presentation on world wide web

CERN Accelerating science

• short history web

A short history of the Web

The Web has grown to revolutionise communications worldwide

Where the Web was born

Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989, while working at CERN. The Web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automated information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the world.

CERN is not an isolated laboratory, but rather the focal point for an extensive community that includes more than 17 000 scientists from over 100 countries. Although they typically spend some time on the CERN site, the scientists usually work at universities and national laboratories in their home countries. Reliable communication tools are therefore essential.

The basic idea of the WWW was to merge the evolving technologies of computers, data networks and hypertext into a powerful and easy to use global information system.

How the Web began

Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first proposal for the World Wide Web in March 1989 and his second proposal in May 1990 . Together with Belgian systems engineer Robert Cailliau, this was formalised as a management proposal in November 1990. This outlined the principal concepts and it defined important terms behind the Web. The document described a "hypertext project" called "WorldWideWeb" in which a "web" of "hypertext documents" could be viewed by “browsers”.

By the end of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee had the first Web server and browser up and running at CERN, demonstrating his ideas. He developed the code for his Web server on a NeXT computer. To prevent it being accidentally switched off, the computer had a hand-written label in red ink: " This machine is a server. DO NOT POWER IT DOWN!! "

info.cern.ch was the address of the world's first website and Web server, running on a NeXT computer at CERN. The first Web page address was http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html

This page contained links to information about the WWW project itself, including a description of hypertext, technical details for creating a Web server, and links to other Web servers as they became available.

The WWW design allowed easy access to existing information and an early web page linked to information useful to CERN scientists (e.g. the CERN phone book and guides for using CERN’s central computers). A search facility relied on keywords - there were no search engines in the early years.

Berners-Lee’s original Web browser running on NeXT computers showed his vision and had many of the features of current Web browsers. In addition, it included the ability to modify pages from directly inside the browser – the first Web editing capability. This screenshot shows the browser running on a NeXT computer in 1993 .

The Web extends

Only a few users had access to a NeXT computer platform on which the first browser ran, but development soon started on a simpler, ‘line-mode’ browser , which could run on any system. It was written by Nicola Pellow during her student work placement at CERN.

In 1991, Berners-Lee released his WWW software. It included the ‘line-mode’ browser, Web server software and a library for developers. In March 1991, the software became available to colleagues using CERN computers. A few months later, in August 1991, he announced the WWW software on Internet newsgroups and interest in the project spread around the world.

Going global

Thanks to the efforts of Paul Kunz and Louise Addis, the first Web server in the US came online in December 1991, once again in a particle physics laboratory: the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California. At this stage, there were essentially only two kinds of browser. One was the original development version, which was sophisticated but available only on NeXT machines. The other was the ‘line-mode’ browser, which was easy to install and run on any platform but limited in power and user-friendliness. It was clear that the small team at CERN could not do all the work needed to develop the system further, so Berners-Lee launched a plea via the internet for other developers to join in. Several individuals wrote browsers, mostly for the X-Window System. Notable among these were MIDAS by Tony Johnson from SLAC, Viola by Pei Wei from technical publisher O'Reilly Books, and Erwise by Finnish students from Helsinki University of Technology.

Early in 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois released a first version of its Mosaic browser. This software ran in the X Window System environment, popular in the research community, and offered friendly window-based interaction. Shortly afterwards the NCSA released versions also for the PC and Macintosh environments. The existence of reliable user-friendly browsers on these popular computers had an immediate impact on the spread of the WWW. The European Commission approved its first web project (WISE) at the end of the same year, with CERN as one of the partners. On 30 April 1993, CERN made the source code of WorldWideWeb available on a royalty-free basis, making it free software. By late 1993 there were over 500 known web servers, and the WWW accounted for 1% of internet traffic, which seemed a lot in those days (the rest was remote access, e-mail and file transfer). 1994 was the “Year of the Web”. Initiated by Robert Cailliau, the First International World Wide Web conference was held at CERN in May. It was attended by 380 users and developers , and was hailed as the “Woodstock of the Web”.

As 1994 progressed, stories about the Web hit the media. A second conference, attended by 1300 people, was held in the US in October, organised by the NCSA and the newly-formed International WWW Conference Committee (IW3C2). By the end of 1994, the Web had 10 000 servers - 2000 of which were commercial - and 10 million users. Traffic was equivalent to shipping the entire collected works of Shakespeare every second. The technology was continually extended to cater for new needs. Security and tools for e-commerce were the most important features soon to be added.

