooksWeek! Book banning obstructs the right to read and publish freely and makes it harder for professional writers...," X post, October 2, 2023, https://twitter.com/AuthorsGuild/status/1708874563990217151

Haj, Maha, dir.  Personal Affairs.  2016; Paris, France: Sophie Dulac Distribution, 2017. DVD.

TV series episode (single episode)  

Barris, Kenya, writer.  Black-ish . Season 3, episode 12, "Lemons." Directed by Kenya Barris, featuring Anthony Anderson, Tracee Ellis Ross, and Yara Shahidi. Aired January 11, 2017. Wilmore Films; Artists First; Cinema Gypsy Productions; ABC Studios.

Indigenous oral knowledge 

It is not explicit in the Chicago Manual of Style how to cite Indigenous Knowledge and Elders. The following template is based on the Kwantlen Polytechnic University guide on Indigenous Studies and the section on  Citing & References . 

This requires an in-text citation and an entry in the bibliography list.

1. First Name Last Name of Elder, Nation,  Topic/subject of communication if appropriate , Personal communication, Territorial acknowledgment of where the information was shared, Month Date, Year.

Bibliography:

Last Name, First Name of Elder, Nation.  Topic/subject of communication if appropriate.  Personal communication. Territorial acknowledgment of where the information was shared. Month Date, Year.

For the Author-Date system, a modification of how to cite personal communication is provided below for use when citing traditional indigenous knowledge. As noted previously, Chicago does not provide specific guidance on how to cite this sources of information, therefore we encourage you to seek out alternative approaches that may work better for your needs.

In-Text Parenthetical Citation:

(First Name Last Name, nature or format of communication, Month Day, Year)

Reference List Entry:

Last Name, First Name. Year. Nature or format of communication, Territorial acknowledgment of where the information was shared.

Online Chicago Style Resources

For more in-depth assistance regarding citations and citing sources, the resources linked below provide information on formatting a paper, integrating citations, and how to cite less commonly cited sources of information. 

• Purdue Owl Chicago Style Guide
• The Chicago Manual of Style Online
• Integrating Citations

**Please check with your instructor to ensure that they will accept the use of AI generated content as a source of information. 

AI generated content is continually evolving and citation styles for this type of information may also change over time. As of September 2023, below are the guidelines provided by the Chicago Manual of Style Online. 

You do need to credit ChatGPT and similar tools whenever you use the text that they generate in your own work. But for most types of writing, you can simply acknowledge the AI tool in your text (e.g., “The following recipe for pizza dough was generated by ChatGPT”). If you need a formal citation, for author-date any information not in the text would be placed in a parenthetical text reference.

In-Text When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (ChatGPT, March 7, 2023).

Footnote/Endnote

1. Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat.

If the prompt hasn’t been included in the text, it can be included in the note:

1. ChatGPT, response to “Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients,” OpenAI, March 7, 2023.  

Do not cite ChatGPT in a bibliography or reference list unless you provide a stable, publicly available link. Though OpenAI assigns unique URLs to conversations generated from your prompts, but those can’t be used by others to access the same content (they require your login credentials), making a ChatGPT conversation like an email, phone, or text conversation—or any other type of personal communication. 

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Land Acknowledgement

The land on which we gather is the unceded territory of the Awaswas-speaking Uypi Tribe. The Amah Mutsun Tribal Band, comprised of the descendants of indigenous people taken to missions Santa Cruz and San Juan Bautista during Spanish colonization of the Central Coast, is today working hard to restore traditional stewardship practices on these lands and heal from historical trauma.

The land acknowledgement used at UC Santa Cruz was developed in partnership with the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band Chairman and the Amah Mutsun Relearning Program at the UCSC Arboretum .

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Citation Style Guide

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Chicago Style

The Chicago Manual of Style was released by the Chicago University Press in 1906. The 200-page first edition was originally intended to serve as a style guide for the proofreaders and composers in the printing room.  Since its humble beginnings, the manual has grown into a book of 1000 pages with over 2000 hyperlinked pages online.  

The Chicago Citation Style is used primarily by the humanities and is recognizable because of its use of footnotes or endnotes and Bibliography page. 

This is the format referred to as the Notes-Bibliography system. 

Using Footnotes and Endnotes:

Chicago style uses footnotes or endnotes to cite sources. Footnotes place the references at the bottom of the page and endnotes place the references at the end of the paper. Unless specified by your teacher or publisher, either option is valid as long as you are consistent.

