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What is History? What is Historiography? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

What is History? What is Historiography?

What is history what is historiography introduction history, in its broadest sense, is the totality of all past events, although a more realistic definition would ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• History, in its broadest sense, is the totality of all past events, although a more realistic definition would limit it to the known past.
• Historiography is the written record of what is known of human lives and societies in the past and how historians have attempted to understand them.
• Of all the fields of serious study and literary effort, history may be the hardest to define precisely, because the attempt to uncover past events and formulate an intelligible account of them necessarily involves the use and influence of many auxiliary disciplines and literary forms.
• The concern of all serious historians has been to collect and record facts about the human past and often to discover new facts.
• They have known that the information they have is incomplete, partly incorrect, or biased and requires careful attention. All have tried to discover in the facts patterns of meaning addressed to the enduring questions of human life.
• Except for the special circumstance in which historians record events they themselves have witnessed, historical facts can only be known through intermediary sources.
• These include testimony from living witnesses narrative records, such as previous histories, memoirs, letters, and imaginative literature the legal and financial records of courts, legislatures, religious institutions, or businesses and the unwritten information derived from the physical remains of past civilizations, such as architecture, arts and crafts, burial grounds, and cultivated land.
• All these, and many more, sources of information provide the evidence from which the historian deciphers historical facts.
• The relation between evidence and fact, however, is rarely simple and direct.
• The evidence may be biased or mistaken, fragmentary, or nearly unintelligible after long periods of cultural or linguistic change.
• Historians, therefore, have to assess their evidence with a critical eye.
• Moreover, the purpose of history as a serious endeavor to understand human life is never fulfilled by the mere sifting of evidence for facts.
• Fact-finding is only the foundation for the selection, arrangement, and explanation that constitute historical interpretation.
• The process of interpretation informs all aspects of historical inquiry, beginning with the selection of a subject for investigation, because the very choice of a particular event or society or institution is itself an act of judgment that asserts the importance of the subject.
• Once chosen, the subject itself suggests a provisional model or hypothesis that guides research and helps the historian to assess and classify the available evidence and to present a detailed and coherent account of the subject.
• The historian must respect the facts, avoid ignorance and error as far as possible, and create a convincing, intellectually satisfying interpretation.
• Until modern times, history was regarded primarily as a special kind of literature that shared many techniques and effects with fictional narrative.
• Historians were committed to factual materials and personal truthfulness, but like writers of fiction they wrote detailed narratives of events and vivid character sketches with great attention to language and style.
• The complex relations between literary art and historiography have been and continue to be a subject of serious debate.
• Western historiography originated with the ancient Greeks, and the standards and interests of the Greek historians dominated historical study and writing for centuries.
• In the 5th century B.C. Herodotus, who has been called the father of history, wrote his famous account of the Persian Wars.
• Shortly afterward, Thucydides wrote his classic study of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta.
• These men recorded contemporary or near-contemporary events in prose narratives of striking style, depending as much as possible on eyewitness or other reliable testimony for evidence.
• They concentrated on war, constitutional history, and the character of political leaders to create pictures of human societies in times of crisis or change.
• The recognition by contemporaries of the extraordinary accomplishment of both historians gave their works an authority that influenced succeeding historians.
• They too would prefer recent events, consider visual and oral evidence superior to written (used only in ancillary ways), and assume that the most significant human expression was the state and political life.
• Antiquarian research into religion, customs, names, and art, based on documentary sources, was also part of Greek and Roman culture but was allied chiefly to philosophy, biography, and areas of specialized learning and was excluded from the main traditions of political history.
• No specialized training was considered necessary for historiography.
• The historian's education was that of any cultivated man careful reading of general literature, followed by the study of rhetoric, the art of fluent and persuasive use of language that dominated ancient higher education.
• The ideal historian would combine rigorous truthfulness and freedom from bias with the gift of developed expression.
• In the 4th century B.C. Xenophon, Theopompus of Chios (born about 378bc), and Ephorus continued the main traditions of Greek historiography in the Hellenistic period and extended its scope.
• Polybius, in the 2nd century B.C., explained Roman history, political life, and military successes to his fellow Greeks, a subject also taken up by Strabo the geographer and Dionysius of Halicarnassus in the following century.
