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EndNote 20/21 Guide / APA Referencing Guide

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When new references are added to your library, EndNote does not automatically check for duplication.  Duplicate references within your EndNote library are a potential source of confusion and errors. It is recommended that you delete any duplicates.

EndNote identifies a reference as a duplicate if two or more references are assigned the same reference type (e.g. book) and include the same information in the author, year and title fields.

To identify and delete duplicate references:

1. Select Library in the Toolbar.

2. Select Find Duplicates.

3. A pop-up window appears, EndNote compares two references side by side. Any fields within the references that differ from each other will be highlighted blue.

4. Check the highlighted field and decide which reference to keep.  Click Keep this record.  You can also edit the reference you want to keep with information from the record you will delete.

• If you have more than two references for the same source, EndNote will compare the record multiple times.
• Repeat the above steps to go through all the duplicate references.

Please note: Occasionally EndNote's Find Duplicates function does not identify all duplicates.  It is recommended that you regularly sort your references by title to look for duplicates missed previously.

Video credited to EndNote Training.

EndNote Training. (2021, August 25). In action: EndNote 20 (Windows) find duplicates [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30hO68w0C-4

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Endnote: citation management: format bibliographies.

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Up to date guides from EndNote

More comprehensive and up to date EndNote information may be found on these guides from EndNote:

EndNote X9 / EndNote 20 / EndNote 21

How to: Format Bibliographies

One of the best features of EndNote is formatting your bibliography in almost any style, using a variety of fonts, adapting your favorite style to your own specifications, spacing, numbers or add annotations.

Formatting methods

Method 1: Copy Formatted

• EndNote > select your Output Style (this is the style of your bibliography).
• Select references in your library - use command or control A to select all references.
• References> copy formatted references.
• Open a word document, place the cursor where you want the references to appear.
• Edt > paste.

Method 2: Export references

• EndNote > select your Output Style (this is the style of your bibliography)
• Select the references you with to export. File > Export.
• Select file name, file type and destination ("Save in:") for your bibliography.
• Open the text file you have just created in word and edit or print.

Method 3: Drag and drop : (not all word processing programs support this method, MS word does)

• Select citations from your reference library.
• Hold command or control key and drag references from the library to your word document. -- You can tile your windows: put your cursor on the taskbar; right click the mouse, select show windows side-by-side.
• You may need to select Update Citations and Bibliography.

Create a subject bibliography

• Library > Tools  > Subject Bibliography . Keywords . OK .
• Subject Terms search box corresponds to the keywords field in your library.
• Select subject terms to use as subject headings in your bibliography, or click Select All. OK .
• Your bibliography is formatted on the screen.
• Click Layout button to modify the layout and style of your bibliography:
• Click on the tabs, References , Terms , Page Layout and Bibliography Layout .
• Verify or change the settings.
• Once your bibliography is set up, display with Print Preview , print, or save. Close.
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• Last Updated: Apr 30, 2024 12:27 PM
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De-duplication tool

If you have imported references on the same subject from more than one online resource, you may find that you have some duplicate references in your library. It is important to remove duplicates if you intend to use EndNote with Word to cite references, to avoid errors in your bibliography.

EndNote will search the currently selected references for duplicates. To search the whole EndNote Library, click on the All References folder.

• Go to the Library  menu and select Find Duplicates.
• Compare duplicate references to decide which to keep. The display automatically highlights any differences it has detected between the references, if any. You can copy and paste information between references if necessary.
• If you select Keep this record the other record will be sent to Trash .
• If you want to keep both records, or decide later, click on Skip to go to the next duplicate.
• This Duplicate References group is discarded when you close your library.
• Duplicate references are highlighted. To delete all the automatically detected duplicates, click on one of the highlighted references, hold down the left mouse button and drag across to the Trash folder.  Alternatively you can right-click on any highlighted reference and select Move references to trash . All of the highlighted references will be transferred to the Trash folder.

Manual de-duplication

To catch any outstanding duplicates it can be helpful to manually look through your library.

