nepal and chile earthquake case study

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Comparing the Chile 2010 and Nepal 2015 earthquakes

by Catherine Owen

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How did Nepalis experience the 2015 earthquake?

Nepal Earthquake: Great Earthquake in Nepal

by Ram Kumar Panday, published by Paradise Publication, (2015), 9789937299480

How tourists experienced the 2015 earthquake

The Earth Moved: Surviving the 2015 Nepal Earthquake

by Row Smith, published by Story Terrace, (2016), 9781540868190

What happened in the Chile 2010 earthquake?

Maule, Chile Earthquake: Assessed through the lens of disaster, risk, and management

published by USC, (2021)

How Chile rebuilt so successfully after the 2010 earthquake

The rebuilding of Chile’s Constitución: how a ‘dead city’ was brought back to life

by Gideon Long, published by The Guardian, (2015)

How Nepal is still trying to rebuild

Nepal: First came the earthquake, then came the debt

by Stephen Starr, published by The Guardian, (2018)

Further materials

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Nepal Government's Emergency Response to the 2015 Earthquake: A Case Study

This paper utilizes the National Disaster Response Framework 2013 guidelines to analyze the large-scale disaster response of the Nepal government's institutional system in the wake of the 2015 earthquake. The methodology includes in-depth interviews with key informants, focus group discussions, field observations, and document analysis. The study found that despite limitations in institutional capacity and scarcity of resources, government institutions such as the Nepal Army, the Nepal Police, the Armed Police Force, the District Administration Offices, the Ministry of Home Affairs, and major public hospitals made a significant contribution to support the victims. Nevertheless, it also revealed the current weaknesses of those institutions in terms of response effectiveness and provides recommendations for enhancing their capacity.

Related Papers

David Sanderson

International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

Alistair D . B . Cook

Natural Hazards

The Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response (HADR) research team at the NTS Centre, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) studied the international response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake to understand the dimensions and scope of the international response and to distill field observations from this particular experience. The research revealed that most international responders and parties in Nepal, who were beneficiaries of the response, considered immediate search and rescue, and relief operations a success. There was however a number of lessons which emerged from the experience for both the affected country as well as international responding parties. Through a primary focus on the immediate relief phase following the disaster, this report identifies four themes: (i) Strategic Planning; (ii) Aid Delivery; (iii) Aid Provision; and (iv) Aid Distribution. The following recommendations from the research on Nepal is to ensure greater effectiveness and efficiency for future HADR responses. While this research assessed a relatively small but critical window, and some of the lessons were context specific, it is hoped the recommendations which have emerged will help make future international humanitarian assistance and disaster response more effective.

Bulletin of the Department of Geology

Shrijan Malla

Effect of local level disaster response is always questionable in Nepal. It is because the capacity of local responding bodies' i.e. local administration, elected representatives and security forces is deficit. Overlooking own role and responsibility by public service offices such as health, water supply, road network, rural development, communication, education has overburdened the responsibility of CDO during disaster response and eroded the effectiveness of cluster approach. Similarly, over-reliance on security forces from relief and rescue to rehabilitation and reconstruction have also garnered lethargy amongst civil administration and public service offices wearing away their capacity. For that reason, it is utmost important that the prevailing tendency should be altered and derailed local level response mechanism should be brought into the right track.

Morten Wendelbo , Sebastiano Mori , Federica La China , Leonardo Taccetti , Robert Zielonka , European Institute for Asian Studies

The response to the earthquakes in Nepal was among the strongest in history, seen from an international perspective, and given the severity of the calamities. Dozens of countries came to the aid of Nepal, some of them, such as India and Pakistan, within a few short hours. Nonetheless, an unnecessary amount of people were killed, injured or otherwise had their lives permanently altered. This report details many of the challenges experienced by international and Nepalese actors before, during and after the disaster. Here, the main findings are briefly summarized.

Anastasia Aladysheva

On 25 April 2015 an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale struck in Nepal, with its epicentre in the Lamjung district, causing destruction in 14 of the 75 districts in the country. Two weeks later, on 12 May, a second earthquake hit the country, this time 7.2 on the Richter scale, exacerbating the humanitarian situation. According to offi cial statistics, nearly 9000 people were killed, more than 21 000 injured and 188 900 temporarily displaced as a result of the earthquakes. In total, 605 254 houses were destroyed and 288 255 houses damaged, leaving many thousands homeless. According to the United Nations Offi ce for the Coordination of Humanitarian Aff airs (UNOCHA), more than 450 aid organizations are providing humanitarian assistance in the aff ected districts.1 The UNOCHA Country Team estimated that $422 million was needed to meet protection and humanitarian needs after the disaster.2 As of January 2016, two-thirds of the appeal target had been contributed, but 69 per c...

