sample m&a case studies

Hacking the Case Interview

Merger & acquisition (M&A) cases are a common type of case you’ll see in consulting interviews. You are likely to see at least one M&A case in your upcoming interviews, especially at consulting firms that have a large M&A or private equity practice.

These cases are fairly straight forward and predictable, so once you’ve done a few cases, you’ll be able to solve any M&A case.

In this article, we’ll cover:

• Two types of merger & acquisition case interviews
• The five steps to solve any M&A case
• The perfect M&A case interview framework
• Merger & acquisition case interview examples
• Recommended M&A case interview resources

If you’re looking for a step-by-step shortcut to learn case interviews quickly, enroll in our case interview course . These insider strategies from a former Bain interviewer helped 30,000+ land consulting offers while saving hundreds of hours of prep time.

Two Types of Merger & Acquisition Case Interviews

A merger is a business transaction that unites two companies into a new and single entity. Typically, the two companies merging are roughly the same size. After the merger, the two companies are no longer separately owned and operated. They are owned by a single entity.

An acquisition is a business transaction in which one company purchases full control of another company. Following the acquisition, the company being purchased will dissolve and cease to exist. The new owner of the company will absorb all of the acquired company’s assets and liabilities.

There are two types of M&A cases you’ll see in consulting case interviews:  

A company acquiring or merging with another company

• A private equity firm acquiring a company, also called a private equity case interview

The first type of M&A case is the most common. A company is deciding whether to acquire or merge with another company.

Example: Walmart is a large retail corporation that operates a chain of supermarkets, department stores, and grocery stores. They are considering acquiring a company that provides an online platform for small businesses to sell their products. Should they make this acquisition?

There are many reasons why a company would want to acquire or merge with another company. In making an acquisition or merger, a company may be trying to:

• Gain access to the other company’s customers
• Gain access to the other company’s distribution channels
• Acquire intellectual property, proprietary technology, or other assets
• Realize cost synergies
• Acquire talent
• Remove a competitor from the market
• Diversify sources of revenue

A private equity firm acquiring a company

The second type of M&A case is a private equity firm deciding whether to acquire a company. This type of M&A case is slightly different from the first type because private equity firms don’t operate like traditional businesses.

Private equity firms are investment management companies that use investor money to acquire companies in the hopes of generating a high return on investment.

After acquiring a company, a private equity firm will try to improve the company’s operations and drive growth. After a number of years, the firm will look to sell the acquired company for a higher price than what it was originally purchased for.

Example: A private equity firm is considering acquiring a national chain of tattoo parlors. Should they make this investment?

There are a few different reasons why a private equity firm would acquire a company. By investing in a company, the private equity firm may be trying to:

• Generate a high return on investment
• Diversify its portfolio of companies to reduce risk
• Realize synergies with other companies that the firm owns

Regardless of which type of M&A case you get, they both can be solved using the same five step approach.

The Five Steps to Solve Any M&A Case Interview

Step One: Understand the reason for the acquisition

The first step to solve any M&A case is to understand the primary reason behind making the acquisition. The three most common reasons are:

• The company wants to generate a high return on investment
• The company wants to acquire intellectual property, proprietary technology, or other assets
• The company wants to realize revenue or cost synergies

Knowing the reason for the acquisition is necessary to have the context to properly assess whether the acquisition should be made.

Step Two: Quantify the specific goal or target

When you understand the reason for the acquisition, identify what the specific goal or target is. Try to use numbers to quantify the metric for success.

For example, if the company wants a high return on investment, what ROI are they targeting? If the company wants to realize revenue synergies, how much of a revenue increase are they expecting?

Depending on the case, some goals or targets may not be quantifiable. For example, if the company is looking to diversify its revenue sources, this is not easily quantifiable.

Step Three: Create a M&A framework and work through the case

With the specific goal or target in mind, structure a framework to help guide you through the case. Your framework should include all of the important areas or questions you need to explore in order to determine whether the company should make the acquisition.

We’ll cover the perfect M&A framework in the next section of the article, but to summarize, there are four major areas in your framework:

Market attractiveness : Is the market that the acquisition target plays in attractive?

Company attractiveness : Is the acquisition target an attractive company?

Synergies : Are there significant revenue and cost synergies that can be realized?

Financial implications : What are the expected financial gains or return on investment from this acquisition?

Step Four: Consider risks OR consider alternative acquisition targets

Your M&A case framework will help you investigate the right things to develop a hypothesis for whether or not the company should make the acquisition.

The next step in completing an M&A case depends on whether you are leaning towards recommending making the acquisition or recommending not making the acquisition.

If you are leaning towards recommending making the acquisition…

Explore the potential risks of the acquisition.

How will the acquisition affect existing customers? Will it be difficult to integrate the two companies? How will competitors react to this acquisition?

If there are significant risks, this may change the recommendation that you have.

If you are leaning towards NOT recommending making the acquisition…

Consider other potential acquisition targets.

Remember that there is always an opportunity cost when a company makes an acquisition. The money spent on making the acquisition could be spent on something else.

Is there another acquisition target that the company should pursue instead? Are there other projects or investments that are better to pursue? These ideas can be included as next steps in your recommendation.

Step Five: Deliver a recommendation and propose next steps

At this point, you will have explored all of the important areas and answered all of the major questions needed to solve the case. Now it is time to put together all of the work that you have done into a recommendation.

Structure your recommendation in the following way so that it is clear and concise:

• State your overall recommendation firmly
• Provide three reasons that support your recommendation
• Propose potential next steps to explore

The Perfect M&A Case Interview Framework

The perfect M&A case framework breaks down the complex question of whether or not the company should make the acquisition into smaller and more manageable questions.

You should always aspire to create a tailored framework that is specific to the case that you are solving. Do not rely on using memorized frameworks because they do not always work given the specific context provided.

For merger and acquisition cases, there are four major areas that are the most important.

1. Market attractiveness

For this area of your framework, the overall question you are trying to answer is whether the market that the acquisition target plays in is attractive. There are a number of different factors to consider when assessing the market attractiveness:  

• What is the market size?
• What is the market growth rate?
• What are average profit margins in the market?
• How available and strong are substitutes?
• How strong is supplier power?
• How strong is buyer power?
• How high are barriers to entry?

2. Company attractiveness

For this area of your framework, the overall question you want to answer is whether the acquisition target is an attractive company. To assess this, you can look at the following questions:

• Is the company profitable?
• How quickly is the company growing?
• Does the company have any competitive advantages?
• Does the company have significant differentiation from competitors?

3. Synergies

For this area of your framework, the overall question you are trying to answer is whether there are significant synergies that can be realized from the acquisition.

There are two types of synergies:

• Revenue synergies
• Cost synergies

Revenue synergies help the company increase revenues. Examples of revenue synergies include accessing new distribution channels, accessing new customer segments, cross-selling products, up-selling products, and bundling products together.

Cost synergies help the company reduce overall costs. Examples of cost synergies include consolidating redundant costs and having increased buyer power.

4. Financial implications

For this area of your framework, the main question you are trying to answer is whether the expected financial gains or return on investment justifies the acquisition price.

To do this, you may need to answer the following questions:  

• Is the acquisition price fair?
• How long will it take to break even on the acquisition price?
• What is the expected increase in annual revenue?
• What are the expected cost savings?
• What is the projected return on investment?

Merger & Acquisition Case Interview Examples

Let’s put our strategy and framework for M&A cases into practice by going through an example.

M&A case example: Your client is the second largest fast food restaurant chain in the United States, specializing in serving burgers and fries. As part of their growth strategy, they are considering acquiring Chicken Express, a fast food chain that specializes in serving chicken sandwiches. You have been hired to advise on whether this acquisition should be made.

To solve this case, we’ll go through the five steps we outlined above.

The case mentions that the acquisition is part of the client’s growth strategy. However, it is unclear what kind of growth the client is pursuing.

Are they looking to grow revenues? Are they looking to grow profits? Are they looking to grow their number of locations? We need to ask a clarifying question to the interviewer to understand the reason behind the potential acquisition.

Question: Why is our client looking to make an acquisition? Are they trying to grow revenues, profits, or something else? 

Answer: The client is looking to grow profits.

Now that we understand why the client is considering acquiring Chicken Express, we need to quantify what the specific goal or target is. Is there a particular profit number that the client is trying to reach?

We’ll need to ask the interviewer another question to identify this.

Question: Is there a specific profit figure that the client is trying to reach within a specified time period?

Answer: The client is trying to increase annual profits by at least $200M by the end of the first year following the acquisition.

With this specific goal in mind, we need to structure a framework to identify all of the important and relevant areas and questions to explore. We can use market attractiveness, company attractiveness, synergies, and financial implications as the four broad areas of our framework.

We’ll need to identify and select the most important questions to answer in each of these areas. One potential framework could look like the following:

Let’s fast forward through this case and say that you have identified the following key takeaways from exploring the various areas in your framework:

• Chicken Express has been growing at 8% per year over the past five years while the fast food industry has been growing at 3% per year
• Among fast food chains, Chicken Express has the highest customer satisfaction score
• Revenue synergies would increase annual profit by $175M. This is driven by leveraging the Chicken Express brand name to increase traffic to existing locations
• Cost synergies would decrease annual costs by $50M due to increased buyer power following the acquisition

At this point, we are leaning towards recommending that our client acquire Chicken Express. To strengthen our hypothesis, we need to explore the potential risks of the acquisition.

Can the two companies be integrated smoothly? Is there a risk of sales cannibalization between the two fast food chains? How will competitors react to this acquisition?

For this case, let’s say that we have investigated these risks and have concluded that none of them pose a significant threat to achieving the client’s goals of increasing annual profit by $200M.

We’ll now synthesize the work we have done so far and provide a clear and concise recommendation. One potential recommendation may look like the following:

I recommend that our client acquires Chicken Express. There are three reasons that support this.

One, Chicken Express is an attractive acquisition target. They are growing significantly faster than the fast food industry average and have the highest customer satisfaction scores among fast food chains.

Two, revenue synergies would increase annual profit by $175M. The client can leverage the brand name of Chicken Express to drive an increase in traffic to existing locations.

Three, cost synergies would decrease annual costs by $50M. This is due to an increase in buyer power following the acquisition.

Therefore, our client will be able to achieve its goal of increasing annual profits by at least $200M. For next steps, I’d like to assess the acquisition price to determine whether it is reasonable and fair.

More M&A case interview practice

Follow along with the video below for another merger and acquisition case interview example.

For more practice, check out our article on 23 MBA consulting casebooks with 700+ free practice cases .

In addition to M&A case interviews, we also have additional step-by-step guides to: profitability case interviews , market entry case interviews , growth strategy case interviews , pricing case interviews , operations case interviews , and marketing case interviews .

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M&A case interviews overview

A detailed look at m&a case interviews with a sample approach and example.

M&A motivations | Approaching M&A cases | M&A question bank | Example case walk-through #1 | Example case walk-through #2

Acquisitions are exciting and make for great headlines, but the decision to pursue one is serious business - and makes for a great case interview topic!

For example, consider mega deals like Salesforce acquiring Tableau for $15.7B or Kraft and Heinz merging at a combined valued of $45B. Mergers and acquisitions (often abbreviated as M&A) are some of the splashiest business decisions, often due to the large size of the deals and ability to quickly shake up market share.

Like profitability or market entry cases , M&A questions will often come up during a case interview, either as the primary topic or as a component of a broader case.

Typical motivations for M&A activity (Top)

Before jumping into case interviews, let's talk about why a company might pursue a merger or an acquisition in the first place. There are 3 main factors that drive M&A decisions: growth, competition, and synergies.

M&A for growth purposes

When determining a long-term growth strategy, companies have several options they tend to consider: build, buy, or partner. Amazon's growth into the grocery industry is a great example of a company implementing both build and buy strategies.

Amazon began by leveraging their existing capabilities to build their offering internally, adding food products to their platform and same-day food delivery. However, in 2017 they announced the acquisition of Whole Foods . By purchasing an existing player in the grocery space, they were able to acquire not only the Whole Foods brand, customer base, and retail footprint, but also the employees, supplier relationships, and industry know-how. The acquisition allowed them to grow at a quicker pace than they would have been able to otherwise.

M&A for competitive purposes

Competition can be another big driver behind M&A activity. Consider Uber and Didi's merger in 2016. Both companies were spending enormous amounts of money to gain market share (Uber's losses were estimated at ~$2B), but were still not achieving profitability. By coming to a merger agreement, Uber and Didi were able to end the destructive competition in China and move forward as partners with a shared interest in each other's success.

M&A for synergy gains

Other companies pursue mergers or acquisitions due to the complementary nature of combining two businesses. These complementary aspects are called synergies and might include things like the ability to cut out redundant overhead functions or the ability to cross-sell products to shared customers.

The value of potential synergies is typically estimated prior to doing a deal and would be one of the biggest points of discussion for the buyer. Note that the task of estimating the value of synergies is often more art than science, and many companies overvalue the expected synergies they'll get from a deal. This is just one of the reasons more than 70% of M&A deals fail .

The synergies that can be realized through a merger or acquisition will be different for any given pair of companies and will be one of the primary determining factors in a purchase price. For example, the synergies between a mass retailer buying a smaller clothing company will be much larger than if a restaurant were to buy that same clothing company. Common cost structures and revenue streams often result in greater synergies. For example, two similar businesses that merge will be able to streamline their finance, HR, and legal functions, resulting in a more efficient operation.

M&A framework (Top)

Mergers and acquisitions are not entered into by companies lightly. These are incredibly strategic decisions that are enormously expensive, from both a time and resource perspective, so any leadership team will want to do their due diligence and consider these decisions from multiple angles.

While each M&A scenario will have its own unique factors and considerations, there are some recurring topics you'll most likely want to dive into. We'll cover these in five steps below.

💡 Remember that every case is unique. While these steps can apply to many M&A cases, you should always propose a framework tailored to the specific case question presented!

Step 1: Unpack the motivations

Before recommending a merger or acquisition, the first step is to understand the deeper purpose behind this strategic decision. The motivation might be hinted at in your case prompt, or it might be apparent given general knowledge of a particular industry.

For example, if the question is "Snack Co. is looking to expand into Asia and wants to determine if an acquisition of Candy Co. would be successful", you can tell that the underlying motivation for acquisition is growth through geographic expansion. If the question is about an airline looking to buy another airline, the drivers are likely the competitive nature of the industry and potential synergies in the cost structure.

Once you understand what's driving the M&A desire, you'll know what lens to apply throughout the remainder of the case. You'll also be able to weave in your business acumen in your final recommendation.

Step 2: Evaluate the market

As with many case interviews, a well-rounded market analysis is typically a good place to start. In this scenario, the market we're evaluating is that of the target company. The goal here is to develop a broad understanding of the attractiveness of the market, as the client is essentially investing in this space through M&A activity. For this step, consider:

• Size and forecasted growth of the market
• Barriers to entry such as regulations
• The competitive landscape
• Supplier and buyer dynamics

This step should not be skipped, even in the case of a merger between two companies in the same market. It can't be assumed that the market is attractive just because the buyer is in it already. Rather, if the market evaluation proves unattractive, the buyer should not only avoid the deal, but also address their existing strategy internally.

Step 3: Assess the target company

If the market is deemed to be attractive, the next question is if the target is the optimal company to acquire or merge with in that market. The main points to address here are:

• Is the target financially stable e.g. profitable with growing revenues?
• Does it have a large market share or growing customer base?
• Does it have a capable and experienced team?
• Does it have other intangible assets such as a powerful brand or a valuable patent?

Step 4: Identify potential benefits and risks

Next, consider the pros and cons of doing the deal. Where might the buyer be able to realize synergies with the target? What are the biggest risks to doing the deal? What might derail the integration? For this part, consider these key questions:

• Are there cost or revenue synergies between the two companies?
• What are the primary risks to integrating the two companies?
• Are there concerns around cultural fit (95% of executives say this is vital to a deal's success )?

Step 5: Present your recommendation

Finally, pull all of your findings together and share your final recommendation. Make sure to support your argument with data from the earlier steps and note what you would want to look at if you had more time.

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M&A question bank (Top)

Below, you'll a see list of M&A case questions sourced from a top candidate - Ana Sousa , an ex-McKinsey Business Analyst currently pursuing her MBA at OSU.

Case A background :

Our client, NewPharma, is a major pharmaceutical company with USD 20 billion in annual revenue. Its corporate headquarters is located in Germany, with sales offices around the world. NewPharma has a long, successful record in researching, developing, and selling “small molecule” drugs. This class represents the majority of drugs today, such as aspirin. They would like to enter a new, fast-growing segment of biological drugs, which are made with large and more complex molecules, and can treat conditions not addressable by conventional drugs. The Research and Development (R&D) associated with biological molecules is completely different from small molecules. In order to acquire these capabilities, a pharma company can build them from scratch, partner with startups, or acquire them. Competition is already many years ahead of NewPharma, so they are looking to jumpstart their own program by acquiring BioAdvance, a leading biologicals startup headquartered in San Francisco. BioAdvance was founded 10 years ago by renowned scientists and now have 200 employees. It is publicly traded, and at current share price, they are worth around USD 2 billion.

Example interview question #1: You are asked to evaluate this potential acquisition and advise on the strategic fit for NewPharma. What would you consider when evaluating whether NewPharma should acquire BioAdvance?

Example interview question #2: let’s explore the setup with bioadvance after a potential acquisition. bioadvance’s existing drug pipeline is relatively limited, however, newpharma is more interested in leveraging bioadvance as a biological research “engine” that, when combined with newpharma’s current r&d assets, would produce a strong drug pipeline over the next 10 years. what are your hypotheses on major risks of integrating the r&d functions of both companies, example interview question #3: in the case of an acquisition, newpharma wants to consolidate all biologicals r&d into one center. there are two options to do so: combine them at newpharma’s headquarters in germany, or at bioadance’s headquarters in san francisco. currently, newpharma does not have any biological facilities or operations in germany, so new ones would need to be built. how would you think about this decision.