• Make sure to organise your centre pane where your references are displayed so that you can see all the useful fields clearly to help you judge whether a reference is a true duplicate.
• It can also be useful to choose the Annotated output style in the Preview panel at the bottom of the Summary panel, so that the preview includes the abstract.
• Sort your references by the Title field by clicking on the column header. You can then look through to check for duplicate titles - although be aware that sometimes different publications can have the same title.  A second check where references are organised by DOI is useful, although not all records will have a DOI (and in some cases the DOI might be the same for different references, e.g. conference abstracts). Checking by page number is also helpful.

Tip: duplicate settings

You can change the sensitivity of EndNote’s duplicate detection:

• Go to the Edit menu and select Preferences.
• Click on  Duplicates  from the left hand menu.
• Select the fields that are compared when a duplicate search is carried out - this will allow you to compare more fields such as author, year or journal title.
• The Criteria box below gives you an option to scan only for an exact match only or to ignore spacing and punctuation.
• Click on  OK.

Finding duplicates

This short video (1 min 3 secs) from Clarivate explains how to find duplicates in your EndNote library. There is no audio. The video is in EndNote 20, but the process is the same in EndNote 21.

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Creating Bibliographies

To create a bibliography, set the output style in your EndNote Library to the style you want. If the style is not showing in the style box, go to the drop down menu and choose "Select another style..."

In your library or group, highlight the references you want for the bibliography or use "Edit" to select all.

Go to References and choose "Copy formatted reference".

Open Word and right click to paste.

You will see your bibliography.

When copied (formatted) to Word, your bibliography will look like this:

Annotated Bibliography

For an easy annotated bibliography, open your EndNote Library or the group you want to work with.

Clear out the information in the notes field.  You can put the information in an unused field.  Label is the best choice.  You can cut and paste or use the move fields option.  To move fields, go to Libraries, then Change/Move/Copy fields.  Use Move/Copy fields. Select Move field. Then use the drop down menu and chose From: Notes  and To: Label and "replace entire field".

Enter in the Notes field your own comments

You now want to edit your style. Go to Edit, then Output style If your style is showing, click on it to edit. If your style is not showing, use Open Style Manager to select it.

On the left, you will see the parameters for your style.

Go down to Bibliography, then select Layout.

In the bottom pane (End each reference with:), use the "Insert Field" option (upper left of the bottom pane). Insert End of Paragraph (to create a line space between the reference and the annotations). Insert a tab (if you wish) so the annotations even up with the bibliography. Insert Notes (so the information in the notes field will show). Insert another end of paragraph (to created a line space between annotated references).

Save the edited style. The default is ...Copy,  but you can rename it, say to APAannotated or something with your initials so you recognize it.

Back in your EndNote Library, go to the styles box and select another style.  Select the style you just created and saved.

Your preview will now show the annotations beneath the bibliographic reference.

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Refering to the same endnote more than once

I used the cross reference feature to insert a refernce to an existing endnote ( Insert>Reference>Cross-Reference). However, when I click it, it takes me to the first reference within the document and not to the bottom of the document where the actual list of endnotes is. Is there a way to make the click take me to the actual endnote in the list of endnotes?

Thanks a lot,

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Thanks for your feedback.

I'm having the same problem right now.

I insert ENDNOTE to 1st reference, then CROSS-REFERENCE for 2nd and 3rd reference to that same ENDNOTE as the 1st reference; however, clicking on the 2nd and 3rd reference only goes to 1st reference, instead of the ENDNOTE, and clicking on the ENDNOTE only goes back to the 1st reference.

I'm trying to have it so if the last CLICKED reference, either 1st, 2nd, or 3rd, all goes to ENDNOTE and clicking the ENDNOTE goes back to the last CLICKED reference, either 1st, 2nd, or 3rd, like a footprint track back itself, and vice-versa.

Does anybody know how to do this?

1 person found this reply helpful

Yes, I'm well aware of that. This process is such a double-sided inconvenient.

