annotated bibliography chicago style 17th edition

Chicago/Turabian Citation Guide (17th Edition): Annotated Bibliography

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Annotations.

• Video: What is an Annotated Bibliography?

Writing an Evaluative Annotation

Basic tips on writing and formatting, sample evaluative annotation, useful links for annotated bibliographies.

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Works Cited page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Types of Annotations

 A summary annotation describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description. 

 An evaluative annotation includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.

What is an Annotated Bibliography?

• Cite the source using Chicago style.
• Describe the main ideas, arguments, themes, theses, or methodology, and identify the intended audience.
• Explain the author’s expertise, point of view, and any bias he/she may have.
• Compare to other sources on the same topic that you have also cited to show similarities and differences.
• Explain why each source is useful for your research topic and how it relates to your topic.
• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each source.
• Identify the observations or conclusions of the author. 
• Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150- 200 words).
• Start with the same format as a regular Works Cited list.
• All lines should be double-spaced. Do not add an extra line between the citations.
• If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.
• Try to be objective, and give explanations if you state any opinions.
• Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me)

London, Herbert. “Five Myths of the Television Age.” Television Quarterly , 10, no. 1 (March 1982): 69-81. Herbert London, the Dean of Journalism at New York University and author of several books and articles, explains how television contradicts five commonly believed ideas. He uses specific examples of events seen on television, such as the assassination of John Kennedy, to illustrate his points. His examples have been selected to contradict such truisms as: “seeing is believing”; “a picture is worth a thousand words”; and “satisfaction is its own reward.” London uses logical arguments to support his ideas which are his personal opinion. He does not refer to any previous works on the topic. London’s style and vocabulary would make the article of interest to any reader. The article clearly illustrates London’s points, but does not explore their implications leaving the reader with many unanswered questions.

Adapted from:

"How to Write Annotated Bibliographies."  Memorial University Libraries , www.library.mun.ca/researchtools/guides/writing/annotated_bibl/. Accessed 29 June 2016.

• Annotated Bibliographies Overview of purpose and form of annotated bibliographies from the Purdue OWL.
• Sample Annotated Bibliographies Sample annotated bibliographies from the OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University.

Style Guides

The Chicago Manual of Style

A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

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Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style  (17 th  edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at  The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.

Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting  The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.

Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides   an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include  all  relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.

In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.

Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .

Publication Information

The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

For more information and specific examples, see the sections on  Books  and  Periodicals .

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).

Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Papers & Bibliographies

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Paper & Bibliography Formatting

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Assemble your paper in the following order:

• Body of paper
• Appendix (if needed)
• Bibliography
• Use Times New Roman, Size 12 (unless otherwise instructed).

Margins and Indents

• Your margins should be 1 inch on all sides.
• Indent new paragraphs by one-half inch.
• Double-space the main text of your paper.
• Single-space the footnotes and bibliography, but add a blank line between entries.
• Start numbering your pages on the  second  page of your paper (don't include the title page).
• Put your page numbers in the header of the first page of text (skip the title page), beginning with page number 1. Continue numbering your pages to the end of the bibliography.
• Place the footnote number at the end of the sentence in which you have quoted or paraphrased information from another source. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed  after  any punctuation (This is an example. 3 ).
• Put your footnotes in the footer section of the page.

An  annotated bibliography  is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Works Cited page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Types of Annotations

 A  summary annotation  describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description. 

 An  evaluative annotation  includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.

Formatting Rules

The  Chicago Manual of Style  states the following formatting rules.   Check your assignment description in case your instructor has other instructions .

• The text should be double-spaced.
• Numbering starts on the first page of writing (not the title page), at the top right of the page.
• Reference list entries must have a hanging indent (to do this in Microsoft Word 2003, click Format, then Paragraph, then Special, and choose Hanging).
• There should be 1 inch (2.54 cm) margins all around (top, bottom, left, and right) on each page.

Example Formatting

This annotation includes only one paragraph, a summary of the book. It provides a concise description of the project and the book's project and its major features.

Davidson, Hilda Ellis.  Roles of the Northern Goddess . London: Routledge, 1998.

Stacks, Geoff, Erin Karper, Dana Bisignani, and Allen Brizee. "Annotated Bibliographies." Purdue Online Writing Lab. Last modified March 10, 2013. Accessed October 10, 2017.

