how to write bibliography in kannada

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Rashtriya Granthasuchi is being published  in collaboration with the Government of  Karnataka since 1958 – 1972 and freely distributed by the Karnataka State Central Library, Bengaluru.

Since January 2010, with the help of library software and Unicode, documents in all languages ​​have been completely recorded  in their respective languages ​​and transliterated into Roman for the  Indian National Bibliography. From those documents, language bibliography in respective languages ​​is prepared. Fully computerized Kannada Language Bibliography  2018-2020 has been published.

KANNADA BIBLIOGRAPHY

KANNADA 2018 -2020 (PART 1)

KANNADA 2018 -2020 (PART 2)

KANNADA 2018 -2020 (PART 3)

KANNADA 2018 -2020 (PART 4)

Central Reference Library ©2021-2022. All rights reserved...

Kannada Typing

Its very easy and simple to type in Kannada (Kannada Type) using English. Just type the text in English in the given box and press space, it will convert the text in Kannada script.

Special Characters:

Independent vowels:, dependent vowels:, consonants:, additional consonants:, additional vowels for sanskrit:, sign used in sanskrit:.

Click on a word to see more options. English to Kannada converter gives you 100% accurate result if your input is correct. To switch between Kannada and English use ctrl + g. Now copy the text and use it anywhere on emails, chat, Facebook, twitter or any website.

1. English to Kannada Translation

2.  English to Kannada Typing Mobile App Free Download

3.  Type by Speak Kannada - Kannada Speech to Text

Kannada typing is very simple with the English to Kannada type software it shows the suggestion from what word to type in Kannada, so you can choose the correct word to type in Kannada. It also saves your time by auto complete feature for typing Kannada from English .

Kannada Typing very important to give feelings in words that is not possible while type in English. The typed word in Kannada are in Unicode font so you can use it any where on the web like Facebook, twitter, comments etc. The software also known as English to Kannada translation, English to Kannada converter system .

Free Download Kannada Font

How to Type in Kannada 

Kannada Typing is very easy with above method. Just type in English as you type messages in Mobile and press space bar. It will convert in Kannada. If you think you don't get desired word, you can press backspace key to open word suggestion list from which you can choose another suitable word of Kannada language.

Suggestions list will also appear when you click on that word with mouse. India Typing is Free and Fastest method for Type in Kannada, without practicing  Kannada keyboard  actually.

1. Type with your English keyboard and press space bar.

2. You will see your English typed word gets converted in Kannada.

3. If you don't get desired word, you can press backspace key to get more suggestion words, choose one from them. (To pop-up suggestion list you can click on particular word also)

4. If not found your desired word in suggestion list, try another combinations of English letters. This Kannada transcription works on Phonetics so make English letters combination as the sound vibrates from your mouth.

5. Still not get desired word ? You can click on Help button to insert any Kannada character or word.

6. You can download your typed Kannada text as either notepad file (.txt) or MS-Word file (.doc).

7. After completing your Kannada typing work, you can make formatting with open in editor option.

Explore Kannada Typing

Kannada  (  ಕನ್ನಡ )  is under top 20th spoken language in the world. Almost 70 million (i.e. 7 Crore) peoples speaks Kannada language mainly in Karnataka state in India. Kannada is official language of Karnataka. Kannada is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world.

Kannada is written in "Kannada" script which has its roots in "Brahmi" script. Kannada alphabet uses 49 phonemic letters, divided into three groups - 13 vowels (swaragalu), 34 consonants (vyanjanagalu), and yogavaahakagalu (neither vowel nor consonant - two letters: anusvara ಂ and visarga ಃ). Kannada is written from left to right.

Do you Know ?  What we speak is language, so  Kannada is a language  and What we write is known as script, so  Brahmi is a script . We Speak "Kannada" and Write in "Kannada-Brahmi" script.

Kannada Alphabets

Kannada alphabets consists 13 vowels and 34 consonants.

1. Vowels in Kannada

Kannada Vowels are found independently only in the initial position of a word. Otherwise they are added to consonants. 13 vowels of Kannada script are following.

ಅ, ಆ, ಇ, ಈ, ಉ, ಊ, ಋ, ಎ, ಏ, ಐ, ಒ, ಓ, ಔ

2. Consonants in Kannada

The primary consonants (without the vowel 'a') are called ardhaksaragalu. Kannada script consists 34 consonants are as following:

ಕ, ಖ, ಗ, ಘ, ಙ, ಚ, ಛ, ಜ, ಝ, ಞ, ಟ, ಠ, ಡ, ಢ, ಣ, ತ, ಥ, ದ, ಧ, ನ, ಪ, ಫ, ಬ, ಭ, ಮ, ಯ, ರ, ಲ, ವ, ಶ, ಷ, ಸ, ಹ, ಳ

3. Kannada Numerals

Numerals are written symbols used to represent numbers. Kannada counting uses distinct symbols for the numbers 0 to 9.

Kannada Numerals   ೦,  ೧,  ೨,  ೩,  ೪,  ೫,  ೬,  ೭,  ೮,  ೯

English Numerals      0,  1,  2,  3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,  9

Frequently Asked Questions ?

1. Is it safe type important document here on website?

Yes, we respect your works confidentiality and don't save it on our server and don't use it in any manner.

2.  What is the technology behind English to Kannada typing?

It's Kannada Transliteration, it is machine transliteration software as service enable you to type in Kannada.

3. How to change font of Kannada text ?

What you have typed with English to Kannada transcription is in Unicode Kannada font, so its very portable means you can use this Kannada text anywhere on the digital world. You can copy from here and paste it on Facebook, WhatsApp, twitter, blogs, comment section at any site. You could download Kannada text in either as notepad file (.txt format) or document file (MS word).

If you are looking for change font of your typed content you can change font family after download in your system. After download Kannada text, open with MS word or Notepad and change font family. You can  download Kannada Unicode fonts  from our website download menu.

4. Can I get my typed Kannada text in English also ?

Yes, you can get English translation of your Bengali text. Just copy the Kannada text you have typed and paste on  Kannada to English translator  tool. You will get translation in seconds.

5. Can I get Kannada text without type it ?

Yes, you have an alternative for Kannada typing without using keyboard, what you are looking for is  Kannada voice typing . Let your mic to do typing for you, just speak and your speech will be typed automatically.

6. Difference between Kannada translation and transliteration ?

Transliteration is the process of changing the script used to write words in one language to the script of another language. A translation tells you the meaning of words in another language.

7. Country of Origin?

This website is made in India with love.

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Kannada/Introduction

Kannada language is spoken in India predominantly in the state of Karnataka.

Native speakers of Kannada are called Kannadigas and number roughly 38 million. It is one of the 40 most spoken languages in the world. It is one of the scheduled languages of India and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka. The Kannada language is written using the Kannada script . Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia, and literary Old Kannada flourished in the 6th century Ganga dynasty and during 9th century Rashtrakuta Dynasty. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years, the excellence of Kannada literature continues to the present day. Works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards and fifty-six Sahitya Akademi awards. Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts, appointed by the Ministry of Culture, the Government of India officially recognised Kannada as a classical language. In July 2011, a centre for the study of classical Kannada was established under the aegis of Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) at Mysore to facilitate research related to the language.

• 1 Influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit
• 2.1 Old Kannada
• 2.2 Middle Kannada
• 4.1 Official status
• 5.1 Obsolete Kannada letters
• 5.2 Kannada script evolution
• 6.1 Compound bases

Influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit [ edit | edit source ]

The sources of influence on Kannada grammar appear to be three-fold; Panini's grammar, non-Paninian schools of Sanskrit grammar, particularly Katantra and Sakatayana schools, and Prakrit grammar. Literary Prakrit seemed to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times. The vernacular Prakrit speaking people, may have come in contact with the Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purpose. Kannada phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax show significant Sanskrit and Prakrit influence.

Some examples of naturalised ( tatbhava ) words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are baṇṇa derived from vaṇṇa , arasu (king), and from Sanskrit, varṇa (color), hunnime (new moon) from puṇṇivā , paurṇimā (full moon), and rāya from rāja (king). Kannada has numerous borrowed ( tatsama ) words such as dina , kopa , surya , mukha , nimiṣa , anna .

Literature [ edit | edit source ]

Old kannada [ edit | edit source ].

The oldest existing record of Kannada poetry in tripadi metre is the Kappe Arabhatta record of 700 AD. Kavirajamarga by King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I (850 AD) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardize various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King Durvinita of the 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 AD. Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier. An early Extant literature|extant prose work, the Vaddaradhane by Shivakotiacharya of 900 AD provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola. Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the Kavirajamarga are not yet traced. Some ancient texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are Prabhrita (650 AD) by Syamakundacharya, Chudamani (Crest Jewel—650 AD) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic ( Tatwartha-mahashastra ). The Karnateshwara Katha , a eulogy for King Pulakesi II, is said to have belonged to the 7th century; the Gajastaka , a work on elephant management by King Shivamara II, belonged to the 8th century, and the Chandraprabha-purana by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of King Amoghavarsha I, is ascribed to the early 9th century. Tamil Buddhist commentators of the 10th century AD (in the commentary on Nemrinatham , a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the 4th century AD. The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including Ragale (a form of blank verse) and meters like Sangatya and Shatpadi . The works of this period are based on Jainism|Jain and Hinduism|Hindu principles. Two of the early writers of this period are Harihara (poet)|Harihara and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the Ragale form of composition while Raghavanka popularized the Shatpadi (six-lined stanza) meter. The Vachana|Vachana Sahitya tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature, and the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi.

Middle Kannada [ edit | edit source ]

During the period between the 15th and 18th centuries, Hinduism had a great influence on Middle Kannada ( Nadugannada ) language and literature. Kumara Vyasa, who wrote the Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari , was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this period. His work, entirely composed in the native Bhamini Shatpadi (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of the first ten books of the Mahabharata. During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms. During this period, several Hindi and Marathi words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia.

Hindu saints of the Vaishnava sect such as Kanakadasa, Purandaradasa, Naraharitirtha, Vyasatirtha, Sripadaraya, Vadirajatirtha, Vijaya Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period. Kanakadasa's Ramadhanya Charite is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle. This period saw the advent of Haridasa Sahitya ( lit Dasa literature) which made rich contributions to bhakti literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa is widely considered the Father of Carnatic music .

The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as Hosagannada or Modern Kannada. Most notable among the modernists was the poet Nandalike Muddana whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat Indira Bai or Saddharma Vijayavu by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. The first modern movable type printing of "Canarese" appears to be the Canarese Grammar of William Carey (missionary)|Carey printed at Serampore in 1817, and the "Bible translations into Kannada|Bible in Canarese" of John Hands in 1820. The first novel printed was John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress , along with other texts including Canarese Proverbs , The History of Little Henry and his Bearer by Mary Martha Sherwood, Christian Gottlob Barth's Bible Stories and "a Canarese hymn book.” Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya , Navya , Navyottara , Dalita and Bandaya . Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith|Jnanpith awards and fifty six Sahitya Academy awards.

Dialects [ edit | edit source ]

There is also a considerable difference between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form is more or less consistent throughout Karnataka. The Ethnologue reports "about 20 dialects" of Kannada. Among them are Kundagannada (spoken exclusively in Kundapura), Nadavar-Kannada (spoken by Nadavaru), Havigannada (spoken mainly by Havyaka Brahmins), Are Bhashe (spoken by Gowda community mainly in the Sullia region of Dakshina Kannada), Soliga, Gulbarga Kannada, Dharawad Kannada etc. All of these dialects are influenced by their regional and cultural background Ethnologue also classifies a group of four languages related to Kannada, which are, besides Kannada proper, Badaga language|Badaga, Holiya and Urali.

Geographic distribution [ edit | edit source ]

Kannada is mainly spoken in Karnataka in India, and to a good extent in the border areas of neighbouring states Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa, as well as in sizeable communities in the USA, Europe, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Middle Eastern countries, Canada, Malaysia, Australia, the UK, and Singapore.