If we want to to got the endnote itself, you should have specified the "1ST" endnote reference because clicking the "2ND" endnote reference only goes back to the "1ST" endnote reference, yet now here's what you mean by clicking on this "1ST" endnote reference will now take you to the endnote itself.

It's like rerouting itself back to "1ST" endnote reference for all the other ones that follow being clickd on that corresponds to that same endnote...

Yet clicking the actually ENDNOTE at the end itself, will only go back to that "1ST" endnote, and not the other ones that share it...like a pingback track footprint.

HOW? Step-by-steps. An example would help.

2 people found this reply helpful

What is a QAT? Where is this dropdown?

Example in action baby-steps.

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• Article Author

The QAT is the Quick Access Toolbar.

• Right-click on it and choose Customize Quick Access Toolbar...
• In the Customize the Quick Access Toolbar dialog, under "Choose commands from," select Commands Not in the Ribbon .
• Scroll down to Back and click Add>> to add it to the QAT.
• Repeat, if desired, for Forward .

8 people found this reply helpful

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Creating an Annotated Bibliography

1. Select the citation you want to annotote.

    Double click the citation to open and edit. 

2. Scroll down the page to find the Research Notes field.

3. Type your notes (annotations) into the Research Notes field.

    Click the bottom "X" to close the citation and return to the main EndNote library window.

4. EndNote will ask you if you want to save your changes.

    Click yes to save your changes. (Clicking NO will erase all of the changes you have made.)

5. Now that you have entered all the research notes you want, you need to select the citations you want to include in the bibliography.

6. Click File, then Export to begin the process.

7. Select your Save Location.

    Name your file.

    Set the file type to Rich Text Format (.rft) to preserve the formatting.

    Select the correct (annotated) output style.

    Click Save to complete the process.

8. There should be a new Word icon in your save location.

    Double click to open the document.

9. The Word document should have all of your citations with the appropriate annotations listed.

    You can change the format of this document since it is now a separate Word document.

    These changes will not affect the citations in your EndNote database.

    If you need to make a change in the EndNote citation you will need to o back to EndNote to make the changes there. 

• Last Updated: Feb 5, 2024 2:30 PM
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Turabian Footnote/Endnote Style

Table of Contents: Books E-books Journal Articles (Print) Journal Articles (Online) Magazine Articles (Print) Magazine Articles (Online) Newspaper Articles Review Articles Websites For More Help

The examples in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (seventh edition) .  Kate Turabian created her first "manual" in 1937 as a means of simplifying for students The Chicago Manual of Style ; the seventh edition of Turabian is based on the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual . For types of resources not covered in this guide (e.g., government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further detail and examples, please consult the websites listed at the end of this guide, the handbook itself or a reference librarian .

Whenever you refer to or use another's words, facts or ideas in your paper, you are required to cite the source. Traditionally, disciplines in the humanities (art, history, music, religion, theology) require the use of bibliographic footnotes or endnotes in conjunction with a bibliography to cite sources used in research papers and dissertations. For the parenthetical reference (author-date) system (commonly used in the sciences and social sciences), please refer to the separate guide Turabian Parenthetical/Reference List Style . It is best to consult with your professor to determine the preferred citation style.

Indicate notes in the text of your paper by using consecutive superscript numbers (as demonstrated below). The actual note is indented and can occur either as a footnote at the bottom of the page or as an endnote at the end of the paper. To create notes, type the note number followed by a period on the same line as the note itself. This method should always be used for endnotes; it is the preferred method for footnotes. However, superscript numbers are acceptable for footnotes, and many word processing programs can generate footnotes with superscript numbers for you.

When citing books, the following are elements you may need to include in your bibliographic citation for your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author or editor; 2. Title; 3. Compiler, translator or editor (if an editor is listed in addition to an author); 4. Edition; 5. Name of series, including volume or number used; 6. Place of publication, publisher and date of publication; 7. Page numbers of citation (for footnote or endnote).