• Chicago 17 Notes & Bibliography Style Sample Paper (Purdue OWL)
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• Annotated Bibliography Sample (Purdue OWL)
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Chicago Style Guide - 17th Edition

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Hints for Successful Bibliographies

Bibliography Hints

• Make your life easier by starting your bibliography as soon as you find a source you might use.

Having a separate working document started to track your resources means you can add and delete citations as you conduct your research. This way, your bibliography will be almost complete even before you finish writing your paper–​a huge help to avoid the stress of having to undertake the detail-oriented work of creating a full bibliography as your deadline draws near!

• Use the *Cite* tool  in the Camosun Library Databases, then edit for correct formatting. 
• For more tips check out the  Academic Integrity Guide ! 

Citing Works by the Same Author in a Bibliography

Citing Different Works by the Same Author in a Bibliography

The use of three em dashes (———.) was previously used in Chicago style reference lists in place of multiple successive entries of a single author's name. However, in it's 17 th  edition, the  Chicago Manual of Style   discourages the use of  three em dashes  (———.) to replace author's names. This adaptation is due largely to changes in publishing technologies. 

To correctly cite two or more works by the same author  in your bibliography, arrange entries chronologically from oldest to newest publication.  

LastName, FirstName.  Title of Work . PlacePublished: Publisher, OldestPublicationYear.

LastName, FirstName.  Title of Work . PlacePublished: Publisher, MostRecentPublicationYear.

Maracle, Lee.  Celia's Song . Toronto: Cormorant Books, 2014.

Maracle, Lee. Talking to the Diaspora . Winnipeg: ARP Books, 2015.

Maracle, Lee.  My Conversations with Canadians . Toronto: BookThug, 2017.

MORE DETAILS

The way you cite different works by the same author in your footnotes or endnotes does not change.  This variation is for bibliographies only .

Bibliography Tips

Writing a Bibliography

The Chicago notes and bibliography (humanities) style uses notes (either footnotes or endnotes) and a bibliography at the end of the paper.

It is strongly recommended, but not absolutely required, that you cite your sources in both notes and a bibliography. If you are considering not providing a bibliography, be sure to consult your instructor first since it is still standard practice to include both notes and a bibliography. 

Key formatting aspects of formatting a bibliography in the Chicago style include:

• The bibliography is a list of all the sources you have used to research your paper.
• It appears on a separate page at the end of the essay and is titled "Bibliography" (centred, no quotation marks, no underline).
• The bibliography is arranged  alphabetically  by the  author’s last name  or by the  title,  if there is no author. ​
• Citations in the  bibliography  are  single spaced within entries , but  double-spaced  between  entries  (unless your instructor prefers double-spacing throughout).
• The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name , or, if there is no author, by the first word in the title. When arranging the list ignore, but do not omit, “The”, “An” or “A” at the beginning of the title.
• After the first line, each entry is indented ½ inch or 5 spaces from the left margin. This is called a hanging indent .  
• Each entry presents information in a specific order : the author’s name, the title, the publication information.
• Citations must appear both in the text of your paper (as footnotes or endnotes) and in the bibliography at the end of your paper.

For an excellent sample of a bibliography , check out the Chicago Manual of Style Sample Paper  (notes and bibliography/humanities style) from the Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

Bibliographies - The Hanging Indent in MS Word

The Hanging Indent

In the Chicago style, after the first line of each bibliographic citation, each entry is indented ½ inch or 5 spaces from the left margin. This is called a hanging indent .  Formatting the hanging indent can sometimes be a frustrating task. If you are using MS Word to produce your research paper, you may find it helpful to reveal the ruler tool while you work.

• Go to the "View" tab.
• In the "Show" section, click the box next to the word "Ruler."
• The ruler and indentation markers will now be revealed.
• Click on and drag the " hanging indent marker " (upwards pointing lower section of the hour-glass shape) to the right to set the hanging indent to the desired position ( ½ inch from the left margin) .​

By setting the hanging indent marker before you begin your bibliography , your entries will be created with the correct indentation formatting as you type or paste them into the Word document – saving time for more important work (like writing the paper itself!).

You can also use the hanging indent marker to adjust the indents of bibliographic entries you have already made . Try selecting all of the text on the page while moving the hanging indent marker to adjust all entries at once. Entries will need to be separated by a hard return (also known as a hard break or full carriage return) in order for this to work.

Annotated Bibliographies

Making an Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography contains descriptive or evaluative comments on the sources included in a bibliography. Each entry consists of two parts: the citation and the annotation .