• The history of the Jews was placed in its Hellenistic and Roman context by Flavius Josephus, a Jewish aristocrat of Greek culture, who also defended and explained Jewish religion and customs.
• In the same period Plutarch wrote his biographies of famous Greeks and Romans, emphasizing dramatic, anecdotal materials in his depiction of exemplary characterindividual lives regarded as illustrations of moral choicesand its effect on public life.
• The prestige of Greek as a language of art and learning was so great that the first Roman historiography, even by Romans, was written in Greek.
• Cato the Elder was the first to write Roman history in Latin, and his example inspired others.
• Sallust, impressed by the work of Thucydides, developed a brilliant Latin style that combined ethical reflections with acute psychological insight.
• His political analysis, based on human motivation, was to have a long and pervasive influence on historical writing.
• At the same time, Cicero, although not himself a historian, defined the prevailing ideals of historiography in terms of stylistic elegance and traditional moral standards applied to the events of public life.
• Latin historical writing continued in this mode with Livy, Tacitus, and Suetonius.
• The writers mentioned thus far (with the exception of Josephus) were all pagan, and their works were entirely secular in subject and point of view.
• Educated pagans considered speculation on human destiny and moral questions beyond those directly applicable to political life the proper work of philosophers, not historians.
• During the 4th century, however, with the conversion of Emperor Constantine the Great, Christianity attained legal status and increasing influence in the Roman Empire and introduced new subjects and approaches to history.
• Eusebius of Caesarea wrote an ecclesiastical history (circa 324), tracing the growth of the church from its origins, through generations of persecution and martyrdom, to the triumphs of his own day.
• This radically new kind of history ignored the traditional classical restrictions of subject and style.
• Eusebius described religious life, books, and ideas, and people of no political importance he included a great deal of documentary evidence and considered the major questions of human existence.
• Such mingling of secular and religious history with moral interpretation on the largest scale had its only precedent in the Old Testament, where the relation between God and humankind was seen in historical terms as a covenant between Yahweh and Israel worked out over centuries of national history of the Jews.
• Built on this foundation, Christianity too was a religion with significant implications for the interpretation of human history.
• In the 5th century A.D., Paulus Orosius reinterpreted Roman history from a polemical Christian point of view, and St. Augustine, in his City of God (413-26), conceived of far more complex and subtle relations between Christians and secular history.
• With the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D., the traditions of classical education and literary culture, of which historiography was part, were disrupted and attenuated.
• Literacy became one of the professional skills of the clergy, which carried on the task of preserving and expanding a learned, religious culture.
• Many monasteries kept chronicles or annals, often the anonymous work of generations of monks, which simply recorded whatever the author knew of events, year by year, without any attempt at artistic or intellectual elaboration.
• The achievements of past historians, however, preserved in monastic libraries, kept alive the idea of a more ambitious standard, and early medieval writers, such as Gregory of Tours, struggled to meet it.
• The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731) by the Venerable Bede, an English monk, achieved the integration of secular and ecclesiastical history, natural and supernatural events, in a forceful and intelligent narrative.
• The revived vigor of intellectual and literary life in the High Middle Ages is reflected in the historical works of the English monk William of Malmesbury, the German Otto of Freising, and the Norman Orderic Vitalis.
• Although most of the later medieval historians were clerics and wrote in Latin, the traditions of secular historiography were also revived by chroniclers who wrote in the vernacular languages.
• Jean de Joinville recorded the deeds of his king, Louis IX of France, on Crusade Jean Froissart wrote of the exploits of French and English chivalry during the Hundred Years' War.
• The intensified study of Greek and Roman literature and the renewal of rhetorical education that characterized intellectual life in 15th-century Italy had an effect on historical study it encouraged a secular and realistic approach to political history, both ancient and modern.
• Leonardo Bruni, a student of the newly recovered works of Tacitus, reconsidered the history of Republican and imperial Rome and of his native Florence in the light of Roman experience.
• In the 16th century Niccolo Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini wrote works that again set political history in a world bounded by human laws and human ambitions.
• This separation of ecclesiastical from secular materials of history is evident wherever Renaissance learning had influence in Europe.
• The classical traditions of history writing had emphasized literary skill and the reinterpretation of history at the expense of basic research.
• From the 16th century onward, many scholars throughout Europe devoted their lives to the laborious, systematic collection of the sources for their national and religious histories.
• The French Benedictines, notably Jean Mabillon and Bernard de Montfaucon, began the exhaustive examination and publication of the sources of ecclesiastical history.