Case B background :

Total Energy Inc. (TEI) is a private, medium-sized company with a strong history of drilling and producing natural gas wells in Pennsylvania. They own an ample, and believe valuable, set of land assets where more wells could be drilled. The company is well capitalized but has seen profits decline for the last few years, with a projection of loss for the next year. One of the main drivers is the price of natural gas, which has dropped considerably, mainly because companies like TEI have perfected unconventional drilling techniques, leading to an oversupply of the North American market. Current prices are at a five year low. A larger competition has approached TEI’s leadership about acquiring them for an offer of USD 250 million.

Example interview question #1: TEI’s leadership would like your help in evaluating this offer, as well as identifying alternative strategies. How would you assess this matter?

Example interview question #2: the exploration team at tei has found that there is an oil field in texas that they could acquire, and immediately start drilling. drilling is one of the core competencies and strengths of tei. how would you think about this option in comparison to the selling offer.

Case C background :

Tech Cloud has developed a new research engine designed to increase online retail sales by reshaping customer search results based on real-time customer data analysis. An initial assessment indicates outstanding results in increasing sales, and therefore a tremendous potential for this product. However, Tech Cloud is a small startup, so they do not currently possess the capabilities to sell and install their algorithm in large scale. A major tech company has approached Tech Cloud with a partnership offer: to help them make the new product scalable, offering to pay $150M for it as is, and asking for 50% of profits on all future sales of the new research engine.

Example interview question #1: How would you assess whether Tech Cloud should or should not take this partnership offer?

Example interview question #2: what risks would you outline in this partnership, and how would you recommend tech cloud to mitigate them.

Case D background :

Snack Hack is the fifth largest fast-food chain in the world in number of stores in operation. As most competitors, Snack Hack sells fast-food combo meals for any time of the day. Although Snack Hack owns some of its store, it is mainly operating under a franchising business model, with 85% of its operating stores owned by franchisees. As part of a growth strategy, Snack Hack has been analyzing Creamy Dream as a potential acquisition target. Creamy Dream is a growing ice cream franchise with a global presence. While they also operate by franchising, there is a difference: Snack Hack franchises restaurants (stores), while Creamy Dream franchises areas or regions in which the franchisee is required to open a certain number of stores.

Example interview question #1: What would you explore in order to determine whether Snack Hack should acquire Creamy Dream?

Example interview question #2: what potential synergies can exist between snack hack and creamy dream, example interview question #3: one of the potential synergies that our team believes has great potential is increasing overall profitability by selling creamy dream ice cream at snack hack stores. how would you evaluate the impact of this synergy in profitability, example m&a case #1 (top).

We'll now use our framework to tackle one of the example questions we listed above. Let's focus on Case A and answer the following question:

You are asked to evaluate this potential acquisition and advise on the strategic fit for NewPharma. What would you consider when evaluating whether NewPharma should acquire BioAdvance?

Unpacking: why do they want to acquire.

Following our recommended framework, the first step is to identify the underlying purposes of the acquisition. In this case, you can tell from the context information that their strategic motivation is to enter a new type of drug market. The case has already stated your alternatives outside of this M&A: to build capabilities from scratch or make a partnership/acquisition of a different target.

Evaluating the market: is it an attractive space?

Step 2 in our framework is to evaluate the market. You are told the biological segment is fast-growing, and does not overlap with NewPharma current products, therefore there is no risk of cannibalization. You still need to know who currently competes in this segment, what is the general profitability of these drugs and how it compares to small molecule drugs, and deep dive on the regulation for these drugs, since pharma industry is strongly regulation-driven.

Assessing the target: is it a good company?

Next, we jump into step 3, which is assessing the target. This is where we were given the smallest amount of information, so there is much to cover. R&D is a time-consuming process, and NewPharma will not see profits for drugs they start developing together in case of an acquisition in many years, maybe decades. Therefore, the first thing to look at is the value of BioAdvance’s current drug pipeline, or, in other words, what drugs are they currently developing, their likelihood of success, and their expected revenues and profits.

Another key factor is their capabilities, which is what NewPharma is mostly interested in. What does BioAdvance bring to the table in terms of scientific talent, intellectual property, and research facilities? We also want to look at whether they have current contracts or partnerships with other competitors.

Furthermore, besides their main capability which is research, NewPharma should also learn about their marketing and sales capabilities, to identify any synergies in global sales, and also to understand how they currently promote biologicals, since NewPharma has no experience in this. A great structure would also consider any gaps BioAdvance might have, both in R&D and marketing capabilities. Lastly, NewPharma needs to conduct a due diligence to assess the value of BioAdvance, and therefore the acquisition price.

Identify risks and benefits

Step 4 is identifying the risks and benefits. In a high level, the risks include potential of them having a weak pipeline, which would mean not seeing any profits for years. In addition, NewPharma is a European country, while BioAdvance is from California, which means there is a risk of cultural barriers between both their leaderships and their R&D scientists. In addition, there is the risk that entering this new drug market is not aligned with NewPharma’s strategy or core competencies. The benefits include quickly adding R&D capabilities to catch up with their competitors and addressing a new segment of customers that they currently do not serve.

Example M&A case #2 (Top)

Let's walk through another example M&A case to illustrate how the framework we've introduced might be applied in practice. We'll lay out the thought process a candidate would be expected to demonstrate in a case interview. Here's our prompt:

"Our client, Edu Co., is a publishing company that has historically focused on K-12 curriculum and printed educational materials. They're looking at acquiring a startup that's developed digital classroom materials and assessments. How should they evaluate this opportunity?"

Our first step is to consider why Edu Co. is pursuing an acquisition. From the prompt, we can see that they're an established business looking to acquire a newer entry to the market. Edu Co. has focused on their core capabilities - content and printing - but has not invested in a digital product.

Edu Co. is clearly eyeing the startup target as a way to accelerate their growth into the edtech space. Rather than investing in building a digital product themselves, Edu Co. is looking to buy a company that already has a strong product, customer base, and team.

To begin, we would want to evaluate the digital education market. We might ask for more information on the size and growth rate to start. If we find out the market is large and forecasted to grow at 10% per year, that tells us it's a fairly attractive market.

In terms of barriers to entry, there is limited regulation around K-12 content and assessment. In the edtech space, the main concern is around the secure storage of information having to do with minors.

The competitive landscape is something we would want to ask for more information about. We would want to know how many other companies were pursuing these products and which had the most market share. If the market is highly fragmented, it means there is still room for a clear winner to emerge.

Regarding customer dynamics, we would want to know about any indications of changing preferences. For example, the push towards remote learning during COVID-19 would be relevant, as teachers and students have quickly become more comfortable with digital products.

Once we've determined that the market for digital education is attractive, we'll want to turn our attention to the target company. We would start by asking the interviewer for any information on the company's finances, team, market share, and other assets.

Assume the interviewer gives us revenue, profit, and market share data for the past 3 years. As part of our due diligence, we would want to ensure that all three of these metrics were either stable or growing. If we saw dips in this data, it would be important to dive deeper and understand why their performance had declined.

We would also want to know what their organizational structure looked like. If their staff was primarily sales & marketing (meaning they had outsourced their engineering work), they would be a less attractive target, as acquiring the tech personnel was one of the big reasons Edu Co. was looking to buy the business.

Finally, we would want to understand the technology they had developed. It would be important to understand the strengths and weaknesses of their product as well as any patents or IP.

Next, we would want to lay out any risks or benefits to acquiring the company.

The biggest risk we see is that the two company cultures are very different - Edu Co. is large, slower to make changes, and has an older workforce, whereas the other is much smaller, more agile, and younger. If we tried to integrate these two companies, there may be friction between the two working styles.

On the benefits side, there is potential for both cost and revenue synergies. On the cost side, we would be able to cut redundant administrative roles out, such as HR and finance. On the revenue side, Edu Co. may be able to leverage their customer relationships to cross sell digital products.

Present your final recommendation

Eventually, the interviewer would ask if Edu Co. should pursue the acquisition. Here, we would want to pull all the findings together and lay out our reasoning. Start with the answer first:

Recommendation: "Edu Co. should acquire the edtech startup. It's an attractive market that's growing rapidly and doesn't have a clear leader yet. Furthermore the startup appears to be well-positioned in the market: their revenues, profits, and market share have been growing. As Edu Co. looks to grow into the digital education space, this acquisition will give them a leg-up on competitors. Edu Co. will also be able to leverage their customer relationships to rapidly expand the use of this new digital product. However, Edu Co. will want to develop a robust integration plan to mitigate the risk of culture clash. They may want to consider letting the startup remain in their existing HQ to retain their agile working style."

Summary: putting it all together (Top)

As discussed, M&A cases are fairly common because they have the potential to cover a lot of ground, relevant business challenges.

Realize that in a real M&A case, the due diligence on the target alone could take weeks. It's likely your interviewer will have you dive deeper into one specific step to observe your thought process. In that case, stick with your structure, follow their lead, and always lay out the next steps you would follow if you had more time.

Finally, keep in mind that M&A doesn't just come up because it's fun to analyze; it's also an important source of revenue for the firms - Bain's private equity group does hundreds of due diligence cases annually and BCG's post-merger intergration (PMI) practice makes good money helping firms execute a merger successfully.

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Mergers and Acquisitions Examples: The largest company M&A deals list

Kison Patel is the Founder and CEO of DealRoom, a Chicago-based diligence management software that uses Agile principles to innovate and modernize the finance industry. As a former M&A advisor with over a decade of experience, Kison developed DealRoom after seeing first hand a number of deep-seated, industry-wide structural issues and inefficiencies.

This post was originally published in August 2019 and has been updated for relevancy in May 2, 2024.

When it comes to mergers and acquisitions, bigger doesn’t always mean better - the examples we included in our list of the biggest M&A failures is evidence of that.

In fact, all things being equal, the bigger a deal becomes, the bigger the likelihood that the buyer is overpaying for the target company. But whether you like mega deals or not, we cannot afford to ignore them. 

At DealRoom, we help companies evolve and streamline multiple large and successful M&A deals each year. In this article, we collected some of the biggest deals in history.

Related: 11 Biggest M&A Deals of 2022 and 8 Biggest Upcoming M&A Deals in 2023 (so far)

Biggest mergers and acquisitions examples list.

Reading this list, it can seem that the biggest deals are doomed to failure (at least from the perspective of their shareholders). But thankfully, that just isn’t the case. Some of the biggest M&A transactions of the past 30 years have been outstanding successes.

Many of these deals have achieved what they set out to do at the outset - to reshape industries on the strength of a single deal.

With that in mind, let's take a closer look at 25 companies that recorded the largest mergers and acquisitions in history.

1. Vodafone and Mannesmann (1999) - $202.8B ($373B adjusted for inflation)

As of March 2024, the takeover of Mannesmann by Vodafone in 2000 was still one of the largest acquisitions ever made. Worth ~ $203 billion at that time, Vodafone, a mobile operator based in the United Kingdom, acquired Mannesmann, a German-owned industrial conglomerate company.

This deal made Vodafone the world’s largest mobile operator and set the scene for dozens of mega deals in the mobile telecommunications space in the years that followed. This deal is still considered as the biggest acquisition in history.

2. Shenhua Group and China Guodian Corporation (2017) - $278B ($354B adjusted for inflation)

The merger between Shenhua Group and China Guodian Corporation is the biggest example of a merger of equals that happened in 2017. Shenhua Group is China’s largest coal provider, while China Guodian Corporation is one of the top five electricity producers.

This $278 billion merger created the world’s largest power utility company by installed capacity. The goal of the merger was to create a balanced energy portfolio between coal power and renewable energy. This is to align with China’s broader environmental and economic objectives .

3. AOL and Time Warner (2000) - $182B ($325B adjusted for inflation)

When we mentioned at the outset of this article that ‘ big doesn’t always mean better ’, the famous merger of AOL, a U.S.-based internet service provider, and Time Warner, an American cable television company, in 2000 is a case in point. 

In little over two decades, the deal has become cemented as the textbook example of how not to conduct mergers and acquisitions. It featured everything from overpaying to strong cultural differences and even, with the benefit of hindsight, two large media companies who just weren’t sure where the media landscape was headed. 

The merger's valuation came crashing down after the dot-com bubble burst just two months after the deal was signed. The deal, which is to be known as the largest merger in history, fell apart in 2009, 9 years later after it was originally signed.

4. ChemChina and Sinochem (2018) - $245B ($309B adjusted for inflation)

The ChemChina and Sinochem merger was part of the Chinese government’s bigger plan to strengthen their competitiveness in the global stage by reducing the overall number of its state-owned enterprises through merging its biggest companies to create a larger firm.

This specific merger created the world’s largest industrial chemicals company, known as Sinochem Holdings, which surpassed major global competitors like BASF in North America in terms of scale and market presence.

5. Gaz de France and Suez (2007) - $182B ($259B adjusted for inflation)

France loves its national champions - the large French companies that compete on a world stage, waving the tricolor. It was no surprise then, when Nicholas Sarkozy, President of France in 2007, stepped in to save this merger.

That’s right - a President playing the role of part-time investment banker. These days, Suez is one of the oil and gas ‘majors’, although the fact that the company’s share price hovers very close to where it was a decade and a half ago tells us everything of what investors thought of the deal.

The deal, one of the biggest mergers ever in energy, created the world’s fourth largest energy company and Europe’s second largest electricity and gas group. The merged companies created a diversified, flexible energy supply stream with a high-performance electricity production base.

6. Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merger (2000) - $107B  ($197B adjusted for inflation)

The merger of the UK’s two largest pharmaceutical firms in 2000 led to what is currently the 6th largest pharmaceutical firm in the world, and the only British firm in the top 10.

However, like several deals on this list, it wasn’t received particularly well by investors and at the time of writing is trading at about 25% less than the time of the merger.

This, and a range of bolt-on acquisitions in the consumer space over the past decade, may explain why the company is planning to split into two separate companies in the coming years.

7. Verizon and Vodafone (2013) - $130B ($173B adjusted for inflation)

Vodafone has been involved in so many transactions over the past 20 years that they should be getting quite efficient at the process at this stage. The $130B deal in 2013 allowed Verizon to pay for its US wireless division.

At the time, the deal was the third largest in history - two of which Vodafone had partaken in. From Verizon’s perspective, it gave the company full control over its wireless division, ending an often fraught relationship with Vodafone that lasted for over a decade, and also allowed it to build new mobile networks and contend with an increasingly competitive landscape at the time.

From Vodafone's point of view, the acquisition cut the company value roughly in half, to $100 billion. The business acquisition also moved Vodafone from the second largest phone company in the world down to fourth, behind China Mobile, AT&T, and Verizon.

8. Dow Chemical and DuPont merger (2015) - $130B ($166B adjusted for inflation)

When Dow Chemical and DuPont announced they were merging in 2015, everyone sat up and took notice; the merger of equals would create the largest chemicals company by sales in the world, as well as eliminate the competition between them, making it a picture-perfect example of horizontal merger.

Shortly after the deal was completed, in 2018, the company was already generating revenue of $86B a year - but it didn’t last long: In 2019, management announced that the merged company would spin off into three separate companies, each with a separate focus.

9. United Technologies and Raytheon (2019) - $121B ($147B adjusted for inflation)

The merger between United Technologies Corporation (UTC) and Raytheon Company created Raytheon Technologies, an aerospace and defense giant. The new legal entity is expected to be the leader in aerospace and defense industries, with a broadened portfolio and enhanced market reach.

Now that the deal went through, Raytheon can leverage United Technologies' expertise in high temperature materials for jet engines; and in directed energy weapons, United Technologies has relevant power generation and management technology.

So far, however, investors seem less convinced with the company’s share price taking a dip of around 25% straight after the deal closed.

10. AB InBev and SABMiller merger (2015) - $107B  ($138B adjusted for inflation)

If stock price is any indication of whether a deal was successful or not, then the creation of AmBev through the merger of InBev and SABMiller in 2015 certainly wasn’t.

On paper, the deal looked good - two of the world’s biggest brewers bringing a host of the world’s favorite beers into one stable.

There was just one problem - they didn’t foresee the rise of craft beers and how it would disrupt the brewing industry. Several bolt-on acquisitions of craft brewers later and the new company may finally be on track again.

11. AT&T and Time Warner (2018) - $108B ($134B adjusted for inflation)

Not only did the proposed merger of AT&T and Time Warner draw criticism from antitrust regulators when it was announced, it also brought back memories of the previous time Time Warner had been involved in a megadeal.

With the best part of two decades to learn from its mistake, and AT&T a much bigger cash generator than AOL, this deal looks like it has been better thought through than the deal that preceded it.

12. Heinz and Kraft merger (2015) - $100B  ($131B adjusted for inflation)

The merger of Heinz and Kraft - to create the Kraft Heinz Company - is yet another megadeal that has a detrimental effect on stock.

The deal has been called a “ mega-mess ,” with billions knocked off the stock price since the deal closed. One of the reasons has been allegations made about accounting practices at the two firms before the merger.

Another reason has been zero-based budgeting (ZBB), a strict cost cutting regime that came at a time when old brands needed to be refreshed rather than have their budgets cut back.

13. BMO Financial Group and Bank of the West (2021) - $105B ($119.5B adjusted for inflation)

On December 20, 2021, BMO Financial Group announced the acquisition of BNP Paribas SA unit Bank of the West and its subsidiaries with assets worth approximately $105B. This merger is expected to significantly expand BMO’s presence in the U.S.

Through this acquisition, BMO can expand their customer base, increase their market presence in new regions, and enhance their existing capabilities with complementary products and services offered by Bank of the West.

14. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Celgene merger (2019) - $95B  ($115B adjusted for inflation)

Despite the massive size of the transaction, this 2019 megadeal wasn’t a “merger of equals.” Instead, Celgene became a subsidiary of Bristol-Myers Squibb. The deal brings together two of the world’s largest cancer drug manufacturers, so hopefully the deal amounts to something much greater than the sum of the parts.

15. Energy Transfer Equity and Energy Transfer Partners (2018) - $90B  ($111B adjusted for inflation)

This deal is part of a strategic initiative to simplify Energy Transfer Equity’s corporate structure and streamlining their operations.​

Each ETP unit was converted into 1.28 ETE units, resulting in a major redistribution of shares but keeping the business essentially continuous under a new name. 

ETE was renamed Energy Transfer LP and began trading under the ticker symbol "ET" on the New York Stock Exchange. On the other hand, ETP was renamed Energy Transfer Operating L.P.