Official status [ edit | edit source ]

Kannada is one of the 23 official languages of India and is an administrative language of the State of Karnataka. It is also one of the six classical languages of India.

Writing system [ edit | edit source ]

The language uses forty-nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: swaragalu (vowels – thirteen letters); vyanjanagalu (consonants – thirty-four letters); and yogavaahakagalu (neither vowel nor consonant – two letters: the anusvara ಂ and the visarga ಃ ), The character set is almost identical to that of other Languages of India|Indian languages. The script itself, derived from Brahmi script, is fairly complicated like most other languages of India owing to the occurrence of various combinations of "half-letters" (glyphs), or symbols that attach to various letters in a manner similar to diacritical marks in the Romance languages. The Kannada script is almost perfectly phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottakshara) . Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English. The Kannada script is syllabic.

Obsolete Kannada letters [ edit | edit source ]

Kannada literary works employed the letters ಱ (transliterated 'rh') and ೞ (transliterated 'ḻ', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-day Malayalam and Tamil language|Tamil. The letters dropped out of use in the 12th and 18th centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with ರ (ra) and ಳ (la) respectively. Another letter (or unclassified vyanjana (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'. (Likewise, this has its equivalent in Malayalam and Tamil.) The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially the Dakshina Kannada district). Now hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by ನ್ (consonant n).

Kannada script evolution [ edit | edit source ]

The image below shows the evolution of Kannada script from prehistoric times to modern period. The Kannada script evolved in stages like:

Proto Kannada -> Pre-Old Kannada -> Old Kannada -> Modern Kannada.

The ProtoKannada script has its root in ancient Brahmi and evolved around c.3rd century BCE. The Pre-Old Kannada script evolved around c.4th century CE. Old Kannada script can be traced to c.10th Century CE. while Modern Kannada script came around c.17th Century CE.

Grammar [ edit | edit source ]

The canonical word order of Kannada is SOV(subject–object–verb) as is the case with Dravidian languages.Kannada is a highly inflected language with three Grammatical gender|genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter or common) and two numbers (singular and plural). It is inflected for gender, number and tense, among other things. The first authoritative known book on Kannada grammar is Shabdhamanidarpana by Keshiraaja. The first available Kannada book is a treatise on poetry: Kavirajamarga . The most influential account of Kannada grammar is Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana (c. 1260 CE). The earlier grammatical works include portions of Kavirajamarga (a treatise on alańkāra ) of the 9th century, and Kavyavalokana and Karnatakabhashabhushana (both authored by Nagavarma II in the first half of the 12th century).

Compound bases [ edit | edit source ]

Compound bases, called samāsa in Kannada, are a set of two or more words compounded together. There are several types of compound bases, based on the rules followed for compounding Examples: tangaaLi , hemmara , immadi .

Gender [ edit | edit source ]

According to Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana , there are nine gender forms in Kannada. However, in modern Kannada literature only three gender forms are used in practice: masculine, feminine, and neutral.

Words that denote male persons are considered to have masculine gender.

• Examples: Shiva, Bhima, Rama, arasa 'king'

Words that denote female persons are considered to have feminine gender.

• Examples: Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati, amma 'mother'

Nouns that do not belong to either of the above two classes are considered to have neuter gender.

• Book:Kannada
• Articles containing Kannada-language text

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How to improve my writing skills in Kannada Quickly?

Introduction.

Good writing skills make you able to give your message to a larger audience. It makes you clear, understandable, and sometimes famous (If you can write at a professional level). Writing skills are sometimes a God gift but you have to polish your writing skills too so that you can reach wider. It is the same with the writing skills in the Kannada language too! Kannada is an old language and has a rich and prosperous grammar and vocabulary. If you know the language and want to write something in Kannada, then here is how you can improve your writing skills in Kannada quickly!

Ways to improve my writing skills:

1.learn correct grammar:.

If you are interested in writing then first of all you should focus on correct grammar because written work attracts more critics. Spoken words remain for a short time and some mistakes are acceptable in the speech but the written work is for longer and it is proof of your writing style too. Correct grammar will make you more acceptable. On the other hand, you would be able to understand other writers’ works to improve yourself. This will take some time, but you will be able to express your thoughts more clearly. Remember! Correct Grammar includes correct spellings and punctuations too!

2. Observe others:

If you want to improve your writing skills, then read the works of other writers first. Choose the genre according to your need. For example, if you are interested in writing poems, read poems. If you are interested in in-formal writing, read such works. This will not only get you ideas, but it will also make you able to understand writing styles and various sentence structures.

3. Observe your writing:

If you are writing a piece of work then observe it as if you are observing it from the point of view of a reader. For this, read the piece loudly and slowly. Read it again and again. You will notice your points of improvement naturally! This is the best way to improve writing skills as it can make your writing clearer and better.

This includes drafting and re-drafting your matter. Writing, again and again, makes you practice more structures, styles, and words thus improving your knowledge too!

4. Remember the target:

Many times it happens that you lose focus while focusing on the style and structure. So! Don’t lose your target i.e. the message or the essence of the writing that you want to give to your audience. For this, you should also focus on linking lines, paragraphs, or incidents that connect different parts of your work.

5. Take some guidance:

If you are thinking to write professionally, you should take some guidance from experts. This will help you understand the drawbacks of your style. For this, you can enroll yourself in any offline or online institution that is available to you. I recommend Multibhashi here!

Multibhashi is an online language learning institution that provides sessions to learn many Indian languages including Kannada. They provide expert guidance and other materials to help you improve your writing.

Remember that writing includes many aspects and you should keep all the aspects while writing your artwork. Audiences’ choice, theme, interest, proper conveying of the message, grammar, vocabulary, structure, and genre all these aspects are the basic ones.  Also, remember! A written work is valuable only if it impacts the hearts, soul, and mind of its audience. The lesser the impact of the writing, the poorer it will be considered. So! Always try to make your work impactful! All the best! 

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Essay Writing in Kannada: A Comprehensive Guide

Writing an essay can be a daunting task for many, no matter what the language. But writing an essay in Kannada can prove to be especially challenging if you aren’t well-versed in the language. To help make this process easier and give aspiring writers the tools they need to create beautiful works of art, we present our “Essay Writing in Kannada: A Comprehensive Guide”! In this comprehensive guide you will learn all about how to structure your work, craft perfect sentences and more. Read on as we equip you with all the knowledge needed for success when it comes to writing essays in Kannada!

1. Introduction to Essay Writing in Kannada

Essay Writing in Kannada: Kannada is a language spoken predominantly in the south Indian state of Karnataka. As such, it belongs to the Dravidian family of languages that are largely confined to India and South Asia. Essay writing in Kannada refers to essays written within this specific linguistic context. Typically, these kinds of essays will focus on topics related to culture, literature or history of Karnataka.

What essay writing in Kannada involves is an understanding and appreciation for its unique structure – with regards to grammar rules as well as stylistic nuances particular to this language. In addition, components like appropriate word choice and sentence structure also hold special importance when crafting any essay written completely or partially in Kannada. Furthermore authors would need keep certain conventions established by literary greats like Kuvempu and Shivarama Karanth at heart while constructing their works.

• Linguistic structures
• Stylistic distinction
• Appropriate word choice

2. Understanding the Requirements of Kannada Essays

Kannada essays are an important form of writing in Kannada. When it comes to essay writing, one has to be aware of the rules and guidelines that need to be followed. Whether you are a student or a professional writer, understanding these requirements is essential to crafting quality content in this language.

Key Aspects:

• Word limit for what essay writing in Kannada
• Structure and presentation style
• Appropriate use of language fundamentals

In order for any piece written in Kannada to qualify as an essay, it must adhere strictly to its specific word limit, which depends on what kind of paper the author is attempting at. For example, college level papers would require more words than those intended for high school students . Following this requirement helps give due credit where necessary.

When it comes down formatting topics related to what essay writing in Kannada , there needs to be consistency throughout the document with respect basic structure elements such as margins, line spacing paragraphs etcetera so that each page follows uniformity . Writing styles may vary depending on topic but appropriate use of grammar remains core part all forms writings done within this language. Taking into account cultural differences also imperative ensure accuracy translations works created using kanna script while being considered scholarly work will stay relevant regardless context times they were discussing .

3. Developing a Plan for Effective Kannada Essays

Planning for Kannada Essays When writing a Kannada essay, it is important to plan the overall structure. Without planning in advance, an essay can lack clarity and relevance. The following steps should be taken when developing a plan for effective essays:

• Decide on the purpose of what essay you are trying to write.
• Choose a topic related to the subject or theme that you want to explore.
• Carefully research all topics related to your chosen theme before starting writing process.

Having researched your subject matter fully, it is now time formulate an appropriate outline. An effective plan will define both how each part of your argument flows logically from one another as well as providing guidance over which points are most relevant.

• Define specific goals at each stage of your paper – this could include precise descriptions in terms of information sources or arguments/counterarguments that need addressing

. alink=”https://www.google.com/search?ei=FxxmXpm-LfSr9QP37K6oCw&q=what+essay+writing+in+kannada&oq=what+essay+writi”>What Essay Writing in Kannada entails . li > Natural ly , creating such plans requires knowledge about What Essay Writing in Kanna da involves . Therefore, ample background reading needs t o take place be fore embark ing on th e task itself . Once competency has been gained through preparatory work done prior crea ting course outlines becomes easier and more effective .

4. Crafting Quality Content with Proper Usage and Grammar

Creating quality content starts with proper usage and grammar rules. What essay writing in Kannada requires the knowledge of how to construct sentences, correct spelling, punctuation and capitalization – all of which are essential tools for creating a well-written document.

To achieve consistency in one’s writing it is important to pay attention to the tiniest details. Below are few tips that can help while working on an assignment:

• Proofread multiple times

With careful proofreading comes accuracy and reliability of your work. Taking time out between two reads will give you enough clarity when correcting mistakes or eliminating errors if any.

• Make use of spell checkers

Spell checks do not replace your own review but can be quite helpful while fixing minor errors as they come up quickly without consuming much time.

5. Articulating Ideas through Logical Flow of Thought and Argumentation

The ability to is essential in clear and concise communication. To communicate thoughts logically, one must be able to articulate them effectively. What essay writing in kannada assists with this by focusing on the structure of an essay and encouraging a logical flow from introduction to conclusion.

Unnumbered List :

• Formal introductions: When beginning an academic paper, it’s important that students learn how to introduce their topic using formal language.
• Developing arguments: Once the introduction has been written, body paragraphs need to have sophisticated reasoning which requires careful fact-checking and consideration.

Essay writers who successfully apply these strategies can create content that flows well throughout its entirety—from start to finish —and propels forward through argumentation that raises questions as much as answers them whenever appropriate.. In addition , they must consider if each sentence supports and builds upon overall objectives set out at the very onset—this process offers valuable learning experiences since connecting evidence organically reinforces student understanding because it teaches thoughtful inquiry toward other sources beyond given scope . With time devoted towards practicing techniques like those mentioned above , individuals gain better command over how they express themselves intellectually within any type of text based format – something invaluable both inside classroom walls and outside during professional arenas .

6. Polishing Your Final Drafts with Relevant Points and Accurate Citations

When putting together any kind of essay, especially those requiring in-depth research and synthesis of sources, it is essential to provide the readers with accurate citations. This will serve multiple purposes: firstly, it shows that you have done your due diligence in researching the assigned topic thoroughly; secondly, it allows readers and citation checkers to track down all relevant materials without hindrance; thirdly, proper citation adds authority to whatever position you are taking on a certain issue.

• Incorporating Relevant Points
• Accurate Citations

7. Conclusion: The Importance of Effective Kannada Essay Writing

Kannada essay writing is an important part of communication within the Kannada language. It not only allows for a more efficient exchange of ideas, but it also serves as an effective way to communicate the thoughts and feelings associated with different topics in this native tongue. Ultimately, what essay writing in Kannada does is it helps people express themselves better through its varied range of tools and techniques that are essential to composing such sophisticated pieces.