To create a footnote or endnote :

1. Go to the "References" Tab in Microsoft Word.

2. Click the "Insert Footnote" or "Insert Endnote" button.

Each note will be indicated by a superscript number attached to the reference made in the text. All notes will be created in chronological, numerical order.

Example citation from a fictional author and sources: 

The flies should be tenderized prior to baking, or they will be far too tough. 1

Superscripts are created in order of their appearance in the text. There should be no repetition of numbers; each superscript is unique to the individual quotation or reference.

The first time a resource is cited, use a note like this:

1. Ribbit Frog, Experts Guide to Artisanal Fly Cuisine. (Halifax, Imaginary Publishing INC, 1998), 33-34.

Subsequent notes for a previously mentioned resource use a shortened format:

2. Frog, Artisanal Fly Cuisine, 36-37.

Papers using the Chicago style of citation must include a comprehensive list of references, called a B ibliography , at the end. The format of the references in the bibliography is slightly different from that used in the notes.  

The Bibliography:

Documents using the Chicago style of citation must contain a "Bibliography" page at the end of the text. The following are some examples of how to cite commonly-used references:

Frog, Ribbit. Expert's Guide to Artisanal Fly Cuisine. Halifax: Imaginary Publishing INC, 1998. 

Book titles are in italics and title case!

Online Scholarly Journal Article

Frog, Ribbit. "I've Got Ninety-nine Problems but a Fly ain't One." Journal of Esoteric Ridiculousness 33 (1999): 12-20. doi: 10.1086/xxxxx

Journal titles are in italics and title case!

Page from a Website

Frog, Ribbit. "How to Prepare Delicious Fly Scallopini." Last modified January 4, 2005. http://www.websitename.com/stuff/en/flyfood1.html.

Journal and web articles are in standard type, title case and quotation marks!

For more information on how to cite different formats (such as multiple author, video, etc) in Chicago style check out the links to Purdue Owl or the Quick Guide below!

• Chicago Manual of Style Citation Quick Guide The Chicago Manual's quick guide to citations. If you need more information than what is presented here, this is a good place to look next.
• Purdue OWL Chicago Guide The Purdue Online Writing Lab describes how to create and format notes for a wide range of resources. This is a great place to go if you have any specific questions.
• Chicago Citations for Canadian Government Documents Trying to create a Chicago citation for a government document? Simon Fraser University has a great guide to help you out!
• Guide to Chicago citation for archival materials
• Chicago Style Videos Do you prefer to learn with video demonstrations? Check out Memorial University's awesome videos on citing resources using Chicago style.
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Fundamentals of Chicago

Chicago style is also referred to as Turabian style, which is the abbreviated student edition. There are two different forms of Chicago style: Notes style and Author-Date style. The primary difference between these two forms are not the content of the citation but the location of the date in the citation. For Chicago Author-Date style, primarily used for physical, life, and social sciences, the year of the date is located immediately after the first element, usually the author's name. For  Chicago Notes style,  primarily used for history, the location of the date varies by resource but is usually not immediately after the author.  Chicago style includes  footnotes  and a   bibliography for Notes style or  parenthetical citations and a reference list for Author-Date style . 

Chicago uses  footnotes for Notes style or  parenthetical citations for Author-Date style  as its form of in-text citation. For footnotes, they are designated using a superscript number, beginning with 1 and continuing consecutively through the paper without repetition.  The superscript number corresponds to a citation with a full-sized number at the bottom of the same page. These footnote citations should correspond to a more detailed citation in the bibliography. For parenthetical citations, p rovide a citation  before the period  directly following the information you are citing. These require the author's last name, year of publication, and page number.

Chicago uses a  bibliography in Notes Style or a reference list in Author-Date style  for its complete list of sources referenced. The bibliography or reference list is an alphabetized list of sources following the end of the book or paper. This list should be titled "Bibliography" or "References" and be alphabetized by the first item in the citation, which, in most cases, is the author's last name. For formatting this page, two blank lines should be between the title and the first entry, and only one blank line between the remaining entries. Each reference from this list must be cited in your paper and vice versa.

Basic Format

Notes : Author Last Name, Author First Name.  Title . Publisher location: Publisher Name, year of publication.

Author-Date :  Author Last Name, Author First Name.  Year of publication.  Title . Publisher location: Publisher Name.