• Ludovico Muratori collected the sources for Italian history.
• Gottfried W. Leibniz compiled the annals of medieval Germany, and the Austrian Joseph Eckhel established the field of numismatics.
• Sir William Dugdale, Bishop Thomas Tanner, and Thomas Hearne collected documents and inscriptions in England and edited medieval annals.
• These examples represent only a few of the many antiquarians whose scrupulous work preserved the sources of historical knowledge and created and defined the major fields of critical research such as diplomatics, numismatics, and archaeology.
• The same uncompromising attention to detail and method that was the highest accomplishment of erudition, however, separated the antiquarians, in method and sympathy, from the newest developments of 18th-century historiographythe philosophic history inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment.
• Voltaire recharged the literary traditions of historiography with the excitement of his provocative rationalism.
• He ignored the classical focus on politics and included all facets of civilization in a historiography of sweeping intellectual scope but displayed rather cavalier impatience with learned detail.
• Enlightenment historians, such as Montesquieu, David Hume, William Robertson, and the marquis de Condorcet continued the bolder philosophic conception of history and the philosophers' careless evaluation of evidence.
• Edward Gibbon combined a deep respect for antiquarian research with Enlightenment and great literary gifts to produce The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-88), which set a standard for historical writing.
• Muslim historiography appears to have originally developed independently of European influences.
• Until the 19th century Muslim writers only very seldom consulted Christian sources and almost never noted events in Christian countries.
• Fortunately, they displayed at times more curiosity about the non-Muslim peoples of Asia than any Europeans did.
• The first detailed studies on the subject of historiography itself and the first critiques on historical methods appeared in the works of the Arab Muslim historian and historiographer Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), who is regarded as the father of historiography, cultural history, and the philosophy of history.
• He is especially noted for his historiographical writings in the Muqaddimah (Latinized as Prolegomena) and Kitab al-I'bar (Book of Advice).
• Among many other things, his Muqaddimah laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of state, communication, propaganda and systematic bias in history and he discussed the rise and fall of civilizations.
• Muslim historical writings first began developing earlier from the 7th century with the reconstruction of Muhammad's life in the centuries following his death.
• Due to numerous conflicting narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions from various sources, it was necessary to verify which sources were more reliable.
• In order to evaluate these sources, various methodologies were developed, such as the "science of biography", "science of hadith" and "Isnad" (chain of transmission).
• These methodologies were later applied to other historical figures in the Islamic civilization.
• Egyptology began in Arab Egypt from the 9th century, with the first known attempts at deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs made by Dhul-Nun al-Misri and Ibn Wahshiyya.
• Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923) is known for writing a detailed and comprehensive chronicle of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern history in his History of the Prophets and Kings in 915.
• Until the 10th century, history most often meant political and military history, but this was not so with Persian historian Al-Biruni (973-1048).
• In his Kitab fi Tahqiq ma l'il-Hind (Researches on India), he did not record political and military history in any detail, but wrote more on India's cultural, scientific, social and religious history.
• He also discussed more on his idea of history in another work The Chronology of the Ancient Nations.
• Biruni is considered the father of Indology for his detailed studies on Indian history.
• Franz Rosenthal wrote in the History of Muslim Historiography
• "....The Muslims achieved a definite advance beyond previous historical writing in the sociological understanding of history and the systematisation of historiography. The development of modern historical writing seems to have gained considerably in speed and substance through the utilization of a Muslim Literature which enabled western historians, from the seventeenth century on, to see a large section of the world through foreign eyes. The Muslim historiography helped indirectly and modestly to shape present day historical thinking."
• In China, Sima Qian (around 100 BC) was the first to lay the groundwork for professional historical writing.
• His written work was the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), a monumental lifelong achievement in literature.
• Its scope extends as far back as the 16th century BC, including many treatises on specific subjects, along with individual biographies for prominent people, as well as exploring the lives and deeds of commoners found in his own time or in previous eras.
• His work influenced every subsequent author of history in China, including the prestigious Ban family of the Eastern Han Dynasty era.
• Traditionalist Chinese historiography describes history in terms of dynastic cycles.
• In this view, each new dynasty is founded by a morally righteous founder.
• Over time, the dynasty becomes morally corrupt and dissolute.
• Eventually, the dynasty becomes so weak as to allow its replacement by a new dynasty.
• With the work and influence of Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886), history achieved its identity as an independent academic discipline with its own critical method and approach, requiring rigorous preparation.