Open standards

An essential point was that the web should remain an open standard for all to use and that no-one should lock it up into a proprietary system. In this spirit, CERN submitted a proposal to the Commission of the European Union under the ESPRIT programme: “WebCore”. The goal of the project was to form an international consortium, in collaboration with the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 1994, Berners-Lee left CERN to join MIT and founded the International World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Meanwhile, with approval of the LHC project clearly in sight, CERN decided that further web development was an activity beyond the laboratory’s primary mission. A new European partner for W3C was needed.

The European Commission turned to the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Controls (INRIA), to take over CERN's role. In April 1995, INRIA became the first European W3C host, followed by Keio University of Japan (Shonan Fujisawa Campus) in Asia in 1996. In 2003, ERCIM (European Research Consortium in Informatics and Mathematics) took over the role of European W3C Host from INRIA. In 2013, W3C announced Beihang University as the fourth Host. In September 2018, there were more than 400 member organisations from around the world.

The World Wide Web: The Invention That Connected The World

Editorial feature.

By Google Arts & Culture

CDC 6600 Super Computer (1968) by Control Data Limited Science Museum

As we reach the web’s 30th birthday, we reflect on its history – from its hardware foundations to the 5 billion person network we see today

The internet is a huge network of computers all connected together, but it was the world wide web that made the technology into something that linked information together and made it accessible to everyone. In essence, the world wide web is a collection of webpages found on this network of computers – your browser uses the internet to access the world wide web. The world wide web was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 – originally he was trying to find a new way for scientists to easily share the data from their experiments. Hypertext (text displayed on a computer display that links to other text the reader can immediately access) and the internet already existed, but no one had thought of a way to use the internet to link one document directly to another.

CDC 6600 Super Computer (From the collection of Science Museum)

Tim Berners-Lee, pioneer of the World Wide Web (1990) by CERN Science Museum

Tim Berners-Lee, c. 1990s (From the collection of CERN)

Berners-Lee created the world wide web while he was working at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Switzerland. His vision soon went beyond a network for scientists to share information, in that he wanted it to be a universal and free 'information space' to share knowledge, to communicate, and to collaborate. You can find out more about how his work on the world wide web at CERN began, here . There are three main ingredients that make up the world wide web. URL (uniform resource locator), which is the addressing scheme to find a document; HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol), which connects computers together; and HTML (hypertext markup language), which formats pages containing hypertext links.

CERN Mundaneum

Data Center of CERN (From the collection of Munaneum)

Berners-Lee also made the world’s first web browser and web server. During the 1990s the amount of web browsers being produced rapidly multiplied and a whole load more web-based technologies started sprouting up. To get a sense of how the world wide web has developed since its creation, check out this video below:

Original NeXT computer used by Sir Tim Berners-Lee to design the World Wide Web (1990) by NeXT Science Museum

Original NeXT computer used by Tim Berners-Lee to design the world wide web (From the collection of Science Museum)

The world wide web opened up the internet to everyone, not just scientists. It connected the world in a way that made it much easier for people to get information, share, and communicate. It has since allowed people to share their work and thoughts through social networking sites, blogs, video sharing, and more.

An image of the first page of Tim Berners-Lee's proposal for the World Wide Web in March 1989. (1989-03-01) by CERN / Tim Berners-Lee CERN

An image of the first page of Tim Berners-Lee's proposal for the world wide web in March 1989 (From the collection of CERN)

A screenshot showing the NeXT world wide web browser (1990-01-01) by Tim Berners-Lee CERN

A screenshot showing the NeXT world wide web browser by Tim Berners-Lee (From the collection of CERN)

Explore more: – How Computers Transformed Communication

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World Wide Web

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• ACM Digital Library - The World-Wide Web
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World Wide Web (WWW) , the leading information retrieval service of the Internet (the worldwide computer network ). The Web gives users access to a vast array of mass media and content—via the deep web , the dark web , and the commonly accessible surface web—that is connected by means of hypertext or hypermedia links—i.e., hyperlinks , electronic connections that link related pieces of information in order to allow a user easy access to them. Hypertext allows the user to select a word or phrase from text and thereby access other documents that contain additional information pertaining to that word or phrase. Hypermedia documents feature links to images, sounds, animations, and movies. The Web operates within the Internet’s basic client-server format; servers are computer programs that store and transmit documents to other computers on the network when asked to, while clients are programs that request documents from a server as the user asks for them. Browser software allows users to view the retrieved documents. Special browsers and platforms such as Tor allow users to do so anonymously.