16. Unilever plc and Unilever N.V. (2020) - $81B  ($97B adjusted for inflation)

The M&A deal between Unilever plc and Unilever N.V. in 2020 was essentially a unification strategy. The primary goal was to create a more cohesive organization with streamlined operations and increased strategic flexibility. 

During this process, they made sure nothing will change in their operations, locations, activities or staffing levels in either The Netherlands or the United Kingdom.

17. Walt Disney and 21st Century Fox (2017) - $52.4B ($83.7B adjusted for inflation)

In December 2017, The Walt Disney Company acquired 21st Century Fox. Walt Disney’s goal was to boost their global presence and content diversity, adding to its strong franchise and streaming service portfolio. This acquisition enhanced Disney’s entertainment library and direct-to-consumer streaming offerings, bringing franchises like X-Men and Deadpool under one roof.

18. Bayer and Monsanto (2018) - $63B ($78B adjusted for inflation)

The deal between Bayer and Monsanto worth approximately $63B created one of the world's biggest agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporations. Bayer was known widely for its pharmaceutical division, but it also has a substantial crop science division, where they offer chemical and crop protection. 

Through the Monsanto acquisition, Bayer has strengthened their agricultural business using Monsanto’s expertise, which ultimately made them a global leader in seeds, traits, and agricultural chemicals.

After the completion of the deal in 2018, the integration has been complex due to the legacy issues inherited from the acquisition of Monsanto, such as culture, reputation, and legal and regulatory issues.

19. Microsoft and Activision Blizzard (2023) - $75.4B ($76.5B adjusted for inflation)

On January 18, 2022, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire Activision Blizzard, initially valued at $68.7B. The goal of this strategic acquisition was to significantly boost its gaming segment across various platforms including mobile, PC, console, and cloud. 

Microsoft can do this by integrating Activision Blizzard's strong portfolio of popular gaming franchises like Call of Duty, World of Warcraft, and Candy Crush. After overcoming numerous regulatory challenges, the deal was finalized on October 13, 2023. 

This acquisition, with the total cost amounting to $75.4 billion, represents one of the largest deals in the video game industry.

20. Broadcom and VMWare (2023) - $61B ($62B adjusted for inflation)

In November 2023, Broadcom acquired VMWare to strengthen its infrastructure software business by integrating VMWare’s extensive multi-cloud services capabilities. 

Due to the large scale of both companies’ operations, the deal had to go through a massive regulatory scrutiny and review. It involved multiple jurisdictions across the globe to assess its impact on competition and market dynamics within the tech industry.

21. Exxon Mobil and Pioneer Natural Resources (2023) - $59.5B ($60B adjusted for inflation)

As part of their strategy to enhance their production capabilities and market presence in the oil and gas industry, Exxon Mobil merged with Pioneer Natural Resources. 

They announced this deal in October 2023, with the goal to achieve a partnership that would combine their strengths in terms of resources and strengthen their portfolio in the global energy market. 

ExxonMobil’s Senior Vice President, Niel Chapman, reaffirms that the deal is still on track and is set to close in the second quarter of 2024.

22. S&P Global and IHS Markit (2020) - $44B ($52.8B adjusted for inflation)

S&P Global announced an all-stock merger with IHS Markit worth $44 billion in November 2020. Through this deal, S&P Global will gain access to a data provider that supplies financial information to 50,000 customers across business and governments. Both companies expected a generated annual free cash flow of exceeding $5bn by 2023.

23. Discovery, Inc. and WarnerMedia (2022) - $43B ($46B adjusted for inflation)

On April 8, 2022, Discovery Inc. and WarnerMedia finalized a merger that would enhance their global media and entertainment footprint. The goal was to combine Warnermedia’s extensive entertainment assets with Discovery's non-fiction and international entertainment.

This $43B deal formed a new entity called Warner Bros. Discovery, which now has a vast portfolio that includes networks such as CNN, HBO, and Discovery Channel, as well as streaming services like HBO Max and Discovery+.

This horizontal merger boosted the newly formed company to compete with other major players like Netflix and Disney+ by providing a richer diversity of content across genres.

24. Pfizer and Seagen (2023) - $43B ($43.7B adjusted for inflation)

Pfizer’s acquisition of Seagen for $43B in March 2023 marked one of the largest deals in the biopharmaceutical sector since 2019.

Since Seagen is a biotech company known for its expertise in developing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and other innovative cancer therapies, this acquisition will strengthen Pfizer’s oncology portfolio and expand their presence in the cancer treatment market.

25. Altimeter and Grab Holdings (2021) - $40B ($46.7B adjusted for inflation)

Altimeter’s stock-for-stock merger with Grab Holdings marked as the largest de-SPAC transaction at that time, worth approximately $40B. 

Instead of a traditional IPO process, Altimeter helped Grab go public through a reverse merger. The primary motive of the deal was to boost Grab's dominance in Southeast Asia by providing them with additional capital to propel their expansion and face their fierce competition, particularly Gojek.

It's a win-win move for Altimeter because the merger carved an opportunity for them to invest in a fast-growing tech company with a solid market presence in a rapidly developing region.

Merger examples

A merger is a transaction of two companies, usually of similar size, mutually agreeing to combine their businesses into one entity. 

This is distinct from an acquisition , where one company (the buyer) buys the outstanding shares of a target company, and the target company’s shareholders receive the proceeds from selling those shares.

Here are a few examples of mergers that have happened in the M&A landscape:

Exxon Mobil and Pioneer Natural Resources (2023) - $59.5B ($60B adjusted for inflation)

This is a great example of a merger of equals where no payment was made from one company to another. This was an all-stock transaction, where Pioneer shareholders will receive 2.3234 shares of ExxonMobil for each Pioneer share at closing.

United Technologies and Raytheon (2019) - $121B ($147B adjusted for inflation)

Another classic example of a so-called “ merger of equals .” The United Technologies and Raytheon merger is also an all-stock transaction, where Raytheon shareholders receive shares in the new company, while UTC shareholders maintain a majority stake.

Discovery, Inc. and WarnerMedia (2022) - $43B ($46B adjusted for inflation)

Despite the first two examples mentioned above, not all mergers involve two equal-sized companies. When AT&T owned WarnerMedia, they merged it with a smaller company, Discovery Inc. This special kind of deal is called a Reverse Morris Trust. So even though it's a merger, AT&T got $40.4 billion in cash as a payment. 

This payment was part of the deal to help balance things out between what AT&T was giving up and what they were getting in return. AT&T shareholders also ended up owning a big part of the combined company.

Acquisition example

An acquisition is a transaction whereby companies, organizations, and/or their assets are acquired for some consideration by another company. The motive for one company to acquire another is nearly always growth. 

In the next section, let’s take a look at great acquisitions examples that have happened in M&A history.

Microsoft and Activision Blizzard (2022) - $75.4B ($76.5B adjusted for inflation)

This is an example of an outright acquisition. In December 2021, Blizzard faced allegations and a lawsuit regarding workplace misconduct, specifically discrimination against women employees. Their reputation and business operations were taking a hit, and they wanted an out. 

Meanwhile Microsoft wanted Activision's iconic franchises like “Call of Duty” and “World of Warcraft” to increase their presence in the gaming industry. Activision saw Microsoft’s acquisition as a way to address internal issues under new leadership, while Microsoft potentially expanding its footprint in the gaming industry.

Walt Disney and 21st Century Fox (2017) - $52.4B ($83.7B adjusted for inflation)

Another classic example of an acquisition is the Walt Disney and 21st Century Fox deal. During this time, the media landscape was rapidly changing and traditional media companies like 21st Century Fox were facing significant competition from new digital entrants like Netflix and Amazon. Fox wanted to sell their company to focus on their core strengths, primarily news and sports. 

On the other hand, Walt Disney had better content creation and distribution, which allowed them to benefit from this transaction.

Amazon and Whole Foods (2017) - $13.7B ($17B adjusted for inflation)

Though this deal did not make our top 25, it’s certainly a great example of a successful acquisition. Amazon bought Whole Foods in 2017 for approximately $13.7B to have greater control of their supply chain and broaden their reach into new markets. 

Before this deal, Amazon was more focused on e-commerce. This strategic move allowed them to expand into the brick-and-mortar grocery sector, through Whole Foods. Amazon was able to integrate its e-commerce capabilities with Whole Foods' physical store network and achieved economies of scale in several areas, especially in distribution and logistics.

Lessons from successful and failed mergers and acquisitions 

Whether it’s a success or failure, there are always lessons to be learned in the world of mergers & acquisitions. Here are some of the best lessons we want to emphasize and share.

Don’t overlook culture 

In the past, culture was one of the most underrated aspects of M&A. No one cared about it, and deal makers were only focused on the numbers and synergies. Today, practitioners are catching on, and they tend to focus more on culture during due diligence. But for those who are still not believers, you can always look up the Daimler Benz and Chrysler deal back on May 7, 1998. 

Daimler was aggressive during integration and Chrysler didn’t want to be told what to do. They didn’t get along and continued to run as separate operations. The entire deal was a disaster, which eventually led to Daimler Benz selling Chrysler to the Cerberus Capital Management firm.

Don’t take due diligence for granted

M&A teams must never take due diligence for granted and turn every possible stone. One mistake can cause massive headaches, and potentially destroy the acquiring company.  HP learned this the hard way when they acquired Autonomy back in 2011. The plan was to transform HP from a computer and printer maker into a software-focused enterprise services firm. 

The problem came after the deal was closed, and HP discovered that Autonomy was cooking the books by selling hardware at a loss to its customers while booking the sales as software licensing revenue. This is one of the most controversial deals of all time, generating massive lawsuits due to fraudulent accounting practices.

Plan for integration early in the process

The biggest mistake any practitioner could make is not planning for integration early in the M&A process . Integration is where value is created, and must be prioritized during due diligence. 

The Sprint and Nextel Communications deal back in 2005 is a great example of the importance of integration planning. The combination of these two legal entities created the third largest telecommunications provider at that time. The goal is to gain access to each other's customer bases and cross sell their product lines. 

However due to the lack of integration planning during the diligence they were not prepared for what was about to come after closing. Apparently the two companies' networks did not share the same technology and had zero overlap making integration extremely difficult. They also lost a significant amount of market share due to their clashing marketing strategies that allowed rivals to steal dissatisfied customers.

Final thoughts

Overall, it’s hard to argue which deal in US history is the most successful merger or acquisition due to the fact that sometimes the full value and potential of a deal takes years to formulate.

However, the top mergers and acquisitions take into account best practices such as robust communication, focus on the strategic goal/deal thesis, and early integration planning throughout the deal lifecycle.

Much can be learned from companies that have successfully merged with or acquired other companies.

The right technology and tools can also work to make deals more successful. DealRoom’s M&A project management software and tools aims to help teams manage their complex M&A transactions.

Whether teams need deal management software, due diligence process assistance, help with their post merger (PMI) process, or just a simple VDR, our platform provides the necessary technology and features to streamline M&A processes.

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Ace Your M&A Case Study Using These 5 Key Steps

• Last Updated November, 2022

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are high-stakes strategic decisions where a firm(s) decides to acquire or merge with another firm. As M&A transactions can have a huge impact on the financials of a business, consulting firms play a pivotal role in helping to identify M&A opportunities and to project the impact of these decisions. 

M&A cases are common case types used in interviews at McKinsey, Bain, BCG, and other top management consulting firms. A typical M&A case study interview would start something like this:

The president of a national drugstore chain is considering acquiring a large, national health insurance provider. The merger would combine one company’s network of pharmacies and pharmacy management business with the health insurance operations of the other, vertically integrating the companies. He would like our help analyzing the potential benefits to customers and shareholders.

M&A cases are easy to tackle once you understand the framework and have practiced good cases. Keep reading for insights to help you ace your next M&A case study interview.

In this article, we’ll discuss:

• Why mergers & acquisitions happen.
• Real-world M&A examples and their implications.
• How to approach an M&A case study interview.
• An end-to-end M&A case study example.

Let’s get started!

Why Do Mergers & Acquisitions Happen?

There are many reasons for corporations to enter M&A transactions. They will vary based on each side of the table. 

For the buyer, the reasons can be:

• Driving revenue growth. As companies mature and their organic revenue growth (i.e., from their own business) slows, M&A becomes a key way to increase market share and enter new markets.
• Strengthening market position. With a larger market share, companies can capture more of an industry’s profits through higher sales volumes and/or greater pricing power, while vertical integration (e.g., buying a supplier) allows for faster responses to changes in customer demand.
• Capturing cost synergies. Large businesses can drive down input costs with scale economics as well as consolidate back-office operations to lower overhead costs. (Example of scale economies: larger corporations can negotiate higher discounts on the products and services they buy. Example of consolidated back-office operations: each organization may have 50 people in their finance department, but the combined organization might only need 70, eliminating 30 salaries.)
• Undertaking PE deals. Private equity firms will buy a majority stake in a company to take control and transform the operations of the business (e.g., bring in new top management or fund growth to increase profitability).
• Accessing new technology and top talent. This is especially common in highly competitive and innovation-driven industries such as technology and biotech. 

For the seller, the reasons can be: 

• Accessing resources. A smaller business can benefit from the capabilities (e.g., product distribution or knowledge) of a larger business in driving growth.
• Gaining needed liquidity. Businesses facing financial difficulties may look for a well-capitalized business to acquire them, alleviating the stress.
• Creating shareholder exit opportunities . This is very common for startups where founders and investors want to liquidate their shares.

There are many other variables in the complex process of merging two companies. That’s why advisors are always needed to help management to make the best long-term decision.

Real-world Merger and Acquisition Examples and Their Implications

Let’s go through a couple recent merger and acquisition examples and briefly explain how they will impact the companies.

Nail the case & fit interview with strategies from former MBB Interviewers that have helped 89.6% of our clients pass the case interview.

KKR Acquisition of Ocean Yield

KKR, one of the largest private equity firms in the world, bought a 60% stake worth over $800 million in Ocean Yield, a Norwegian company operating in the ship leasing industry. KKR is expected to drive revenue growth (e.g., add-on acquisitions) and improve operational efficiency (e.g., reduce costs by moving some business operations to lower-cost countries) by leveraging its capital, network, and expertise. KKR will ultimately seek to profit from this investment by selling Ocean Yield or selling shares through an IPO.

ConocoPhillips Acquisition of Concho Resources

ConocoPhillips, one of the largest oil and gas companies in the world with a current market cap of $150 billion, acquired Concho Resources which also operates in oil and gas exploration and production in North America. The combination of the companies is expected to generate financial and operational benefits such as:

• Provide access to low-cost oil and gas reserves which should improve investment returns.
• Strengthen the balance sheet (cash position) to improve resilience through economic downturns.
• Generate annual cost savings of $500 million.
• Combine know-how and best practices in oil exploration and production operations and improve focus on ESG commitments (environmental, social, and governance).

How to Approach an M&A Case Study Interview

Like any other case interview, you want to spend the first few moments thinking through all the elements of the problem and structuring your approach. Also, there is no one right way to approach an M&A case but it should include the following: 

• Breakdown of value drivers (revenue growth and cost synergies) 
• Understanding of the investment cost
• Understanding of the risks. (For example, if the newly formed company would be too large relative to its industry competitors, regulators might block a merger as anti-competitive.) 

Example issue tree for an M&A case study: 

• Will the deal allow them to expand into new geographies or product categories?
• Will each of the companies be able to cross-sell the others’ products? 
• Will they have more leverage over prices? 
• Will it lower input costs? 
• Decrease overhead costs? 
• How much will the investment cost? 
• Will the value of incremental revenues and/or cost savings generate incremental profit? 
• What is the payback period or IRR (internal rate of return)? 
• What are the regulatory risks that could prevent the transaction from occurring? 
• How will competitors react to the transaction?
• What will be the impact on the morale of the employees? Is the deal going to impact the turnover rate? 

An End-to-end BCG M&A Case Study Example

Case prompt:

Your client is the CEO of a major English soccer team. He’s called you while brimming with excitement after receiving news that Lionel Messi is looking for a new team. Players of Messi’s quality rarely become available and would surely improve any team. However, with COVID-19 restricting budgets, money is tight and the team needs to generate a return. He’d like you to figure out what the right amount of money to offer is.

First, you’ll need to ensure you understand the problem you need to solve in this M&A case by repeating it back to your interviewer. If you need a refresher on the 4 Steps to Solving a Consulting Case Interview , check out our guide.

Second, you’ll outline your approach to the case. Stop reading and consider how you’d structure your analysis of this case. After you outline your approach, read on and see what issues you addressed, and which you didn’t consider. Remember that you want your structure to be MECE and to have a couple of levels in your Issue Tree .

Example M&A Case Study Issue Tree

• Revenue: What are the incremental ticket sales? Jersey sales? TV/ad revenues?
• Costs: What are the acquisition fees and salary costs? 
• How will the competitors respond? Will this start a talent arms race?  
• Will his goal contribution (the core success metric for a soccer forward) stay high?
• Age / Career Arc? – How many more years will he be able to play?
• Will he want to come to this team?
• Are there cheaper alternatives to recruiting Messi?
• Language barriers?
• Injury risk (could increase with age)
• Could he ask to leave our club in a few years?
• Style of play – Will he work well with the rest of the team?

Analysis of an M&A Case Study

After you outline the structure you’ll use to solve this case, your interviewer hands you an exhibit with information on recent transfers of top forwards.

In soccer transfers, the acquiring team must pay the player’s current team a transfer fee. They then negotiate a contract with the player.

From this exhibit, you see that the average transfer fee for forwards is multiple is about $5 million times the player’s goal contributions. You should also note that older players will trade at lower multiples because they will not continue playing for as long. 

Based on this data, you’ll want to ask your interviewer how old Messi is and you’ll find out that he’s 35. We can say that Messi should be trading at 2-3x last season’s goal contributions. Ask for Messi’s goal contribution and will find out that it is 55 goals. We can conclude that Messi should trade at about $140 million. 

Now that you understand the up-front costs of bringing Messi onto the team, you need to analyze the incremental revenue the team will gain.