• Ranke insisted on dispassionate objectivity as the historian's proper point of view and made consultation of contemporary sources a law of historical construction.
• He substantially advanced the criticism of sources beyond the achievements of the antiquarians by making consideration of the historical circumstances of the writer the key to the evaluation of documents.
• This combination of the neutral, nonpartisan approach (at least as an ideal) with the acute realization that all observers are the products of their specific time and place and are thus necessarily subjective recorders promised to break history's ancient connection to the intuitive literary arts and align it with modern scientific research.
• Many modern historians trace the intellectual foundations of their discipline to this development of the 19th-century German universities, which influenced historical scholarship throughout Europe and America.
• French interest in the history of civilization was sustained by Francois Guizot, and the new scientific methods were applied to medieval history by Fustel de Coulanges.
• In England, Thomas Macaulay's brilliant style continued the Enlightenment mode of a personal, essay-like history, but more exacting methods were applied in the universities.
• With colleagues and students at the University of Oxford, William Stubbs established English history on foundations of a thorough examination of sources, a movement carried forward by Samuel R. Gardiner and Frederick W. Maitland.
• George Bancroft was the first notable writer of U.S. history, and American universities in his time increasingly accepted the influence of German methods.
• Frederick Jackson Turner (November 14, 1861 March 14, 1932) is widely regarded, along with Charles A. Beard, as one of the two most influential American historians of the early 20th century.
• He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History.
• Herbert Eugene Bolton (July 20, 1870January 30, 1953) was an American historian and one of the most prominent authorities in Spanish-American history.
• He originated what became the Bolton theory of the history of the Americas and wrote or co-authored 94 works.
• A student of Frederick Jackson Turner, Bolton disagreed with his mentor and argued that the history of the Americans is best understood by taking a holistic view.
• The height of his career was spent at the University of California, Berkeley where he served as chair of the history department for 22 years and is credited with making the renowned Bancroft Library the dominant research center it is today.
• Clarence Henry Haring (born 9 February 1885 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - died 4 September 1960 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an important historian of Latin America and the pioneer who initiated the study of Spanish American colonial institutions among scholars in the United States.
• A medievalist by training, he became one of the foremost historians of colonial Latin America and the Hispanic South-west.
• After studying at Harvard University with Frederick Jackson Turner, Clarence Haring Scholes first taught at Radcliffe, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Colorado College before he accepted an appointment at the University of New Mexico in the spring of 1924.
• Except for intervals in the 1930s and 1940s, he served the university as professor, department chairman, Graduate Dean and Academic Vice-President until 1956 when he was named Research Professor of History, a position he held until his retirement in 1962.
• Until his retirement in 1998, Richard E. Greenleaf served as the France Vinton Scholes Professor of Colonial Latin American History, and as the Director of the Center for Latin American Studies at Tulane University.
• He also served as Chair of the Department of History.
• Greenleaf grew up in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and took his Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees at the University of New Mexico , where he studied under the dean of Inquisition scholars, France V. Scholes.
• Greenleaf has authored eleven major scholarly books, co-authored or contributed to seventeen others, and published almost four dozen articles in the field of Latin American and New Mexico history.
• In his long and distinguished teaching career in New Mexico , Mexico City and New Orleans, Greenleaf has served as mentor to 34 doctoral students at Tulane, and countless masters and undergraduate students.
• Entering the Graduate School of Tulane University in 1992, he received his M.A. degree in Latin American History/Latin American Studies in May 1994. 
• From 1994 until 1998 he held the prestigious France V. Scholes Fellowship of Colonial Latin American History at Tulane University.  
• By the 20th century, history was firmly established in European and American universities as a professional field, resting on exact methods and making productive use of archival collections and new sources of evidence.
• Furthermore, the scope of history has expanded immeasurably, in time, as archaeology and anthropology have provided knowledge of earlier ages, and in breadth, as fields of inquiry entirely unknown in the past (such as economic history, psychohistory, history of ideas, of family structures, and of peasant societies) have emerged and refined their methods and goals.
• To many scholars, national history has come to seem an outmoded, culture-bound approach, although history written on thoroughly international assumptions is extremely difficult to achieve.
• Historians have looked more and more to the social sciencessociology, psychology, anthropology, and economicsfor new methods and forms of explanation the sophisticated use of quantitative data has become the accepted approach to economic and demographic studies.