First off, one must understand core components associated with successful Kannadat essay writing—effective sentence structure, grammar accuracy and lexical choice. Without these fundamental tenets embedded into the craftsmanship itself, any attempt at expressing thoughts or feelings may be reduced to a jumble of words leaving both reader and writer completely bewildered as to their true meaning or intent. Additionally, having well-defined rhetorical strategies make all the difference when trying talking about specific issues coherently while thoroughly providing numerous perspectives on them as well via comparison/contrasting techniques among other approaches included when creating said essays for maximum effectuality . By using persuasive elements like ethosimpathosand logosin conjunction with figurative devices such astmetaphorsanalogiesand similesessay writers can truly create masterful works capable of simultaneously turning heads yet rewarding readers intellectually too! Therefore concluding that learning how compose quality written work (especially if arguing over controversial subject matter) in this respected dialect should undeniably take precedence over other nonacademic tasks given its importance once entering higher education settings where poor literacy skills will ultimately lead intellectual pursuits down paths otherwise avoidable had proper attention been paid beforehand when honing those very same ability sets needed here! Writing Kannada essays is a great way for anyone to express their thoughts, feelings and beliefs in an elegant and culturally relevant language. This comprehensive guide should help you understand the basics of essay writing in Kannada so that you can use this powerful tool to communicate effectively with your readers. Now get out there, put pen-to-paper—or finger-to-keyboard—and let your words flow!

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How to Write a Bibliography

Last Updated: March 12, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Diane Stubbs . Diane Stubbs is a Secondary English Teacher with over 22 years of experience teaching all high school grade levels and AP courses. She specializes in secondary education, classroom management, and educational technology. Diane earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Delaware and a Master of Education from Wesley College. There are 14 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 661,739 times.

When you write a paper or a book, it's important to include a bibliography. A bibliography tells your reader what sources you've used. It lists all the books, articles, and other references you cited in or used to inform your work. Bibliographies are typically formatted according to one of three styles: American Psychological Association (APA) for scientific papers, Modern Language Association (MLA) for humanities papers, and Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) for the social sciences. Make sure you always check with your superior - whether a professor or boss - about which style they prefer.

Sample Bibliographies

Writing an APA Bibliography

• For example, if the author's name for a source is "John Adams Smith," you would list him as "Smith, J.A.," before listing the title of his piece.

• For example, if one source has twelve authors, and the seventh author is "Smith, J.A." and the twelfth is "Timothy, S.J.," you would list the first six authors, then write "Smith, J.A. ...Timothy, S.J."

• For example, if you have a World Health Organization Report without an author as one of your sources, you would write, "World Health Organization, "Report on Development Strategies in Developing Nations," July 1996."

• For example, an article citation might look like this: Jensen, O. E. (2012). "African Elephants." Savannah Quarterly , 2(1), 88.
• If the periodical the article comes from always begins with page number 1 (these types of periodicals are called “paginated by issue” periodicals, you should include the full page range of the article.
• If the article was retrieved online, end the citation with the words "Retrieved from" followed by the web address.

• Example: Worden, B. L. (1999). Echoing Eden. New York, New York: One Two Press.
• If the title is more than one word long and doesn’t contain any proper nouns, only the first word should be capitalized. Only the first letter of any subtitle should be capitalized as well.

• For example, a cited website might look like this: Quarry, R. R. (May 23, 2010). Wild Skies. Retrieved from https://wildskies.com.
• If no author is available, just start with the title. If no date is available, write "n.d."

Writing a MLA Bibliography

• You shouldn’t use an author’s title or degrees when listing their names in your bibliography. This is true even if they are listed that way on the source.

• For example, a book citation might look like this: Butler, Olivia. Parable of the Flower. Sacramento: Seed Press, 1996.

• For example, an article published in a scholarly journal might look like this: Green, Marsha. "Life in Costa Rica." Science Magazine vol. 1, no. 4, Mar 2013: 1-2.
• If you’re citing an article in a newspaper, you only need the name of the newspaper, followed by the date it was published, and the page number. A citation for that might look like this: Smith, Jennifer. “Tiny Tim Wins Award.” New York Times, 24 Dec 2017, p. A7.

• For example, a website citation might look like this: Jong, June. "How to Write an Essay." Writing Portal. 2 Aug. 2012. University of California. 23 Feb. 2013. <https://writingportal.com>
• Some websites, particularly academic ones, will have what’s called a DOI (digital object identifier). Write “doi:” in front of this number in place of the website’s url if a DOI is available.

Writing a CMS Bibliography

• Example: Skylar Marsh. "Walking on Water." Earth Magazine 4(2001): 23.

• For example, a book entry might look like this: Walter White. Space and Time . New York: London Press, 1982

• Example: University of California. "History of University of California." Last modified April 3, 2013. https://universityofcalifornia.com.
• Unless there is a publication date for the website you’re citing, you don’t need to include an access date. If you do have an access date, it goes at the end of the citation.

Expert Q&A

• Ask your teacher or professor which style they prefer you to use in your paper. Thanks Helpful 6 Not Helpful 2
• Be sure to include each and every source you reference in your work. Thanks Helpful 7 Not Helpful 5
• When writing a bibliography or a reference page, it really comes down to looking at an example and applying it to your own information. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-references/compilingbibliography
• ↑ https://morningside.libguides.com/APA7/references
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
• ↑ Cite articles
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/08/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/
• ↑ https://www.scribbr.com/mla/works-cited/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/05/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_page_basic_format.html
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/06/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/07/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/03/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/05/

About This Article

To create an APA bibliography, title a separate page at the end of your paper "References." Then, use the authors' last names to organize your list alphabetically, for example by writing the author John Adam Smith as "Smith, J. A." If a source has more than 7 authors, list the first 7 before adding an ellipses. To cite an article, include the author's name, year of publication, article title, publication title, and page numbers. When citing a book, begin with the author's name, then the date of publication, title in Italics, location of the publisher, and publisher's name. For tips on how to write an MLA or CMS bibliography, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Biligiri h.s. 1970 varnana:tmaka vya:karana bangalore university, bangalore..

It is a collection of special lectures in kannada language. The first lecture deals with language and descriptive grammar: the second with phonemes, morphemes and the word and the last with syntax. It is an assumption among scholars that the grammar is a very technical subject and the linguistics even more. The subject is treated in a direct and convincing manner. The book reads like a long story, simple yet comprehensive, and all aspects of the kannada language is described from the point of view of modern linguistics.

Chidanandamurthy. M 1965 bʰa:sa: vijna:nada mu:latatvagaLu. D.V.K.Murthy, Publication, Mysore.

This book has 13 chapters. As the author himself has admitted, the book has emphasised on historical linguistics. The exposition of descriptive linguistics is also found to some extent. Murthy’s presentation of the subject is quite technical and simple.

Dharwadkar 1968 ‘Kannada bʰa:s̡a śa:stra’

This book is useful from the point of view of the material it contains. Whenever the author takes up certain issue for discussion he quotes in detail the view of different scholars in the field. It also contains many examples.

Dondo Narasimha Mulabagilu 1892 ‘nuDigaTTu’

The grammar was written for the use of secondary schools and training colleges. While writing, the author has referred śabda:nuśa:sana and other ancient grammars. There are three parts in the grammar viz. akas̡ara vica:ra, śabda vica:ra, and va:kya vica:ra. It is interesting to note this division in the description of a language, viz., phonology, morphology and syntax. Surprisingly the author has given the definition of language before referring to the usual grammatical topics. Besides, points of articulation etc., are given.

Hampanagarajayya 1966 Dra:viDa bʰa:s̡a:vijna:na

It is a comparative study of Dravidian languages. The book extending over 463 pages deals with Dravidian linguistics. Much work has been done, mostly by westerns scholars, in Dravidian linguistics in the course of hundred years and such book incorporating all the results in kannada is a welcome addition. This book in 48 chapters with an appendix has gathered exhaustive information by way of theories, views and other means. Much material is found about Dravidian languages.

---- 1968. bʰa:s̡a:vijna:na

It contains most of the topics on linguistics, both historical and descriptive. But neither brevity nor clarity is found in the book.

Harlod spencer 1985. A kannada grammar Asian educational services. New Delhi.

This hand book is designed for the use of those who desire to learn the modern form of kannada, their own mother tongue being English. In the paragraphs which follow, the roman alphabet, pointed where necessary, is used to indicate kannada sounds.

Hiremath. R.C. 1961. The structure of kannada. Karnataka university Dharwar.

R.C.Hiremath is a renowned scholar in kannada linguistics and literature, trained in India and Western techniques of linguistics. The work is a special research problem under taken during his stay in the University of California, Berkeley. He has traced the structure of the kannada language on a descriptive level. An interesting feature of the book is that it bases its descriptions entirely on colloquial forms. Analysis of the topics, in detail, of colloquial forms collected for illustration, and attempt to build a system out of the apparent, disorder of colloquial forms are some of the salient features of this book.

John Mckerrel 1820 Karna:Taka vya:karNa Fort St, george college. Madras.

The purpose of writing this grammar is made clear in the preface of the book: “In India, a knowledge of language of the country is of the highest importance to public interests, for without that knowledge no public servant can discharge the duties of his office” that was the purpose of almost all the grammars written by christian missionary authors. Mekerrel wrote his grammar on the basis of śabdamaNidarpaNa by ke:sira:ja.

Kempegowda 1993 sa:ma:nyabʰa:s̡avijna:na bʰa:rati: praka:śana, Mysore.

It is purely general linguistics book. It contains most of the topics on linguistics like, phonology, morphology, syntax, semintax, lexicon etc,…

Kulli G.S. 1976 ke:śira:ja:’s śabdamaNidarpaNa, Karnataka University, Dharwar.

Dr. Kulli has been awarded the Doctorate Degree of the Karnataka University, Dharwar for this work. He richly deserves this Degree for his valuable work. The entire grammar has been rearranged for the purpose of this study and now and then the missing links higher and higher have been pointed out. This therefore, has become a study with the new interpretations which is the Kernal point of the thesis.

1927 Kannada kaipiDi Mysore University, Mysore

It is a reference work on the kannada language and related topics in kannada literature. The object of producing these volumes was to present the material that was available till then. However difficult and controversial topics are generally avoided. It contains five parts written by eminent scholars. There was no single book which could give information about all the branches of kannada literature. A book that could deal with all the branches of the kannada language and literature was a long felt necessity, with that view the mysore university planed the volume. Part-I (grammar of old kannada) and part IV (History of kannada language) are important for our purpose.

Part I deals with kannada grammar. The treatment through out is on the model of old kannada grammars. In most places, it is a paraphrase of those grammars. This fact need not affect the merit of this book which has become a valuable reference work in respect of old kannada grammars.

Part IV deals with the history of the kannada language. It was brought out in a separate volume. The authors responsible are B.M.Sreekantayya and T.S.Venkannayya, renowed scholars both in kannada language and literature.

A detailed treatment of grammatical topics through various aspects of kannada is found in this book.

Kikkeri Narayana 1994 kannada speech sounds For Second Language Learners. CIIL Publication, Mysore.

Kannada alphabetic order is followed while describing the speech sounds in this book. To facilitate the kannada language learners and to appreciate the speech sounds of kannada, the approximate equivalent in urdu, Hindi, Marathi, Malayalam, Tamil, Telagu and English speech sounds are also given through examples, along with the kannada speech sounds described. If there are no corresponding speech sounds in the language/languages considered for illustration an extra note is given.

Kittel. F 1903 A grammar of the kannada language. Mangalore masel mission book.

This book is based on ke:śira:ja’s śabdamaNidarpaNa. The terminology of his grammar is simple, and set for the three dialects of kannada. They are Ancient kannada, Medieval kannada and Modern kannada.

Krishnarao 1968 kannaDa bʰa:s̡eya svaru:pa

This book deals with the nature of the kannada language. There are 10 chapters dealing with language and linguistics. Origin of kannada, phonemic system, variations in languages etc., The treatment of topics is laboured thought, as the author wants to present as much material as possible.

Kulakarni 1967 kannaDa bʰa:s̡eya caritre.