Books with One Author or Corporate Author

Author: Charles Hullmandel experimented with lithographic techniques throughout the early nineteenth century, patenting the "lithotint" process in 1840. 1

Editor: Human beings are the sources of "all international politics"; even though the holders of political power may change, this remains the same. 1

Corporate Author: Children of Central and Eastern Europe have not escaped the nutritional ramifications of iron deficiency, a worldwide problem. 1

First footnote:

1 Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

1 Valerie M. Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy (Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997), 5.

1 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , edited by Alexander Zouev (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 44.

Note the different treatment of an editor's name depending on whether the editor takes the place of an author (second example) or is listed in addition to the author (third example). 

Subsequent footnotes:

       Method A: Include the author or editor's last name, the title (or an abbreviated title) and the page number cited.

2 Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy, 10.

2 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy, 48.

       Method B: Include only the author or editor's last name and the page number, leaving out the title.  

2 Twyman, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., 10.

2 UNICEF, 48.

Use Method A if you need to cite more than one reference by the same author.

1. Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850  (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

Ibid., short for ibidem, means "in the same place."  Use ibid. if you cite the same page of the same work in succession without a different reference intervening.  If you need to cite a different page of the same work, include the page number.  For example:   2 Ibid., 50.

Bibliography:

Hudson, Valerie, N., ed. Culture and Foreign Policy . Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997.

Twyman, Michael. Lithography 1800-1850 . London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

UNICEF.  Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the             Former Soviet Union . Edited by Alexander Zouev. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.

Books with Two or More Authors or Editors

1 Russell Keat and John Urry, Social Theory as Science, 2d ed. (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982), 196.

1 Toyoma Hitomi, "The Era of Dandy Beauties," in Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  eds. Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker ( Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 157.

For references with more than three authors, cite the first named author followed by "et al." Cite all the authors in the bibliography.

1 Leonard B. Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , ed. Berel Lang (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 56.

2 Keat and Urry, Social Theory as Science , 200.

2 Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , 90.

Keat, Russell, and John Urry. Social Theory as Science , 2d. ed. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982.

Hitomi, Toyoma. "The Era of Dandy Beauties." In Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  edited by Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker, 153-165.   Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.

Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. The Concept of Style . Edited by Berel Lang.  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.  

Electronic Books

Follow the guidelines for print books, above, but include the collection (if there is one), URL and the date you accessed the material.

1 John Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy (Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834), in The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

2 Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy .

Rae, John.  Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy. Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834. In The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

For periodical (magazine, journal, newspaper, etc.) articles, include some or all of the following elements in your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author; 2. Article title; 3. Periodical title; 4. Volume or Issue number (or both); 5. Publication date; 6. Page numbers.

For online periodicals   , add: 7. URL and date of access; or 8. Database name, URL and date of access. (If available, include database publisher and city of publication.)

For an article available in more than one format (print, online, etc.), cite whichever version you used.

Journal Articles (Print)

1 Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 52.

Here you are citing page 52.  In the bibliography (see below) you would include the full page range: 39-56.

If a journal has continuous pagination within a volume, you do not need to include the issue number:

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 520.

Subsequent footnotes :

2 Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," 49.   

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 545.

Freedman, Lawrence. "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict."   Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 39-56.

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor."  American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 517-554.  

Journal Articles (Online)

Cite as above, but include the URL and the date of access of the article.

On the Free Web

1 Molly Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Through a Subscription Database

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

1 Michael Moon, et al., "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 32, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Subsequent Footnotes:

2 Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia."

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 527. 

2 Moon, "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," 34. 

Shea, Molly. "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Moon, Michael, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Benjamin Gianni, and Scott Weir. "Queers in (Single-Family) Space." Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 30-7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Magazine Articles (Print)

Monthly or Bimonthly

           1 Paul Goldberger, "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile," Architectural Digest, October 1996, 82.

1 Steven Levy and Brad Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," Newsweek , March 25, 2002, 45.

          2 Goldberger, "Machines for Living," 82.

          2 Levy and Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," 46.

Goldberger, Paul.  "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile." Architectural Digest, October 1996.