Print Articles

Notes : Author Last Name, Author First Name, & Author First Name Author Last Name. "Article Title".  Periodical Title  volume number, issue number (year): pages.

Author-Date : Author Last Name, Author First Name, & Author First Name  Author Last Name . Year. "Article Title".  Periodical Title  volume number, issue number: pages.

Electronic Articles

Notes : Author Last Name, Author First Name, & Author First Name Author Last Name. "Article Title".  Periodical Title  volume number, issue number (year): pages. Accessed access date, doi or static url.

Author-Date : Author Last Name, Author First Name, & Author First Name Author Last Name. Year. "Article Title".  Periodical Title  volume number, issue number: pages.  Accessed access date, doi or static url.

Physical Images/Artwork

Notes : Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial.  Artwork Title . Date. Medium, dimensions (converted dimensions). Host Institution Name, Location. 

Author-Date : Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial. Date.   Artwork Title . M edium, dimensions (converted dimensions ).  Host Institution Name, Location. 

Electronic Images/Artwork

Notes : Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial. Artwork Title . Date. M edium, dimensions (converted dimensions ).  Host Institution Name, Location. Doi or static url of image.

Author-Date : Artist Last Name, Artist First Initial. Date.   Artwork Title . M edium, dimensions (converted dimensions ).  Host Institution Name, Location. Doi or static url of image.

In-text Citation Examples

Footnote : Simone Beck, Louis Bertholle, and Julia Child,  Mastering the art of French cooking  (New York : Knopf, 1961-70), 10.

Parenthetical : (Beck 1961-70, 10)

Journal article :

Footnote : David Nussbaum, "In Julia Child's Kitchen, October 5 1998",  Gastronomica  5, no. 3 (2005): 29-38, a ccessed April 28, 2020 , doi: 10.1525/gfc.2005.5.3.29 .

Parenthetical : (Nussbaum 2005, 29-38)

Footnote : Paul Child,  Julia Child at the White House , 1967, photograph, 10 x 8 in. (25.4 x 20.32 cm), Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute.

Parenthetical : (Child 1967)

Bibliographic Citation Examples

Archival material :

Notes:  Child, Julia. Journal, 1974. 1974. MC 644, item 4. Papers of Julia Child, 1925-1993. Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute,  Cambridge, Mass. https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/c/sch00222c00006/catalog.

Author-Date : Child, Julia. 1974. Journal, 1974. MC 644, item 4. Papers of Julia Child, 1925-1993. Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute,  Cambridge, Mass. https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/c/sch00222c00006/catalog.

Notes : Child, Paul.  Julia Child at the White House . 1967. Photograph, 10 x 8 in. (25.4 x 20.32 cm). Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute,  Cambridge, Mass. https://id.lib.harvard.edu/images/olvwork539731/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:4510469/catalog.

Author-Date : Child, Paul.1967.  Julia Child at the White House . Photograph, 10 x 8 in. (25.4 x 20.32 cm). Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute,  Cambridge, Mass. https://id.lib.harvard.edu/images/olvwork539731/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:4510469/catalog.

Notes : Beck, Simone, Louise Bertholle, and Julia Child.  Mastering the art of French cooking.  New York: Knopf, 1961-70. 

Author-Date : Beck, Simone, Louise Bertholle, and Julia Child. 1961-70.  Mastering the art of French cooking . New York: Knopf. 

Notes : Nussbaum, David. "In Julia Child's Kitchen, October 5 1998."  Gastronomica  5, no. 3 (2005): 29-38.  JSTOR , doi: 10.1525/gfc.2005.5.3.29.

Author-Date :  Nussbaum, David. 2005. "In Julia Child's Kitchen, October 5 1998."  Gastronomica , vol. 5, no. 3., pp. 29-38. Accessed April 28, 2020 , doi: 10.1525/gfc.2005.5.3.29.

• Purdue OWL Chicago Guide The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) is one of the most complete citation guides available online. The Chicago Guide explains how to format a paper in both Notes style and Author-Date style but focuses on Notes Style to break down citations by type using examples.
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Chicago Author-Date Style | A Complete Guide to Citing Sources

Published on March 21, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 9, 2024.

The Chicago Manual of Style provides guidelines for two styles of source citation: notes and bibliography and author-date. Author-date style is the preferred option in the sciences and social sciences.