A hypertext document with its corresponding text and hyperlinks is written in HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) and is assigned an online address called a Uniform Resource Locator ( URL ).

The development of the World Wide Web was begun in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN , an international scientific organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. They created a protocol , HyperText Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ), which standardized communication between servers and clients. Their text-based Web browser was made available for general release in January 1992.

The World Wide Web gained rapid acceptance with the creation of a Web browser called Mosaic , which was developed in the United States by Marc Andreessen and others at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois and was released in September 1993. Mosaic allowed people using the Web to use the same sort of “point-and-click” graphical manipulations that had been available in personal computers for some years. In April 1994 Andreessen cofounded Netscape Communications Corporation , whose Netscape Navigator became the dominant Web browser soon after its release in December 1994. BookLink Technologies’ InternetWorks, the first browser with tabs, in which a user could visit another Web site without opening an entirely new window, debuted that same year. By the mid-1990s the World Wide Web had millions of active users.

The software giant Microsoft Corporation became interested in supporting Internet applications on personal computers and developed its own Web browser (based initially on Mosaic), Internet Explorer (IE), in 1995 as an add-on to the Windows 95 operating system . IE was integrated into the Windows operating system in 1996 (that is, it came “bundled” ready-to-use within the operating system of personal computers), which had the effect of reducing competition from other Internet browser manufacturers, such as Netscape. IE soon became the most popular Web browser.

Apple ’s Safari was released in 2003 as the default browser on Macintosh personal computers and later on iPhones (2007) and iPads (2010). Safari 2.0 (2005) was the first browser with a privacy mode, Private Browsing, in which the application would not save websites in its history, downloaded files in its cache , or personal information entered on Web pages.

The first serious challenger to IE’s dominance was Mozilla’s Firefox , released in 2004 and designed to address issues with speed and security that had plagued IE. In 2008 Google launched Chrome , the first browser with isolated tabs, which meant that when one tab crashed, other tabs and the whole browser would still function. By 2013 Chrome had become the dominant browser, surpassing IE and Firefox in popularity. Microsoft discontinued IE and replaced it with Edge in 2015.

In the early 21st century, smartphones became more computer-like, and more-advanced services, such as Internet access, became possible. Web usage on smartphones steadily increased, and in 2016 it accounted for more than half of Web browsing.

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WORLD WIDE WEB - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

WORLD WIDE WEB

Project for students who want to know about website web beowser – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• WWW DEVELOPED IN 1989
• DEVELOPED BY TIM BERNERS- LEE
• DEVELOPED IN PHYSICS LAB(CERN) SWITZERLAND
• SUPPORTS HYPERTEXT TO ACCESS SEVERAL INTERNET PROTOCOLS
• HYPERTEXTHYPERLINK
• TYPES OF WEBSITE
• WEB BROWSER
• HYPERTEXT CONTAINING WORDS THAT CONNECT TO OTHER DOCUMENTS
• CONTAINING WORDS ARE CALLED HYPERLINKS
• PRODUCING HYPERTEXT FOR THE WEB IS ACCOMPLISHED BY CREATING DOCUMENTS WITH A LANGUAGE HTML(HYPER TEXT MARK UP LANGUAGE)
• HTML CODE EDITORS AND WYSIWG EDITORS BUILT YOUR HTML PAGES.
• IT REQUIRES ONLY SIMPLE TEXT EDITOR TO START CODING
• AN HTML FILE CONTAIN MARK UP TAGS THAT FILL THE WEB BROWSERTHAT HOW TO FOLLOW THE,INSTRUCTIONS ENCLOSED WITHIN THE TAGS
• IT IS A RESOURCE OF INFORMATION THAT IS SUITABLE FOR THE WORLD WIDE WEB
• IT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH A WEB BROWSER
• CONSISTS OF FILES OF STATIC TEXT STORED WITHIN THE WEB SERVERS FILE SYSTEM
• COLLECTION OF WEBPAGES KNOWN AS WEBSITE
• WEB DIRECTORY
• IN THIS WEB PAGES ARE STORED ON THE WEB SERVERIN THE SAME FORM AS THE USER WILL VIEW THEM
• IT DOES NOT HAVE WEB PAGES STORED ON THE WEB SERVER IN THE SAME FORM AS THE USER WILL VIEW THEM.
• IT IS SOFTWARE APPLICATION WHICH ENABLES A USER TO DISPLAY AND ITERACT WITH INFORMATION LOCATED ON THE WEB PAGES OR AT WEBSITE
• WEB BROWSERS ALLOW A USER TO QUIKLY AND EASILY ACCESS INFORMATION PROVIDED ON MANy WEB PAGES AT MANY WEBSITES BY TRVERSING THESE LINKS.
• WEB BROWSERS FORMAT HTML INFORMATION FOR DISPLAY.