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What is Memorial Day? The true meaning of why we celebrate the federal holiday

For many Americans, Memorial Day is more than a long weekend and an unofficial start to the summer season. The real meaning of the holiday is meant to honor all U.S. soldiers who have died serving their country.

Originally called Decoration Day, Memorial Day's history goes back to the Civil War. It was was declared a national holiday by Congress in 1971, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs.

Although Veterans Day in November also honors military service members, Memorial Day differs by honoring all military members who have died while serving in U.S. forces in any current or previous wars.

The late-May holiday has also evolved into an opportunity for Americans to head to the beach or lake , travel to see friends and family , or even catch a Memorial Day parade .

Here's what to know about the history and the reason behind why we observe Memorial Day.

Memorial Day weather: Severe storms could hamper your travel, outdoor plans for Memorial Day weekend

When is Memorial Day?

One of 11 federal holidays recognized in the U.S., Memorial Day is always observed on the last Monday of May. This year, the holiday falls on Monday, May 27.

Why do we celebrate Memorial Day?  

The origins of the holiday can be traced back to local observances for soldiers with neglected gravesites during the Civil War.

The first observance of what would become Memorial Day, some historians think, took place in Charleston, South Carolina at the site of a horse racing track that Confederates had turned into a prison holding Union prisoners. Blacks in the city organized a burial of deceased Union prisoners and built a fence around the site, Yale historian David Blight wrote in  The New York Times  in 2011.

Then on May 1, 1865, they held an event there including a parade – Blacks who fought in the Civil War participated – spiritual readings and songs, and picnicking. A commemorative marker was erected there in 2010.

One of the first Decoration Days was held in Columbus, Mississippi, on April 25, 1866 by women who decorated graves of Confederate soldiers who perished in the battle at Shiloh with flowers. On May 5, 1868, three years after the end of the Civil War, the tradition of placing flowers on veterans’ graves was continued by the establishment of Decoration Day by an organization of Union veterans, the Grand Army of the Republic. 

General Ulysses S. Grant presided over the first large observance, a crowd of about 5,000 people, at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia on May 30, 1873.

This tradition continues to thrive in cemeteries of all sizes across the country. 

Until World War I, Civil War soldiers were solely honored on this holiday. Now, all Americans who’ve served are observed. 

At least 25 places in the North and the South claim to be the birthplace of Memorial Day. Some states that claim ownership of the origins include Illinois, Georgia, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, according to Veterans Affairs.

Despite conflicting claims, the U.S. Congress and President Lyndon Johnson declared Waterloo, New York, as the “birthplace” of Memorial Day on May 30, 1966, after Governor Nelson Rockefeller's declaration that same year. The New York community formally honored local veterans May 5, 1866 by closing businesses and lowering flags at half-staff. 

Why is Memorial Day in May? 

The day that we celebrate Memorial Day is believed to be influenced by Illinois U.S. Representative John A. Logan, who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat in November 1858, and served as an officer during the Mexican War.

It is said that Logan, a staunch defender of the Union, believed Memorial Day should occur when flowers are in full bloom across the country, according to the  National Museum of the U.S. Army.

Congress passed an act making May 30 a holiday in the District of Columbia in 1888,  according to the U.S. Congressional Research Service.

In 2000, the National Moment of Remembrance Act – which created the White House Commission on the National Moment of Remembrance and encourages all to pause at 3 p.m. local time on Memorial Day for a minute of silence – was signed into law by Congress and the President.

What is the difference between Memorial Day and Veterans Day?

Memorial Day and Veterans Day both honor the sacrifices made by U.S. veterans, but the holidays serve different purposes.

Veterans Day, originally called “Armistice Day,” is a younger holiday established in 1926 as a way to commemorate all those who had served in the U.S. armed forces during World War I.

Memorial Day honors all those who have died.

Retrace your steps with Recall

Search across time to find the content you need. Then, re-engage with it. With Recall, you have an explorable timeline of your PC’s past. Just describe how you remember it and Recall will retrieve the moment you saw it. Any photo, link, or message can be a fresh point to continue from. As you use your PC, Recall takes snapshots of your screen. Snapshots are taken every five seconds while content on the screen is different from the previous snapshot. Your snapshots are then locally stored and locally analyzed on your PC. Recall’s analysis allows you to search for content, including both images and text, using natural language. Trying to remember the name of the Korean restaurant your friend Alice mentioned? Just ask Recall and it retrieves both text and visual matches for your search, automatically sorted by how closely the results match your search. Recall can even take you back to the exact location of the item you saw.

Note:  Recall is optimized for select languages (English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Japanese, and Spanish. Content-based and storage limitations apply. For more information, see https://aka.ms/nextgenaipcs .

System requirements for Recall

Your PC needs the following minimum system requirements for Recall:

A Copilot+ PC

8 logical processors

256 GB storage capacity

To enable Recall, you’ll need at least 50 GB of storage space free

Saving screenshots automatically pauses once the device has less than 25 GB of storage space

How to use Recall

To open Recall, use the keyboard shortcut Windows logo key   +J , or select the following Recall icon on your taskbar:

Your timeline in Recall is broken up into segments, which are the blocks of time that Recall was taking snapshots while you were using your PC. You can hover over your timeline to review your activity in a preview window. Selecting the location on the timeline or selecting the preview window loads the snapshot where you can  interact with the content .

Search with Recall

Maybe you wanted to make that pizza recipe you saw earlier today but you don’t remember where you saw it. Typing goat cheese pizza into the search box would easily find the recipe again. You could also search for pizza or cheese if you didn’t remember the specific type of pizza or cheese. Less specific searches are likely to bring up more matches though. If you prefer to search using your voice, you can select the microphone then speak your search query.  