The author who had his training in grammar in the traditional way had supplemented it further by self-study. The book is the out come of his nearly 40 years of teaching experience and study. The book contains a great deal of information about kannada grammar. It contains 26 chapters dealing with topics like: existence of kannada, kannada and Sanskrit, stages of kannada. The alphabet based on principles of philology etc. Though the treatment appears to be traditional one cannot miss the modern out look and application of modern advanced knowledge of languages. In such a voluminous work, there is bound to be room for difference of opinion about many facts. The work is valuable contribution to the knowledge of the kannada language.

Kulli G.S. 1973 aitiha:sika bʰa:s̡avijna:na sirigannaDa praka:śana, Dharwar.

It deals with historical lingustics in a technical manner and has introduced new technical terms relating to the subject.

Muguli 1971 kannaDa sa:hitya caritre us̡a:sa:hitya ma:le, Mysore.

It contains some parts written by R.S.Mugali. A book that could deal with first three stages of the kannada language and literature was a long felt necessity. Part I deals with the history of the kannada literature through the various stages of kannada is found in this book.

Narasimhachar. R 1934 The history of the Kannada Language. Mysore University. Mysore.

The book is divided into five chapters. The topic dealt with are: Dravidin languages, place of kannada among these languages, structure of kannada, kannada , borrowings, various stages of kannada and process of language change.

Narasimhacharya R.A.P. 2002. The kannadas Cosmo Publication. New Delhi

The kannadas, with a view to discovering its uniqueness as a vital part of India, and its indebtedness as well as contribution to Indian culture whole. The reference work, perhaps the first of this kind, show cases the Historical, social, political and literary development of the kannada’s.

Nayak H.M. 1967 Kannada:literary and colloquil.

It is a doctoral thesis submitted to the Indian University. Dr. Nayak has attempted to study the two styles of kannada, literary and colloquial, comparatively. In the first chapter, the introduction, he has produced evidence for the existence of diglossia in early kannada literature. In the 2nd chapter he compares the two styles on the phonological level and he gives exhaustive rules for both styles. The work is an useful addition to kannada linguistic literature. This book being the scientific study of two styles can be considered as the heralder of similar studies.

Pujar, M.P 1952 kelavu kannaDa vya:karaNa vica:ragaLu, Kannada Research Institute, Dharwar.

This book is one of the brillant products of the traditional learning in both Sanskrit and Kannada. Among the several topics, dealt with in this book are kannada phonetics, phonology, active and passive voice etc…..

Ramachandra C.S. 1999 KannaDa bʰa:s̡a:locana ma:ngiri praka:śana, Mysore.

The book being the scientific study of the kannada language and lingustics. There are 12 articles, dealing with language and linguistics like kannada language structure, phonemic system, variations in language etc…

---- 1999 studies in kannaDa linguistics ma:ngiri praka:śana, Mysore.

The aim of this book is to explain various significant aspects of kannada language. It has seven articles. Each articles explains the salient features and some issues of kannada language.

Sanford B.Steever – The Dravidian languages Routledge. London and Newyork.

This book contains readable description of 12 of the individual languages written by internationally recognized experts. Fifty chapter introduces the reader to the language and its speaker, then proceeds to discuss its internal structure in section devoted to phonology, morphology, and the parts of speech, syntax and lexicon.

Sangamesha savadatti matha 1986 dra:viDa bʰa:s̡a vijna:na ru:pa raśmi praka:śana. Kalburgi.

This book is useful from the point of view of the materials it contains. A book that could deal with Dravidian languages and it’s linguistic functions. Like, Dravidian family, Dravidian race, language classification, parts of speech and so on.

----1990 kannaDa bʰa:s̡a vya:sańga ru:paraśmi praka:śana. Gulbarga

The book makes the scientific study of kannada linguistic and language grammar. There are seven chapters, dealing with descriptive, comparative and historical kannada grammar and it also describes different stages of kannada language and grammar. Each chapters explains the salient features of kannada grammar.

Sediyapu krishnabhat 1955 kannaDa varNagaLu kannada Research Institute, Dharwar.

Here is an attempt to describe the kannada alphabet against the background of Dravidian pronounciation. An interesting feature of the book is that it has made use of both colloquial and literary forms. It has also used forms of sister languages, like Tamil, Malayalam and Tulu for comparison.

Shankar bhat D.N 1970 bʰa:seya bagege ni:ve:nu balliri.

There is a collection of popular articles on language and language learning. The articles in this collection may be divided into three categories: nature of language, defects in the procedures of learning and teaching language, and miscellaneous.

---- KannaDa bʰa:s̡eya sańks̡ipta caritre.

It treats in a short compass the history of the kannada language on modern lines. This brief work has trodden new grounds in this useful book. It would have been better if Bhat had written a comprehensive history of the kannada language.

Shankar kedilaya 1970 Foreign loan words in Kannada University of Madras. Madras.

Shrikanthayya t.n. 1939 kannada madʰyama vya:karana.

This grammar is meant for middle schools. Notable among the features of ‘Madhyama vya:karaNa’ are that there are no statements of suffix of the first case, omission of the fifth case and separation of compound verbs.

Sridhar.S.N. 1990 Kannada, Routledge, Newyork.

The present descriptive grammar gives a detailed and sophisticated account of the standard language, drawing on the insights of traditional, structuralist, and generative linguistists and on the author’s own extensive.

A valuable features of this grammar is the authors consistent attempt to relate formal and functional aspects of the language. Although the variety described is the standard literary variety (because of its greater morphological transparency), the forms of the colloquial varieties are continuously referred to, and the examples convey the flavour of spoken, idiomatic kannada with its descriptive rigour, range of phenomena covered.

Thomas. R. Truatmann 1995 Dravidian Kinship vistaar publication. New Delhi

The argument of this book is that the Dravidian kinship is an historical contras. Specifically, that the empirial kinship systems called Dravidian are the desendants of common ancestral kinship system. Whence to apprehend the Dravidian kinship system is an act of historical reconstruction, requiring the use of methods and materials of both anthropology and history.

Thomas Hudson 1859 ‘An elementary grammar of the kannada OR canarese language’ Wesleyan Mission Press, Mysore.

This book is specifically written for the use of English people wishing to learn kannada. Accordingly every word used in the examples is translated and the pronounciation is given in English characters. This book of over 350 pages treats alphabets, parts of speech, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and articles in detail and some other informations are also covered.

Tirumalesh, K.V. 2000 The land scape of language (Issues in kannada linguistics) Allied Publishers Ltd., New Delhi

The structure of a language may be linked to the architecture of a natural landscape with its largely autonomous and yet inter connected spaces. And that metaphor informs the contents of this book which is about the form of kannada sentences and words. This is not comprehensive grammar of the language but gives the reader a broad-specim-view of its structure. The main focus is on certain key issues that are of interest to modern linguistics.

Upadyaya U.P. 2000 Kannada Phonetic Reader CIIL Publication. Mysore.

Phonetic Reader is to introduce the sound system of kannada language to non native speakers by providing descriptions of sounds with illustrative example and drills. It is hoped that this will enable the learner to acquire the acceptable pronounciation of kannada sounds.

The present Reader is divided into three parts. Part I, gives a brief description of the vocal organs involved in the production of speech sounds for the correct understanding of articulatory processes. Part II gives a description of kannada speech sounds. Phonetic labels of the sounds and illustrations to show the occurrence of the sounds in different environments are also given. Part III contains contrastive pairs for ear, training and oral, practice, a note on the phonemics of kannada and phonemegrapheme correspondence.

Varadaraj .R Umarjis 1969 ‘The kannada language, its origin and Development.’ Karnataka Historical Research Society, Dharwar.

The book deals with the history of the kannada language from a comparative point of view. The book disappoints us since the author instead of describing the origin and development of kannada has tried to prove that kannada has sprouted from Sanskrit.

William Bright 1958 An out line of colloquial kannada. Poona. Deccan College.

This work is offered as a first approximation to a grammar of the spoken language. The colloquial forms elicited from the informants are analysed in detail on phonological, morphological, morphophonemic and syntactic levels. On a narrow canvas the book has clearly analysed colloquial kannada.

William carey 1817 The grammar of the Karnataka language.

This is the first grammar in the kannada language (19th century). Not only it was the first grammar on modern lines but also the first book to be published in kannada.

William madtha 1975 KannaDa bʰa:s̡eya ru:pure:s̡egaLu, Karnataka University, Dharwar.

A bare outline of all the grammatical concepts of kannada language, it deals with the subject from linguistic point of view.

Zeigler 1872 a practical key to canarese language.

This grammar is again meant for English students wishing to learn kannada. It deals exhaustively with all the topics of kannada grammar. The scheme of the book Is: explanation of English examples in kannada, their transliteration in English and the translation. One of the interesting features of the book is the omission of Sanskrit letters not necessary for kannada. The treatment is simple detailed and easy to understand.

Dravidian Encyclopaedia – 1997 (volume 1-2-3) ** The International school of Dravidian Linguistics

The aim of these books refers to various significant aspects of History, people, culture, language and literature (Dravida)!. Early political movements were for the preservation of the Dravidian identity by differentiating it from other cultures, especially the Aryan culture. The third volume is purely academic. The major and minor languages spoken in India and in other parts of the world have been covered adequately in this volume. ** Source for the : Bibbligraphy part in ke:sirakas ‘sabdamaNidarpaNa’ by J.S. Kulli 1976. pp 271 to 294.

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Academic literature on the topic 'Kannada'

Create a spot-on reference in apa, mla, chicago, harvard, and other styles.

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Kannada.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

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Journal articles on the topic "Kannada":

Rego, Richard. "Kannada Cinema." Journal of Creative Communications 6, no. 1-2 (March 2011): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973258613499109.

GEETA AGNIHOTRI and S. SRIDHARA. "Pre -harvest forecasting models for kharif rice yield in coastal Karnataka using weather indices." Journal of Agrometeorology 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v16i2.1523.

Devaraj, Anjali Yogesh, Anup S. Jain, Omisha N, and Shobana TS. "Kannada Text Recognition." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46520.

TIRUMALESH, K. V. "Kannada Dative Allomorphy." Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 17, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/cill.17.4.2016685.

Jayalalitha, Dr. "Tamil and Kannada Prosody - A Comparative Study." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v4i4.2349.

Lokesha and Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar. "Impact of factors on the utilization of agricultural credit of banks: an analysis from the borrowers’ perspective." Banks and Bank Systems 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(1).2019.16.

UROLAGIN, SIDDHALING, K. V. PREMA, and N. V. SUBBA REDDY. "KANNADA ALPHABETS RECOGNITION WITH APPLICATION TO BRAILLE TRANSLATION." International Journal of Image and Graphics 11, no. 03 (July 2011): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467811004159.

Hallur, Vishweshwarayya C., Rajendra S. Hegadi, and Ravindra S. Hegadi. "Handwritten Kannada Numerals Recognition by Using Zone Features and CNN Classifier." International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 15, no. 4 (October 2019): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthi.2019100106.

A, Soumya, and G. Hemantha Kumar. "Performance Analysis of Random Forests with SVM and KNN in Classification of Ancient Kannada Scripts." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 4907–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i9.2392.

Angle, Sachi, B. Ashwath Rao, and S. N. Muralikrishna. "Kannada morpheme segmentation using machine learning." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.31 (May 29, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.31.13395.

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kannada":

Nayak, Rajendra M. "Nāḍōr Kannada a taxonomic analysis /." Dharwad : Shobha Publishers, 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/55680004.html.

Le, Blanc Claudine. "Une litterature en archipel. Recits chantes de la tradition orale du karnataka, inde du sud." Paris, EPHE, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EPHE4049.

Siddaramaiah, Chandrashekar. "Lexical morphology and phonology of Kannada." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5526.

Zydenbos, Robert J. "The calf became an orphan : a study in contemporary Kannada fiction /." Pondichéry : [Paris] : Institut français de Pondichéry ; Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb361665233.

Rao, Nagendra. "Craft production and trade in South Kanara : A.D. 1000-1763 /." New Delhi : Gyan Publishing House, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41000761r.