Risk Management

Meen Chhetri

Vina Ismawati

Andy Featherstone

Humanitarian response is all too often characterised by large international responses; in contrast, the approach of the Government of Nepal that required all international NGOs to work through national and district-based partners for all but the initial phase of the earthquake response offered a real-time opportunity for the humanitarian community to put principles of partnership into practice. This study draws on discussions with civil society, NGOs, UN agencies and government staff in Kathmandu and the districts of Gorkha and Sindhupalchok to harvest lessons from the experience to inform and strengthen future preparedness and response in Nepal, and to strengthen global advocacy on the need for further investment in, and support for, local and national leadership of humanitarian response.

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Chile Earthquake 2010

At 3.34 am on 27th February 2010, a powerful magnitude 8.8 earthquake occurred just off the coast of central Chile. The earthquake occurred at the destructive plate margin where the South American plate is subducted by the Nazca Plate. The earthquake was followed by a series of smaller aftershocks.

Tsunami warnings were issued as waves originating from the epicentre crossed the Pacific Ocean at speeds of around 800km per hour.

What were the primary effects of the Chile Earthquake?

• Around 500 people died, and 12,000 people were injured. Over 800,000 people were affected.
• Two hundred twenty thousand homes were destroyed, along with 4500 schools, 56 hospitals and 53 ports.
• Santiago airport and the Port of Talahuanao were severely damaged.
• The earthquake disrupted power, water supplies and communications across Chile.
• The cost of the earthquake is estimated to be US$30 billion.

What were the secondary effects of the Chile Earthquake?

• Tsunami waves devastated several coastal towns.
• The tsunami struck several Pacific countries; however, warnings prevented a loss of life.
• A fire at a Santiago chemical plant led to the local area being evacuated.
• Landslides destroyed up to 1500 km of roads, cutting off remote communities for days.

What were the immediate responses to the Chile Earthquake?

• Emergency services responded quickly.
• International support provided field hospitals, satellite phones and floating bridges.
• Within 24 hours, the north-south highway was temporarily repaired, allowing aid to be transported from Santiago to areas affected by the earthquake.
• Within ten days, 90% of homes had had power and water restored.
• US$60 million was raised after a national appeal, which funded 30,000 small emergency shelters.

Damage was done to houses in Concepcion city, Chile, by the 2010 magnitude 8.8 earthquake.

What were the long-term responses to the Chile Earthquake?

• Chile’s government launched a housing reconstruction plan just one month after the earthquake to help nearly affected 200,000 families.
• Chile’s strong economy reduced the need for foreign aid to fund rebuilding.
• The recovery took over four years.

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GCSE Tectonic Hazards: Comparing Chile and Nepal Revision Sheet

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Worksheet/Activity

Last updated

26 June 2020

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A sheet to compare both the effects of and responses to the 2010 earthquake in Chile and the 2015 earthquake in Nepal.

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Great document and activity - would love an editable version, as we've just swapped to Japan and Nepal!

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Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

Chile earthquake 2010.

A shallow focused earthquake of magnitude 8.8 affected Chile in February 2010. Chile is a middle-income country.

What happened in the earthquake?

• E.g. foreign aid wasn’t needed to enable Chile to recover.
• The earthquake was caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate.
• The epicentre of the earthquake was just off the coast of Chile.

Primary effects

• 500 people were killed.
• US$30 billion of damage.

Secondary effects

• Coastal areas were flooded by a tsunami.
• Landslides blocked some roads.

Responses to the earthquake

• A rapid response by emergency services.
• Main roads were repaired within a day.
• 30,000 emergency shelters were built.
• A reconstruction plan to help 200,000 households.