Annotations are usually  brief and limited to approximately 100 to 300 words . However, always be sure to check with your instructor  to see what the required word count is for your specific assignment.

Annotations come in various forms. Depending on assignment requirements, they can be merely descriptive, summarizing the authors' qualifications, research methods, and arguments, or contain evaluative information about the quality of scholarship in a resource. Such evaluative information may consider the logic of authors' arguments and the quality of their evidence.  

For more information , see the Camosun guide,  Annotated Bibliography: How to Create One . 

Allen, Donald M., ed.  The New American Poetry . New York: Grove Press,1960.

Concentrates on the postwar period from 1945 to 1960 and presents the work of poets who identified themselves with anti-formalist movements or waves, often associated with fugitive publications and little magazines.

Battle, Ken. "Child Poverty: The Evolution and Impact of Child Benefits." In  A Question of Commitment: Children's Rights in Canada , edited by Katherine Covell and Howe, R. Brian, 21-44. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2007.

Ken Battle draws on a close study of government documents, as well as his own research as an extensively-published policy analyst, to explain Canadian child benefit programs. He outlines some fundamental assumptions supporting the belief that all society members should contribute to the upbringing of children. His comparison of child poverty rates in a number of countries is a useful wake-up to anyone assuming Canadian society is doing a good job of protecting children. Battle pays particular attention to the National Child Benefit (NCB), arguing that it did not deserve to be criticized by politicians and journalists. He outlines the NCB’s development, costs, and benefits, and laments that the Conservative government scaled it back in favour of the inferior Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB). However, he relies too heavily on his own work; he is the sole or primary author of almost half the sources in his bibliography. He could make this work stronger by drawing from others' perspectives and analyses. However, Battle does offer a valuable source for this essay, because the chapter provides a concise overview of government-funded assistance currently available to parents. This offers context for analyzing the scope and financial reality of child poverty in Canada.

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Go to Index

Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

Go to Author-Date: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, follow the Author-Date link above.

1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time   (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.

2. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

Shortened notes

3. Smith, Swing Time , 320.

4. Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind , 37.

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.

Smith, Zadie. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press, 2016.

For many more examples, covering virtually every type of book, see 14.100–163 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Shortened note

2. Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

Bibliography entry

Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

1. John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

2. D’Agata, American Essay , 182.

D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

For more examples, see 14.103–5 and 14.106–12 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

1. Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.

2. Lahiri, In Other Words , 184.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).

1. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3. Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.

4. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.

5. Melville, Moby-Dick , 722–23.

6. Kurland and Lerner, Founder s ’ Constitution , chap. 4, doc. 29.

7. Borel, Fact-Checking , 104–5.

8. Austen, Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

For more examples, see 14.1 59 –63 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Journal article

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum ,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

4. Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al .

7. Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

8. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

For more examples, see 14.1 68 – 87 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

1. Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker , April 17, 2017, 43.

2. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox , April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

5. Mead, “Dystopia,” 47.

6. Manjoo, “Snap.”

7. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

8. Pai, “History of Peeps.”

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

9. Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

For more examples, see 14.1 88 – 90 (magazines), 14.191–200 (newspapers), and 14.208 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

1. Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith, New York Times , November 7, 2016.

2. Kakutani, “Friendship.”

Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

1. Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

2. Stamper, interview.

Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

Thesis or dissertation

1. Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.

2. Rutz, “ King Lear ,” 158.

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date (as in example note 2).

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

3. Katie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

4. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

5. “Yale Facts.”

6. Bouman, “Black Hole.”

Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

For more examples, see 14. 20 5–10 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 14. 261–68 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

1. Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

3. Souza, “President Obama.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

Annotated Bibliography

• Research Process
• Finding Sources for Your Paper

Ask a Librarian

Chicago 17th annotated bibliography example.

Ontiveros, Randy J. In the spirit of a new people: The cultural politics of the Chicano movement . New York: New York

          University Press, 2014. 

This book analyzes the journalism, visual arts, theater, and novels of the Chicano movement from 1960 to the present as articulations of personal and collective values. Chapter 3 grounds the theater of El Teatro Campesino in the labor and immigrant organizing of the period, while Chapter 4 situates Sandra Cisneros’s novel  Caramelo  in the struggles of Chicana feminists to be heard in the traditional and nationalist elements of the Chicano movement. Ontiveros provides a powerful and illuminating historical context for the literary and political texts of the movement. 