Calculating Incremental Revenue in an M&A Case Example

In your conversation with your interviewer on the value Messi will bring to the team, you learn the following: 

• The team plays 25 home matches per year, with an average ticket price of $50. The stadium has 60,000 seats and is 83.33% full.
• Each fan typically spends $10 on food and beverages.
• TV rights are assigned based on popularity – the team currently receives $150 million per year in revenue.
• Sponsors currently pay $50 million a year.
• In the past, the team has sold 1 million jerseys for $100 each, but only receives a 25% margin.

Current Revenue Calculation:

• Ticket revenues: 60,000 seats * 83.33% (5/6) fill rate * $50 ticket * 25 games = $62.5 million.
• Food & beverage revenues: 60,000 seats * 83.33% * $10 food and beverage * 25 games = $12.5 million.
• TV, streaming broadcast, and sponsorship revenues: Broadcast ($150 million) + Sponsorship ($50 million) = $200 million.
• Jersey and merchandise revenues: 1 million jerseys * $100 jersey * 25% margin = $25 million.
• Total revenues = $300 million.

You’ll need to ask questions about how acquiring Messi will change the team’s revenues. When you do, you’ll learn the following: 

• Given Messi’s significant commercial draw, the team would expect to sell out every home game, and charge $15 more per ticket.
• Broadcast revenue would increase by 10% and sponsorship would double.
• Last year, Messi had the highest-selling jersey in the world, selling 2 million units. The team expects to sell that many each year of his contract, but it would cannibalize 50% of their current jersey sales. Pricing and margins would remain the same.
• Messi is the second highest-paid player in the world, with a salary of $100 million per year. His agents take a 10% fee annually.

Future Revenue Calculation:

• 60,000 seats * 100% fill rate * $65 ticket * 25 games = $97.5 million.
• 60,000 seats * 100% * $10 food and beverage * 25 games = $15 million.
• Broadcast ($150 million*110% = $165 million) + Sponsorship ($100 million) = $265 million.
• 2 million new jerseys + 1 million old jerseys * (50% cannibalization rate) = 2.5 million total jerseys * $100 * 25% margin = $62.5 million.
• Total revenues = $440 million.

This leads to incremental revenue of $140 million per year. 

• Next, we need to know the incremental annual profits. Messi will have a very high salary which is expected to be $110 million per year. This leads to incremental annual profits of $30 million.
• With an upfront cost of $140 million and incremental annual profits of $30 million, the payback period for acquiring Messi is just under 5 years.

Presenting Your Recommendation in an M&A Case

• Messi will require a transfer fee of approximately $140 million. The breakeven period is a little less than 5 years. 
• There are probably other financial opportunities that would pay back faster, but a player of the quality of Messi will boost the morale of the club and improve the quality of play, which should build the long-term value of the brand.
• Further due diligence on incremental revenue potential.
• Messi’s ability to play at the highest level for more than 5 years.
• Potential for winning additional sponsorship deals.

5 Tips for Solving M&A Case Study Interviews

In this article, we’ve covered:

• The rationale for M&A.
• Recent M&A transactions and their implications.
• The framework for solving M&A case interviews.
• AnM&A case study example.

Still have questions?

If you have more questions about M&A case study interviews, leave them in the comments below. One of My Consulting Offer’s case coaches will answer them.

Other people prepping for mergers and acquisition cases found the following pages helpful:

• Our Ultimate Guide to Case Interview Prep
• Types of Case Interviews
• Consulting Case Interview Examples
• Market Entry Case Framework
• Consulting Behavioral Interviews

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A blueprint for M&A success

Large mergers and acquisitions (M&A) tend to get the biggest headlines, but, as McKinsey research  indicates, executives should be paying attention to all the small deals, too. These smaller transactions, when pursued as part of a deliberate and systematic M&A program, tend to yield strong returns over the long run with comparatively low risk. And, based on our research, companies’ ability to successfully manage these deals can be a central factor in their ability to withstand economic shocks. 1 Martin Hirt, Sven Smit, Chris Bradley, Robert Uhlaner, Mihir Mysore, Yuval Atsmon, and Nicholas Northcote, “ Getting ahead of the next stage of the coronavirus ,” April 2020.

The execution of such a programmatic M&A strategy  is not easy, however. Consider the situation at one global cosmetics company (a hypothetical case based on real-world experiences). Enthusiastic executives all had different ideas about which M&A opportunities the company should pursue (exhibit).

Undue influences

The hypothetical case of the global cosmetics company points to two common cognitive biases that can emerge when any company attempts to pursue programmatic M&A: the shiny-object syndrome and Maslow’s hammer.

The shiny-object syndrome —also known as extreme distraction. Companies that continually chase down the next new thing run the risk of pursuing initiatives in the wrong order, skipping foundational tasks, or duplicating efforts and investments.

The M&A team at the cosmetics company, for instance, was reactive. It was swayed by deals sourced by third parties, and it ended up inventing growth strategies around possible, exciting targets without a clear understanding of how they could generate value.

Maslow’s hammer. In his 1966 book The Psychology of Science (HarperCollins), psychologist Abraham Maslow stated, “I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail.” This is the approach the cosmetics company favored—establishing a well-organized M&A team but then using it to drive almost all growth rather than applying it only to those opportunities best suited to be bought, not built.

Without an M&A blueprint to provide an incontrovertible fact base and action plan, the cosmetics company’s efforts to implement programmatic deal making turned into a quixotic, time-wasting effort.

The CEO was pushing for a big bet on digital given the company’s superior financial position. Some senior leaders proposed expansion in greater China, the fastest-growing market for premium cosmetics. Other business-unit leaders saw poten­tial in the markets for organic products and men’s grooming. All had their own agendas (see sidebar, “Undue influences”).

Propelled by a healthy dose of FOMO (or fear of missing out) but lacking a clear set of priorities, the M&A team made multiple small bets on a range of businesses—even on some unexpected targets in adjacent markets (such as pet grooming). But the team did not have a clear plan for creating value from these targets nor for integrating them into the current business structure. The result? The organization ended up wasting time and resources on deals that were mostly unsuccessful, and its executives unintentionally created an unwieldy portfolio of businesses.

The M&A blueprint prompts business leaders to conduct a thorough self-assessment along with a comprehensive market assessment.

As this example illustrates, success in programmatic M&A requires much more than just executing on a long string of deals. Acquirers must articulate exactly why and where they need M&A to deliver on specific themes and objectives underlying their overarching corporate strategies. In addition, they must give careful thought as to how they plan to pursue programmatic M&A—including constructing a high-level business case and preliminary integration plans for each area in which they want to pursue M&A.

Taken together, these factors combine into what we call an M&A blueprint. In this article we discuss how it can be implemented to help organizations remain unrelentingly focused on their investment thesis throughout the deal process. Having a clear M&A blueprint is even more critical as com­panies begin to consider how to rebound from COVID-19. Without an M&A blueprint, it will be more difficult for companies to distinguish between through-cycle opportunities  that are consistent with their corporate strategy and “low hanging, distressed asset” deals that are not.

M&A blueprint: The building blocks

The M&A blueprint can help executives answer three main questions: Why and where should we use programmatic M&A to achieve our corporate strategy? And how should we use programmatic M&A to achieve our corporate strategy? Answering these questions will require asking still more clarifying questions about specific organizational strengths and capabilities, resources available, and other inputs to effective deal making.

Understanding ‘why’ and ‘where’

The M&A blueprint prompts business leaders to conduct a thorough self-assessment along with a comprehensive market assessment. The self-assessment helps establish the baseline from which to identify gaps in corporate ambitions as well as the opportunities for M&A to fill these gaps. It involves examining a company’s key sources of competitive advantage and testing their scalability to determine whether they would still play to the company’s advantage after a transaction. For its part, the market assessment acts as a “sense check” for business leaders, ensuring that the company’s M&A strategy capitalizes on the most recent and relevant trends, accounts for potential disruptions, and acknowledges competitors’ likely actions and reactions.

An M&A blueprint should also define any boundary conditions, or limits to the company’s use of M&A. These conditions, which are typically imposed by the CFO or the board investment committee, provide an important reality check: they define the con­straints on certain types or sizes of deals, thereby further narrowing the scope of potential targets. In setting these conditions, business leaders should account for preexisting financial hurdles—for instance, a rule that “deals must be accretive in the first year” likely would not apply to deals targeting growth and might therefore overly constrain M&A activity. Establishing these boundary conditions at the outset—with explicit agreement from the CFO and the board—can help put teeth into investment commitments and align everyone on negotiable and nonnegotiable terms.

Taken together, the self-assessment, market assessment, and review of boundary conditions can help executives understand the circumstances under which the pursuit of M&A makes the most sense, as well as the markets they are best positioned to enter. Indeed, the output of business leaders’ discussions about “why and where” will be a set of M&A themes that reflect the company’s best value-creation opportunities—those for which the company has the capabilities and resources to achieve intended strategic goals.

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What does a good M&A theme entail? For each theme, senior leaders should identify important deal criteria (categorizing potential targets by geog­raphy, sales channel, product type, and so on) as well as standard screening metrics like company size, number of employees, revenue growth, product port­folio, ownership, and so on. With this detailed information, organizations and M&A deal teams can continually cultivate potential targets within focused M&A themes while still being opportunistic about deals that present themselves.

Once these themes have been identified, business leaders should test them to ensure that they can execute against them—for instance, are there enough targets available, and do the right targets exist to fill gaps in the company’s capabilities? The M&A blueprint will be particularly critical in target-rich environments to help narrow down the list of potentials.

A “gold standard” M&A blueprint is detailed and focused on critical competitive information (value-creation levers, company capabilities, and so on). To understand whether their companies’ M&A themes are detailed enough, business leaders should consider whether they would be comfortable broadcasting those themes to competitors. The answer should be “no.” If the answer is “yes,” more work on the blueprint will be needed, as it and the related themes are likely not specific enough to be useful to M&A teams.

Understanding ‘how’

An M&A blueprint also prompts senior leaders to come up with a plan for “how” they will use M&A to further their overarching corporate strategies. Specifically, the M&A blueprint should delineate the high-level business case and preliminary integration plans associated with each M&A theme.

The business case should explain how the acqui­ring company plans to add value to the target or targets within a given M&A theme—for instance, the capital and operating expenditures needed (beyond the acquisition price) to integrate and scale the asset or assets. It should also outline the operational changes and capabilities that will be required to integrate the new assets—for instance, the creation of a new business unit or a set of new business processes to manage an acquired digital platform.

One large US healthcare company had committed to a strategy of building scale in its services businesses through M&A. First, it consolidated existing disparate service businesses under a new brand and organized them into three distinct units: pharmacy-care services, diversified health and wellness services, and data-analytics and tech­nology services. These became their three M&A themes. Then, over a ten-year period, this program­matic acquirer closed more than 60 deals, spending well over $20 billion, as it sought to fill out its portfolio along these three themes. The organization knew where it wanted to play and how.

Of course, the business case should include a preliminary integration plan for the acquired asset or assets that is consistent with the deal’s value-creation thesis—for instance, all shared services will be absorbed by the acquirer, and the target company’s product portfolio will be cross-sold to the acquirer’s existing customers.

Through their use of the M&A blueprint, business leaders can stay focused on those parts of the deal that can create the most value—especially impor­tant when companies are pursuing multiple deals within the same M&A theme. What’s more, they can prepare functional leaders, suppliers, and others well in advance for the actions they may need to take to integrate an asset or multiple assets.

How lots of small M&A deals add up to big value

M&a blueprint: putting it all together.

An M&A blueprint cannot and should not be developed based on “gut instinct” by a single execu­tive or defined post hoc to validate the theory behind an exciting deal. An executive or business-unit leader should lead its development but should be supported by corporate-strategy and corporate-development executives. The blueprint itself can take the form of a frequently updated and disseminated written report, or it can be a standing agenda item in every M&A and corporate-strategy meeting. Regardless of format, it can help decision makers assess critical factors relating to deal sourcing, due diligence, and integration planning before making any moves and taking steps to identify targets.

Looking back at the case of the cosmetics company, it becomes clear how an M&A blueprint could have helped the organization prioritize a bunch of scattershot ideas into a comprehensive programmatic M&A strategy.

With its market assessment, for instance, it might have seen that the market for digital cosmetics is projected to grow five times faster than the market for nondigital cosmetics. What’s more, market data might have revealed that customers want and expect to buy cosmetics through digital channels, and that there is no clear leader in the space. In its self-assessment, the M&A team might also have seen a gap in the company’s product portfolio com­pared with peers. And a look at boundary conditions might have revealed the time and latitude required to pay off initial acquisition investments, enabling the team to look beyond “base hit” deals with lower acquisition costs.

The M&A blueprint would have led the cosmetics company to a different outcome—perhaps a laser focus on acquiring the set of assets and capabilities needed to build a digital platform for selling cosmetics.

Spending time up front creating an M&A blueprint will pay off over the long term—particularly given the volume of deals associated with a programmatic M&A strategy. With M&A themes and criteria well defined and understood by all, companies can not only be more proactive but also more opportunistic. The top team will be aligned on strategy and focused on deal must-haves prior to reaching out to potential targets. Negotiations with potential targets can be grounded in the business case. Diligence processes can be accelerated and focused only on the most critical sources of value. Integration planning can begin early, with a focus on realizing the strategic intent of the deal rather than just stabilizing companies, people, and processes in the wake of change. Most important, the M&A blueprint can help executives tell a compelling story (inside and outside the company) about its deal-making strategy and its vision for the future.

Sophie Clarke is a consultant in McKinsey’s New Jersey office, where Liz Wol is an associate partner; Robert Uhlaner is a senior partner in the San Francisco office.

The authors wish to thank Anthony Chui, Jack Gordon, Steve Santulli, and Lexi Wang for their contributions to this article.

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M&a cases, mergers & acquisitions (m&a) are often an answer to broader problems during a case interview.

Merger and acquisition (M&A) cases are fairly common in consulting case interviews , especially for candidates targeting consulting firms with a focus on strategy , corporate finance, or mergers and acquisitions. While they may not make up the majority of cases, they are frequently included to assess your ability to think strategically, analyze financial data, and understand the implications of complex business decisions. 

M&A cases are particularly relevant for consulting roles that involve advising clients on growth strategies , restructuring , or corporate development. Overall, while not every case interview will feature an M&A scenario,we recommend you to be prepared to tackle them effectively as part of your case interview preparation.  

What Are M&A Cases? 

In an M&A case you are typically tasked with assessing the feasibility and implications of potential mergers, acquisitions, or divestitures for a client or company. This often involves analyzing market dynamics, financial statements, competitive landscapes, and strategic synergies to provide recommendations on whether to proceed with a deal and how to optimize its value. Success in M&A cases requires a holistic understanding of business strategy, financial analysis, and industry trends, coupled with strong communication and problem-solving skills.

Moreover, many growth strategy case studies eventually lead to M&A questions. For instance, companies with excess funds, searching for ways to grow quickly might be interested in acquiring upstream or downstream suppliers (vertical integration), direct competitors (horizontal integration), complementary businesses, or even unrelated businesses to diversify their portfolio. The most important requirement for an M&A is that it must increase the shareholders' value , and it must have a cultural fit even when the decision financially makes sense. 

An example prompt for a typical M&A case would be the following: 

"Your client is a mid-sized retail chain considering acquiring a smaller competitor in the same market. They believe this acquisition could expand their market reach and increase profitability. Your task is to evaluate the strategic rationale behind the acquisition, assess the financial implications, and provide recommendations on whether the client should proceed with the deal. What factors would you consider in making your recommendation?"

How Can You Approach an M&A Case – Key Areas to Analyze 

First of all, there is no standard approach or pre-thought out framework you can use for all M&A cases (or cases in general). It is absolutely crucial that you understand the unique situation of your client and develop a customized solution for the task you were assigned. 

To help you with your preparation, we have summarized key areas to analyze in an M&A case. However, it is very unlikely that you will be asked to cover all of them. It is simply too much for a 30-40 minute case interview, so usually the interviewer will put the focus on one or two aspects of the analysis and guide you to dive deeper. 

It is also possible that your M&A case does not resolve the question if a deal should be aimed for or not, but rather focuses on issues in the post merger integration process. Therefore, it is absolutely crucial that you listen carefully during the case prompt, reassure yourself that you understand the problem and objective of the client correctly and adjust your approach accordingly. 

1. Understand your client’s company. 

Before you dive into your M&A analysis, you must understand your client’s company first. In which industry does the client operate? What is the product or service they offer? What are key customer segments and how is the company structured? Does the client possess other businesses that may offer potential for synergies for an M&A deal? 

If you have truly understood your client’s business model, it will come much easier to you to develop a structure for your M&A analysis. Already the question of if you are advising a manufacturer or a service provider, will help you to come up with solid hypotheses on the objectives of the deal. For a service company, access to talent may be an obvious goal for the acquisition while a manufacturer may be more interested in creating cost synergies through vertical integration. But be careful and don’t jump to these kinds of conclusions too easily. You must understand the individual situation of your client in order to give valuable individual advice . 

2. Understand the objectives of the M&A deal.

Begin by clarifying the objectives of the M&A deal. Analogous to making a purchase at a grocery store, M&A can generally be viewed as a " buying decision ". We know that a consumer first determines the "need" to buy a product. There are various objectives that a company may have for pursuing an M&A deal and understanding the strategic rationale behind the acquisition is crucial. Let’s take a look at potential reasons for M&A deals: 

• Strategic acquisitions generally aim at improving the market position and realizing growth opportunities. Entering new geographic markets or industries, diversifying into new product lines, or reaching new customer segments are common ways to broaden market reach and strengthen the market position. 
• Defensive acquisitions , also known as "defensive mergers" or "defensive takeovers," refer to strategic actions taken by a company to proactively protect itself against potential threats or risks. These acquisitions are typically pursued to secure the company's competitive position and reduce specific vulnerabilities. An example for a defensive acquisition would be purchasing or merging with competitors in the industry to consolidate market share and  increase barriers to entry. By eliminating rivals or reducing competitive pressures, the acquiring company can protect its market dominance and pricing power.
• Synergies and value creation are a common reason for M&A deals as well. Combining operations, reducing duplicative functions, and streamlining processes can lead to cost savings and operational efficiencies. This also includes integrating suppliers or distributors into the value chain to improve supply chain efficiency, benefit from economies of scale , and capture additional margins. Additional value may also arise when strong brands are merged and brand relevance in the market is increased. 