In author-date style, an in-text citation consists of the author’s name, the publication year, and (if relevant) a page number. Each citation must correspond to an entry in the reference list at the end of your paper, where you give full details of the source.

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Table of contents

Using author-date in-text citations, creating a reference list, format of reference list entries, variations on the format of chicago author-date citations, frequently asked questions about chicago author-date style.

In Chicago author-date style, you cite sources in parentheses in the text. The citation includes the author’s last name followed by the year of publication, with no punctuation in between:

(Smith 2012)

If you refer to a specific part of the text (particularly when quoting or paraphrasing ), you should also add a page number or page range to direct the reader to the relevant passage. The page number appears after a comma and the first and last page are separated by an en dash .

(Smith 2012, 21–22)

Placement of in-text citations

A citation usually appears at the end of the relevant clause, sentence or quotation, before any concluding punctuation. If multiple citations are needed at the same point, they should appear in the same set of parentheses separated by a semicolon :

Previous researchers have argued that the evidence is insufficient to confirm a correlation (Smith 2012; Johnson 2015) , but new evidence suggests this consensus may be mistaken (McDonald 2018).

If the researcher’s name is already mentioned in the text, the citation should appear straight after it and include only the date. If quoting, add a page number directly after the quote:

Smith (2012) argues that there is reason to believe this method has “great potential” (31) . However, Johnson’s (2015) experiment fails to bear out this assertion.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

The reference list appears at the end of your paper, and provides more detailed information about the sources you cited.

Each entry in the reference list also begins with the author’s last name and the publication date, so that your reader can easily find any source they encounter in the text:

Smith, James. 2012. Example Book . New York: Norton.

Your reference list is usually titled “References” or “Works Cited.” It is alphabetized by author last name. It is single-spaced, unlike the main text , but a blank line is left between entries.

Entries which extend onto more than one line have a “ hanging indent ,” which means the second and any subsequent lines are indented:

Garcia Márquez, Gabriel. 1988. Love in the Time of Cholera . Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape.

Below is an example of what a typical reference list looks like:

The format of the entry varies somewhat according to what type of source you’re citing. Examples for various source types are given below.

Book citation

Book citations include the title in italics, the place of publication and the publisher. If the book gives an edition on the title page, include this. Add the names of any editors and translators, and add a URL, DOI or e-book format if you consulted a digital version.

Book chapter citation

To cite a chapter from an edited collection, include the chapter title in quotation marks , the page range where the chapter appears, and the editor(s) of the book.

Journal article citation

Journal article entries include the volume and issue number, as well as a more specific publication date and a page range showing where the article appears in the journal. If accessed online, add a digital object identifier (DOI) or a URL.

Website citation

For web pages and online articles, put the page or article title in quotation marks, followed by the name of the website. If there is no publication date, replace the year with “n.d.” and give the date on which you accessed the page.

The format of in-text citations and reference list entries can vary to accommodate circumstances like multiple authors, multiple publications by the same author in one year, and missing information.

Citing a source with multiple authors

When there are multiple authors, list their names in the same order as they appear in the source.

When a source has two or three authors, include the names of all the authors in your in-text citation. For sources with four or more authors, use the name of the first author followed by “ et al. ”

In the reference list, up to ten authors are listed. Alphabetize based on the first author’s last name. The other names are not inverted:

Gmuca, Natalia V., Linnea E. Pearson, Jennifer M. Burns, and Heather E. M. Liwanag. 2015. “The Fat and the Furriest: Morphological Changes in Harp Seal Fur with Ontogeny.” Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88, no. 2 (March/April): 158–66.

In the case of a source with eleven or more authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by “ et al. ”

Citing multiple sources with the same author and year

If you cite multiple sources by the same author that were published in the same year, it’s important to use another identifier to distinguish between them in the text.

In cases like this, list the sources in alphabetical order by title in your reference list, and add a letter after the year of each one: a, b, c, et cetera.

List the same letters after the in-text citations—which may appear in the text in a different order:

(Smith 2012b)

(Smith 2012a)

Citing sources with missing information

Sometimes not all the information required for a citation will be available.

If you need to cite a source with no publication date, write “n.d.” (“no date”) in place of the date in your in-text citation and in your reference list:

(Smith n.d.)

Smith, James. n.d. Example Book . New York: Norton.