Levy, Steven, and Brad Stone. "Silicon Valley Reboots." Newsweek , March 25, 2002.

Magazine Articles (Online)

Follow the guidelines for print magazine articles, adding the URL and date accessed.

1 Bill Wyman, "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble," Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

1 Sasha Frere-Jones, "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Wyman, Bill. "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble." Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

Frere-Jones, Sasha. "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Newspaper Articles

In most cases, you will cite newspaper articles only in notes, not in your bibliography. Follow the general pattern for citing magazine articles, although you may omit page numbers.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition, in LexisNexis Academic (accessed June 27, 2009).

Note: In the example above, there was no stable URL for the article in LexisNexis, so the name of the database was given rather than a URL.

Review Articles

Follow the pattern below for review articles in any kind of periodical.

1 Alanna Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard," review of Basket Case, by Carl Hiassen, New York Times , February 3, 2002, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=105338185&sid=2&Fmt=6&clientId=5604&RQT=309&VName=PQD (accessed June 26, 2009).  

1 David Denby, "Killing Joke," review of No Country for Old Men , directed by Ethan and Joel Coen,  New Yorker, February 25, 2008, 72-73, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fah&AN=30033248&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009). 

Second footnote:

2 Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard."

2 Denby, "Killing Joke."

In most cases, you will be citing something smaller than an entire website. If you are citing an article from a website, for example, follow the guidelines for articles above. You can usually refer to an entire website in running text without including it in your reference list, e.g.: "According to its website, the Financial Accounting Standards Board requires ...".

If you need to cite an entire website in your bibliography, include some or all of the following elements, in this order:

1. Author or editor of the website (if known) 2. Title of the website 3. URL 4. Date of access

Financial Accounting Standards Board .  http://www.fasb.org  (accessed April 29, 2009).

FOR MORE HELP

Following are links to sites that have additional information and further examples:

Turabian Quick Guide (University of Chicago Press)

Chicago Manual of Style Online

RefWorks Once you have created an account, go to Tools/Preview Output Style to see examples of Turabian style.

Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) Excellent source for research, writing and citation tips.

Citing Sources Duke University's guide to citing sources. The site offers comparison citation tables with examples from APA , Chicago , MLA and Turabian for both print and electronic works.

How to Cite Electronic Sources From the Library of Congress. Provides MLA and Turabian examples of citing formats like films, photographs, maps and recorded sound that are accessed electronically.

Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications The examples in this excellent guide from the University of Memphis are based on the Chicago Manual of Style and Kate Turabian's Manual .

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• Writing Tips

Chicago Referencing – Repeat Citations

2-minute read

• 29th June 2018

If you have a useful source text, you may need to cite it more than once in your work . And the Chicago Manual of Style has specific rules for doing this! Here, then, is our guide to repeat citations in Chicago style referencing .

Footnote Citations

In Chicago footnote referencing , after giving full source information in the first footnote, you can shorten subsequent citations of the same source to prevent repetition. These shortened footnotes should include the author’s surname, a shortened title, and the page(s) cited:

1. Alan C. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City: Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Insects and Plants in an Urban Landscape (London: Holt & Company, 1983), 13. 2. Esther Woolfson, Corvus: A Life with Birds (London: Granta Publications, 2008), 234. 3. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City , 102.

If citing two people with the same surname in your work, make sure to include the initial of the person you are citing again as well as their surname.

When citing the same source repeatedly, you can shorten the citation even further to just the author’s name and a page number:

1. Alan C. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City: Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Insects and Plants in an Urban Landscape (London: Holt & Company, 1983), 13. 2. Esther Woolfson, Corvus: A Life with Birds (London: Granta Publications, 2008), 234. 3. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City , 102. 4. Jenkins, 112. 5. Woolfson, Corvus , 235. 6. Woolfson, 117. 7. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City , 84.

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The key is making sure the source you’re citing is clear each time.