Whilst most mergers and acquisitions are evaluated with mid- to long-term objectives, opportunity-driven M&A deals are also an option. If a company is undervalued due to ineffective management or an unfavorable market, it may become an attractive acquisition target for a buyer with the power to bring it back to its potential value. 

It becomes clear that the reasons for M&A deals are diverse and it is impossible to list them all. So, when identifying the objectives of your client, start at a high level, dig deeper when you receive the feedback from your interviewer that you are on the right track and communicate your hypothesis and logical thinking very clearly. 

💡 Prep Tip: When you apply for an M&A consultancy, it is very likely that you will receive an M&A case. As these cases are not as standardized as for example market sizing cases or profitability cases , developing a very good business acumen is even more important. M&A deals are reported regularly in business news, so following these, will help you to develop a better understanding for the reasons behind M&A deals and the challenges that follow. 

3. Analyze the target industry. 

Once it's clear why the client is interested in acquiring a particular company, start by looking at the industry the client wants to buy. This analysis is crucial since the outlook of the industry might overshadow the target's ability to play in it. For instance, small/unprofitable targets in a growing market can be attractive in the same way as great targets can be unattractive in a dying market.

Potential questions to assess are:

• How big is the market?
• What are the market’s growth figures?
• Can the market be segmented, and does the target only play in one of the segments of the market?
• What is the focus? Is it a high volume/low margin or a low volume/high margin market?
• Are there barriers to entry?
• Who are the key competitors in the market?
• How profitable are the competitors?
• What are possible threats?

Porter's Five Forces can be a good starting point for a structured market analysis, but don’t use this framework as it is (and absolutely never mention its name in the interview; just think of what would happen if a company paid McKinsey for a market analysis and the $4,000 daily rate consultant came back with Porter’s Five Forces). Understand the framework as a helpful tool and adjust it to the individual scenario and market conditions your client is facing. 

4. Analyze the target company. 

After analyzing the target industry, understand the target company . Try to determine its strengths and weaknesses (see SWOT analysis ) and perform a financial valuation to determine the attractiveness of the potential target. You are technically calculating the NPV of the company, but this calculation is most likely not going to be asked for in the case interview. However, having the knowledge of when it is used (e.g., financial valuation) is crucial. The following information can be analyzed to determine the target attractiveness: 

• The company’s market share
• The company’s growth figures as compared to that of competitors
• The company’s profitability as compared to that of competitors
• Does the company possess any relevant patents or other useful intangibles?
• Which parts of the company to be acquired can benefit from synergies?
• The company’s key customers
• How much is the target company asking for its purchase price & is it fair (see cost-benefit analysis )? 
• Can the acquiring company afford to pay the valuation? 
• Financial valuation will generally include industry & company analysis. 

5. Analyze the feasibility of the M&A 

Finally, make sure to investigate the feasibility of the acquisition. Take a look at the challenges and risks associated with the deal and get a clearer picture of the concrete conditions for a potential acquisition or merger. 

Important questions here are:

• Is the target open for an acquisition or merger in the first place? If not, can the competition acquire it?
• Are there enough funds available (have a look at the balance sheet or cash flow statement )? Is there a chance of raising funds in the case of insufficient funds through loans etc.?
• Is the client experienced in the integration of acquired companies? Could a merger pose organizational/management problems for the client?
• Are there other risks associated with a merger? (For example, think of political implications and risks of failure, like with the failed merger of Daimler and Chrysler.)

6. Give a recommendation 

At the end of your analysis, give your client a solid recommendation of what to do . Start with your answer first: Should the client acquire the target company or not? Should a merger be pursued or not? Then go on with the reasons behind and structure your recommendation logically. In most cases, three arguments to support your recommendation will be a good number. Prioritize them and communicate them on point. 

But note: Even though you want to give a clear recommendation at the end of your case, answers to M&A questions are usually more complex than a simple “yes” or “no”. If you want to shine in your interview, demonstrate that you are aware of the risks and challenges the decision of your client may entail. Mention them shortly and give an outlook on further analysis you would conduct to confirm your recommendation. 

Key Takeaways – M&A Cases in Consulting Case Interviews 

M&A cases are not the most common ones in consulting case interviews, but nevertheless important to prepare for. There is no standard framework to solve them, but with our top five tips in mind, you will have a good basis for cracking your M&A case.  

• Understand the Strategic Rationale: Clarify the objectives of the acquisition, whether it's for revenue growth, cost synergies, market expansion, talent acquisition, or other strategic reasons. This understanding will guide your analysis and recommendations throughout the case.
• Conduct Comprehensive Analysis: Approach the case with a structured and comprehensive analysis. Gather relevant information by asking relevant questions about market dynamics, competitive landscape, financials, synergies, integration challenges, and potential risks. Frameworks such as a SWOT analysis, Porter's Five Forces , or McKinsey's 7S Framework can help you, but should always be customized to the case at hand. 
• Evaluate Financial Implications : Assess the financial implications of the M&A deal by conducting a detailed financial analysis. Analyze the target company's financial statements, perform valuation techniques (e.g., discounted cash flow analysis), and evaluate key financial metrics (e.g., ROI , NVP, or payback period). Especially if you are applying for financial consulting , consider the impact of financing options, such as debt, equity, or cash, on the deal's financial feasibility.
• Consider Integration Challenges: Address post-merger integration challenges in your analysis. Identify potential integration risks, such as cultural differences, organizational structure alignment, IT systems integration, and employee retention. Note the importance of  a structured integration plan to ensure a smooth transition and maximize synergies between the two organizations.
• Communicate Clearly and Structurally: Present your analysis and recommendations in a clear, structured manner. Use concise and logical reasoning to support your recommendations, and be prepared to defend your approach with thought-through arguments. 

💡 Bonus Tip: Practice makes perfect. M&A cases are complex and not easy to prepare for – especially if you study them by yourself. We recommend connecting with peers and practicing together. Conduct 1:1 mock interviews with other candidates to not only get more confidence in developing individualized and structured case approaches, but also receive feedback on your communication and professional appearance (you can find peers on our Meeting Board ). Especially for M&A cases, it may also be helpful to seek the support of a coach who can help you with finishing touches on your performance. 

You are looking for M&A cases to practice with? 

Check out our recommended resources or browse the Case Library for all cases on this topic. 

👉 Company Case by TKMC: Portfolio optimization of a holding company

👉 Expert Case by Casper: Merger of two beer manufacturers 

👉 PrepLounge Case: Chip equity  

Related Cases

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S T R E E T OF W A L L S

M&a case study: amazon and zappos.

In this Case Study module we will discuss three key aspects of understanding a real-life Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) deal:

Company Overviews

Merger deal overview, valuation methods used.

We will take a deep look into the large M&A deal that took place in the eCommerce sector. In November 2009, Amazon, Inc. completed a previously announced acquisition of Zappos.com, Inc. Under the terms of the deal, Amazon paid Zappos.com’s shareholders approximately 10 million shares of Amazon stock (valued at $807 million at time the deal was announced) and $40 million in cash. The M&A deal was advised by investment banking teams at Morgan Stanley (Zappos) and Lazard (Amazon).

Amazon.com is a customer-centric company for three kinds of customers: consumers, sellers and enterprises. The Company serves consumers through its retail websites, and focus on selection, price, and convenience. It also provides easy-to-use functionality, fulfillment and customer service. Amazon is the largest online retailer in the nation, with revenues exceeding $45 billion annually.

Zappos.com was the #1 online seller of shoes at the time of the deal, stressing customer service. It stocks 3 million pairs of shoes, handbags, apparel and accessories, specializing in some 1,000 brands that are difficult to find in mainstream shopping malls. Through its website (and 7,000 affiliate partners), Zappos.com distributes stylish and moderately priced footwear to frustrated and shop-worn customers nationwide. In 2008, one year prior to the deal, Zappos reported annual revenues exceeding $630 million.

The following graphic illustrates the timeline of Amazon’s acquisition of Zappos, from the birth of the possible transaction until the deal’s closing:

M&A Deal Announced: In July 2009, Amazon announced that it had reached an agreement to acquire Zappos in a deal that was valued at $847 million. The Purchase Price of the deal was financed with approximately 10 million shares of Amazon common stock and $40 million of Cash and Restricted Stock units on the balance sheet.

M&A Deal Closed: In November 2009, Amazon announced that it had closed the previously announced acquisition of Zappos. Given the closing price of Amazon stock on the previous Friday (October 30, 2009), the deal was valued at approximately $1.2 billion (including fees).

Financial Advisors

Two investment banks are enrolled in the merger process. In April 2009, Zappos formally engaged Morgan Stanley as its lead financial advisor to a possible sale or strategic relationship. Throughout April, Lazard met with Amazon and ultimately became the buy-side advisor for the transaction.

Rationale for the Deal

Shortly after the deal was announced, Amazon filed an S-4 registration document with the SEC detailing the rationale of both parties for undertaking the deal. Their reasoning was as follows:

• Amazon believed that there was a tremendous opportunity to grow the Zappos brand.
• Zappos was interested in keeping its brand and culture intact, and Amazon supported its vision as an independent company.
• Zappos felt it was in the best interest of shareholders to sell based on current valuations paid by Amazon.

Comparable Company Analysis

Morgan Stanley ran a Comparable Company Analysis as part of the valuation process when estimating the value of Zappos. Comparable Company Analysis is based on the idea that companies with similar characteristics should have approximately similar valuations. Morgan Stanley compared the financial information of Zappos to that of publicly traded Comparable Companies in the eCommerce space.

eCommerce companies used in Morgan Stanley’s Comparable Company Analysis included the following:

Selected Comparable Companies

• Amazon.com, Inc.
• Blue Nile Inc.
• Digital River Inc.
• GSI Commerce Inc.
• Netflix, Inc.
• OpenTable, Inc.
• Overstock.com Inc.
• VistaPrint Ltd.

For the analysis, Morgan Stanley looked at trading multiples in the eCommerce space for two key metrics of earnings: forward EBITDA (the ratio of Enterprise Value to next year’s expected Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation & Amortization, or EBITDA) and forward Earnings (ratio of Equity Value to next year’s expected Net Income). Based on consensus estimates for calendar years 2009 and 2010, Morgan Stanley applied these ranges to the relevant Zappos financials.

Discounted Cash Flow Analysis

Morgan Stanley also calculated Equity Value ranges for Zappos based on Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis . DCF models are often used in Investment Banking deals to value a company or asset using the time value of money concept. Expected future cash flows are discounted back to today to give the Net Present Value of those cash flows, which should approximate the current value of the underlying company or asset.

Components used in a DCF Analysis

• Company’s Free Cash Flow (Morgan Stanley projected out 10 years)
• Solving for Terminal Value of the Company (Morgan Stanley uses the Perpetuity Growth Rate approach)
• Weighted Average Cost of Capital (Discount Rate for the Company’s Equity and Debt, appropriately weighted for the Company’s relative mix of Debt and Equity)

Morgan Stanley calculated a Terminal Value as of July 1, 2019 by applying a Perpetual Growth Rate range of 3-4% and a Discount Rate range of 12.5-17.5%. The projected Free Cash Flows (unlevered), Discount Rates, and implied Terminal Value were then used to solve for the Net Present Value of Zappos’ expected future cash flows. Based on the DCF projections, Morgan Stanley implied a Zappos Equity Value range of $1,555-2,785 million. The lower end of the sensitivity analysis implied a Zappos Equity Value of $430 million, so the deal value was within the sensitivity range.

Precedent Transactions Analysis

As part of the due-diligence process, Morgan Stanley also performed a Precedent Transaction Analysis to imply a value for the company using recent historical M&A transactions of similar companies. Precedent Transaction Analysis is based on the idea that recently acquired companies with similar characteristics should provide a solid guideline for a reasonable Purchase Price for the given Target company (in this case, Zappos).

Morgan Stanley researched publicly available M&A transactions looking at deal multiples in the Internet sector with a buyout of $250 million or more since January 2008. The following is a list of the transactions that Morgan Stanley analyzed:

Selected Precedent Transactions (Target/Acquirer)

• Gmarket Inc./eBay Inc.
• Bill Me Later, Inc./eBay Inc.
• Greenfied Online Inc./Microsoft Corporation
• Bebo, Inc./Time Warner Inc.
• CNET Networks, Inc./CBS Corporation
• Audible, Inc./Amazon.com, Inc.

Using the transactions chosen, Morgan Stanley selected ranges of deal multiples and applied those ranges of multiples to the appropriate Zappos financials. Morgan Stanley applied a next-twelve-month (NTM) EBITDA range of approximately 15-30x to Zappos financials, which implied an Equity Value range of $530-1,120 million. Morgan Stanley applied a last-twelve-month (LTM) EBITDA range of approximately 25-75x, implying an Equity Value range of $270-885 million.

Historical Stock Price & Next Twelve Months (NTM) Multiple Analysis

Morgan Stanley also reviewed Amazon’s stock price performance relative to an eCommerce index, an Internet Bellwether Index, and the NASDAQ over various periods of time. The following companies comprised the eCommerce index:

eCommerce Index Components

• Overstock.com, Inc.

The following companies comprised the Internet Bellwether index:

Internet Bellwether Index Components

• Google Inc.
• Yahoo! Inc.

The table below shows Morgan Stanley’s analysis of stock price performance for these selected metrics:

Morgan Stanley then looked at recent trading multiples compared to next-twelve-months (NTM) Earnings Per Share and NTM EBITDA, as well as implied stock prices using these multiples, based on current NTM financials for Amazon. Morgan Stanley commented that over the period Amazon stock traded at an NTM Price/Earnings multiple range of 21.9-94.4x and an NTM EBITDA range of 8.2-32.5x.

Footnote: Selected Zappos.com, Inc. Financial Results

• All Headlines

Top 40 Most Popular Case Studies of 2021

Two cases about Hertz claimed top spots in 2021's Top 40 Most Popular Case Studies

Two cases on the uses of debt and equity at Hertz claimed top spots in the CRDT’s (Case Research and Development Team) 2021 top 40 review of cases.

Hertz (A) took the top spot. The case details the financial structure of the rental car company through the end of 2019. Hertz (B), which ranked third in CRDT’s list, describes the company’s struggles during the early part of the COVID pandemic and its eventual need to enter Chapter 11 bankruptcy. 

The success of the Hertz cases was unprecedented for the top 40 list. Usually, cases take a number of years to gain popularity, but the Hertz cases claimed top spots in their first year of release. Hertz (A) also became the first ‘cooked’ case to top the annual review, as all of the other winners had been web-based ‘raw’ cases.

Besides introducing students to the complicated financing required to maintain an enormous fleet of cars, the Hertz cases also expanded the diversity of case protagonists. Kathyrn Marinello was the CEO of Hertz during this period and the CFO, Jamere Jackson is black.

Sandwiched between the two Hertz cases, Coffee 2016, a perennial best seller, finished second. “Glory, Glory, Man United!” a case about an English football team’s IPO made a surprise move to number four.  Cases on search fund boards, the future of malls,  Norway’s Sovereign Wealth fund, Prodigy Finance, the Mayo Clinic, and Cadbury rounded out the top ten.

Other year-end data for 2021 showed:

• Online “raw” case usage remained steady as compared to 2020 with over 35K users from 170 countries and all 50 U.S. states interacting with 196 cases.
• Fifty four percent of raw case users came from outside the U.S..
• The Yale School of Management (SOM) case study directory pages received over 160K page views from 177 countries with approximately a third originating in India followed by the U.S. and the Philippines.
• Twenty-six of the cases in the list are raw cases.
• A third of the cases feature a woman protagonist.
• Orders for Yale SOM case studies increased by almost 50% compared to 2020.
• The top 40 cases were supervised by 19 different Yale SOM faculty members, several supervising multiple cases.

CRDT compiled the Top 40 list by combining data from its case store, Google Analytics, and other measures of interest and adoption.

All of this year’s Top 40 cases are available for purchase from the Yale Management Media store .

And the Top 40 cases studies of 2021 are:

1.   Hertz Global Holdings (A): Uses of Debt and Equity

2.   Coffee 2016

3.   Hertz Global Holdings (B): Uses of Debt and Equity 2020

4.   Glory, Glory Man United!

5.   Search Fund Company Boards: How CEOs Can Build Boards to Help Them Thrive

6.   The Future of Malls: Was Decline Inevitable?

7.   Strategy for Norway's Pension Fund Global

8.   Prodigy Finance

9.   Design at Mayo

10. Cadbury

11. City Hospital Emergency Room

13. Volkswagen

14. Marina Bay Sands

15. Shake Shack IPO

16. Mastercard

17. Netflix

18. Ant Financial

19. AXA: Creating the New CR Metrics

20. IBM Corporate Service Corps

21. Business Leadership in South Africa's 1994 Reforms

22. Alternative Meat Industry

23. Children's Premier

24. Khalil Tawil and Umi (A)

25. Palm Oil 2016

26. Teach For All: Designing a Global Network

27. What's Next? Search Fund Entrepreneurs Reflect on Life After Exit

28. Searching for a Search Fund Structure: A Student Takes a Tour of Various Options

30. Project Sammaan

31. Commonfund ESG

32. Polaroid

33. Connecticut Green Bank 2018: After the Raid

34. FieldFresh Foods

35. The Alibaba Group

36. 360 State Street: Real Options

37. Herman Miller

38. AgBiome

39. Nathan Cummings Foundation

40. Toyota 2010

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Investment Banking Pitch Books: Design, Examples & Templates

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Bankers like to complain about almost everything, but near the top of the complaint list is “investment banking pitch books.”

Some Analysts claim that you’ll devote all your waking hours to creating these documents, while others say they’re time-consuming but not that terrible to create.

Some senior bankers swear by pitch book presentations, claiming that they help to win and close deals, while others think they’re over-hyped.

We’ll look at all those points and more in this article, including downloadable pitch book examples and templates for you to use.

Table Of Contents:

• What Is An Investment Banking Pitch Book?