If you need to cite a source with no author, there are a couple of scenarios. If you’re dealing with a source issued by an organization without a specific author listed (for example, a press release or pamphlet), you can list the organization as the author:

(University of Glasgow 2019)

University of Glasgow. 2019. “Colombian River Guardians Rally Support in Scotland.” October 14, 2019. https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/headline_678538_en.html.

If this doesn’t work for your source, begin your reference list entry with the title instead, alphabetized according to the first word of the title (ignoring articles ):

The Example Book: A Book of Examples . 2012. New York: Norton.

Here the entry would be alphabetized under “E”, not “T”, because the article is ignored for alphabetization.

For an in-text citation, use the title. If the title is longer than four words, use a shortened version of it starting with the first word (excluding articles):

( Example Book 2012)

Note that if a source is explicitly attributed to “Anonymous,” this word should simply be used as a name:

(Anonymous 2011)

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Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

• You’re quoting from the text.
• You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
• You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

When a source has four or more authors , your in-text citation or Chicago footnote should give only the first author’s name followed by “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”). This makes your citations more concise.

In your bibliography or reference list , when a source has more than 10 authors, list the first seven followed by “et al.” Otherwise, list every author.

• A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
• A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

• In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
• In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

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Caulfield, J. (2024, April 09). Chicago Author-Date Style | A Complete Guide to Citing Sources. Scribbr. Retrieved July 22, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/author-date/

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• Citation Styles
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What is a citation?

End-of-text references (cmos 17th ed.), in-text references (cmos 17th ed.), formatting requirements.

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Print Resources

Online Resources

• The Chicago Manual of Style Online UWM offers access to the Chicago Manual of Style Online.
• The Chicago Manual of Style Online: Quick Guide This quick guide offers examples of citations for books, journals, websites, and personal communication.
• Purdue OWL: Chicago A comprehensive guide to formatting and citation Chicago style
• University of Wisconsin - Madison A quick guide to citing in Chicago Author-Date style.
• Turabian Citation Guide A quick guide to Turabian Author-Date style from the University of Chicago Press.

A citation or reference is the information given in a bibliography or a database about a particular title, which often includes:

• article title or chapter title
• periodical title or book title
• author(s) or editor(s)
• place of publication
• date of publication
• publisher name
• volume/issue (articles) or edition (books)
• medium of publication
• electronic access (URL or DOI)
• date accessed

Citations give credit to those whose ideas have contributed to your research and give your readers enough information to locate the sources you used. There are many ways to format citations. The style you choose depends on your field and the requirements set by your professor or publisher.

Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year of Publication.   "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume, no. Issue (Month of Publication): Page range. DOI, URL, or Database.

Print article

Ellery, Karen.   2008.   "Undergraduate Plagiarism: A Pedagogical Perspective." Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 33, no. 5 (October): 507.

Online Article

Mozgovoy, Maxin, Tuomo Kakkonen, and Georgina Cosma.   2010   "Automatic Student Plagiarism Detection: Future Perspectives." Journal of Educational Computing Research 43, no. 4 (January): 511-31. doi:10.2190/EC.43.4.e.

Author Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. Book Title . Place of Publication: Publisher.

Chapter in an edited book

Author Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. "Chapter Title." In Book Title , edited by Editor(s), Page Range. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Pollock, Dale. 1983. Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas . New York: Harmony Books.

Multiple authors

Lott, Bernice, and Heather E. Bullock. 2007. Psychology and Economic Injustice: Personal, Professional, and Political Intersections . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Levi, Antonia. 2006. "The Americanization of Anime and Manga: Negotiating Popular Culture. " In Cinema Anime: Critical Engagements with Japanese Animation , edited by Steven T. Brown, 43-63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

In Chicago Author-Date style, citations in the text are appear in parentheses right after the content cited, before the final punctuation of the sentence. In-text citations for books and articles are identical. They include the author's last name and the year of publication. The page number is required if a specific detail, passage, or quote is referenced. More than one source can be cited within the same parentheses, if they support the same sentence.

All sources that are either directly quoted or paraphrased should be cited within your research paper. If you mention the author's name before the direct quote or paraphrase then you do not need to include it in the citation.

• Tilley describes apprenticeship as "watching and learning, then coaching followed by hands-on practice" (2008, 205).
• Tilley describes apprenticeship in detail (2008).

OR  if you do not mention the author's name before introducing the quote then it would need to appear in the citation.

• Apprenticeship is described as "watching and learning, then coaching followed by hands-on practice" (Tilley 2008, 205).
• Apprenticeship has been described as a step-by-step process (Tilley 2008, 205).