1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.1 Types of Natural Hazards

1.1.2 Hazard Risk

1.1.3 Consequences of Natural Hazards

1.1.4 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards

1.1.5 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards

1.2 Tectonic Hazards

1.2.1 Tectonic Plates

1.2.2 Tectonic Plates & Convection Currents

1.2.3 Plate Margins

1.2.4 Volcanoes

1.2.5 Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.6 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions

1.2.7 Earthquakes

1.2.8 Earthquakes 2

1.2.9 Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.10 Case Studies: The L'Aquila & Kashmir Earthquakes

1.2.11 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

1.2.12 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

1.2.13 Living with Tectonic Hazards 1

1.2.14 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2

1.2.15 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.16 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.17 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.3 Weather Hazards

1.3.1 Global Atmospheric Circulation

1.3.2 Surface Winds

1.3.3 UK Weather Hazards

1.3.4 Tropical Storms

1.3.5 Features of Tropical Storms

1.3.6 Impact of Tropical Storms 1

1.3.7 Impact of Tropical Storms 2

1.3.8 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina

1.3.9 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

1.3.10 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

1.3.11 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards

1.3.12 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards

1.3.13 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.4 Climate Change

1.4.1 Evidence for Climate Change

1.4.2 Causes of Climate Change

1.4.3 Effects of Climate Change

1.4.4 Managing Climate Change

1.4.5 End of Topic Test - Climate Change

1.4.6 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change

1.4.7 Climate Change - Statistical Skills

2 The Living World

2.1 Ecosystems

2.1.1 Ecosystems

2.1.2 Ecosystem Cascades & Global Ecosystems

2.1.3 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds

2.2 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests - Intro & Interdependence

2.2.2 Adaptations

2.2.3 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.4 Deforestation

2.2.5 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

2.2.6 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

2.2.7 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest

2.2.8 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.10 Deforestation - Statistical Skills

2.3 Hot Deserts

2.3.1 Overview of Hot Deserts

2.3.2 Biodiversity & Adaptation to Hot Deserts

2.3.3 Case Study: Sahara Desert

2.3.4 Desertification

2.3.5 Case Study: Thar Desert

2.3.6 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts

2.3.7 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts

2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments

2.4.2 Adaptations in Cold Environments

2.4.3 Biodiversity in Cold Environments

2.4.4 Case Study: Alaska

2.4.5 Sustainable Management

2.4.6 Case Study: Svalbard

2.4.7 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.8 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments

3 Physical Landscapes in the UK

3.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.1 Types of Wave

3.2.2 Weathering & Mass Movement

3.2.3 Processes of Erosion & Wave-Cut Platforms

3.2.4 Headlands, Bays, Caves, Arches & Stacks

3.2.5 Transportation

3.2.6 Deposition

3.2.7 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

3.2.8 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast

3.2.9 Types of Coastal Management 1

3.2.10 Types of Coastal Management 2

3.2.11 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness

3.2.12 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage

3.2.13 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis

3.2.14 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.15 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts

3.3 River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.1 The River Valley

3.3.2 River Valley Case Study - River Tees

3.3.3 Erosion

3.3.4 Transportation & Deposition

3.3.5 Waterfalls, Gorges & Interlocking Spurs

3.3.6 Meanders & Oxbow Lakes

3.3.7 Floodplains & Levees

3.3.8 Estuaries

3.3.9 Case Study: The River Clyde

3.3.10 River Management

3.3.11 Hard & Soft Flood Defences

3.3.12 River Management Case Study - Boscastle

3.3.13 River Management Case Study - Banbury

3.3.14 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.15 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers

3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.1 Erosion

3.4.2 Landforms Caused by Erosion

3.4.3 Landforms Caused by Transportation & Deposition

3.4.4 Snowdonia

3.4.5 Land Use in Glaciated Areas

3.4.6 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.7 Case Study - Lake District

3.4.8 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

4 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.1 Urbanisation

4.1.2 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

4.1.3 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

4.1.4 UK Cities

4.1.5 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester

4.1.6 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool

4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol

4.1.8 Sustainable Urban Life

4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.11 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills

5 The Changing Economic World

5.1 The Changing Economic World

5.1.1 Measuring Development

5.1.2 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth

5.1.3 The Demographic Transition Model

5.1.4 Physical & Historical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.5 Economic Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.6 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?