How to Create a Pitch Book

Pitch book presentation, part 1: pitching your team as the advisor of choice, pitch book presentation, part 2: providing background and context, pitch book presentation, part 3: choose your own adventure, sell-side pitch books for sell-side mandates, buy-side pitch book examples, equity pitch book and debt pitch book examples for financing mandates, other types of pitch books, why do you spend so much time on investment banking pitch books as a junior banker, what do you need to know about pitch books as an intern or new hire, what is an investment banking pitch book.

Pitch Book Definition: In investment banking, pitch books refer to sales presentations that a bank uses to persuade a client or potential client to take action and pay for the bank’s services.  Pitch books typically contain sections on the merits of the transaction; analysis of potential buyers or sellers; pricing and valuation information; as well as key risks to mitigate.

That is the classic definition, but in practice, people use the term “pitch book” to refer to almost any presentation created by a bank.

We’re going to focus on presentations to potential clients here because they tend to be the most time-consuming ones, and they generate the most horror stories as well.

There’s no way to “measure” how much pitch books matter, but it’s safe to say that they’re less important than the time spent on them implies.

Bankers win deals primarily because of relationships cultivated over a long time ; a pretty presentation right before a company goes public means little compared with the 5-10 years of meeting the CEO and CFO before that point.

Pitch books matter to you as an investment banking analyst or associate primarily because you’ll spend a good amount of time creating them – and you can’t screw up if you want a good bonus .

Almost all investment banking pitch books use a structure similar to the following:

• Situation, 0r “Current State”: Your prospective client is looking for growth.
• Complication, or “Problem”: The potential client’s growth rate has been slowing down.
• Hypothesis, or “Solution”: Acquiring a growing company can meet the potential client’s need for growth.

Then, you go into detail showing why the hypothesis might be true – including why your team is qualified to lead this transaction, similar transactions you’ve led before, and the valuation this company can expect to receive.

Investment Banking Pitch Book Sample PPT and PDF Files and Downloadable Templates

Here are a number of example pitch books in editable Powerpoint (PPT, PPTX) and PDF versions, drawn from some of the case studies within our investment banking courses :

• Jazz Pharmaceuticals – Valuation and Sell-Side M&A Pitch Book (PPT)
• Jazz Pharmaceuticals – Valuation and Sell-Side M&A Pitch Book (PDF)
• KeyBank and First Niagara – FIG M&A Pitch Book (PPT)
• KeyBank and First Niagara – FIG M&A Pitch Book (PDF)
• Netflix – Equity, Debt, and Convertible Bond Financing Pitch Book (PPT)
• Netflix – Equity, Debt, and Convertible Bond Financing Pitch Book (PDF)

Here’s what you can expect in the first few parts of any pitch book, including many examples from actual bank presentations:

The first section of investment banking pitch books introduces your firm’s platform, recent transactions, and team.

You might include stats on your firm’s position in the league tables , or explain its growth story and how it’s different from its competitors. Here are a couple of examples:

You might also write about distribution partnerships and other strategic developments here.

The next section consists of credentials , which include similar transactions your team has completed. Since turnover at banks is high, these lists often include transactions completed by team members when they were at other banks.

Here are a few examples:

These pages look simple, but they can be time-consuming to put together because you need to find the most relevant deals and rearrange elements from other presentations.

You may also go into more detail on a few deals and devote entire pages to them.

Banks often call these 1-page descriptions “ case studies ,” and you can see a few examples below:

Finally, this section will include a team biography , including previous firms, relevant deals/clients, and education for each member:

Before you move into the specific situation of the company you’re meeting, you’ll usually share some updates on the industry as a whole and recent deal activity in the sector.

Unlike the first part, which was about your team ’s experience, this one is more about general trends that affect everyone.

For example, if a tech startup is considering an initial public offering , you’ll review tech IPOs from the past 6-12 months, explain how they’ve performed, and discuss the types of companies that tend to go public.

Here are a few examples of industry updates:

And here are a few examples of deal/transaction updates:

After these first few sections, which are similar in any pitch book, the structure and content start to differ based on what the bank is pitching.

We’ll look at three broad categories here:

• Sell-side mandates (i.e., convince a company to sell itself)
• Buy-side mandates (convince a company to acquire another company)
• Financing mandates (raise debt or equity).

You’ll start by including a few slides on how your bank would position the company and make it attractive to potential buyers.

For example, if the firm is a traditional services provider with a growing online presence, you might attempt to spin it as a “SaaS” (Software-as-a-Service) company – within reason.

If you’re pitching a large company on a divestiture, you might explain how you’ll make the division sound like more of a standalone entity – meaning that buyers won’t have to spend as much time and money integrating it.

Next, you’ll lay out the company’s valuation and the price it might expect to receive in a sale.

This valuation section might be only 1-2 slides in a short pitch book or 20+ slides in a longer one.

Common elements include the valuation football field , output of a DCF model , comparable public companies , and precedent transactions .

The “football field,” or summary valuation, pages range from simple to more interesting to so complicated they could be eye charts .

Here are a few examples of other valuation-related slides:

It is unusual to include a Contribution Analysis or any M&A analysis in this section unless the deal is highly targeted or has advanced quite far.

After the valuation section, you’ll discuss “potential buyers,” a list that is sometimes the longest and most time-consuming section of the entire pitch book.

Short summaries aren’t too bad, but if a senior banker wants a full page on each acquirer, you can look forward to a lot of monotonous work gathering the information.

Here are a few shorter examples:

You’ll conclude the pitch book with a summary of your recommendations and the company’s next steps.

For example, you might suggest that the company pursue a targeted sale process with the 5-10 best buyers and aim to complete a deal within 12 months.

These slides tend to be generic ones, used across multiple presentations:

Finally, in longer investment banking pitch books, there is often an Appendix with more detailed models and data, and sometimes even longer lists of potential acquirers.

No one reads this section, but bankers enjoy spending time on unnecessary work (read: evidence of effort).

Investment banking pitch books for buy-side M&A deals follow a similar structure, with a few key differences:

• The “Positioning” part in the beginning might be more about the types of acquisitions the company should pursue and how your bank will help close these deals.
• There may be valuation information, but the purpose will be different: in buy-side deals, you value the buyer to estimate how much a stock issuance to fund the deal might be worth. You might also include quick valuations of potential targets.
• Instead of profiling potential acquirers, you’ll profile potential targets . This list is often longer than the list of potential buyers because a large company could, in theory, choose from hundreds or thousands of potential targets to acquire.

Buy-side M&A pitch books are often shorter than sell-side ones, but they can be more tedious to create due to the longer profile lists.

As a junior banker, you won’t have much input into the acquisition targets that are profiled in these presentations, but senior bankers try to present ideas that:

• Maintain or exceed the firm’s cost of capital.
• Maintain the firm’s competitive advantage.
• Enhance the firm’s ability to serve clients.
• Help the firm expand into high-growth geographies or industries.

Large companies often meet with dozens of bankers per month, so originality can be important as well; many investment banks pitch the same set of acquisition targets repeatedly.

If you present an idea the company has seen 100 times before, they’re unlikely to be excited – but if you find a company they haven’t considered, or you have some exclusive insight, you’ll capture their attention.

It’s tough to find real investment banking pitch books for these transactions because most buy-side M&A deals never close, so the banks do not disclose any of the documents.

But here are a few company profile and associated commentary slides similar to the ones found in buy-side pitch books:

• Brookfield Canada Office Properties by Greenhill
• Banco Santander S.A. by Goldman Sachs
• Side-by-Side Comparison of Buyer and Seller by JP Morgan
• Equity Research Commentary on Buyer’s Offer for Seller by Greenhill

In financing mandates – for equity, debt, and even restructuring deals – there are a few major differences compared with the investment banking pitch books described above:

• No Profiles – You are simply pitching the company on raising capital or restructuring its capital, so there is no need to discuss potential buyers or sellers.
• Financing Models Instead of / or In Addition to Valuation – Valuation still matters for equity and restructuring deals, but you will also have to present additional analyses that are relevant to the deal.

For example, if you’re pitching an IPO, you might show the range of multiples at which the company could go public, the range of proceeds it might receive, and how its value might change after the deal.

In a debt deal, you’ll show the credit stats and ratios for the company under different scenarios, such as Term Loans vs. Subordinated Notes, and explain which one is best based on that.

For more examples, please see the articles on ECM , DCM , and Restructuring .

Also, see our coverage of IPO valuation models and debt vs. equity analysis :

Many other presentations get labeled “pitch books” even if banks pitching their own services do not create them.

For example, management presentations for pitching clients to potential buyers are often labeled “pitch books.”

However, they’re just extended versions of the Confidential Information Memorandum (CIM) .

And in the EMEA region, they’re the same thing because CIMs tend to be more like presentations than written documents.

Banks also create presentations to deliver Fairness Opinions , update clients on recent buyer or seller activity, and update clients on the status of M&A deal negotiations.

None of these is a pitch book according to the classic definition, but the slides often look similar, and there may be some common elements, such as the valuation section.

Not all pitch books take days or weeks to complete – shorter ones might require only a few hours of work.

But they can easily spiral into never-ending projects that require all-nighters and extraordinary effort to finish, resulting in those legendary investment banking hours .

That’s because of:

• Attention to Detail – You’ll spend a lot of time making sure your punctuation is consistent, that all the footnotes are in the right spots, and that the dates are correct.
• Dozens of Revisions – Senior bankers love to make changes well past the point of diminishing returns. It’s not uncommon to see “v44” at the end of file names.
• Conflicting Changes – The Associate wants one thing, the VP wants another, and the MD wants something else. And if you implement the MD’s version based on seniority, the others may fight back.
• Random Graphic Design Work – This one is more of an issue at boutique firms that lack presentations departments, but sometimes you’ll have to spend time creating fancy visual elements on slides – which end up being useless once your MD changes his mind and rips out those slides.

If you’re new to the industry, you should familiarize yourself with the layout and design elements of pitch books, but you do not need to be an expert on the creation process.

Different banks use different tools and methods, so it might be counterproductive to learn too much in advance.

You should also learn the key PowerPoint shortcuts very well, including how to customize PowerPoint to make it more efficient (see our tutorial on PowerPoint Shortcuts in Investment Banking below):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnJ1e2xJmFc

Everyone knows that Excel is important in finance, but people tend to underestimate PowerPoint – even though most junior bankers spend more time in PowerPoint than Excel.

To learn those efficiently, check out our PowerPoint Pro course , which covers the fundamentals of presentation creation, including how to set up PowerPoint properly in the first place, alignment and formatting tricks, slide organization, pasting in Excel data, and applying the “finishing touches.”

There are also practice exercises for creating deal and company profiles and fixing slides with formatting problems.

If you learn all that and understand the structure and layout of investment banking pitch books, you won’t have much to complain about – even as the other interns and analysts around you are whining.

You might be interested in a detailed tutorial on investment banking PowerPoint shortcuts or this article titled Stock Pitch Guide: How to Pitch a Stock in Interviews and Win Offers .

About the Author

Brian DeChesare is the Founder of Mergers & Inquisitions and Breaking Into Wall Street . In his spare time, he enjoys lifting weights, running, traveling, obsessively watching TV shows, and defeating Sauron.

Free Exclusive Report: 57-page guide with the action plan you need to break into investment banking - how to tell your story, network, craft a winning resume, and dominate your interviews

Read below or Add a comment

10 thoughts on “ Investment Banking Pitch Books: Design, Examples & Templates ”

Hi Brian. Thank you for valuable information!

I’m currently interning. After sitting in a client presentation. What questions should I ask my supervisor regarding the presentation. As we’re going to have a follow up call

I’m not sure I understand your question. The questions you ask are completely dependent on the presentation, so I can’t really answer this without knowing the contents of the presentation.

Its a great article. Appreciate if you also have a link or article for new PE firm Pitch Deck (presenting to investment banks or FIGs), please. Thanks

Sorry, don’t have anything there.

Great article! The information is very helpful and informative. Where and how can I find other examples of sell-side pitchbooks similar to the ones mentioned in this article?

Thanks, Ryan

Thanks. Unfortunately, sell-side pitch books are hard to find because they’re not disclosed publicly. You can find presentations for recently announced deals by Googling the deal’s name and limiting the search to the sec.gov site and going through those results.

Is an information memorandum informally called a teaser or is this something else?

A teaser is a much shorter document, such as a 1-2-page summary of the company’s key benefits, financials, growth opportunities, etc.

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47 case interview examples (from McKinsey, BCG, Bain, etc.)

One of the best ways to prepare for   case interviews  at firms like McKinsey, BCG, or Bain, is by studying case interview examples. 

There are a lot of free sample cases out there, but it's really hard to know where to start. So in this article, we have listed all the best free case examples available, in one place.

The below list of resources includes interactive case interview samples provided by consulting firms, video case interview demonstrations, case books, and materials developed by the team here at IGotAnOffer. Let's continue to the list.

• McKinsey examples
• BCG examples
• Bain examples
• Deloitte examples
• Other firms' examples
• Case books from consulting clubs
• Case interview preparation

Click here to practise 1-on-1 with MBB ex-interviewers

1. mckinsey case interview examples.

• Beautify case interview (McKinsey website)
• Diconsa case interview (McKinsey website)
• Electro-light case interview (McKinsey website)
• GlobaPharm case interview (McKinsey website)
• National Education case interview (McKinsey website)
• Talbot Trucks case interview (McKinsey website)
• Shops Corporation case interview (McKinsey website)
• Conservation Forever case interview (McKinsey website)
• McKinsey case interview guide (by IGotAnOffer)
• McKinsey live case interview extract (by IGotAnOffer) - See below

2. BCG case interview examples

• Foods Inc and GenCo case samples  (BCG website)
• Chateau Boomerang written case interview  (BCG website)
• BCG case interview guide (by IGotAnOffer)
• Written cases guide (by IGotAnOffer)
• BCG live case interview with notes (by IGotAnOffer)
• BCG mock case interview with ex-BCG associate director - Public sector case (by IGotAnOffer)
• BCG mock case interview: Revenue problem case (by IGotAnOffer) - See below

3. Bain case interview examples

• CoffeeCo practice case (Bain website)
• FashionCo practice case (Bain website)
• Associate Consultant mock interview video (Bain website)
• Consultant mock interview video (Bain website)
• Written case interview tips (Bain website)
• Bain case interview guide   (by IGotAnOffer)
• Digital transformation case with ex-Bain consultant
• Bain case mock interview with ex-Bain manager (below)

4. Deloitte case interview examples

• Engagement Strategy practice case (Deloitte website)
• Recreation Unlimited practice case (Deloitte website)
• Strategic Vision practice case (Deloitte website)
• Retail Strategy practice case  (Deloitte website)
• Finance Strategy practice case  (Deloitte website)
• Talent Management practice case (Deloitte website)
• Enterprise Resource Management practice case (Deloitte website)
• Footloose written case  (by Deloitte)
• Deloitte case interview guide (by IGotAnOffer)

5. Accenture case interview examples

• Case interview workbook (by Accenture)
• Accenture case interview guide (by IGotAnOffer)

6. OC&C case interview examples

• Leisure Club case example (by OC&C)
• Imported Spirits case example (by OC&C)

7. Oliver Wyman case interview examples

• Wumbleworld case sample (Oliver Wyman website)
• Aqualine case sample (Oliver Wyman website)
• Oliver Wyman case interview guide (by IGotAnOffer)

8. A.T. Kearney case interview examples

• Promotion planning case question (A.T. Kearney website)
• Consulting case book and examples (by A.T. Kearney)
• AT Kearney case interview guide (by IGotAnOffer)

9. Strategy& / PWC case interview examples

• Presentation overview with sample questions (by Strategy& / PWC)
• Strategy& / PWC case interview guide (by IGotAnOffer)

10. L.E.K. Consulting case interview examples

• Case interview example video walkthrough   (L.E.K. website)
• Market sizing case example video walkthrough  (L.E.K. website)

11. Roland Berger case interview examples

• Transit oriented development case webinar part 1  (Roland Berger website)
• Transit oriented development case webinar part 2   (Roland Berger website)
• 3D printed hip implants case webinar part 1   (Roland Berger website)
• 3D printed hip implants case webinar part 2   (Roland Berger website)
• Roland Berger case interview guide   (by IGotAnOffer)

12. Capital One case interview examples

• Case interview example video walkthrough  (Capital One website)
• Capital One case interview guide (by IGotAnOffer)

13. Consulting clubs case interview examples

• Berkeley case book (2006)
• Columbia case book (2006)
• Darden case book (2012)
• Darden case book (2018)
• Duke case book (2010)
• Duke case book (2014)
• ESADE case book (2011)
• Goizueta case book (2006)
• Illinois case book (2015)
• LBS case book (2006)
• MIT case book (2001)
• Notre Dame case book (2017)
• Ross case book (2010)
• Wharton case book (2010)

Practice with experts

Using case interview examples is a key part of your interview preparation, but it isn’t enough.

At some point you’ll want to practise with friends or family who can give some useful feedback. However, if you really want the best possible preparation for your case interview, you'll also want to work with ex-consultants who have experience running interviews at McKinsey, Bain, BCG, etc.

If you know anyone who fits that description, fantastic! But for most of us, it's tough to find the right connections to make this happen. And it might also be difficult to practice multiple hours with that person unless you know them really well.

Here's the good news. We've already made the connections for you. We’ve created a coaching service where you can do mock case interviews 1-on-1 with ex-interviewers from MBB firms . Start scheduling sessions today!

The IGotAnOffer team

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Mergers and acquisitions case studies and interviews | a guide for future lawyers.

Jaysen Sutton -

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 mergers and acquisitions case studies and interviews, a guide for future lawyers.

Enjoyed this post? Check out our new Mergers and Acquisitions Course , which covers exactly what you need to know about M&A for interviews at top commercial law firms. Free access to this course is given to all premium subscribers .

If you don’t know what commercial law is or what commercial lawyers do, it’s hard to know whether you want to be one.

I’m going to discuss one aspect of commercial law: mergers and acquisitions or “M&A”, and with any luck, convince you it can be exciting.

I’ll also cover many of the aspects of mergers and acquisitions that you need to know for law firm interviews and case study exercises.