Journal article

Alvarez, Nadia, and Jake Mearns. "The benefits of writing and performing in the spoken word poetry community."  The

          Arts  in Psychotherapy  41, no.3 (2014): 263-268.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2014.03.004

Note:  Citations and annotations have a .5 hanging indent. 

• Template of Annotated Bibliography in Chicago Style (17th edition)

Additional Resources

• The Chicago Manual of Style Online
• Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography Columbia College's guide to annotated bibliography for Chicago Style.
• Annotated Bibliographies Overview of purpose and form of annotated bibliographies from the Purdue OWL.
• Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) Formatting & Style Guide Guide provided by Purdue Owl.
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• URL: https://libguides.polk.edu/annotatedbibliography

Polk State College is committed to equal access/equal opportunity in its programs, activities, and employment. For additional information, visit polk.edu/compliance .

Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Welcome

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• No Author, No Date etc.
• Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography
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What is the Chicago Manual of Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style was originally created in 1937 by Kate L. Turabian at the University of Chicago.  It is most commonly used by writers in the fields of History, Literature, and the Arts.

Chicago Style features two different methods of citation that can be used:

• Author-Date Style
• This method of citation uses specific parenthetical citations throughout your work and a bibliography at the end of your work, arranged in alphabetical order, that provides full details about your cited sources.
• Footnotes-Bibliography Style - This is the method that you will use in your Art History and History courses at Columbia College .
• This method of citation employs footnotes or endnotes for specific citations  and  a bibliography at the end of your work, arranged in alphabetical order, that provides full details about your sources.

General Guidelines for Using Footnotes-Bibliography Style

Footnotes are generally structured as follows:

• First time adding a footnote for a source : Full citation details including author/creator name(s), title information, publication information, and page(s) cited. Details vary depending on the source type.  Place a superscript number at the end of a quote or paraphrased section.  Citation numbers should appear in sequential order.
• Subsequent footnotes for a source (also known as 'shortened footnotes'):  Author’s last name, title or partial title, page(s) cited. (See sec. 14.29-14.34, Chicago Manual).

Bibliography entries generally contain, in the following order:

• Author/creator information
• Title information (titles may be in “quotation marks” or in italics, depending on the source type)
• Publication information (e.g. place of publication, publisher name, and publication date for a book; volume and issue number for a journal article; DOI [Digital Object Identifier] or URL for an online resource)

Adapted from The University of Alberta Chicago Citation Style QuickGuide

Commonly Used Terms

Bibliography : Contains details on ALL the sources cited in a text or essay, and supports your research and/or premise.

Citation : The details about one source you are citing.

Citing : The process of acknowledging the sources of your information and ideas.

Footnotes:  Notes placed at the end of the page in your paper to cite sources found on that page.

Paraphrasing : Taking information that you have read and putting it into your own words.

Plagiarism : Taking the ideas or words of another person and using them as your own.

Quoting : Copying words of text originally published elsewhere.

Shortened Footnote:  A subsequent footnote that includes enough information for readers to find the full citation in your bibliography or in an earlier footnote.

Chicago Citation Guide QR Code

Use this QR code to easily access this guide on your phone.

Sample Paper with Bibliography

• Chicago Sample Paper

This sample paper can be used as a template to set up your assignment. It includes a title page, main body paragraph with footnotes, and a bibliography.

Do You Need Citation Help?

Stop by the library and speak with a Librarian, or use the chat box below to chat with a Librarian from home. 

This citation guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). The contents are accurate to the best of our knowledge.

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Citation Styles Guide: Chicago Manual of Style - 17th ed.

• In-text citations
• Works cited - page formatting and creating an entry
• Works cited - examples
• Annotated bibliographies
• Tables, figures and musical illustrations
• In-text citation
• List of references - general formatting
• List of references - examples
• Tables and figures
• Footnotes and endnotes
• Bibliographies
• Tables and Figures

University of Chicago citation style

Please note that there are two forms of the 17th edition Chicago Manual of Style: Notes-Bibliography style and Author-Date style. At Marianopolis, courses that use the Chicago Manual of Style tend to use the Notes-Bibliography style, which is the focus of this online guide.