Raichoor, Vasant. "Molière au Karnataka : (Inde du sud) : L'adaptation du "Tartuffe" et de "L'Avare"." Paris 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA030183.

Shenoy, Sunaina. "Assessing English Language Learners In L1 Kannada And L2 English To Identify Students Who Are At Risk For Language Learning Disabilities." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3720823.

This study offers a mixed-methods analyses of formal and informal screening tools in L1 and L2 to identify English Language Learners in who are “at risk” for language learning disabilities. It was conducted in Bangalore, India and the sample consisted of 104 participants in Grades 2-5 from low, middle and high-income private schools. Teachers currently use school-based performance scores in English to classify students as persistent low-achievers. The purpose of this study was to provide teachers with a screening tool in both L1 Kannada and L2 English to be able classify two sub-populations of low-achieving students: students who are delayed in the second language acquisition process and students who are at risk for an underlying language learning disability.

Two formal bilingual screening tools were adapted and rendered culturally relevant in both British English and Kannada, namely the Preschool Language Scale 5 Screening Test (Zimmerman, Steiner, & Pond, 2012) and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals 5 Screening Test (Semel, Wiig, & Secord, 2013). Both tests were efficacious in assessing general language ability, and there was a statistically significant relationship between the test scores. The PLS 5 was used to compare language competencies across age, as the same test that was developed for 7-year olds was administered to all students in the population, whose ages ranged from 7-10 years. Quantitative analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between 7-8 year olds and 9-10 year olds in their English scores but not in their Kannada scores, suggesting that L2 English was maintained as an academic language while L1 Kannada was not. The CELF 5 Test was used to classify students as “bilingual” (if they passed both tests in L1 and L2), “dominant L1”(if they only passed the Kannada test), “dominant L2” (if they only passed the English test) and “at risk for a language learning disability” (if they did not pass either the L1 or L2 tests). When CELF 5 scores were compared to school-based assessment scores, more than half of the students who were classified as being “at risk” by their teachers turned out to be dominant in their L2 according to their CELF5 classification.

Four informal screening tools were used for the study: Narrative Assessment, Parent Questionnaire, Teacher Interview and Classroom Observation. Students’ narrative skills were assessed using the Narrative Scoring Scheme (Heilmann et al, 2010). A high degree of overlap was observed between the students’ NSS scores and their CELF5 scores. Students who were identified as being “dominant L1 or L2” according to their CELF5 scores, also got an overall “proficient” classification on the NSS and students who were considered “at risk” by the CELF 5, were classified as “minimal” or “emerging” in their narrative skills. Quantitative analysis revealed that the CELF5 English and Kannada scores significantly predicted students’ NSS scores.

The other informal tools, the parent questionnaire, teacher interview and classroom observation checklist were efficacious in pinpointing external factors such as parents’ educational attainment, parents’ income levels, pedagogical practices, and special education resources, that are important when interpreting students’ performance scores across low, middle and high-income schools. Parents’ educational attainment predicted income levels in the low-income school and reading frequency in the middle-high income schools respectively.

Qualitative analyses of the teacher interviews emphasized the differences in language of instruction between low-income and middle-high income schools; whereas teachers in the former school alternated between English and Kannada, teachers in the latter schools used English only. The teacher interviews were also useful in highlighting the special education support at each school site: (a) in the low-income school, teachers treated low-achieving students as one group and they received small group instruction that targeted rote-memorization of the content related to school exams; (b) in the middle-income school, teachers viewed special education as occurring outside the purview of their classrooms, as the school had a moderate-severe special education program on the school site, but no resources for students with mild-moderate disabilities; and (c) in the high-income school, teachers followed an inclusive special education model and had access to a special education department on the school site as well as a consultancy service for assessment and intervention of students with disabilities.

Finally, qualitative analyses of the classroom observation checklist stressed the pedagogical differences across the three schools, with low and middle income schools focusing more on students’ content knowledge and rote memorization skills and high-income schools focusing more on students’ presentation skills and conceptual knowledge. The study has implications for theoretical and applied issues concerning assessment, differentiation of language learning difference versus disability in ELLs and models and approaches for intervention.

Ganapathy, Savitha. "Impact of fire on the vegetation of the tropical forests of Uttara Kannada District in India using GIS and remote sensing techniques." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444206.

Leinonen, J. (Juho). "Yläkoululaisten näkemyksiä opettajan vuorovaikutuksellisesta toiminnasta luottamuksen kannalta." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201905252154.

Tornberg, O. (Olli). "Oppimispelien tehokkuus matematiikan opetuksessa oppimistulosten sekä matematiikka-asenteiden kannalta." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201504021304.

Books on the topic "Kannada":

Sītāpura, Jayalakṣmī. Kannaḍa jānapada: Kannada Jaanapada . Maisūru: Kuveṃpu Kannaḍa Adhyayana Saṃsthe, Maisūru Viśvavidyānilaya, 2011.

Gaṅgānāyak, Ke En. Kannaḍa viśvakōśa: Kannada encyclopaedia . Maisūru: Kuveṃpu Kannaḍa Adhyayana Saṃsthe, Maisūru Viśvavidyānilaya, 2011.

1929-, Prabhuśaṅkara, and Śrīdhara Bi Vi, eds. Kannaḍa-Iṅgliṣ nighaṇṭu =: Kannada-English dictionary . Maisūru: Prabhuśaṅkara, Bā. Vē. Śrīdhara, 2006.

Kittel, F., and Ferdinand Kittel. A Kannada-English dictionary =: Kannaḍa-Iṅgliṣ ḍikṣanari . New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1999.

Gō, Kulakaraṇi Pra. Kannaḍa bhāṣeya caritre =: History of Kannada language . [Belgaum: Pra. Gō. Kulakaraṇi], 1985.

Bhaṭṭa, En Es Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa. Readings in Kannada =: Iṅgliṣ mūlaka Kannaḍa kaliyiri . 3rd ed. Beṅgaḷūru: Aṅkita Pustaka, 2010.

Savadattimaṭha, Saṅgamēśa. Kannaḍa nāṭakagaḷalli bhāṣe: Language in Kannada plays . Gadaga: Vidyānidhi Prakāśana, 1991.

Sridhar, S. N. Kannada . London: Routledge, 1989.

En, Līlāvati Eṃ. Kannaḍa mādhurya =: An intermediate course reader in Kannada . Maisūru: Bhāratīya Bhāṣā Saṃsthāna, 2004.

1942-, Acharya K. P., ed. Ingliṣ-Kannaḍa bhāṣāvijñāna kōśa =: English-Kannada linguistic glossary . Maisūru: Prasārāṅga, Maisūru Viśvavidyānilaya, 2003.

Book chapters on the topic "Kannada":

Zydenbos, Robert. "Jaina-Purāṇas (Kannada)." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL) , 1–2. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_23076-1.

Deepamala, N., and P. Ramakanth Kumar. "Kannada Stemmer and Its Effect on Kannada Documents Classification." In Computational Intelligence in Data Mining - Volume 3 , 75–86. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2202-6_7.

Tharakeshwar, V. B. "Translating tragedy into Kannada." In Benjamins Translation Library , 57–74. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.86.07tha.

Hegde, Pradyoth, Nagaratna B. Chittaragi, Siva Krishna P. Mothukuri, and Shashidhar G. Koolagudi. "Kannada Dialect Classification Using CNN." In Mining Intelligence and Knowledge Exploration , 254–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66187-8_24.

Harper, Malcolm, D. S. K. Rao, and Ashis Kumar Sahu. "Dakshin Kannada and Dharmasthala Temple." In Development, Divinity and Dharma , 29–38. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440767.004.

Amritavalli, R. "1. Experiencer datives in Kannada." In Typological Studies in Language , 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.60.03amr.

Lidz, Jeffrey. "Causation and Reflexivity in Kannada." In Clause Structure in South Asian Languages , 93–130. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2719-2_4.

Hemakumar, G., and P. Punitha. "Speaker Independent Isolated Kannada Word Recognizer." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering , 333–45. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1143-3_27.

Vijay Kumar, B., and A. G. Ramakrishnan. "Machine Recognition of Printed Kannada Text." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science , 37–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45869-7_4.

Vanita, Ruth, and Laxmi Chandrashekar. "H. S. Shivaprakash: Shakespeare Dreamship (Kannada)." In Same-Sex Love in India , 342–46. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62183-5_53.

Conference papers on the topic "Kannada":

G, Ramesh, Srihari W, Atul M. Bharadwaj, and Champa H N. "Kannada ImageNet: A Dataset for Image Classification in Kannada." In 2021 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI) . IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccci50826.2021.9402356.

A. N, Myna, Swaroop L R, Shriram Hegde, Sourabh U, and Rakshith Gowda G S. "Gender Identification for Kannada Names." In 2019 1st International Conference on Advances in Information Technology (ICAIT) . IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icait47043.2019.8987346.

Narasinh, Vishwaas. "Readability Analysis of Kannada Language." In 2019 1st International Conference on Advances in Information Technology (ICAIT) . IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icait47043.2019.8987355.

Deepamala N. and Ramakanth Kumar P. "Polarity detection of Kannada documents." In 2015 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC) . IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iadcc.2015.7154810.

Embar, Varsha R., Surabhi R. Deshpande, A. K. Vaishnavi, Vishakha Jain, and Jagadish S. Kallimani. "sArAmsha - A Kannada abstractive summarizer." In 2013 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) . IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacci.2013.6637229.

Pasha, Nadeem, and Roopa S. "Continuous Kannada Noisy Speech Recognition." In 2018 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering (ICRIEECE) . IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrieece44171.2018.9009108.

Sharma, N., U. Pal, and F. Kimura. "Recognition of Handwritten Kannada Numerals." In 9th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT'06) . IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icit.2006.77.

Murthy, Savitha, Ankit Anand, Avinash Kumar, Ajay Cholin, Ankita Shetty, Aditya Bhat, Akshay Venkatesh, Lingaraj Kothiwale, Dinkar Sitaram, and Viraj Kumar. "Pronunciation Training on Isolated Kannada Words Using "Kannada Kali" - A Cloud Based Smart Phone Application." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing in Emerging Markets (CCEM) . IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccem.2018.00017.

Shashirekha, H. L., and K. S. Vanishree. "Rule based Kannada Agama Sandhi splitter." In 2016 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) . IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacci.2016.7732103.

Murthy, S. Rajashekara, A. N. Akshatha, Chandana G. Upadhyaya, and P. Ramakanth Kumar. "Kannada spell checker with sandhi splitter." In 2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) . IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacci.2017.8125964.

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How To Write a Bibliography (Three Styles, Plus Examples)

Give credit where credit is due.

Writing a research paper involves a lot of work. Students need to consult a variety of sources to gather reliable information and ensure their points are well supported. Research papers include a bibliography, which can be a little tricky for students. Learn how to write a bibliography in multiple styles and find basic examples below.

IMPORTANT: Each style guide has its own very specific rules, and they often conflict with one another. Additionally, each type of reference material has many possible formats, depending on a variety of factors. The overviews shown here are meant to guide students in writing basic bibliographies, but this information is by no means complete. Students should always refer directly to the preferred style guide to ensure they’re using the most up-to-date formats and styles.

What is a bibliography?

When you’re researching a paper, you’ll likely consult a wide variety of sources. You may quote some of these directly in your work, summarize some of the points they make, or simply use them to further the knowledge you need to write your paper. Since these ideas are not your own, it’s vital to give credit to the authors who originally wrote them. This list of sources, organized alphabetically, is called a bibliography.

A bibliography should include all the materials you consulted in your research, even if you don’t quote directly from them in your paper. These resources could include (but aren’t limited to):

• Books and e-books
• Periodicals like magazines or newspapers
• Online articles or websites
• Primary source documents like letters or official records

Bibliography vs. References

These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings. As noted above, a bibliography includes all the materials you used while researching your paper, whether or not you quote from them or refer to them directly in your writing.

A list of references only includes the materials you cite throughout your work. You might use direct quotes or summarize the information for the reader. Either way, you must ensure you give credit to the original author or document. This section can be titled “List of Works Cited” or simply “References.”