Let’s begin with an example, which highlights the impact of mergers and acquisitions. In 2017, Amazon bought Whole Foods and became the fifth largest grocer in the US by market share. This single manoeuvre shed almost $40 billion in market value from companies in the US and Europe .

The fall in value of rival supermarkets reflected fears over Amazon’s financial capacity and its potential to win a price war between supermarkets. Amazon the customer data to understand where, when and why people buy groceries, and it has the technology to integrate its offline and online platforms. When you’re in the race to be the first trillion-dollar company, acquisitions can take you a long way ( Edit: In August 2018, Apple managed to beat Amazon to win this title ).

But not all companies share Amazon’s success. In fact, out of 2,500 M&A deals analysed by the Harvard Business Review, 60% destroyed shareholder value .

That begs the question:

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Why do firms merge or acquire in the first place?

I’ll use law firms as an example. You’ll have seen that they often merge, or adopt structures called Swiss vereins, which allow law firms to share branding and marketing but keep their finances and legal liabilities separate.

In the legal world, it can be hard to find organic growth or organic growth can be very slow. Clients like to shop around, which can make it hard to retain existing business. It’s competitive: other law firms can poach valuable partners and bring their clients with them. And whilst entering new markets is an attractive option, it’s expensive, often subject to heavy-regulation and requires the resolve and means to challenge the existing players in that market.

Consolidation can help law firms, which are squeezed between lower-cost entrants and the global players, to compete. This is why we’ve seen many mergers in the mid-market. A combined firm is bigger, less vulnerable to external shocks, and has access to more lawyers and clients. The three-way merger between Olswang, Nabarro and CMS is a good example of this. The year before its merger, Olswang had revenues below £100m and a 77% fall in operating profit. Now, under the name CMS, it’s one of the largest UK law firms by lawyer headcount and revenue.

But mergers aren’t only a defensive move. They can allow law firms to speed-up entry into new markets. For example, were it not for its merger, it would have been difficult for Dentons to open an office in China. Chinese clients, especially state-owned enterprises, are often less likely to pay high legal fees, while local expertise and personal relationships can play a bigger role. There’s also regulation, which prevents non-Chinese lawyers from practicing Chinese mainland law, and plenty of competition from established Chinese law firms. That helps to explain Dentons’ 2015 merger with Dacheng, a firm with decades of experience and an established presence in the Chinese market. Now Dentons is positioned to serve clients investing in China, as well as Chinese clients looking for outbound work at a fraction of the time and cost.

Mergers can also synergies, or at least that’s one of the most frequently used buzzwords to justify an M&A deal. The idea is that when you combine two firms together, the value of the combined firm is more than the sum of its individual parts.

Synergies for a law firm merger could come from cutting costs by closing duplicate offices and laying off support staff. It could also be the fact that a combined law firm could sell more legal services than the two law firms individually, which may be bolstered by the fact that they can cross-sell their expertise to each other’s clients and benefit from economies of scale (e.g. better negotiating paper due to their size).

Finally, mergers can offer reputational benefits. Branding is an essential part of the legal world and combinations gain a lot of legal press. Mergers may allow fairly unknown firms to access new clients and generate far more business if they partner with an established firm. Very large global firms often pride themselves as a ‘one-stop shop’, pitching the fact that their size allows them to service all the needs of a client across any jurisdiction.

While it’s true that Swiss vereins have led the likes of DLA Piper and Baker McKenzie to develop very strong brands, collaboration hasn’t always worked out and some law firms have paid the ultimate price. Internal problems and mismanagement plagued the merger of Dewey & LeBoeuf , which, at the time, was called the largest law firm collapse in US history. Bingham McCutchen collapsed for similar reasons. Most recently, King & Wood Mallesons made the mistake of merging with an already troubled SJ Berwin. Poor incentive structures, defections and a fragile merger structure later led to the collapse of KWM Europe. Only time will tell whether Dentons’ 31 plus combinations, as well as the aggressive use of Swiss vereins by other firms, will be a success.

So that’s the why, I’ll now go through the how. Note, in this article, I’ll discuss the mechanics of acquisitions rather than mergers: you can see the difference in the definitions section below. As lawyers, you’ll find acquisitions are more common and you’re more likely to be asked about the acquisition process in law firm interviews and assessment centres.

Mergers & Acquisitions Definitions

• Acquisition : The purchase of one company by another company.
• Acquirer / Buyer : The company purchasing the target company.
• Asset purchase : The purchase of particular assets and liabilities in a target company. An alternative to a share purchase.
• Auction sale : The process where a company is put up for auction and multiple buyers bid to buy a target company.
• Due diligence : The process of investigating a business to determine whether it’s worth buying and on what terms it should be bought.
• Debt finance : This means raising finance through borrowing money.
• Equity finance : This means raising finance by issuing shares.
• Mergers : When two companies combine to form a new company.
• Share purchase : When a company buys another company through the purchase of its shares. An alternative to an asset purchase.
• Swiss verein : In the law firm context, this is a structure used by some law firms to ‘merge’ with other law firms. They share marketing and branding, but remain legally and financially separate.
• Target company : The company that is being acquired.

Kicking off the Acquisition Process

The buy side.

Sometimes the acquirer will have identified a company it wants to buy before it reaches out to advisers. Other times, it’ll work closely with an investment bank or a financial adviser to find a suitable target company.

Before making contact with the target company, the acquirer will typically undertake preliminary research, often with the help of third-party services to compile reports on companies. They’ll look through a range of material including:

• news sources and press releases
• insolvency and litigation databases
• filings at Companies House
• the industry and competitors

The aim is to better understand the target company. The company’s management will want to check for any big risks and form an early view of the viability of an acquisition. Then, if they’re convinced, the first contact may be direct or arranged through a third party, such as an investment bank or consultant.

Note: In practice, lawyers – especially trainees – spend a lot of time using the sources above. Companies House is a useful online resource to find out about private companies. It’s where you’ll find their annual accounts, annual returns (now called a confirmation statement) and information on the company’s incorporation.

The sell side

Sometimes, a target company wants to sell. The founders may want to retire, the company may be performing poorly, or investors may want to cash out and move on.

If a target company wants more options, it may initiate an auction sale. This is a competitive bid process, which tends to drive bid prices up and help the target company sell on the best terms possible. For example, Unilever sold its recent spreads business to KKR using this method.

But, an auction sale isn’t always appropriate. Sometimes the target company will enter discussions with just one company. This may be preferable if the company is struggling, so it can ensure speed and privacy, or the target company may have a particular acquirer in mind. For example, Whole Foods used a consultant to arrange a meeting with Amazon . That was after reading a media report which suggested Amazon was interested in buying the company.

Friendly v Hostile Takeovers

In the UK, takeovers are often used to refer to public companies. While we’ll be focusing on acquisitions of private companies, I’ll cover this here because they’re often in the news and sometimes come up in law firm interviews.

The board of directors are the people that oversee a company’s strategy. Directors owe duties to shareholders –  the owners of the company – and are appointed by the shareholders to manage a company’s affairs.

If a proposed acquisition is brought to the attention of the board and the board recommends the bid to shareholders, we call this a friendly takeover. But if they don’t, it’s a hostile takeover, and the acquirer will try to buy the company without the cooperation of management. This may mean presenting the offer directly to shareholders and trying to get a majority to agree to sell their shares.

Sometimes, it’s not too difficult; Cadbury’s board first rejected Kraft’s bid and accused the company of attempting to buy Cadbury “on the cheap”. Later, when Kraft revised its offer, the board recommended its bid to shareholders.

In other situations, hostile takeovers can be messy, especially if neither party wants to back down. This was the case in 2011 between the infamous activist investor Carl Icahn and The Clorox Company.

Icahn and the Clorox Company

In 2011, Carl Icahn made a bid to buy The Clorox Company (Clorox), the owner of many consumer products including Burt’s Bees. In his letter to the board, Icahn also tried to start a bidding war, inviting other buyers to step in and bid.

Clorox’s board rejected Icahn’s bid and quickly hired Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, a US law firm, to defend itself. Wachtell wasn’t just any law firm. Icahn and Wachtell had been rivals for decades. In fact, between 2008 and 2011, Wachtell had successfully defended two companies from Icahn.

This was round three.

Clorox adopted a “poison pill” strategy, a tactic that allowed Clorox’s existing shareholders to buy the company’s shares at a discount. This made the attempted takeover more expensive. Martin Lipton, one of the founding partners of Wachtell, had invented the poison pill to prevent hostile takeovers in the 80’s. It was “one of the most anti-shareholder provisions ever devised” according to Icahn. Now, Clorox was using this weapon to stop the activist investor.

But that didn’t stop Icahn. In a scathing letter to the board , he raised his bid for the company.  A week later, the board rejected it again.

Icahn made a third bid. This time his letter threatened to remove the entire board. But the board didn’t back down.

Eventually, Icahn did.

The war between Icahn and Wachtell didn’t stop there. In 2013, Wachtell successfully defended Dell from Icahn. A few months after that, Icahn tried to sue Wachtell. In response, the law firm said:

“ Icahn takes his bullying campaign to a new level, seeking to intimidate lawyers who help clients resist his demands by making wild allegations and threatening liability. Those tactics will not work here .”

Remember when I said corporate law could be exciting?

What are the ways a company can acquire another company?

This is one of the most common questions in law firm commercial interviews.

There are two ways to acquire a company. A company can buy the shares of a target company in a share purchase or buy particular assets (and liabilities) in an asset purchase.

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Share Purchase

In a share purchase, the acquirer buys a majority of shares in the target company and therefore becomes its new owner . This means all of the company’s assets and liabilities transfer automatically, so, usually, there’s no need to worry about securing consent from third parties or transferring contracts separately. This is great because the business can continue without disruption and the transition is fairly seamless.

However, as the liabilities of a company also transfer in share purchase, it’s important the acquirer investigates the target really well. It’ll also want to try protect itself from known risks when negotiating the acquisition agreement.

For example, suppose three months after the acquisition has completed, a former employee brings an unfair dismissal claim against the acquirer. If this was something they had known about pre-acquisition, they’ll want to be indemnified for those costs (we’ll come back to this later).

Conversely, if they didn’t know about it at the time of the acquisition and they didn’t protect themselves in the acquisition agreement, they’ll have to pay out. That’s one of the risks of doing a share purchase. (Although as we’ll discuss later, there are certain things you can do to reduce the risks of this happening.)

Asset Purchase

We call this an asset purchase . It means that the acquirer identifies the specific assets and liabilities it wants to buy from the target and leaves everything else behind. That’s great because the acquirer will know exactly what it’s getting and there’s little risk of hidden liabilities.

However, asset purchases are less common and can be difficult to execute. Unlike share purchases, assets don’t transfer automatically, so the acquirer may have to renegotiate contracts or seek consent from third parties to proceed with the acquisition.

Preliminary Agreements

Confidentiality agreements.

Before negotiations begin, the target company will want the acquirer to sign a confidentiality agreement or a non-disclosure agreement.

This is important because the seller will provide the acquirer with access to private information during the due diligence process. Suppose the acquirer decided not to proceed with the acquisition and there was no confidentiality agreement in place; the acquirer could use this information to poach staff, better compete with the target or reveal damaging information to the public.

So, lawyers for the acquirer and the target company will negotiate the confidentiality agreement. They’ll decide what counts as confidential, what happens to information if the acquisition doesn’t complete, as well as any instances where confidential information can be passed on without breaching the contract.

Exclusivity Agreements

If an acquirer is dead set on buying a particular target company then, in an ideal situation, it will want to be the only one negotiating with that company. This would give the acquirer time to conduct due diligence and negotiate on price, without pressure from competitors. It also ensures secrecy.

If the acquirer has some bargaining power, it may try to sign an exclusivity agreement with the target company. This would ensure, for a period of time, the target company does not discuss the acquisition with third parties or seek out other offers.

While it’s unclear whether an exclusivity agreement was actually signed, Amazon was clear during early negotiations with Whole Foods that it wasn’t interested in a “multiparty sale process ” and warned it would walk if rumours started circulating. That was effective: Whole Foods chose not to entertain the four private equity firms who’d expressed interest in buying the company.

Heads of Terms

The first serious step will be the negotiation of the Heads of Terms (also called the Letter of Intent) between the lawyers, on behalf of the parties. This document details the main commercial and legal terms that have been agreed between the parties, including the structure of the deal, the price, the conditions for signing and the date of completion. It’s not legally binding – so the acquirer won’t have to buy and the target company won’t have to sell if the deal doesn’t go through – but it serves as a record of early negotiations and a guideline for the main acquisition document.

Due Diligence

An acquirer can’t determine whether it should buy a target without detailed information about its legal, financial and commercial position. The process of investigating, verifying and reviewing this information is called due diligence.

The due diligence process helps the acquirer to value the target. It’s an attempt at better understanding the target company, quantifying synergies and determining whether an acquisition makes financial sense.

Due diligence also reveals the risks of an acquisition. The acquirer can examine potential liabilities, from customer complaints to litigation claims or scandals. This is important because underlying the process of due diligence is the principle of  caveat emptor , which means “let the buyer beware”. This legal principle means it’s up to the buyer to fully investigate the company before entering into an agreement. In other words, if the buyer failed to discover something during due diligence, it’s their problem. There’s no remedy after the acquisition agreement is signed.

So if the problems uncovered during the due diligence process are substantial, the acquirer may decide to walk away. Alternatively, it could use this information to negotiate down the price or include terms to protect itself in the main acquisition document.

In an asset purchase, due diligence is also an opportunity to identify all the consents and approvals the buyer needs to acquire the company.

Due Diligence Teams

The acquirer will assemble a team of advisers, including bankers, accountants and lawyers, to manage the due diligence process. The form and scope of the review will depend on the nature of the acquisition. For example, an experienced private equity firm is likely to need less guidance than a start-up’s first acquisition. Likewise, a full due diligence process may not be appropriate for a struggling company that needs to be sold quickly.

Due diligence isn’t cheap, but missing information can be devastating. In a Merger Market  survey , 88% of respondents said insufficient due diligence was the most common reason M&A deals failed. HP had to write off $8.8 billion after its acquisition of Autonomy – which was criticised for being a result of HP’s ‘ faulty due  diligence ‘. Few also looked into organisational compatibility in the merger between AOL and Time Warner, which led to the “ biggest mistake in corporate history ”, according to Jeff Bewkes, chief executive of Time Warner. In 2000, Time Warner had a market value of $160 billion. In 2009, it was worth $36 billion.

Types of Due Diligence

Financial due diligence  This involves assessing the target company’s finances to determine its health and future performance.

Business due diligence  This involves evaluating strategic and commercial issues, including the market, competitors, customers and the target company’s strategy.

Legal Due Diligence

Legal due diligence is the process of assessing the legal risks of an acquisition. By understanding the legal risks of an acquisition, the acquirer can determine whether to proceed and on what terms.

The acquirer’s lawyers have a few ways of obtaining information for their due diligence report. They’ll prepare a questionnaire for the seller to complete and request a variety of documents. This will all be stored in a virtual ‘data room’ for all parties to access. They may also undertake company, insolvency, intellectual property and property searches, interview management and, if appropriate, undertake on-site visits.

Law firms tend to have a system to manage the flow of information and trainees are often very involved. They’ll review, under supervision, much of the documentation and flag up potential risks.

Legal due diligence reports are typically on an ‘exceptions’ basis. This means they’ll flag to the client only the material issues. You can see why this is valuable to the client; rather than raising every possible issue, they’ll apply their commercial judgement to inform the clients about the most important issues.

The report will propose recommendations on how to handle each identified issue. This may include: reducing the price, including a term in the agreement or seeking requests for more information. If the issue is significant, lawyers will want to tell their client immediately, especially if what they find is very serious.

Note, due diligence is a popular topic for interviews. You may be asked to recommend possible solutions to issues uncovered during the due diligence process or asked to discuss the issues that different departments may consider (see examples below).

What are lawyers looking for during due diligence?

What might corporate investigate.

The group structure of the target, including the operations of any parent companies or subsidiaries

The company’s constitution, board resolutions, director appointments and resignations, and shareholder agreements.

Important details from Insolvency and Companies House searches

Copies of contracts for suppliers, distributors, licences, agencies and customers.

Termination or notification provisions in contracts

What do they want to know?

Whether shareholders can transfer their shares (share purchase)

Whether shareholders need to approve the sale and the various voting powers of shareholders

Any change of control provisions in contracts

Whether the target can transfer assets (asset purchase)

Any outstanding director loans, director disqualifications, or conflicts of interest

What might Finance investigate?

Existing borrowing arrangements including loan documents and any guarantees

Correspondence with lenders and creditors

Share capital, allocation and employee share schemes

Assets and financial accounts

The company’s ability to pay current and future debts

Any prior loan defaults, credit issues or court judgements

Details of ownership and title to the assets

Any liabilities which could limit the performance of the target

Whether borrowing would breach existing loan terms

Whether the loan agreements have any change of control clauses

Whether security has been granted over the target’s assets to lenders

What might Litigation investigate?

Details of any past, current or pending litigation

Disputes between the company, employees or directors

Regulatory and compliance certificates

Any judgements made against the company

Insurance policies

The risk of outstanding or future claims against the company

Details of any regulatory or compliance investigations

Potential issues or threatened litigation from customers, employees or suppliers in the past five years

What might Property investigate?

Documents relating to freehold and leasehold interests

Inspections, site visits, surveyors and search reports

Health and safety certificates and building regulation compliance

Leases and licences granted to third parties

Whether the property will be used or sold

Property liabilities

Title ownership and lease/licensing terms

The value of the properties

Details of regulatory compliance

What might Employment investigate?

Director and employee details, and service contracts

Pension schemes and employee share schemes

Pay, benefits and HR policy information

Information in relation to redundancies, dismissals or litigation

Plans to retain key managers, redundancy and compensation

Pension scheme deficits

Termination or change of control provisions

Compliance with employment law and consultation

Risks of dismissal claims

Evaluate post-acquisition integration

What might Intellectual Property investigate?