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A Little History of the World Wide Web

See also How It All Started presentation materials from the W3C 10th Anniversary Celebration and other references .

from 1945 to 1995

Vannevar Bush writes an article in Atlantic Monthly about a photo-electrical-mechanical device called a Memex, for memory extension, which could make and follow links between documents on microfiche

Doug Engelbart prototypes an "oNLine System" (NLS) which does hypertext browsing editing, email, and so on. He invents the mouse for this purpose. See the Bootstrap Institute library .

Ted Nelson coins the word Hypertext in A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate . 20th National Conference, New York, Association for Computing Machinery , 1965. See also: Literary Machines. Note: There used to be a link here to "Hypertext and Hypermedia: A Selected Bibliography" by Terence Harpold, but the site hosting the resource did not maintain the link.

Andy van Dam and others build the Hypertext Editing System and FRESS in 1967.

While consulting for CERN June-December of 1980, Tim Berners-Lee writes a notebook program, "Enquire-Within-Upon-Everything", which allows links to be made between arbitrary nodes. Each node had a title, a type, and a list of bidirectional typed links. "ENQUIRE" ran on Norsk Data machines under SINTRAN-III. See: Enquire user manual as scanned images or as HTML page (alt) .

Dec 12: Paul Kunz installs first Web server outside of Europe, at SLAC.

At CERN, Presentation and demo at JENC3 , Innsbruck (AT). Technical Student Carl Barker (ECP) joins the project.

The Acceptable Use Policy prohibiting commercial use of the Internet re-interpreted ., so that it becomes becomes allowed.

September 6-10: On a bus at a seminar Information at Newcastle University, MIT's Prof. David Gifford suggests Tim BL contact Michael Dertouzos of MIT/LCS as a possible consortium host site.

Load on the first Web server (info.cern.ch) 1000 times what it has been 3 years earlier.

• How It All Started presentation matierals from the W3C 10th Anniversary Celebration
• T. Berners-Lee, "Weaving the Web" , Harper Collins 1999 a very short history of hypertext; -->
• History of Internet and WWW: The Roads and Crossroads of Internet History 1995-1998 by Gregory R. Gromov
• ... List of Internet Histories (from ISOC)

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• 1936 Berlin
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• 1956 Melbourne
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• 1972 Munich
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• 1980 Moscow
• 1984 Los Angeles
• 1992 Barcelona
• 1996 Atlanta
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• 2004 Athens
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Designing for the World Wide Web

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Internet & World Wide Web

Jul 12, 2014

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Chapter 2. Internet & World Wide Web. Overview. Discuss the Evolution of the Internet Understand IP Addresses & URLs Describe the Purpose of a Browser Identify Different Internet Services Identify the Rules of Netiquette. The Internet. Worldwide Collection of Networks Links Millions of:

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• oversees research
• business sells
• wireless internet service provider
• aka internet telephony
• oversees web page content

Presentation Transcript

Chapter 2 Internet & World Wide Web

Overview • Discuss the Evolution of the Internet • Understand IP Addresses & URLs • Describe the Purpose of a Browser • Identify Different Internet Services • Identify the Rules of Netiquette

The Internet • Worldwide Collection of Networks • Links Millions of: • Businesses • Government Agencies • Educational Institutions • Individuals

Internet Services • World Wide Web • E-mail • File Transfer • Newsgroups • Message Board • Chat • Instant Messaging

History of the Internet • Origination • Originated as ARPANET in Sept 1969 • Goals • Allow Scientists in Different Places to Collaborate • Function Even if Part of Network Disabled • Renamed Internet in the Late 1980s • World Wide Web Proposed In 1989 • Tim Berners-Lee