( Author Date, Page )

( Sampsel 2008, 105 )

More than One Author

( Bowles-Terry and Donovan 2016 )

Multiple Sources

( Gullikson   2006 ; Junisbai, Lowe and Tagge   2016 )

Chicago Style uses two different systems for citing. This guide focuses on Author-Date system , commonly used in the sciences. For more information on the Notes & Bibliography  system used in the humanities,  see the " Chicago" tab .

The Reference List in Author-Date style should list all the sources cited in the work. Unlike a bibliography , it should not contain any sources NOT cited in the text. The in-text citations give just enough information to help the reader find the source on the reference list, where the complete citation is located.

• The works cited list should be labeled "Reference List" at the top center of the page.
• The list should be alphabetized by author last name.
• All entries are single spaced, with double space in between each entry (unless your instructor advises otherwise).
• The second line and all subsequent lines of a citation must be indented.  

Chicago Author-Date   example:

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😕 What is a Chicago Citation Generator?

A Chicago Citation Generator is a software tool that automatically generates citations and bibliographies in the Chicago citation style.

Citations can be created by entering an identifying piece of information about a source, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal article DOI to the generator. The generator will then create a fully formatted citation in the Chicago style containing all the required information for the source.

Chicago style citations are used to give credit to the authors of supporting work that has been used to write an academic paper or article.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an Chicago Citation Generator?

The Chicago style is primarily used by college and university students studying business, history, social sciences, the fine arts, amongst others.

🙌 Why should I use a Chicago Citation Generator?

Citing sources is often an afterthought in paper writing because formatting citations correctly is time-consuming and confusing, and staying on top of source management manually can be hard. A citation generator makes this easier by:

• Decreasing the time you would spend formatting citations correctly
• Managing the recording and organization of every citation for you

In short, there is no reason not to use a citation generator in academic writing.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Chicago Citation Generator?

To get started, scroll up back up to the tool at the top of the page and follow these steps:

• Select the type of source you want to cite
• If it's a website, enter the URL in the search bar. If it's a book, enter the ISBN or title. If it's a journal article, enter the DOI or title. For all other sources, enter the details of the source into the form
• Select the search result that most closely represents the source you referred to in your paper
• Shazam! The generator will automatically format the citation in the Chicago style. Copy it into your paper, or save it to your bibliography to download later
• Repeat for every other citation you need to create for your paper

MyBib supports the following for Chicago style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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IEEE Style Resources

• IEEE Editorial Style Manual Published by the American professional association Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and last updated in February 2024.
• IEEE - Author Center & citation guidelines The online IEEE Author Center includes FAQs, sample pages, a citation template, and other resources for formatting your paper in IEEE citation style.
• Purdue Online Writing Lab (IEEE) The Purdue OWL offers global support through online reference materials and services. These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) citation and format style.

IEEE referencing - The Basics from Victoria University Library on Vimeo .

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) citation style is commonly used in electronics, computer engineering, computer science, and other areas of engineering. 

IEEE citation style uses bracketed numbers in in-text citations to refer to the full reference at the end of the paper, as described in the  IEEE Reference Guide .

Core Components of a Citation

The ieee editorial style manual for authors outlines five  core elements to a citation. the core elements are arranged in a specific format. .

[#] First name initial and author surname .   Title of Source , in  Title of Container ,  xth ed.   City of Publisher (only U.S. State), Country:  Abbreviation of Publisher, Publication year,  ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx. 

Sample citations

Journal article.

[#] A. A. Author, “Name of paper,”  Abbreviated Title of Periodical , vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, Year.

In-Text Citation:  [#]

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in  Title of the Published Book ,  x th ed. City of Publisher, State (USA only), Country: Abbreviation of Publisher, year, ch.  x , sec.  x , pp.  xxx - xxx .

Conference material

Conference paper (print)

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of paper,” in  Abbreviated Name of Conf. , (location of conference is optional), Month and day(s) if provided, year,  pp. xxx-xxx.

Conference paper (online)

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of paper,” in  Abbreviated Name of Conf. , (location of conference is optional), Month and day(s) if provided, year,  pp. xxx-xxx, doi: xxx.

Conference paper (unpublished)

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of paper,” presented at the  Abbreviated Name of Conf. , City of Conf., Abbrev. State, Country, Month and day(s), year, Paper number. (if provided),  pp. xxx-xxx.