Your teacher may specify whether you should include a bibliography or a reference list. If they don’t, consider choosing a bibliography, to show all the works you used in researching your paper. This can help the reader see that your points are well supported, and allow them to do further reading on their own if they’re interested.

Bibliography vs. Citations

Citations refer to direct quotations from a text, woven into your own writing. There are a variety of ways to write citations, including footnotes and endnotes. These are generally shorter than the entries in a reference list or bibliography. Learn more about writing citations here.

What does a bibliography entry include?

Depending on the reference material, bibliography entries include a variety of information intended to help a reader locate the material if they want to refer to it themselves. These entries are listed in alphabetical order, and may include:

• Author/s or creator/s
• Publication date
• Volume and issue numbers
• Publisher and publication city
• Website URL

These entries don’t generally need to include specific page numbers or locations within the work (except for print magazine or journal articles). That type of information is usually only needed in a footnote or endnote citation.

What are the different bibliography styles?

In most cases, writers use one of three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style . There are many others as well, but these three are the most common choices for K–12 students.

Many teachers will state their preference for one style guide over another. If they don’t, you can choose your own preferred style. However, you should also use that guide for your entire paper, following their recommendations for punctuation, grammar, and more. This will ensure you are consistent throughout.

Below, you’ll learn how to write a simple bibliography using each of the three major style guides. We’ve included details for books and e-books, periodicals, and electronic sources like websites and videos. If the reference material type you need to include isn’t shown here, refer directly to the style guide you’re using.

APA Style Bibliography and Examples

Source: Verywell Mind

Technically, APA style calls for a list of references instead of a bibliography. If your teacher requires you to use the APA style guide , you can limit your reference list only to items you cite throughout your work.

How To Write a Bibliography (References) Using APA Style

Here are some general notes on writing an APA reference list:

• Title your bibliography section “References” and center the title on the top line of the page.
• Do not center your references; they should be left-aligned. For longer items, subsequent lines should use a hanging indent of 1/2 inch.
• Include all types of resources in the same list.
• Alphabetize your list by author or creator, last name first.
• Do not spell out the author/creator’s first or middle name; only use their initials.
• If there are multiple authors/creators, use an ampersand (&) before the final author/creator.
• Place the date in parentheses.
• Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, unless the word would otherwise be capitalized (proper names, etc.).
• Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, or videos.
• For websites, include the full site information, including the http:// or https:// at the beginning.

Books and E-Books APA Bibliography Examples

For books, APA reference list entries use this format (only include the publisher’s website for e-books).

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title with only first word capitalized . Publisher. Publisher’s website

• Wynn, S. (2020). City of London at war 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military. https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical APA Bibliography Examples

For journal or magazine articles, use this format. If you viewed the article online, include the URL at the end of the citation.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title of article. Magazine or Journal Title (Volume number) Issue number, page numbers. URL

• Bell, A. (2009). Landscapes of fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945. Journal of British Studies (48) 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

Here’s the format for newspapers. For print editions, include the page number/s. For online articles, include the full URL.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date) Title of article. Newspaper title. Page number/s. URL

• Blakemore, E. (2022, November 12) Researchers track down two copies of fossil destroyed by the Nazis.  The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic APA Bibliography Examples

For articles with a specific author on a website, use this format.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title . Site name. URL

• Wukovits, J. (2023, January 30). A World War II survivor recalls the London Blitz . British Heritage . https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

When an online article doesn’t include a specific author or date, list it like this:

Title . (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

• Growing up in the Second World War . (n.d.). Imperial War Museums. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war

When you need to list a YouTube video, use the name of the account that uploaded the video, and format it like this:

Name of Account. (Upload year, month day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL

• War Stories. (2023, January 15). How did London survive the Blitz during WW2? | Cities at war: London | War stories [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc

For more information on writing APA bibliographies, see the APA Style Guide website.

APA Bibliography (Reference List) Example Pages

Source: Simply Psychology

More APA example pages:

• Western Australia Library Services APA References Example Page
• Ancilla College APA References Page Example
• Scribbr APA References Page Example

MLA Style Bibliography Examples

Source: PressBooks

MLA style calls for a Works Cited section, which includes all materials quoted or referred to in your paper. You may also include a Works Consulted section, including other reference sources you reviewed but didn’t directly cite. Together, these constitute a bibliography. If your teacher requests an MLA Style Guide bibliography, ask if you should include Works Consulted as well as Works Cited.

How To Write a Bibliography (Works Cited and Works Consulted) in MLA Style

For both MLA Works Cited and Works Consulted sections, use these general guidelines:

• Start your Works Cited list on a new page. If you include a Works Consulted list, start that on its own new page after the Works Cited section.
• Center the title (Works Cited or Works Consulted) in the middle of the line at the top of the page.
• Align the start of each source to the left margin, and use a hanging indent (1/2 inch) for the following lines of each source.
• Alphabetize your sources using the first word of the citation, usually the author’s last name.
• Include the author’s full name as listed, last name first.
• Capitalize titles using the standard MLA format.
• Leave off the http:// or https:// at the beginning of a URL.

Books and E-Books MLA Bibliography Examples

For books, MLA reference list entries use this format. Add the URL at the end for e-books.

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . Publisher, Date. URL

• Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military, 2020. www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical MLA Bibliography Examples

Here’s the style format for magazines, journals, and newspapers. For online articles, add the URL at the end of the listing.

For magazines and journals:

Last Name, First Name. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , volume number, issue number, Date of Publication, First Page Number–Last Page Number.

• Bell, Amy. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies , vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 153–175. www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

When citing newspapers, include the page number/s for print editions or the URL for online articles.

Last Name, First Name. “Title of article.” Newspaper title. Page number/s. Year, month day. Page number or URL

• Blakemore, Erin. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post. 2022, Nov. 12. www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic MLA Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title.” Month Day, Year published. URL

• Wukovits, John. 2023. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” January 30,   2023. https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

Website. n.d. “Title.” Accessed Day Month Year. URL.

• Imperial War Museum. n.d. “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Accessed May 9, 2023. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war.

Here’s how to list YouTube and other online videos.

Creator, if available. “Title of Video.” Website. Uploaded by Username, Day Month Year. URL.

• “How did London survive the Blitz during WW2? | Cities at war: London | War stories.” YouTube . Uploaded by War Stories, 15 Jan. 2023. youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing MLA style bibliographies, see the MLA Style website.

MLA Bibliography (Works Cited) Example Pages

Source: The Visual Communication Guy

More MLA example pages:

• Writing Commons Sample Works Cited Page
• Scribbr MLA Works Cited Sample Page
• Montana State University MLA Works Cited Page

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

The Chicago Manual of Style (sometimes called “Turabian”) actually has two options for citing reference material : Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date. Regardless of which you use, you’ll need a complete detailed list of reference items at the end of your paper. The examples below demonstrate how to write that list.

How To Write a Bibliography Using The Chicago Manual of Style

Source: South Texas College

Here are some general notes on writing a Chicago -style bibliography:

• You may title it “Bibliography” or “References.” Center this title at the top of the page and add two blank lines before the first entry.
• Left-align each entry, with a hanging half-inch indent for subsequent lines of each entry.
• Single-space each entry, with a blank line between entries.
• Include the “http://” or “https://” at the beginning of URLs.

Books and E-Books Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For books, Chicago -style reference list entries use this format. (For print books, leave off the information about how the book was accessed.)

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . City of Publication: Publisher, Date. How e-book was accessed.

• Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2020. Kindle edition.

Periodical Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For journal and magazine articles, use this format.

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , Volume Number, issue number, First Page Number–Last Page Number. URL.

• Bell, Amy. 2009. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies, 48 no. 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966.

When citing newspapers, include the URL for online articles.

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Newspaper , Month day, year. URL.

• Blakemore, Erin. 2022. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post , November 12, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/.

Electronic Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. “Title.” Site Name . Year, Month Day. URL.

• Wukovits, John. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” British Heritage. 2023, Jan. 30. britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz.

“Title.” Site Name . URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

• “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Imperial War Museums . www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war. Accessed May 9, 2023.

Creator or Username. “Title of Video.” Website video, length. Month Day, Year. URL.

• War Stories. “How Did London Survive the Blitz During WW2? | Cities at War: London | War Stories.” YouTube video, 51:25. January 15, 2023. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing Chicago -style bibliographies, see the Chicago Manual of Style website.

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Example Pages

Source: Chicago Manual of Style

More Chicago example pages:

• Scribbr Chicago Style Bibliography Example
• Purdue Online Writing Lab CMOS Bibliography Page
• Bibcitation Sample Chicago Bibliography

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bibliography - Meaning in Kannada

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bibliography Word Forms & Inflections

Definitions and meaning of bibliography in english, bibliography noun.

Bibliography , as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology . English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author ; the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects".

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / Creating an MLA Bibliography

Creating an MLA Bibliography

If you write a research paper in MLA format, then you will need to include a Works Cited page according to the current 9th edition of the Modern Language Association (MLA) guidelines. Along with citing your sources within the body of your paper, you also need to include full citations of all sources at the end of your paper. The references in a bibliography are formatted in the same way as they would be in a Works Cited page. However, a bibliography refers to all works that you have consulted in your research, even if you did not use their information directly in your paper.

When you use the correct MLA bibliography format, it shows the reader what sources you consulted, makes finding your sources easier for the reader, and gives credibility to your work as a researcher and writer. This MLA sample paper will show you how the bibliography is incorporated into the rest of your paper. We also have a guide on APA reference pages , if you are following APA style in your paper.

Works cited or bibliography?

You may be wondering, what is a bibliography, and how is it different from a Works Cited page? The difference between the two is that while a bibliography refers to any source you consulted to write your research paper, a Works Cited page only includes full citations of the sources you quoted or paraphrased within your paper.

Typically, when someone says, “MLA bibliography” they really mean a Works Cited page, since the MLA format usually uses a Works Cited page instead of a bibliography.

A bibliography in MLA format may also refer to a Works Consulted page. If you used other sources that you did not directly quote or paraphrase within the paper, you will need to create a Works Consulted/Additional Resources page. A Works Consulted page starts on a separate page and follows the Works Cited page. It follows the same formatting guidelines as a Works Cited page, but you will use Works Consulted (or Additional Resources) as the title.

If you’re unsure of what to include in your citations list (works cited, works consulted, or both), ask your instructor. For the rest of this article, we will refer to this page as the MLA bibliography.

MLA bibliography formatting guidelines

These are the formatting rules you need to follow to create your bibliography according to MLA’s current edition guidelines. Your first page(s) will be your Works Cited page(s) and include the references that you directly refer to in your paper. Usually, this is all that is needed. If your instructor wants you to also include the works you consulted but did not include in your paper (more like a bibliography), then add Works Consulted or Additional Resources page for these sources.

• Your MLA Works Cited (and Works Consulted or Additional Resources pages) should begin on a separate page or pages at the end of your essay.
• Your essay should have a header on every page that includes your last name and the page number.
• The last name/page number header should be on the top right of each page with a ½ inch margin from the top of the page.
• One-inch margins.
• Title the page Works Cited (no italicization or quotation marks) unless otherwise instructed. Center the title. The top should look like this:

• Only center the Works Cited title; all citations should be left-justified.
• Double-space citations.
• Do not add an additional space between citations.
• After the first line, use a hanging indent of ½ inch on all additional lines of a citation. The hanging indent should look like this:

• Typically, this is the author’s last name, but sometimes it could be the title of the source if the author’s name is not available.

If you have a Works Consulted or Additional Resources page after your Works Cited page, format it in the same way, but with the title of Works Consulted or Additional Resources instead of Works Cited. Alternatively, your instructor may require a bibliography. If this is the case, all your sources, whether they are cited in your paper are not, are listed on the same page.

MLA citation guidelines

These are the rules you need to follow to create citations for an MLA bibliography. This section contains information on how to correctly use author names, punctuation, capitalization, fonts, page numbers, DOIs, and URLS in the citations on your MLA bibliography.