Some general formatting rules:

• Spacing: Double-space your paper, except for block quotations (prose quotations of five lines or longer), table titles, and figure captions, which should be single-spaced. Your notes and your bibliography should also be single-spaced. Include an extra line between each bibliographic entry.
• Font: 12-point, standard font (Times New Roman is recommended).
• Margins : 2.54 cm (1 inch) on all sides.
• Numbering: There should be a page number in the top margin of every page after the title page, justified to the right-hand side of the page, beginning with "1".
• The title: centered a third of the way down the page (about 6-7 double-spaced lines from the top). If you use a subtitle, end your title with a colon, then start the subtitle on the next line.
• Your name and class information should appear 6-7 double-spaced lines later.
• You teacher may request that you include additional information as well, such as your student number or the date.
• Lowercase articles (eg: the, a, an), unless they are the first word of the title or subtitle.
• Lowercase prepositions (eg: on, up, down), unless they are being used as adjectives or as part of a Latin expression used adjectivally or adverbially (eg: De Facto).
• Lowercase conjunctions (eg: and, or, but, for, nor).
• Lowercase the word "to."
• Lowercase any part of a proper name that would be lowercased in text (eg: the "de" in "de Bruges" or the "von" in "von Trapp").
• Lowercase the second part of a species name (eg: Saimiri boliviensis).

The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition

The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th edition, is available for consultation at the Reference Desk in the Library.

Additional sources for Chicago-style citation

Additional information on Chicago style citation may be found at these websites:

• Chicago Manual of Style Online: Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide (Website)
• OWL at Purdue: The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition (Website)
• Simon Fraser University Library: Citing Canadian Government Documents: Chicago/Turabian (Website)
• Simon Fraser University Library Citation Guide: Chicago/Turabian (Website)

Chicago Manual of Style LibGuide QR Code

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Chicago Style

Chicago style 17th edition.

Within Chicago Style, there are 2 different citation style options. You may use the notes-bibliography style (which uses footnotes or endnotes), or the author-date references style. If you are not sure which of these styles to use for your paper, please consult your instructor .

Download a PDF version of our Chicago Notes-Bibliography Quick Guide or our Chicago Author-Date Quick Guide .

Notes-Bibliography Quick Guide

MUN Libraries Notes-Bibliography Quick Guide

Author-Date Quick Guide

MUN Libraries Author-Date Quick Guide

Chicago Manual 17th ed. (2017)

eBook Print also available at the library: Z 253 U69 2017

Chicago Style Guide, for 17th Edition

• Paper Formatting
• Style Handbooks
• Footnotes vs. Endnotes
• Books / E-books
• Interviews / Personal Communications
• Audiovisual Materials
• Shortened Citations
• Author-Date References
• Books / E-Books
• Journal Articles
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Interviews / Personal Communication
• Website / Webpage

Introduction

Both footnote/endnote citations and author-date citations require a bibliography or cited reference section.

The way a bibliographic entry is structured will be the same regardless of which in-text citation style you use, with one exception: if you used author-date as your in-text citation style, you will place the publication date immediately after the author section, as opposed to at/near the end. This makes it easier for readers to find the appropriate citation in your reference list.

For example, here is a bibliographic reference entry for the same resource in each style:  

Footnote/Endnote Bibliography

Judt, Tony. A Grand Illusion? An Essay on Europe. New York: Hill and Wang, 1996.

Author-Date Bibliography

Judt, Tony. 1996. A Grand Illusion? An Essay on Europe. New York: Hill and Wang.  

As you can see, the only difference between these two reference entries is the date placement. All other elements are listed in the same order.

  General Bibliography Rules

• The bibliography should start on a new page, 12 pt. font (Times New Roman), and be titled ‘Bibliography’ at the top.
• Leave two blank lines between your bibliography title and the first entry.
• Use proper formatting for each type of source and always using a hanging indent. The first line of the citation will begin on the margin, subsequent lines are indented (opposite of a footnote/endnote).
• The bibliography should be alphabetical.
• Entries should be typed single-space but there should be a blank line between each separate citation.
• If you have multiple bibliographic entries from the same author, it is acceptable to use what is called the ‘3-em’ dash to replace the name of the content creators. For Example:  

Judt, Tony.  A Grand Illusion ?  An Essay on Europe. New York: Hill and Wang, 1996.

—.  Reappraisals: Reflections on the Forgotten Twentieth Century. New York: Penguin Press, 2008.

—, ed.  Resistance and Revolution in Mediterranean Europe, 1939-1948. New York: Routledge, 1989.