Author–Date Citations

Chicago referencing also has an author–date system , which uses in-text citations. To reference the same source more than once in this, all you have to do is give the same citation again:

Alan Jenkins (1983) describes how birds of prey survive in urban settings. He says that peregrine falcons are a “spectacular example of adaptive behavior” (Jenkins 1983, 13).

All you need to do with repeat author–date citations, then, is make sure they are consistent! And if you’d like any extra help making sure the referencing in your work is correct, we have expert proofreaders available. Sign up for a 500-word free trial to find out how our proofreading service works.

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How do I repeat an endnote?

If I have multiple places in the document needing the same reference, I don’t want to make separate endnotes with the exact same reference. I’d like to cite a previous endnote.

Is there a way to do this?

Also, how do I put a title on my endnote page?

Multiple references to same note

Insert the first occurrence of note as usual. This creates an internal bookmark .

For the subsequent occurrences, use a cross-reference to this bookmark. At the location of the occurrence:

Insert > Cross-reference

In Type , select Endnotes or Footnotes ; click on the relevant note in Selection ; choose Reference in Insert reference to ; click Insert .

Select the newly inserted reference and give it character style Footnote Anchor or Endnote Anchor so that it has the same formatting as other occurrences.

Title before endnotes

You have two options here.

Since the endnotes are collected in pages with page style Endnotes , you can add a header in this page style and the header is repeated on every page.

If you prefer a single heading before the notes, see Heading for endnotes page in this site.

Ah, thank you. But how do you change the character style of the reference? I can’t figure that out. If I click on it, I get taken to the endnote.

The anchor, both in text and in the note area, is associated with a hyperlink. This is why you can’t click (or double-click) to select the anchor. Click at left or right of the anchor and use the arrows to position the cursor immediately before or after the anchor. Then Shift +arrow to select the whole anchor (may need several strokes if anchor has more than one character). After that, double-click on Footnote Anchor or Endnote Anchor in the character style list of the list navigator.

Hello! I have same problem as double click take me to a endnote… I mark it as you said, but editing it is impossible

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Articles EndNote: Changing line-spacing in the bibliography through Configure Bibliography

Endnote: changing line-spacing in the bibliography through configure bibliography, jun 20, 2022 • knowledge, information.

To double-space or single-space the bibliography in your document, do the following:

• Word 2007/2010/2013/2016/2019/Office365 (Win)  with EndNote X1 and later : Go to the EndNote™ tab. Click the box directly to the right of "Bibliography." Screenshot below :

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• UNC Libraries
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EndNote21 Desktop: 2. Set up Endnote Preferences

Created by health science librarians.

• Getting Started
• 1. Create an Endnote Library

Journal Terms List

Connect to unc to find full-text, sync library with endnote web.

• 3. Add References
• 4. View and Edit References
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• 6. Remove Duplicate References
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What are term lists?

Three types of term lists are available with every library file: Authors, Journals, and Keywords.  These lists are linked to their corresponding fields and serve as an index, improving the consistency and accuracy of your references, citations, and bibliographies.

How can I abbreviate journal names?

Sometimes different citation styles use abbreviations for the journal names. EndNote uses the journal terms list to abbreviate journal names. We recommend that you define the Journal term list for each new library. This helps ensure that all journal names and abbreviations are consistent.

Define the Journal Term list

Note: If you did not define your Journals term list when you created your library, then your term list has been created automatically as you enter new references into your library (whether by importing or manually entering them). To ensure consistency and accuracy, we recommend that you discard your existing Journal term list and import Journal term lists from EndNote.

• Click on the first journal name and then press [ctrl] + A on the keyboard to select all of the journals.

To import a new journal terms list:

• In your library, select Library > Define Term Lists  from the menu bar.  The Term Lists dialog box will open.

• Select the term list you wish to import.  For the health sciences, we recommend that you import the Medical and Humanities term lists.  Click  Open .  An Updating Term Lists box will appear and, once the update is complete, a different box will display the number of terms inserted into the Journals term list. Repeat for each term list that you wish to add. Click Close when you have finished.