Author names

After the title Works Cited, the last name of the author of a source should be the first thing to appear on your page.

List the author’s last name followed by a comma, then the first name followed by the middle name or middle initial if applicable, without a comma separating the first and middle names. Add a period after the name.

Rowling, J.K.

Smith, Alexander McCall.

• Do not include titles such as Dr., Mrs., etc. or professional qualifications such as PhD, M.S., etc. with author names.
• Include suffixes such as Jr. or III after the author’s first name. Separate the first name and the suffix by a comma unless the suffix is a numeral. For example, to cite an author named John Smith, Jr., you would type Smith, John, Jr.

Sources with two authors

For a source with two authors, list the author names in your citation in the order they appear on the source, not alphabetically.

Type the last name of the first author listed on the source followed by a comma, then the first author’s first name followed by a comma. Then type the word “and” then list the second author’s first name and last name in the standard order. Follow the second name with a period.

Include middle names or initials and suffixes when applicable according to the guidelines for one author as listed above.

1st Author’s Last Name, First Name, and 2nd Author’s First Name Last Name.

Lutz, Lisa, and David Hayward.

Clark, Mary Higgins, and Alafair Burke.

Sources with three or more authors

For a source with three or more authors, only type the last and first name of the first author listed in the source, followed by a comma and the phrase et al., which is Latin for “and others.” Be sure to always place a period after the al in et al. but never after the et.

1st Author’s Last Name, First Name, et al.

Charaipotra, Sona, et al.

Williams, Beatriz, et al. All the Ways We Said Goodbye . HarperLuxe, 2020.

Organizations and corporations as authors

For sources with organizations or corporations listed as the author, type the name of the corporation in place of an author’s name. If the organization begins with an article like a, an, or the, it should be excluded in the Works Cited entry.

Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook . 2016.

*Note: If the organization is listed as both the author and the publisher, begin the citation with the title and include the organization’s name within the publisher field instead. 

For a source with no author listed, simply omit the author’s name and begin the citation with the title of the source. Use the first letter of the title when considering alphabetical order in your MLA bibliography.

Capitalization

Use MLA title case when citing titles of sources.

• Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and subordinating conjunctions should be capitalized.
• Articles, prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions should not be capitalized.

Font formatting

• Italicize the titles of larger works such as magazines and books. Also, italicize database and website names.
• Instead of italicization, use quotation marks around titles of shorter works such as poems, short stories, and articles.
• End all bibliography citations with a period.

Page numbers

Include page numbers in your full citations whenever possible. This helps the reader find the information you cited more quickly than if you just cited the entire source and lends more credibility to your argument. If you cite different pages from the same source within your paper, you should cite the entire source on your MLA bibliography instead of listing all of the page numbers you used.

When including page numbers in a citation, use the abbreviation p. to cite one page and the abbreviation pp. to cite multiple pages with a hyphen between the page numbers.

p. 25 or pp. 16-37

When citing page numbers in MLA, omit the first set of repeated digits.

pp. 365-69, not pp. 365-369

DOIs and URLs

A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is used to locate and identify an online source. While URLs may change or web pages might be edited or updated, a DOI is permanent and therefore more useful in a source citation.

• Use a DOI (digital object identifier) whenever possible. Otherwise use a permalink or URL.
• DOIs should be formatted with “https://doi.org/” before the DOI number.
• Do not include “http://” or “https://” in your URLs.
• As either one will be the last part of your citation, place a period after the DOI or URL. (Note that this period is not part of the DOI or URL.)

Butarbutar, R, et al. “Analyzing of Puzzle Local Culture-Based in Teaching English for Young Learners.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , vol. 343, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012208.

Accessed dates

Since the previous 8th edition of the MLA Handbook was published, you do NOT need to list an accessed date for a stable source (e.g., online newspaper article, journal article, photograph, etc.). However, including an access date is good to include when a source does not have a publishing date, and some instructors will request that accessed dates be included for all sources.

If you do include an access date, here’s how to format it:

• Place it at the end of the citation without “http://” or “https://”.
• Write “Accessed” first, followed by the date accessed.
• The date accessed should be formatted as Day Month (abbreviated) Year.

Butarbutar, R, et al. “IOPscience.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , IOP Publishing, 1 Oct. 2019, iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012208/meta. Accessed 8 Oct. 2020.

Note: If you choose to list an accessed date after a DOI, the accessed date part of the citation will follow the period after the DOI and will end with a period at the end of the citation

Butarbutar, R, et al. “Analyzing of Puzzle Local Culture-Based in Teaching English for Young Learners.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , vol. 343, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012208. Accessed 8 Oct. 2020.

MLA 8 th edition vs MLA 9 th edition

The 9 th edition of the MLA handbook re-introduces guidelines regarding paper formatting (which were not present in the 8 th edition). The guidance in the 9 th addition is consistent with the guidance in previous editions and expands on the formatting of tables, figures/illustrations, and lists. The 9 th edition also offers new guidance in areas like annotated bibliographies, inclusive language, and footnotes/endnotes.

Many of the differences between the 8 th edition and 9 th edition have to do with the formatting of the core elements in reference list entries. Some of the main changes include:

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MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

Annotated Bibliography

Bibliography

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• Sample Paper
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• MLA 8 Updates
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An MLA bibliography is similar to the Works Cited list that you include at the end of your paper. The only difference between a Works Cited list and a bibliography is that for the former, you need to include the entries for only the sources you cited in the text, whereas for the latter you can also include the sources you consulted to write your paper but didn’t directly cite in your writing. MLA generally prefers Works Cited lists to bibliographies.

If your instructor advises you to create an MLA bibliography, follow the same guidelines you would follow for creating an MLA Works Cited list.

The bibliography list appears at the end of the paper, after any endnotes if they are present.

All margins (top, bottom, left, and right) should be set at 1 inch.

Write the running head in the top right of the page at 0.5 inch from the top. Use the running head “Surname Page #.”

The font should be clear enough to read. Use Times New Roman font of size 12 points.

Entries should be double-spaced. If any entry runs over more than a line, indent the subsequent lines of the entry 0.5 inch from the left margin.

Bibliographic entries are arranged alphabetically according to the first item in each entry.

Title your bibliography as “Bibliography.”

Braidotti, Rosi. The Posthuman . Polity, 2013.

Brisini, Travis. “Phytomorphizing Performance: Plant Performance in an Expanded Field.” Text and Performance Quarterly , vol. 39, 2019,            pp. 1–2.

Riccio, Thomas. “Reimagining Yup’ik and Inupiat Performance.” Northwest Theatre Review , vol. 12, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1–30.

General rules for creating an annotated bibliography

The annotation is given after the source entry and is generally about 100-150 words in length. The annotation should be indented 1 inch from the left margin to distinguish it from the hanging indent within the citation entry.

The annotation, in general, should be written as short phrases. However, you may use full sentences as well.

The annotation for each source is usually no longer than one paragraph. However, if multiple paragraphs are included, indent the second and subsequent paragraphs without any extra line space between them.

The annotation provides basic information about the source, but does not include details about the source, quotes from the author, etc. The information can be descriptive (by generally describing what the source covers) or evaluative (by evaluating the source’s usefulness to the argument in your paper).

Example annotated bibliography

The below is an example of an annotated bibliography:

Morritt, Robert D. Beringia: Archaic Migrations into North America . Cambridge Scholars Pub, 2011.

The author studies the migration of cultures from Asia to North America. The connection between the North American Athabaskan language family and Siberia is presented, together with comparisons and examinations of the implications of linguistics from anthropological, archaeological, and folklore perspectives. This book explores the origins of the earliest people in the Americas, including Siberian, Dene, and Navajo Creation myths; linguistic comparisons between Siberian Ket Navajo and Western Apache; and comparisons between indigenous groups that appear to share the same origin.

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• Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on 1 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style , the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing.

• A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations .
• A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. If in doubt about which to include, check with your instructor or department.

The information you include in a reference varies depending on the type of source, but it usually includes the author, date, and title of the work, followed by details of where it was published. You can automatically generate accurate references using our free reference generator:

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Table of contents

Formatting a harvard style bibliography, harvard reference examples, referencing sources with multiple authors, referencing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard bibliographies.

Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading ‘Reference list’ or ‘Bibliography’ appears at the top.

Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used:

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Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author’s last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal without DOI
• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Newspapers and magazines

• Newspaper article
• Magazine article

When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.

Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:

When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:

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Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

• (Smith, 2019a)
• (Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :

• Highlight all the entries
• Click on the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the ‘Paragraph’ tab in the top menu.
• In the pop-up window, under ‘Special’ in the ‘Indentation’ section, use the drop-down menu to select ‘Hanging’.
• Then close the window with ‘OK’.

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 14 May 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-bibliography/

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How to Write a Bibliography in APA Format

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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• APA Bibliography
• How to Create One
• Why You Need It

Sample Bibliography

An APA format bibliography lists all of the sources that might be used in a paper. A bibliography can be a great tool to help you keep track of information during the research and writing process. In some cases, your instructor may require you to include a bibliography as part of your assignment.

At a Glance

A well-written APA format bibliography can help you keep track of information and sources as you research and write your psychology paper. To create a bibliography, gather up all of the sources that you might use in your paper. Create an APA format reference for each source and then write a brief annotation. Your annotation should be a brief summary of what each reference is about. You can quickly refer to these annotations When writing your paper and determine which to include.

What Is an APA Format Bibliography?

An APA format bibliography is an alphabetical listing of all sources that might be used to write an academic paper, essay, article, or research paper—particularly work that is covering psychology or psychology-related topics. APA format is the official style of the American Psychological Association (APA). This format is used by many psychology professors, students, and researchers.

Even if it is not a required part of your assignment, writing a bibliography can help you keep track of your sources and make it much easier to create your final reference page in proper APA format.

Creating an APA Bibliography

A bibliography is similar in many ways to a reference section , but there are some important differences. While a reference section includes every source that was actually used in your paper, a bibliography may include sources that you considered using but may have dismissed because they were irrelevant or outdated.

Bibliographies can be a great way to keep track of information you might want to use in your paper and to organize the information that you find in different sources. The following are four steps you can follow to create your APA format bibliography.

Start on a New Page

Your working bibliography should be kept separate from the rest of your paper. Start it on a new page, with the title "Bibliography" centered at the top and in bold text. Some people use the title "References" instead, so it's best to check with your professor or instructor about which they prefer you to use.

Gather Your Sources

Compile all the sources you might possibly use in your paper. While you might not use all of these sources in your paper, having a complete list will make it easier later on when you prepare your reference section.

Gathering your sources can be particularly helpful when outlining and writing your paper.

By quickly glancing through your working bibliography, you will be able to get a better idea of which sources will be the most appropriate to support your thesis and main points.

Reference Each Source

Your references should be listed alphabetically by the author’s last name, and they should be double-spaced. The first line of each reference should be flush left, while each additional line of a single reference should be a few spaces to the right of the left margin, which is known as a hanging indent.

The format of each source is as follows for academic journals:

• Last name of first author (followed by their first initial)
• The year the source was published in parentheses
• The title of the source
• The journal that published the source (in italics)
• The volume number, if applicable (in italics)
• The issue number, if applicable
• Page numbers (in parentheses)
• The URL or "doi" in lowercase letters followed by a colon and the doi number, if applicable

The following examples are scholarly articles in academic journals, cited in APA format:

• Kulacaoglu, F., & Kose, S. (2018). Borderline personality disorder (BPD): In the midst of vulnerability, chaos, and awe.  Brain sciences ,  8 (11), 201. doi:10.3390/brainsci8110201
• Cattane, N., Rossi, R., & Lanfredi, M. (2017). Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: exploring the affected biological systems and mechanisms.  BMC Psychiatry,   18 (221). doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1383-2

Visit the American Psychological Association's website for more information on citing other types of sources including online media, audiovisual media, and more.

Create an Annotation for Each Source

Normally a bibliography contains only references' information, but in some cases you might decide to create an annotated bibliography. An annotation is a summary or evaluation of the source.

An annotation is a brief description of approximately 150 words describing the information in the source, your evaluation of its credibility, and how it pertains to your topic. Writing one of these for each piece of research will make your writing process faster and easier.