By default, results are shown from all apps where Recall found matches. You can narrow down your results by filtering the matches to a specific app by selecting an app from the list.

When the results are displayed, they will be listed under the headings of text matches and visual matches . Matches that are closer to your search are shown first. You’ll also notice that some items are listed as one of the following types of matches:

Close match : Close matches typically include at least one of the search terms or images that are representative of a term in your query.

Related match : Matches that share a commonality with the search terms would be considered related. For instance, if you searched for goat cheese pizza , you might also get related matches that include lasagna or cannelloni since they are Italian dishes too.

Interacting with content

Once you’ve found the item you want to see again, select the tile. Recall opens the snapshot and enables screenray, which runs on top of the saved snapshot. Screenray analyzes what’s in the snapshot and allows you to interact with individual elements in the snapshot. You’ll notice that when screenray is active, your cursor is blue and white. The cursor also changes shape depending on the type of element beneath it. What you can do with each element changes based on what kind of content screenray detects. If you select a picture in the snapshot, you can copy, edit with your default .jpeg app such as Photos , or send it to another app like the Snipping Tool or Paint . When you highlight text with screenray, you can open it in a text editor or copy it. For example, you might want to copy the text of a recipe’s ingredients list to convert it to metric.

Note:  When you use an option that sends snapshot content to an app, screenray creates a temporary file in C:\Users\[username]\AppData\Local\Temp in order to share the content. The temporary file is deleted once the content is transferred over the app you selected to use.

Below your selected snapshot, you have more snapshot options. In many cases, you can have Recall take you back to exact location of the item, such as reopening the webpage, PowerPoint presentation, or app that was running at the time the snapshot was taken. You can also hide screenray, copy the snapshot, delete the snapshot, or select … for more snapshot options.

Pause or resume snapshots

To pause recall, select the Recall icon in the system tray then Pause until tomorrow .  Snapshots will be paused until they automatically resume at 12:00 AM. When snapshots are paused, the Recall system tray icon has a slash through it so you can easily tell if snapshots are enabled. To manually resume snapshots, select the Recall icon in the system tray and then select Resume snapshots .  You can also access the Recall & snapshots settings page from the bottom of this window.

What if I don’t want Recall to save information from certain websites or apps?

You are in control with Recall. You can select which apps and websites you want to exclude, such as banking apps and websites.  You’ll need to use a supported browser for Recall to filter websites and to automatically filter private browsing activity. Supported browsers, and their capabilities include:

Microsoft Edge: blocks websites and filters private browsing activity

Firefox: blocks websites and filters private browsing activity

Opera:  blocks websites and filters private browsing activity

Google Chrome: blocks websites and filters private browsing activity

Chromium based browsers:  For Chromium-based browsers not listed above, filters private browsing activity only, doesn’t block specific websites

To exclude a website:

Select … then Settings to open the Recall & snapshots settings page.

You can also go to Windows Settings > Privacy & Security > Recall & Snapshots to manage Recall.

Select Add website for the Websites to filter setting.

Type the website you want to filter into the text box. Select Add to add it to the websites to filter list.

To exclude an app:

Select … then Settings to open the Recall & snapshots settings page

Select Add app  for the Apps to filter setting.

From the app list, select the app you want to filter from Recall snapshots.

In two specific scenarios, Recall will capture snapshots that include InPrivate windows, blocked apps, and blocked websites. If Recall gets launched, or the Now option is selected in Recall, then a snapshot is taken even when InPrivate windows, blocked apps, and blocked websites are displayed. However, these snapshots are not saved by Recall. If you choose to send the information from this snapshot to another app, a temp file will also be created in C:\Users\[username]\AppData\Local\Temp to share the content. The temporary file is deleted once the content is transferred over the app you selected to use.

Managing your Recall snapshots and disk space

You can configure how much disk space Recall is allowed to use to store snapshots. The amount of disk space you can allocate to Recall varies depending on how much storage your PC has. The following chart shows the storage space options for Recall:

You can change the amount of disk space used or delete snapshots from the Recall & snapshots settings page. 

To change the storage space limit:

1. Expand the Storage settings.

2. Change the Maximum storage for snapshots limit by choosing the limit from the drop-down list. When the limit is reached, the oldest snapshots are deleted first.

To delete snapshots:

Expand the Delete snapshots settings.

You can choose to delete all snapshots or snapshots withing a specific timeframe.

To delete all snapshots, select Delete all .