Dataset, table, and image

[#] Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), Date, “Title of Dataset,” Source. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com

[#] TABLE # (in Roman numerals) Text of Caption. (a) Text of Part A Caption. (b) Text of Part B Caption

[#] Figure #. Caption of image. Adapted from

In-Text Citation : [2, Fig. 3]

Technical report

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of Report,” Abbreviated Name of Company or Institution, City, State, Country, Report Number, year.

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Research and Citation Resources

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

If you are having trouble locating a specific resource please visit the  search page  or the  Site Map . The Citation Chart  provides a detailed overview of MLA Style, APA Style, and Chicago Manual of Style source documentation by category.

Conducting Research

These OWL resources will help you conduct research using primary source methods, such as interviews and observations, and secondary source methods, such as books, journals, and the Internet. This area also includes materials on evaluating research sources.

Using Research

These OWL resources will help you use the research you have conducted in your documents. This area includes material on quoting and paraphrasing your research sources, as well as material on how to avoid plagiarism.

APA Style (7th Edition)

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster

Chicago Manual of Style

This section contains information on the Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Style

These resources describe how to structure papers, cite sources, format references, and handle the complexities of tables and figures according to the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) guidelines.

American Medical Association (AMA) Style

These resources provide guidance on how to cite sources using American Medical Association (AMA) Style, 10th Ed., including examples for print and electronic sources.

Research Overview

We live in an age overflowing with sources of information. With so many information sources at our fingertips, knowing where to start, sorting through it all and finding what we want can be overwhelming! This handout provides answers to the following research-related questions: Where do I begin? Where should I look for information? What types of sources are available?

Conducting Primary Research

Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world. This section includes information on what primary research is, how to get started, ethics involved with primary research and different types of research you can do. It includes details about interviews, surveys, observations, and analysis.

Evaluating Sources of Information

Evaluating sources of information is an important step in any research activity. This section provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. online sources, and evaluating Internet sources.

Searching Online

This section covers finding information online. It includes information about search engines, Boolean operators, Web directories, and the invisible Web. It also includes an extensive, annotated links section.

Internet References

This page contains links and short descriptions of writing resources including dictionaries, style manuals, grammar handbooks, and editing resources. It also contains a list of online reference sites, indexes for writers, online libraries, books and e-texts, as well as links to newspapers, news services, journals, and online magazines.

Archival Research

This resource discusses conducting research in a variety of archives. It also discusses a number of considerations and best practices for conducting archival research.

This resources was developed in consultation with Purdue University Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections staff.

Chicago Citation Style (17th Edition): Journal Article from Database

• General Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two or Three Authors or Editors
• More Than Three Authors or Editors
• Chapter or Article in a Multi-Author Book
• Chapter or Article in a Multi-Volume Work
• Organization as Author
• Reference Book
• Edition Other than the First
• Basic Journal Article
• Journal Article from an Online Periodical
• Journal Article from Database
• Magazine Article
• Magazine Article from an Online Magazine
• Newspaper Article
• Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
• Basic Web Page
• Government Publication
• Motion Picture (Video Recording)
• Online Multimedia
• Image from an Electronic Source
• Published Photograph
• Interviews & Personal Communications
• Pamphlets, Brochures, and Reports
• Scriptural References
• Secondary Sources
• Government Publications
• Ask for Help

Journal Article from Article Database (pp. 763-764)

General Format 

1. Author First Name/Initial Surname, "Article Title,"  Journal Title  Volume,       no. Issue (Year): page #, name of the database OR URL of journal article       web page.

Concise Note:  

2. Author Surname, "Article Title," page #. 

Bibliography:

 Author Surname, First Name or Initial. "Article Title."  Journal Title  Volume,             no. Issue (Year): Page range of article. Name of the database OR             URL of journal article web page.

1. Valerie Bunce, "Rethinking Recent Democritization: Lessons from       the Postcommunist Experience,"  World Politics  55, no. 2 (2003): 168,        https://muse.jhu.edu .   

Concise Note:

2. Bunce, "Rethinking Recent Democritization," 168.

Bunce, Valerie. "Rethinking Recent Democritization: Lessons from the             Postcommunist Experience."  World Politics  55, no. 2 (2003): 167-192.               https://muse.jhu.edu .