Modify the Citation Style to Use Journal Abbreviations

• Select the output style you want to modify by using Edit > Output Styles > Edit [Name of style of want to edit]. If the style you want is not shown, click on Open Style Manager and select it from there.
• Select Journal Names on the left column. Under Journal Name Format, select the field you want. This is usually Abbreviation 1.
• Save the output style with a new one, such as "APA 6th Edit".

What is Find Full Text?

• EndNote uses data stored in your references to search the Web for the corresponding full text file as a PDF or URL.  Once found, the file is automatically downloaded and attached to the appropriate reference.

Connecting Find Full Text to the UNC Libraries

The Find Full Text feature works best when your computer is connected to the UNC campus network.  To improve retrieval of full text files when off-campus, do the following:

2. In the left column, click on Find Full Text .

3. Check all four boxes for Web of Science, DOI, PubMed, and OpenURL.

4. Copy and paste the following text into the field called OpenURL Path :

http://vb3lk7eb4t.search.serialssolutions.com/

5. Verify that the information in the dialog box matches the box picture below.

You can sync one library with EndNote Web.

Therefore, we recommend storing your references in one library and then organizing your references into groups. Syncing your references makes it easier to share references with colleagues and collaborate in shared documents. 

• Open the library that you would like to designate as your EndNote Sync library. 
• Click Library -> Sync
• Click Sign Up to create a new EndNote Web account or sync with an existing EndNote online account by inputting your login credentials. 
• By default, every 15 minutes, EndNote 21 will check your library for changes to send or receive. Click Sync Status to confirm that all reference details synchronize between your desktop library and EndNote Web account. 
• To sync on a secondary computer, create a blank EndNote library by choosing File -> New . Click Library -> Sync to input your EndNote Web account credentials and perform you initial sync to copy down all existing library information.

• Library Syncing and Sharing - EndNote Guide from Clarivate
• Syncing in EndNote 21 - Clarivate
• << Previous: 1. Create an Endnote Library
• Next: 3. Add References >>
• Last Updated: May 10, 2024 5:39 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.unc.edu/EndNote21

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Analytical Methods

A one-pot crispr-rca strategy for ultrasensitive and specific detection of circrna †.

* Corresponding authors

a Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China E-mail: [email protected]

b School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China

c School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China

d Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China

Accurate and precise detection of circular RNA (circRNA) is imperative for its clinical use. However, the inherent challenges in circRNA detection, arising from its low abundance and potential interference from linear isomers, necessitate innovative solutions. In this study, we introduce, for the first time, the application of the CRISPR/Cas12a system to establish a one-pot, rapid (30 minutes to 2 hours), specific and ultrasensitive circRNA detection strategy, termed RETA-CRISPR (reverse transcription-rolling circle amplification (RT-RCA) with the CRISPR/Cas12a). This method comprises two steps: (1) the RT-RCA process of circRNA amplification, generating repeat units containing the back-splicing junction (BSJ) sequences; and (2) leveraging the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)-independent Cas12a/crRNA complex to precisely recognize target sequences with BSJ, thereby initiating the collateral cleavage activity of Cas12a to generate a robust fluorescence signal. Remarkably, this approach exhibits the capability to detect circRNAs at a concentration as low as 300 aM. The sensor has been successfully employed for accurate detection of a potential hepatocellular carcinoma biomarker hsa_circ_0001445 (circRNA1445) in various cell lines. In conclusion, RETA-CRISPR seamlessly integrates the advantages of exponential amplification reaction and the robust collateral cleavage activity of Cas12a, positioning it as a compelling tool for practical CRISPR-based diagnostics.

Supplementary files

• Supplementary information PDF (518K)

Article information

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A one-pot CRISPR-RCA strategy for ultrasensitive and specific detection of circRNA

X. Ke, A. Liang, C. Chen and T. Hu, Anal. Methods , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4AY00693C

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