To delete snapshots from a specific timeframe, select a timeframe from the drop-down list, then select Delete   snapshots.

Keyboard shortcuts for Recall

You can use the following keyboard shortcuts in recall:, when interacting with a snapshot with screenray, you can use the following keyboard shortcuts:, microsoft’s commitment to responsible ai and privacy.

Microsoft has been working to advance AI responsibly since 2017, when we first defined our AI principles and later operationalized our approach through our Responsible AI Standard. Privacy and security are principles as we develop and deploy AI systems. We work to help our customers use our AI products responsibly, sharing our learnings, and building trust-based partnerships. For more about our responsible AI efforts, the  principles that guide us, and the tooling and capabilities we've created to assure that we develop AI technology responsibly, see Responsible AI .

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Title: on minimal presentations of numerical monoids.

Abstract: We consider the classical problem of determining the largest possible cardinality of a minimal presentation of a numerical monoid with given embedding dimension and multiplicity. Very few values of this cardinality are known. In addressing this problem, we apply tools from Hilbert functions and free resolutions of artinian standard graded algebras. This approach allows us to solve the problem in many cases and, at the same time, identify subtle difficulties in the remaining cases. As a by-product of our analysis, we deduce results for the corresponding problem for the type of a numerical monoid.

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WHAT IS HISTORY?

Aug 04, 2014

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WHAT IS HISTORY?. Seeing the Future through the Past. By the end of this lesson, students will be able to: d efine history and the historical method u nderstand the importance of chronology, and cause and effect relationships as tools in analysing history

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WHAT IS HISTORY? Seeing the Future through the Past

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • define history and the historical method • understand the importance of chronology, and cause and effect relationships as tools in analysing history • describe the usefulness of studying change and continuity in history • compare and contrast key interpretations of world history Learning goals

Cicero, Roman orator and philosopher THEY SAID IT…“To know nothing of the past is to remain forever a child.”

Write the title ‘History’ in the center of a piece of chart paper in big bold letters • Working with your ‘elbow partners’, write down all the things related to the study of history that you can think of - cover the page!!! ex. rise and fall of empires, economics, politics… History – what do you know?

What is your understanding? How would you define it? • Does the past repeat itself? (Amnesiac comparison) • Past as nourishment for the present and future • Is it the event? Or the retelling of the event? • Where do we get our history from? Associated problems? • Simplified definition: {History is the study of past events, that involve or affect people, based on the interpretation of evidence} History – in depth

Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Author, Millenium THEY SAID IT…“The thing about short-term predictions is that they can only ever be true in the short term. If you want long-term predictions you have to look deep back into the past of human experience…”

Historical schools of thought SGA – Small Group Activity

Working with a different partner, examine 1 theory of history and prepare a short explanation for the rest of the class. • Start with the Historian/School of History, and then give your interpretation of their theory • Be prepared to provide an example and a key question you have about this theory to help everyone understand. • Note – there will be more than 1 group per topic, so be prepared to discuss your theory with others and debate • You will have approx. 10 minutes to complete this activity…GO!!! SGA – small group activity instructions

Using current events/hot topics of today can enhance our study of the past • For history to have value in our lives, it must help us prepare for the present and future • What are some of the hot topics around the world today? In Canada? (ex’s. the economy; China - human rights; terrorism; religion (Quebec); science and technology; tension in the Middle East; intellectual property and the internet; environmental concerns…) Using the present to understand the past

Modern views of the history in flux (changing) • Do the great works of literature really reflect society at the time? Who was writing them? (ex. bias, Christian/feminist/elite values…) • How can we possibly know it all? We can’t!!! • Historical record will never be complete – must piece together the remnants and speculate • No irrefutable body of truth out there – must always challenge and question – historian’s job! Reconsidering History

Henry Ford, Founder, Ford Motor Company THEY SAID IT…“History is more or less bunk. It’s tradition. We don’t want tradition. We want to live in the present and the only history that is worth a tinker’s damn is the history we make today.”