Bibliography Resources

There are many websites where you can get help with citing sources and formatting papers. Here are a few websites that can be trusted and provide excellent examples using Chicago Manual of Style:

Purdue University OWL

How to Cite Electronic Sources (Library of Congress)

Turabian Quick Guide (Kate Turabian)

NoodleTools

NoodleTools  helps you write citations in MLA, APA, or Chicago format, and create annotated bibliographies. It also has tools to create notecards, draft an outline of your paper and keep track of "To Do" tasks. Citations can be exported directly to your Google Drive, or to Word or other formats.

How to Set-up and Use NoodleTools

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• URL: https://research.wou.edu/chicago

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Chicago Citation Style - 17th Edition

• Chicago Home
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• Website Examples
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• How to Format Your Bibliography
• Create an Annotated Bibliography

Visit the Hours and Contacts page to see how you can get in touch with a librarian to assist you with your research.

How to Cite in Chicago Style by Laurier Library

Chicago Citation Style 17th Edition

The Chicago Manual of Style   is often used to document sources for papers in the  humanities  (eg. history, fine arts, and political science). This guide is based on the  Chicago Manual of Style  (17th ed.),  published in 2017.

Note:   The  Chicago Manual  uses two styles of citation.  This guide is intended as a guideline for the "Notes and Bibliography" style only.

New to citation? Check out the Red Deer College Library's  Chicago Fundamentals (17th edition) tutorial !

This tutorial will introduce you to the basic mechanics of Chicago Style and help you to:

• Identify the three ways to incorporate other researchers' ideas into your writing
• Differentiate between an in-text citation and a reference
• Determine the relevant elements of an in-text citation
• Recognize the order of the elements in a Chicago reference
• Construct proper Chicago references for common information formats

This tutorial will take approximately 30 minutes. It includes optional questions to test your knowledge.

Additional Chicago Resources

• Purdue Online Writing Lab - Chicago Formatting and Style Guide Writing resources and instructional material provided by Purdue University. Includes extensive examples.
• Excelsior Online Writing Lab
• QuickGuides - University of Alberta Contains two QuickGuides (formatting help) for Chicago Style that were created by the University of Alberta - Augustana Library

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• Last Updated: May 7, 2024 11:27 AM
• URL: https://libguides.southtexascollege.edu/chicago

• Request Info

Annotated Bibliographies

• Annotated Bibliography Using RefWorks

Sample Annotated Bibliography

• More Help with MLA
• More Help with APA
• More Help with Chicago/Turabian
• More Help with ACS
• More Help with CSE
• More Help with ASA
• Citing Sources Guide This link opens in a new window
• RefWorks This link opens in a new window
• Getting More Help
• Chicago 17th Style Sample Annotated Bibliography  

Washington State University University Library LibGuide, includes a sample annotated bibliography for a history course

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Chicago Format & Citation Style: Notes and Bibliography, 17th Edition

• Chicago Style
• Why & When to Cite
• General Guidelines

Primary Source within a Secondary Source

Item in a manuscript collection.

• Websites, Blogs, Social Media, & AI
• Audiovisual & Multimedia
• Report an Error / Question

FOOTNOTE format and examples:

1 Author's first name last name, description of primary source, Date, in Title of Secondary Source in Italics , ed. Editor's first name last name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), inclusive pages.

2 Paulina Jackson to John Pepys Junior, October 3, 1676, in The Letters of Samuel Pepys and His Family Circle , ed. Helen Truesdell Heath (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955), 43-44.

3 Jackson, letter to Pepys, 47.

BIBLIOGRAPHY format and example:

Author's last name, first name. Description of primary source, Date. In Title of Secondary Source in Italics , edited by Editor's first name last name. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.

Jackson, Paulina. Letter to John Pepys Junior, October 3, 1676. In The Letters of Samuel Pepys and His Family Circle , edited by Helen Truesdell Heath. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955.

1 Author's first name last name, description of item/document, Date, Name of Collection, Name of Institution and Location.

2 Joseph Dinkel, description of Louis Agassiz written at the request of Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, n.d, Louis Agassiz Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

3 Dinkel, description of Agassiz.

4 George Creel to Colonel House, 25 September 1918, Edward M. House Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.

5 Creel, letter to House.

Author's last name, first name. Description of Item/Document. Date. Name of Collection. Name of Institution and Location.

Creel, George. Letter to Colonel House. September 25, 1918. Edward M. House Papers. Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.

Dinkel, Joseph. Description of Louis Agassiz written at the request of Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, n.d. Louis Agassiz Papers. Houghton Library, Harvard University.

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• URL: https://libguides.uwf.edu/chicagonotesbib