1. Kenneth Aitchison, "After the Gold Rush: Global Archeology in 2009,"  World       Archeology  41, no. 4 (2009): 670, doi: 10.1080/00438240903363772.

2. Aitchison. "After the Gold Rush," 670.

Aitchison, Kenneth. "After the Gold Rush: Global Archeology in 2009."  World              Archeology  41, no. 4 (2009): 659-671. doi: 10.1080/00438240903363772.

Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) (p. 657)

A  Digital Object Identifier (DOI)  is  a  unique code preferred by publishers in the identification and exchange of the content of a digital object, such as a journal article, Web document, or other item of intellectual property. The DOI consists of two parts: a prefix assigned to each publisher by the administrative DOI agency and a suffix assigned by the publisher that may be any code the publisher chooses. DOIs and their corresponding URLs (Uniform   Resourc e Locators)  are registered in a central DOI directory that functions as a routing system.

The DOI is  persistent , meaning that the identification of a digital object does not change even if ownership of or rights in the entity are transferred. It is also  actionable , meaning that clicking on it in a Web browser display will redirect the user to the content. The DOI is also  interoperable , designed to function in past, present, and future digital technologies. The registration and resolver system for the DOI is run by the  International DOI Foundation (IDF) . CrossRef is a collaborative citation linking service that uses the DOI. Click here to learn more about the DOI.

Example : doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305

If a DOI is listed on an electronic source it is included in the reference.  When there is a choice between using a DOI or a URL, it is recommended that a DOI be used.    

Reitz, Joan M. "Digital Object Identifier (DOI)." In Online Dictionary for       Library and Information Science. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Accessed June 18,       2023. https://odlis.abc-clio.com/odlis_d.html

About Citing Articles

This guide is intended to cover only the Notes and Bibliography system for citing articles.

For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and a specific example will be provided.

The following format will be used:

Full Note  - use the first time that you cite a source. Concise Note  - use after the first time you cite a source. Bibliography  - use when you are compiling the Bibliography that appears at the end of your paper.

Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.).  

Numbers in parentheses refer to specific pages in the manual.

Formatting of papers in Chicago Style:

Citations and bibliographies in Chicago Style:

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ENGL 1101 Gilbert Summer 2024: MLA Citation Help

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MLA In-Text Citation Basics

In-text citations are

- brief references in the body of your paper that direct readers to the corresponding Works Cited entry.

- used any time you quote, paraphrase, or otherwise reference the work of someone else.

Visit Purdue OWL for more information on in-text citations.

Further Citation Resources

- GSU MLA Citation LibGuide

- MLA Style Center Citation Guide

- Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab )

Citing Books

Basic form for book citations (from Purdue OWL) :

Author's Last name, First name.  Title of the Book . 

Publisher, Publication Year.

Class example of a book citation:

Morrison, Toni. Paradise . Knopf, 1998.

Citing Articles

Basic form for article citations (from Purdue OWL ):

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of the article: Subtitle." Title of Journal ,

Volume # (v./vol.), Issue # (n./no.), Date of Publication, Page Range (pp.)

Database Name , DOI.

     Class example of an article citation:

Krumholz, Linda J. "Reading and Insights in Toni Morrison's Paradise ."

African American Review , vol. 36, no.1, Spring 2002, pp. 21-34.

JSTOR , https://doi.org/10.2307/2903362.

Citing Web Pages

Basic form for entire website citations (from Purdue OWL ):

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Page or Article." Title of Website ,

Publisher, Date of Publication, URL. Date Accessed (by you).

 Class example of an entire website citation:

Atari, Bayan. "Toni Morrison: The Life of a Literary Giant."

The Dig , Howard University, 5 July 2022.

thedig.howard.edu/all-stories/toni-morrison-life-

literary-giant. 14 July 2024.

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Social Work Practicum & Internship Education and Service-Learning: APA Toolkit 7th Edition

• Credible Websites
• Service Learning & Volunteer Opportunities
• Theories in Social Work
• State Social Service Agencies
• Federal Agencies
• Government Analysis/Research Reports
• Newspaper Databases
• Policy Organizations, Research Centers, and Think Tanks
• Other Websites
• Interlibrary Loan (ILL)
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• Issues with Databases
• Access to Library Databases Off Campus
• APA Toolkit 7th Edition

APA Professional Student Paper

How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator

• How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations for free. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th edition, MLA Style, and Chicago Style.

Student Sample Paper

APA Purdue OWL Video Series

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