5.1.7 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

5.1.8 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

5.1.9 Case Study: Economic Development in India

5.1.10 Case Study: Aid & Development in India

5.1.11 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria

5.1.12 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria

5.1.13 Economic Development in the UK

5.1.14 Economic Development UK: Industry & Rural

5.1.15 Economic Development UK: Transport & North-South

5.1.16 Economic Development UK: Regional & Global

5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World

5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World

5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills

6 The Challenge of Resource Management

6.1 Resource Management

6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources

6.1.2 Food in the UK

6.1.3 Water in the UK 1

6.1.4 Water in the UK 2

6.1.5 Energy in the UK

6.1.6 Resource Management - Statistical Skills

6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit

6.2.2 Food Supply & Food Insecurity

6.2.3 Increasing Food Supply

6.2.4 Case Study: Thanet Earth

6.2.5 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply

6.2.6 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

6.2.7 End of Topic Test - Food

6.2.8 Exam-Style Questions - Food

6.2.9 Food - Statistical Skills

6.3.1 The Global Demand for Water

6.3.2 What Affects the Availability of Water?

6.3.3 Increasing Water Supplies

6.3.4 Case Study: Water Transfer in China

6.3.5 Sustainable Water Supply

6.3.6 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

6.3.7 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project

6.3.8 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project

6.3.9 Exam-Style Questions - Water

6.3.10 Water - Statistical Skills

6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy

6.4.2 Factors Affecting Energy Supply

6.4.3 Increasing Energy Supply: Renewables

6.4.4 Increasing Energy Supply: Non-Renewables

6.4.5 Carbon Footprints & Energy Conservation

6.4.6 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar

6.4.7 Exam-Style Questions - Energy

6.4.8 Energy - Statistical Skills

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Case Studies: The L'Aquila & Kashmir Earthquakes

Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

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Chile Vs. Nepal - Earthquake Case Studies (HIC Vs. LIC)

• Natural hazards
• Created by: ProcrastinatingPanda
• Created on: 16-06-18 18:02

Chile - Basic Facts

• On 27th February 2010, an earthquake measuring 8.8 on the Richter scale hit the central coast of Chile.
• The cause was a destructive subduction plate boundary (the Nazca plate and the South American plate moving towards each other).
• The ground shook for more than 3 minutes.
• Tsunami waves raced across the Pacific Ocean at speeds of up to 800km an hour.

Nepal - Basic Fats

• On 25th April 2015, an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale hit the north-west of the capital city of Nepal, Kathmandu.
• It was caused by a destructive collision boundary (the Indo-Australian plate colliding with the Eurasian plate).
• The epicentre was around 80km/50 miles to the north-west of Kathmandu.
• The earthquake caused damage in Nepal, India, Tibet and Pakistan.

Chile - Primary Effects

• 500 people died.
• 12,000 people were injured.
• 20,000 people were affected.
• 220,000 homes, 4500 schools, 53 ports and 56 hospitals were destroyed.
• The cost of the earthquake was around $30 billion.

Nepal - Primary Effects

• 9,000 people died.
• 20,000 people were injured.
• 8 million people (over a 1/3 of Nepal's population) were affected.
• 3 million people were left homeless.
• 1.4 million people needed food, water and shelter for days and weeks after the earthquake.
• The cost of the earthquake was around $5 billion.

Chile - Secondary Effects

• 1500km of roads were damaged.
• Several coastal towns were affected by tsunamis.
• A fire caused at a chemical plant near Santiago - the area was evacuated.
• Several Pacific countries hit by waves/tsunamis - though warning prevented loss of life.

Nepal - Secondary Effects

• Avalanches on Mount Everest killed 19 people - the greatest number of deaths on the mountain in a single incident.
• Another avalanched caused 250 people to go missing.
• A landslide caused the blockage of a river 90 miles from Kathmandu, forcing an evacuation.

Chile - Immediate Resopnses

• Emergency services acted swiftly.
• Power and water were restored within 10 days.
• A national appeal made $60 million, which helped to make emergency shelters.
• International help supplied field hospitals and satellite photos.

Nepal - Immediate Responses

• Financial aid from many countries assisted with 500,000 tents for the homeless.
• Field hospitals were set up to support overcrowded hospitals.
• Search and rescue teams were sent from Uk, India and China.
• Helicopters rescued people caught in avalanches and social media was used in search and rescue operations.

Chile - Long-Term Responses

• 1 month later, Chile's government launched a housing reconstruction operation.
• A strong economy based on copper exports could be rebuilt, without the need for much foreign aid.
• The President announced it could take 4 years for Chile to fully recover.

Nepal - Long-Term Responses

• Thousands of homeless rehoused and damaged homes were repaired.
• The Red Cross gave blankets or cash grants to families who had lost their homes and winter clothing as winter approached in 2015.
• 700 schools were repaired.
• Tourism, a major source of income, was to be boosted.
• The Everest base camp was repaired and reopened 6 months later.

Report Tue 2nd April, 2019 @ 09:41

Really good for my homework! Enjoyed doing the test, it got me thinking.

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