List of any trademarks, copyright, patents, domain names and any other registered intellectual property

Registration documents and licencing agreements

Litigation and related correspondence

Searches at the Intellectual Property Office

Current or potential disputes, claims of threatened litigation in relation to infringement

Whether the seller has renewed trademarks

Who has ownership of the intellectual property

Whether they can transfer licenses and gain consents

Details of critical assets, confidentiality provisions and trade secrets

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The Acquisition Agreement

The main legal document is the sale and purchase agreement or “SPA”. It sets out what the acquirer is buying, the purchase price and the key terms of the transaction.

Purchase Price

A company will usually pay for an acquisition in cash, shares, or a combination of the two.

Cash is a good option if an acquirer is confident in the acquisition. If it believes the shares are going to increase in value (thanks to synergies), paying in cash means it can soak up the benefits without having to give up ownership of the company. It is, however, expensive to pay in cash. The buyer must raise money if it doesn’t already have enough cash reserves by issuing shares or borrowing.  Most sellers also want cash. It means they’ll know exactly how much they’re getting and don’t have to worry about the future performance of a company.

Other times, an acquirer will want to use shares to pay for an acquisition. The target’s shareholders will get a stake in the acquirer in return for selling their shares. If the value of the acquirer’s shares increases, the shareholders may get a better return. Often, this option will be more attractive for an acquirer as it doesn’t use up cash. Receiving shares can also be valuable for the seller if they’re gaining shares in a promising company. Conversely, however, they must bear the risk that the value of the acquirer falls.

Key terms of the transaction

Both parties will make assurances to each other in the form of terms in the SPA. These terms are heavily negotiated between lawyers.

Warranties and representations

Warranties are statements of fact about the state of the target company or particular assets or liabilities. For example, the seller may warrant that the target isn’t involved in any litigation, that its accounts are up to date and that there are no issues with its properties. If these warranties turn out to be false, the acquirer may claim for damages. However, there are limitations: the acquirer will have to show that the breach reduced the value of the business and that can be hard to prove.

During negotiations, the seller will try to limit the scope of the warranties. It’ll also prepare a disclosure letter to qualify each warranty. For example, the seller may qualify the above warranty with a list of outstanding litigation claims. If the seller discloses against a warranty, they won’t be liable for a breach. Disclosure is also useful for the acquirer because it may reveal information that was not found during due diligence.

The acquirer will want some of these statements to be representations. Representations are statements which induce the acquirer to enter into a contract. If these are false, the acquirer could have a claim for misrepresentation. That could give the acquirer a stronger remedy, including termination of the contract or a bigger claim for damages. This is why the seller will usually resist giving representations.

Indemnities

Indemnities are promises to compensate a party for identified costs or losses. This is appropriate because the acquirer may identify potential risks during due diligence; for example, the risk of an unfair dismissal claim or a litigation suit. The acquirer can seek indemnities to be compensated for these particular liabilities arising in the future. This is a way to allocate risks to the seller: if the event occurs the acquirer will be reimbursed by the seller.

Conditions Precedent

The SPA may be signed subject to the satisfaction of the conditions precedent or “CPs”. These are conditions that must be fulfilled before the acquisition can complete. That could mean, for example, securing consent from third parties, shareholder approval or merger clearance. Trainees are often responsible for keeping track of the conditions precedent checklist, and they’ll need to chase parties for the approvals to ensure all conditions are satisfied.[divider height=”30″ style=”default” line=”default” themecolor=”1″]

Signing and Completion

This is the big day. Signing can take place in person or virtually. Each party will return the SPA with their signature in accordance with the relevant guidelines. It’ll be the trainees responsibility to check that the SPA has been signed correctly and to collate the documents.

Final Thoughts

If you’re reading this to prepare for an interview, I’d suggest you explore the “acquisition structure”, “legal due diligence” and “warranties and indemnities” sections – these are common case-study questions. We cover this in more detail and with practice interview answers in our mergers and acquisitions course, which is free for TCLA Premium members.

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16 case study examples (+ 3 templates to make your own)

I like to think of case studies as a business's version of a resume. It highlights what the business can do, lends credibility to its offer, and contains only the positive bullet points that paint it in the best light possible.

Imagine if the guy running your favorite taco truck followed you home so that he could "really dig into how that burrito changed your life." I see the value in the practice. People naturally prefer a tried-and-true burrito just as they prefer tried-and-true products or services.

To help you showcase your success and flesh out your burrito questionnaire, I've put together some case study examples and key takeaways.

What is a case study?

A case study is an in-depth analysis of how your business, product, or service has helped past clients. It can be a document, a webpage, or a slide deck that showcases measurable, real-life results.

For example, if you're a SaaS company, you can analyze your customers' results after a few months of using your product to measure its effectiveness. You can then turn this analysis into a case study that further proves to potential customers what your product can do and how it can help them overcome their challenges.

It changes the narrative from "I promise that we can do X and Y for you" to "Here's what we've done for businesses like yours, and we can do it for you, too."

16 case study examples 

While most case studies follow the same structure, quite a few try to break the mold and create something unique. Some businesses lean heavily on design and presentation, while others pursue a detailed, stat-oriented approach. Some businesses try to mix both.

There's no set formula to follow, but I've found that the best case studies utilize impactful design to engage readers and leverage statistics and case details to drive the point home. A case study typically highlights the companies, the challenges, the solution, and the results. The examples below will help inspire you to do it, too.

1. .css-yjptlz-Link{all:unset;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:all 300ms ease-in-out;transition:all 300ms ease-in-out;outline-offset:1px;-webkit-text-fill-color:currentColor;outline:1px solid transparent;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']{color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']:hover{color:#2b2358;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']:focus{color:#3d4592;outline-color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']{color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']:hover{color:#a8a5a0;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']:focus{color:#fffdf9;outline-color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']{color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']:hover{color:#2b2358;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']:focus{color:#3d4592;outline-color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']{color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']:hover{color:#a8a5a0;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']:focus{color:#fffdf9;outline-color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='inherit']{font-weight:inherit;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='normal']{font-weight:400;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='bold']{font-weight:700;} Volcanica Coffee and AdRoll

People love a good farm-to-table coffee story, and boy am I one of them. But I've shared this case study with you for more reasons than my love of coffee. I enjoyed this study because it was written as though it was a letter.

In this case study, the founder of Volcanica Coffee talks about the journey from founding the company to personally struggling with learning and applying digital marketing to finding and enlisting AdRoll's services.

It felt more authentic, less about AdRoll showcasing their worth and more like a testimonial from a grateful and appreciative client. After the story, the case study wraps up with successes, milestones, and achievements. Note that quite a few percentages are prominently displayed at the top, providing supporting evidence that backs up an inspiring story.

Takeaway: Highlight your goals and measurable results to draw the reader in and provide concise, easily digestible information.

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This Airtable case study on Taylor Guitars comes as close as one can to an optimal structure. It features a video that represents the artistic nature of the client, highlighting key achievements and dissecting each element of Airtable's influence.

It also supplements each section with a testimonial or quote from the client, using their insights as a catalyst for the case study's narrative. For example, the case study quotes the social media manager and project manager's insights regarding team-wide communication and access before explaining in greater detail.

Takeaway: Highlight pain points your business solves for its client, and explore that influence in greater detail.

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My favorite part of Figma's case study is highlighting why EndeavourX chose its solution. You'll notice an entire section on what Figma does for teams and then specifically for EndeavourX.

It also places a heavy emphasis on numbers and stats. The study, as brief as it is, still manages to pack in a lot of compelling statistics about what's possible with Figma.

Takeaway: Showcase the "how" and "why" of your product's differentiators and how they benefit your customers.

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Zapier's case study leans heavily on design, using graphics to present statistics and goals in a manner that not only remains consistent with the branding but also actively pushes it forward, drawing users' eyes to the information most important to them. 

The graphics, emphasis on branding elements, and cause/effect style tell the story without requiring long, drawn-out copy that risks boring readers. Instead, the cause and effect are concisely portrayed alongside the client company's information for a brief and easily scannable case study.

Takeaway: Lean on design to call attention to the most important elements of your case study, and make sure it stays consistent with your branding.

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In true OpenAI fashion, this case study is a block of text. There's a distinct lack of imagery, but the study features a narrated video walking readers through the product.

The lack of imagery and color may not be the most inviting, but utilizing video format is commendable. It helps thoroughly communicate how OpenAI supported Ironclad in a way that allows the user to sit back, relax, listen, and be impressed. 

Takeaway: Get creative with the media you implement in your case study. Videos can be a very powerful addition when a case study requires more detailed storytelling.

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GitHub's case study on Shopify is a light read. It addresses client pain points and discusses the different aspects its product considers and improves for clients. It touches on workflow issues, internal systems, automation, and security. It does a great job of representing what one company can do with GitHub.

To drive the point home, the case study features colorful quote callouts from the Shopify team, sharing their insights and perspectives on the partnership, the key issues, and how they were addressed.

Takeaway: Leverage quotes to boost the authoritativeness and trustworthiness of your case study. 

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Contentful's case study on Audible features almost every element a case study should. It includes not one but two videos and clearly outlines the challenge, solution, and outcome before diving deeper into what Contentful did for Audible. The language is simple, and the writing is heavy with quotes and personal insights.

This case study is a uniquely original experience. The fact that the companies in question are perhaps two of the most creative brands out there may be the reason. I expected nothing short of a detailed analysis, a compelling story, and video content. 

Takeaway: Inject some brand voice into the case study, and create assets that tell the story for you.

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Asana's case study on Zoom is longer than the average piece and features detailed data on Zoom's growth since 2020. Instead of relying on imagery and graphics, it features several quotes and testimonials. 

It's designed to be direct, informative, and promotional. At some point, the case study reads more like a feature list. There were a few sections that felt a tad too promotional for my liking, but to each their own burrito.

Takeaway: Maintain a balance between promotional and informative. You want to showcase the high-level goals your product helped achieve without losing the reader.

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I've always been a fan of Mailchimp's comic-like branding, and this case study does an excellent job of sticking to their tradition of making information easy to understand, casual, and inviting.

It features a short video that briefly covers Hickies as a company and Mailchimp's efforts to serve its needs for customer relationships and education processes. Overall, this case study is a concise overview of the partnership that manages to convey success data and tell a story at the same time. What sets it apart is that it does so in a uniquely colorful and brand-consistent manner.

Takeaway: Be concise to provide as much value in as little text as possible.

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The gaming industry is notoriously difficult to recruit for, as it requires a very specific set of skills and experience. This case study focuses on how Workday was able to help fill that recruitment gap for NVIDIA, one of the biggest names in the gaming world.

Though it doesn't feature videos or graphics, this case study stood out to me in how it structures information like "key products used" to give readers insight into which tools helped achieve these results.

Takeaway: If your company offers multiple products or services, outline exactly which ones were involved in your case study, so readers can assess each tool.

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I'm personally not a big KFC fan, but that's only because I refuse to eat out of a bucket. My aversion to the bucket format aside, Contentful follows its consistent case study format in this one, outlining challenges, solutions, and outcomes before diving into the nitty-gritty details of the project.

Say what you will about KFC, but their primary product (chicken) does present a unique opportunity for wordplay like "Continuing to march to the beat of a digital-first drum(stick)" or "Delivering deep-fried goodness to every channel."

Takeaway: Inject humor into your case study if there's room for it and if it fits your brand. 

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Twilio does an excellent job of delivering achievements at the very beginning of the case study and going into detail in this two-minute read. While there aren't many graphics, the way quotes from the Intuit team are implemented adds a certain flair to the study and breaks up the sections nicely.

It's simple, concise, and manages to fit a lot of information in easily digestible sections.

Takeaway: Make sure each section is long enough to inform but brief enough to avoid boring readers. Break down information for each section, and don't go into so much detail that you lose the reader halfway through.

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Salesforce created a video that accurately summarizes the key points of the case study. Beyond that, the page itself is very light on content, and sections are as short as one paragraph.

I especially like how information is broken down into "What you need to know," "Why it matters," and "What the difference looks like." I'm not ashamed of being spoon-fed information. When it's structured so well and so simply, it makes for an entertaining read.

14. .css-yjptlz-Link{all:unset;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:all 300ms ease-in-out;transition:all 300ms ease-in-out;outline-offset:1px;-webkit-text-fill-color:currentColor;outline:1px solid transparent;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']{color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']:hover{color:#2b2358;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']:focus{color:#3d4592;outline-color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']{color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']:hover{color:#a8a5a0;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']:focus{color:#fffdf9;outline-color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']{color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']:hover{color:#2b2358;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']:focus{color:#3d4592;outline-color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']{color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']:hover{color:#a8a5a0;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']:focus{color:#fffdf9;outline-color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='inherit']{font-weight:inherit;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='normal']{font-weight:400;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='bold']{font-weight:700;} Benchling and Airtable

Benchling is an impressive entity in its own right. Biotech R&D and health care nuances go right over my head. But the research and digging I've been doing in the name of these burritos (case studies) revealed that these products are immensely complex. 

And that's precisely why this case study deserves a read—it succeeds at explaining a complex project that readers outside the industry wouldn't know much about.

Takeaway: Simplify complex information, and walk readers through the company's operations and how your business helped streamline them.

15. .css-yjptlz-Link{all:unset;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:all 300ms ease-in-out;transition:all 300ms ease-in-out;outline-offset:1px;-webkit-text-fill-color:currentColor;outline:1px solid transparent;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']{color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']:hover{color:#2b2358;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']:focus{color:#3d4592;outline-color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']{color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']:hover{color:#a8a5a0;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']:focus{color:#fffdf9;outline-color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']{color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']:hover{color:#2b2358;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']:focus{color:#3d4592;outline-color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']{color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']:hover{color:#a8a5a0;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']:focus{color:#fffdf9;outline-color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='inherit']{font-weight:inherit;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='normal']{font-weight:400;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='bold']{font-weight:700;} Chipotle and Hubble

The concision of this case study is refreshing. It features two sections—the challenge and the solution—all in 316 words. This goes to show that your case study doesn't necessarily need to be a four-figure investment with video shoots and studio time. 

Sometimes, the message is simple and short enough to convey in a handful of paragraphs.

Takeaway: Consider what you should include instead of what you can include. Assess the time, resources, and effort you're able and willing to invest in a case study, and choose which elements you want to include from there.

16. .css-yjptlz-Link{all:unset;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:all 300ms ease-in-out;transition:all 300ms ease-in-out;outline-offset:1px;-webkit-text-fill-color:currentColor;outline:1px solid transparent;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']{color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']:hover{color:#2b2358;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='ocean']:focus{color:#3d4592;outline-color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']{color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']:hover{color:#a8a5a0;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='white']:focus{color:#fffdf9;outline-color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']{color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']:hover{color:#2b2358;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='primary']:focus{color:#3d4592;outline-color:#3d4592;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']{color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']:hover{color:#a8a5a0;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-color='secondary']:focus{color:#fffdf9;outline-color:#fffdf9;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='inherit']{font-weight:inherit;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='normal']{font-weight:400;}.css-yjptlz-Link[data-weight='bold']{font-weight:700;} Hudl and Zapier

I may be biased, but I'm a big fan of seeing metrics and achievements represented in branded graphics. It can be a jarring experience to navigate a website, then visit a case study page and feel as though you've gone to a completely different website.

The case study is essentially the summary, and the blog article is the detailed analysis that provides context beyond X achievement or Y goal.

Takeaway: Keep your case study concise and informative. Create other resources to provide context under your blog, media or press, and product pages.

3 case study templates

Now that you've had your fill of case studies (if that's possible), I've got just what you need: an infinite number of case studies, which you can create yourself with these case study templates.

Case study template 1

If you've got a quick hit of stats you want to show off, try this template. The opening section gives space for a short summary and three visually appealing stats you can highlight, followed by a headline and body where you can break the case study down more thoroughly. This one's pretty simple, with only sections for solutions and results, but you can easily continue the formatting to add more sections as needed.

Case study template 2

For a case study template with a little more detail, use this one. Opening with a striking cover page for a quick overview, this one goes on to include context, stakeholders, challenges, multiple quote callouts, and quick-hit stats. 

Case study template 3

Whether you want a little structural variation or just like a nice dark green, this template has similar components to the last template but is designed to help tell a story. Move from the client overview through a description of your company before getting to the details of how you fixed said company's problems.

Tips for writing a case study

Examples are all well and good, but you don't learn how to make a burrito just by watching tutorials on YouTube without knowing what any of the ingredients are. You could , but it probably wouldn't be all that good.

Have an objective: Define your objective by identifying the challenge, solution, and results. Assess your work with the client and focus on the most prominent wins. You're speaking to multiple businesses and industries through the case study, so make sure you know what you want to say to them.

Focus on persuasive data: Growth percentages and measurable results are your best friends. Extract your most compelling data and highlight it in your case study.

Use eye-grabbing graphics: Branded design goes a long way in accurately representing your brand and retaining readers as they review the study. Leverage unique and eye-catching graphics to keep readers engaged. 

Simplify data presentation: Some industries are more complex than others, and sometimes, data can be difficult to understand at a glance. Make sure you present your data in the simplest way possible. Make it concise, informative, and easy to understand.

Use automation to drive results for your case study

A case study example is a source of inspiration you can leverage to determine how to best position your brand's work. Find your unique angle, and refine it over time to help your business stand out. Ask anyone: the best burrito in town doesn't just appear at the number one spot. They find their angle (usually the house sauce) and leverage it to stand out.

Case study FAQ

Got your case study template? Great—it's time to gather the team for an awkward semi-vague data collection task. While you do that, here are some case study quick answers for you to skim through while you contemplate what to call your team meeting.

What is an example of a case study?

An example of a case study is when a software company analyzes its results from a client project and creates a webpage, presentation, or document that focuses on high-level results, challenges, and solutions in an attempt to showcase effectiveness and promote the software.

How do you write a case study?

To write a good case study, you should have an objective, identify persuasive and compelling data, leverage graphics, and simplify data. Case studies typically include an analysis of the challenge, solution, and results of the partnership.

What is the format of a case study?

While case studies don't have a set format, they're often portrayed as reports or essays that inform readers about the partnership and its results. 

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Hachem Ramki

Hachem is a writer and digital marketer from Montreal. After graduating with a degree in English, Hachem spent seven years traveling around the world before moving to Canada. When he's not writing, he enjoys Basketball, Dungeons and Dragons, and playing music for friends and family.

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