This step helpful in determining which sources to ultimately use in your paper. Your instructor may also require it as part of the assignment so they can assess your thought process and understanding of your topic.

Reasons to Write a Bibliography

One of the biggest reasons to create an APA format bibliography is simply to make the research and writing process easier.

If you do not have a comprehensive list of all of your references, you might find yourself scrambling to figure out where you found certain bits of information that you included in your paper.

A bibliography is also an important tool that your readers can use to access your sources.

While writing an annotated bibliography might not be required for your assignment, it can be a very useful step. The process of writing an annotation helps you learn more about your topic, develop a deeper understanding of the subject, and become better at evaluating various sources of information.

The following is an example of an APA format bibliography by the website EasyBib:

There are many online resources that demonstrate different formats of bibliographies, including the American Psychological Association website . Purdue University's Online Writing Lab also has examples of formatting an APA format bibliography.

Check out this video on their YouTube channel which provides detailed instructions on formatting an APA style bibliography in Microsoft Word.

You can check out the Purdue site for more information on writing an annotated APA bibliography as well.

What This Means For You

If you are taking a psychology class, you may be asked to create a bibliography as part of the research paper writing process. Even if your instructor does not expressly require a bibliography, creating one can be a helpful way to help structure your research and make the writing process more manageable.

For psychology majors , it can be helpful to save any bibliographies you have written throughout your studies so that you can refer back to them later when studying for exams or writing papers for other psychology courses.

American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . 7th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2020.

Masic I. The importance of proper citation of references in biomedical articles.   Acta Inform Med . 2013;21(3):148–155. doi:10.5455/aim.2013.21.148-155

American Psychological Association. How do you format a bibliography in APA Style?

Cornell University Library. How to prepare an annotated bibliography: The annotated bibliography .

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

How to Write a Bibliography for a Research Paper

Do not try to “wow” your instructor with a long bibliography when your instructor requests only a works cited page. It is tempting, after doing a lot of work to research a paper, to try to include summaries on each source as you write your paper so that your instructor appreciates how much work you did. That is a trap you want to avoid. MLA style, the one that is most commonly followed in high schools and university writing courses, dictates that you include only the works you actually cited in your paper—not all those that you used.

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Get 10% off with 24start discount code, assembling bibliographies and works cited.

• If your assignment calls for a bibliography, list all the sources you consulted in your research.
• If your assignment calls for a works cited or references page, include only the sources you quote, summarize, paraphrase, or mention in your paper.
• If your works cited page includes a source that you did not cite in your paper, delete it.
• All in-text citations that you used at the end of quotations, summaries, and paraphrases to credit others for their ideas,words, and work must be accompanied by a cited reference in the bibliography or works cited. These references must include specific information about the source so that your readers can identify precisely where the information came from.The citation entries on a works cited page typically include the author’s name, the name of the article, the name of the publication, the name of the publisher (for books), where it was published (for books), and when it was published.

The good news is that you do not have to memorize all the many ways the works cited entries should be written. Numerous helpful style guides are available to show you the information that should be included, in what order it should appear, and how to format it. The format often differs according to the style guide you are using. The Modern Language Association (MLA) follows a particular style that is a bit different from APA (American Psychological Association) style, and both are somewhat different from the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). Always ask your teacher which style you should use.

A bibliography usually appears at the end of a paper on its own separate page. All bibliography entries—books, periodicals, Web sites, and nontext sources such radio broadcasts—are listed together in alphabetical order. Books and articles are alphabetized by the author’s last name.

Most teachers suggest that you follow a standard style for listing different types of sources. If your teacher asks you to use a different form, however, follow his or her instructions. Take pride in your bibliography. It represents some of the most important work you’ve done for your research paper—and using proper form shows that you are a serious and careful researcher.

Bibliography Entry for a Book

A bibliography entry for a book begins with the author’s name, which is written in this order: last name, comma, first name, period. After the author’s name comes the title of the book. If you are handwriting your bibliography, underline each title. If you are working on a computer, put the book title in italicized type. Be sure to capitalize the words in the title correctly, exactly as they are written in the book itself. Following the title is the city where the book was published, followed by a colon, the name of the publisher, a comma, the date published, and a period. Here is an example:

Format : Author’s last name, first name. Book Title. Place of publication: publisher, date of publication.

• A book with one author : Hartz, Paula.  Abortion: A Doctor’s Perspective, a Woman’s Dilemma . New York: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1992.
• A book with two or more authors : Landis, Jean M. and Rita J. Simon.  Intelligence: Nature or Nurture?  New York: HarperCollins, 1998.

Bibliography Entry for a Periodical

A bibliography entry for a periodical differs slightly in form from a bibliography entry for a book. For a magazine article, start with the author’s last name first, followed by a comma, then the first name and a period. Next, write the title of the article in quotation marks, and include a period (or other closing punctuation) inside the closing quotation mark. The title of the magazine is next, underlined or in italic type, depending on whether you are handwriting or using a computer, followed by a period. The date and year, followed by a colon and the pages on which the article appeared, come last. Here is an example:

Format:  Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the Article.” Magazine. Month and year of publication: page numbers.

• Article in a monthly magazine : Crowley, J.E.,T.E. Levitan and R.P. Quinn.“Seven Deadly Half-Truths About Women.”  Psychology Today  March 1978: 94–106.
• Article in a weekly magazine : Schwartz, Felice N.“Management,Women, and the New Facts of Life.”  Newsweek  20 July 2006: 21–22.
• Signed newspaper article : Ferraro, Susan. “In-law and Order: Finding Relative Calm.”  The Daily News  30 June 1998: 73.
• Unsigned newspaper article : “Beanie Babies May Be a Rotten Nest Egg.”  Chicago Tribune  21 June 2004: 12.

Bibliography Entry for a Web Site

For sources such as Web sites include the information a reader needs to find the source or to know where and when you found it. Always begin with the last name of the author, broadcaster, person you interviewed, and so on. Here is an example of a bibliography for a Web site:

Format : Author.“Document Title.” Publication or Web site title. Date of publication. Date of access.

Example : Dodman, Dr. Nicholas. “Dog-Human Communication.”  Pet Place . 10 November 2006.  23 January 2014 < http://www.petplace.com/dogs/dog-human-communication-2/page1.aspx >

After completing the bibliography you can breathe a huge sigh of relief and pat yourself on the back. You probably plan to turn in your work in printed or handwritten form, but you also may be making an oral presentation. However you plan to present your paper, do your best to show it in its best light. You’ve put a great deal of work and thought into this assignment, so you want your paper to look and sound its best. You’ve completed your research paper!

Back to  How To Write A Research Paper .

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• How to self publish a book in Kannada Language: Step by Step guide
• Self Publishing Guide

Thinking to  publish a book in Kannada Language ? Kannada language, also known as Kanarese or Kannana, is a Dravidian language and the official language of the Indian state of Karnataka in southern India. Kannada is also spoken in states bordering Karnataka.

• According to early-twentieth-century census data, approximately 38 million people spoke Kannada as their first language, with another 9 to 10 million speaking it as a secondary language. Kannada was designated a classical language by the Indian government in 2008.
• Kannada is the second oldest of the four major Dravidian literary languages. The earliest Kannada inscription was discovered in the small community of Halmidi around 450 CE.
• The Kannada script evolved from southern variants of the Ashokan Brahmi script. The Kannada script is closely related to the Telugu script; both evolved from an Old Kannarese (Karnataka) script.
• Southern variants of the Ashokan Brahmi script gave rise to the Kannada script. Kannada and Telugu scripts are closely related; both evolved from an Old Kannarese (Karnataka) script.

Read:  Step by step guide on how to copyright a book in India?

• Kannada is classified into three regional varieties. The southern variety is associated with Mysore and Bangalore, the northern variety with Hubli-Dharwad, and the coastal variety with Mangalore. The Mysore-Bangalore variety serves as the foundation for the prestige varieties.
• Education and class or caste are currently used to differentiate social varieties, resulting in at least three distinct social dialects: Brahman, non-Brahman, and Dalit (formerly untouchable). There is also a diglossia or dichotomy between formal literary varieties and spoken varieties.
• Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri palm leaf manuscript of Dhavala is the oldest preserved manuscript in Kannada. It has 1478 old Kannada leaves from the 9th century AD.
• Kannada is the world’s most logical and scientific language.
• Kannada is based on and heavily influenced by Sanskrit. It has exceptional grammar and is simple to follow and learn. The Kannada script, which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script, is used to write the Kannada language. Kannada literature has received eight Jnanpith awards

How do you self-publish a book in Kannada?

Have you got a story? Do you aspire to become a  successful self published author ? Is language an issue for you? Don’t be concerned. I’ve got a solution for you.

Read:  A complete guide on how to market your first book..

Keep these pointers in mind before approaching to a  Kannada Book Publishers :

• Prepare your manuscript. Understanding the demand for your manuscript will assist you in identifying what type of services you will require. Do you require editing services? Is it necessary to rewrite it? Do you require the advice of a professional? Do you require a review? Once you’ve determined the requirements for the document, write it all down and go to the next phase.
• Submit your queries to several publishing houses. Visit various publishing houses’ websites and submit your questions regarding the procedure and bundles. It will help you comprehend what they have to offer. Take notes and make sure you understand everything because it will benefit you later in your research.
• Compare and choose. Now that you have all of the facts, you can compare what is best for you. What is reasonable, trendy, healthy, and will assist you at every step? Which publishing house will be there for you at every step of the way, even after the book is published?

Contact your preferred  self publishing house  and begin the publication process. Talk to them, finalize everything, and then sign a contract to begin the process. Keep up with the progress and experience the excitement of becoming a new author. Make sure you understand what you need on your cover page, the genre of your book, and who your target audience will be.

Listed below are some of the Malayalam Books self published by BlueRose Publishers :

Sanchayana by Arun B. P. Self Published Kannada Book by BlueRose Publishers

Sanchayana by Arun B. P.

Sanchayana is a collection of three stories. Man’s actions, which are based on his thought process, are based on his beliefs which depend on his mindset, which is formed based on his experiences and the way he perceive the experiences and act upon them. All these things that amused the author have become stories here. Our existence obtains clarity always from others’ perspective. Amidst the ever-changing perspectives by the relationships that have a name and the ones that do not, it is amusing the way we realize our very own existence. In today’s times where everything is artificially designed, sponsored, fabricated and manufactured for consumption, these stories travel back to the past. It belongs to the last leg of those times when the interaction between two humans was deemed a necessity.

Raj Rekha by Mr. Kushwah Kant Self Published Kannada Book by BlueRose Publishers

Raj Rekha by Mr. Kushwah Kant

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Nava neenu’ parivartaneya payana by Kanchana Anand Self Published Kannada Book by BlueRose Publishers

Nava neenu' parivartaneya payana by Kanchana Anand

The NEW YOU a journey of transformation”, is a self-help book explaining very beautifully about how ordinary people can achieve extraordinary dreams, through the process of transformation. The book will guide you how by reinventing your inner self you can achieve anything and everything in your life. The book systematically takes you through the step by step process. At the end of each chapter very interesting activities have been given to make you practically experience the transformation. To make it easily understandable author has used very simple language and real stories of common people very efficiently throughout. The book involves very simple steps which can be adapted very easily to bring in the transformation. Make use of the book to unleash yourself into NEW YOU. Wish you a happy journey of transformation. “Enrich your life by unlocking the secrets within you.”

Ambegalu by Murugesh Durgad Self Published Kannada Book by BlueRose Publishers

Ambegalu by Murugesh Durgad

Ibbaniya PutagaLu by Raghuchandra K R Self Published Kannada Book by BlueRose Publishers

Ibbaniya PutagaLu by Raghuchandra K R

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We as well self publish in many regional languages like  Punjabi ,  Tamil ,  Telugu ,  Malayalam ,  Marathi ,  Bengali , and many more. You can get in touch with us with your queries and your manuscripts. 

We will be over joyed to help you become an  self published author  – just like you dreamed.

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