Today More than 550 million hosts 1984 More than 1,000 hosts 1969 4 hosts History of the Internet • Growth

History of the Internet • Control • Organizations Responsible for Own Network • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) • Tim Berners-Lee, Director • Oversees Research • Sets Standards & Guidelines

Internet Mechanics • Access Providers • ISP (Internet Service Provider) • Regional • Provide Access to Specific Geographical Area • National • Provide Access in Cities & Towns Nationwide • OSP (Online Service Provider) • Member-only Features • e.g., Comcast • WISP (Wireless Internet Service Provider)

Internet Mechanics • Addressing • IP (Internet Protocol) Address • Identifies Each Device Connected to Internet • Unique Number • 2.7/3.7 Billion Used • Run Out in 2012 • IPv6 = 3.4 x 1038 v. 232 • Domain Name • Text Version of IP Address

Internet Mechanics • Addressing • TLD (Top Level Domain) • Identifies Type of Organization • ccTLD • Two-letter Country Code Outside US • ICANN Assigns & Controls TLDs • DNS (Domain Name System) • DNS Server • Translates Domain Name to IP Address

Internet Mechanics

World Wide Web • Collection of Electronic Documents • Each Document is Called a Web Page • Contains Text, Graphics, Sound, Video • Contains Links to Other Pages • Web Site • Collection of Related Web Pages • Web 2.0 • Sites Providing Ways for Visitor Interaction

World Wide Web • Web Browser • Program that Allows Access to Web Pages • Netscape • Internet Explorer • Spent $1.25 B • Mozilla • Firefox • Safari • Chrome • Microbrowser • Mobile Devices

World Wide Web • Browser Mechanics

World Wide Web • Web Addressing • URL (Uniform Resource Locator) • Unique Address for Page Located on Server

World Wide Web • Searching • Search Engine • Search for Word / Phrase • AKA Keyword • Spider / Crawler / Bot • Algorithm Ranks Keyword Relevance • Subject Directory • Organized by Topics / Subtopics

World Wide Web • Content • Must be Evaluated for Accuracy • No One Oversees Web Page Content

World Wide Web • Multimedia • Graphics • GIF, JPG, PNG • Audio • MP3, WAV • Compression to 1/10 Original Size • Streaming • Transfers Data in Continuous & Even Flow • Podcast

World Wide Web • Multimedia • Video • MPG, AVI, MOV, WMV • Vodcast • VR (Virtual Reality) • Simulate Three-dimensional Environment • Second Life, There

E-commerce • Business Transaction Using Internet • M-commerce • Mobile Device Used for Transaction • Business-to-Consumer (B2C) • Sale of Goods to General Public • Business-to-Business (B2B) • Business Sells to Other Businesses • Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) • Consumer Sells Directly to Another

E-commerce • Mechanics

Other Services • E-mail • Transmission of Messages Over Internet • Messages May Include Attachments • Files, Graphics, Audio, Video • Virus • Volume • 1.4 Billion Active Accounts Worldwide • 90 Trillion E-mails Sent in 2009 • 81% Spam royalpingdom.com 1/10

Other Services • Instant Messaging (IM) • Real-time Typed Conversation • Indicate Who You Want to Speak With • Notified When They Are Online • Chat • Real-time Typed Conversation • Discuss Topics of Interest • Chat Room • Location on Server that Permits Discussion

Other Services • FTP (File Transfer Protocol) • Allows Upload / Download of Files • Files Located on FTP Servers • Use FTP Client Program to Access • Mailing List • Topical E-mail Discussion Group • You Must Subscribe to a Mailing List • E-mail Sent to Listserv • Listserv Distributes E-mail to All Subscribers

Other Services • Newsgroup • User Sends Message to Newsgroup • Others in Newsgroup Read / Reply • Read with Newsreader Program • Message Board • AKA Discussion Board, Forum • Web-based Version of Newsgroup • Newsreader not Required

Other Services • VoIP (Voice over IP) • AKA Internet Telephony • Voice Communication Over Internet • Replaces Standard Telephone Service • Comcast • Vonage

Netiquette • Code of Acceptable Behavior

Netiquette • Cyberbullying • Online Threats or Offensive Behavior • 34% Targeted in Last Year • 13-year-old Commits Suicide (10/06) • Unwanted Sexual Experiences • 18% Reported Internet Victimization • 10% Reported Texting Victimization cyberbully411.com 2010 is4k.com 4/10

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