CHANGE CONTINUITY Certain institutions have reinforced continuity (ex. Constitutionsand parliamentary systems for democracy) Other agents: religion; family; culture Helps us stay connected to the past • Without change, no history • History is study of change over time • Must ask ‘why’? • Search for causes and consequences of events through data Change and continuity in History

Where should a course in modern Western and world history begin? • Must build foundations for understanding (ex. to understand the French Revolution, must learn of Europe’s medieval heritage) • Chronology – putting things in proper order – essential to give us sign-posts in history • Labels are problematic because era’s/movements are often intertwined (ex. Scientific Revolution – Enlightenment – American/French Revolutions…) • History does not unfold in neat packages – it overlaps Chronology, cause and effect in history

Historical insight acts as a guide to the future • Consider what you are learning about yourself and your society as you progress • History is about the ‘spirit of the past’ (see the essence of the Renaissance in the face of the Mona Lisa) • Studying the triumphs and tragedies helps make sense of our world today To Conclude…

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Releasing Windows 11, version 24H2 to the Release Preview Channel

• Windows Insider Program Team

UPDATE 5/29: We’re aware that some Windows Insiders in Release Preview are not seeing Windows 11, version 24H2 offered yet. We’ve just begun the rollout and will gradually increase the rollout over time so not everyone will see it right away. If you are not seeing it yet and want to update to Windows 11, version 24H2 right away, you can do so by using the ISO which are available for download here . The ISO is Build 26100.560 but once you update using the ISO and join Release Preview, you’ll get Build 26100.712.

Hello Windows Insiders!

Today, we are making this year’s annual feature update Windows 11, version 24H2 (Build 26100.712) available in the Release Preview Channel for customers to preview ahead of general availability later this calendar year.

Windows 11, version 24H2* includes a range of new features such as the HDR background support, energy saver, Sudo for Windows , Rust in the Windows kernel, support for Wi-Fi 7, voice clarity and more. It also includes many improvements across Windows. For example, we are introducing a scrollable view of the quick settings flyout from the taskbar, the ability to create 7-zip and TAR archives in File Explorer (in addition to ZIP), and improvements for connecting Bluetooth® Low Energy Audio devices. We will be sharing more details in the coming months on many of the new features and improvements included as part of Windows 11, version 24H2 leading up to general availability. Please note that the new AI features such as Recall announced earlier this week will not be available on your PC after installing this update today as they require a Copilot+ PC. For more information on those new AI features and Copilot+ PCs, see this blog post here .

As part of this update, we’re also evolving the Copilot** experience on Windows as an app that will be pinned to the taskbar. This enables users to get the benefits of a traditional app experience, including the ability to resize, move, and snap the window – feedback we’ve heard from users throughout the preview of Copilot in Windows. This model also allows Microsoft to more agilely develop and optimize the experience based on user feedback. This change will be making is way to Insiders in the Canary, Dev, and Beta Channels shortly.

[ADDED 5/30] As part of the Copilot experience’s evolution on Windows to become an app that is pinned to the taskbar, we are retiring the WIN + C keyboard shortcut. For new devices that ship with a Copilot key , this key will open Copilot. For existing devices without that key, using the WIN + (number position for Copilot pinned to your taskbar) is a great way to open Copilot.

Windows Insiders in the Release Preview Channel can install Windows 11, version 24H2 via our “seeker” experience in Windows Update. This means if you are an Insider currently in the Release Preview Channel on a PC that meets the Windows 11  hardware requirements , you can go to Settings and Windows Update and choose to download and install Windows 11, version 24H2 if you want. Once you update your PC to Windows 11, version 24H2, you will continue to automatically receive new servicing updates through Windows Update (the typical monthly update process). For instructions on how to join the Windows Insider Program and join your PC to the Release Preview Channel,  click here .

PLEASE NOTE: Windows Insiders in the Canary and Dev Channels will not be able to switch to the Release Preview Channel as they are on builds already based on Windows 11, version 24H2 but are on higher build numbers. These Insiders don’t need to switch. 

Commercial*** customers enrolled in the  Windows Insider Program for Business  can begin validating Windows 11, version 24H2 on PCs in their organizations. For these customers, the Windows 11, version 24H2 feature update is available through Windows Update for Business (WUfB) and Windows Server Update Service (WSUS). Azure Marketplace will be coming soon. You can learn more about deploying pre-release feature updates using  these deployment methods here . Should any issues arise, IT admins in organizations deploying Release Preview updates can request Microsoft Support .

And finally – ISOs are now available for download for Windows 11, version 24H2 via the Windows Insider ISO download page .

Thanks, Windows Insider Program Team

*Please note that Cortana, Tips, and WordPad are removed after upgrading to Windows 11, version 24H2. These apps are deprecated .

**Copilot in Windows is being rolled out gradually to Windows Insiders across our global markets. Customers in the European Economic Area will be able to download the Copilot in Windows experience as an app from the Microsoft Store (coming soon).

***We consider a device a commercial device if it is not running the Windows 11 Home edition AND is being managed by an IT administrator (whether via Microsoft Endpoint Manager or other management solution) or has a volume license key or commercial ID or is joined to a domain.

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E.H. Carr, What is history? “The historian is necessarily selective. The belief in a hard core of host of historical facts existing objectively and independently.

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