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Article Metadata Extraction

TLDR This, the online article summarizer tool, not only condenses lengthy articles into shorter, digestible content, but it also automatically extracts essential metadata such as author and date information, related images, and the title. Additionally, it estimates the reading time for news articles and blog posts, ensuring you have all the necessary information consolidated in one place for efficient reading.

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TLDR This is for anyone who just needs to get the gist of a long article. You can read this summary, then go read the original article if you want to.

TLDR This is for students studying for exams, who are overwhelmed by information overload. This tool will help them summarize information into a concise, easy to digest piece of text.

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To help you summarize and analyze your argumentative texts , your articles, your scientific texts, your history texts as well as your well-structured analyses work of art, Resoomer provides you with a "Summary text tool" : an educational tool that identifies and summarizes the important ideas and facts of your documents. Summarize in 1-Click, go to the main idea or skim through so that you can then interpret your texts quickly and develop your syntheses .

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Book Summaries: Browse Over 1,300 Titles on One Page

Use Our Free Book Summaries to Learn 3 Ideas From 1,300+ Books in 4 Minutes or Less

If you’re looking for free book summaries, this is the single-best page on the internet.

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• 10 Days To Faster Reading Summary
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• Tesla: Man Out of Time Summary
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• The 1-Page Marketing Plan Summary
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• The 21 Irrefutable Laws Of Leadership Summary
• The 22 Immutable Laws of Branding Summary
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• The 4 Day Week Summary
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• The Alchemist Summary
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• The Almanack of Naval Ravikant Summary
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• The Freaks Shall Inherit The Earth Summary
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• The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Summary
• The Importance Of Being Little Summary
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• The Innovator’s Dilemma Summary
• The Innovators Summary
• The Intelligent Investor Summary
• The Interpretation Of Dreams Summary
• The Introvert’s Complete Career Guide Summary
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• The Joy of Missing Out Summary
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• The Kindness Method Summary
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• The Leadership Challenge Summary
• The Lean Startup Summary
• The Lessons of History Summary
• The Life-Changing Magic Of Not Giving A F*ck Summary
• The Life-Changing Magic Of Tidying Up Summary
• The Life-Changing Science of Detecting Bullshit Summary
• The Light We Carry Summary
• The Little Book of Common Sense Investing Summary
• The Little Book Of Hygge Summary
• The Little Book Of Lykke Summary
• The Little Book of Talent Summary
• The Little Book That Still Beats The Market Summary
• The Little Prince Summary
• The Long Tail Summary
• The Longevity Paradox Summary
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• The Lost Art of Connecting Summary
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| The Art of Living for Students of Life

Book Summaries

Sloww is your go-to book summary website for the highest quality and most detailed free book summaries anywhere in the world.

This page is a comprehensive list of 100+ nonfiction book summaries. You may also enjoy my book recommendations and full reading list (Google Sheet). Enjoy!

“I love your work on Sloww. The book summaries are God-sent, and I appreciate how you express complex concepts with such clarity. Big Thank You.” — Sarah G, Sloww reader

Page Contents:

· Lifelong Learning Book Summaries (Sloww Stage Support) · Intentional Living Book Summaries (Sloww Stage 1) · Life Purpose Book Summaries (Sloww Stage 2) · Mental Mastery Book Summaries (Sloww Stage 3) · Spiritual Seeing Book Summaries (Sloww Stage 4)

Sloww Book Summaries: High Quality, Detailed, Nonfiction (& Free!)

About the book summaries.

What makes Sloww summaries the most useful book summaries in the world?

Author Quotes:  I always use the author’s original words— not filtered by my mind. Watch out for book “summaries” that are only or mostly in the reader’s words—you’re essentially playing the “telephone game” with these (you’re reading the reader’s mind, not the author’s words).

Key Themes:  I group similar quotes into key themes, so you get the gist of the main themes from a book  and  see direct examples of original author quotes that support the themes. Key themes can then be synthesized across books to make you more of a interdisciplinary generalist.

Visual Formatting:  I do a lot of extra work to provide intuitive visual organization. This is rarely seen in other book summaries online that are often long pages of unformatted text or bullet points. I use highlighting, bolding, visuals, and infographics to bring my book summaries to life.

Appropriate Length: There are far too many short summaries out there that only give you bits and pieces of a book. My summaries are “as long as they need to be” depending on the quality of the book. I offer both free summaries and 🔒Premium summaries (further distilled and more actionable). Here are some examples of how much fluff I cut out of a book to produce my summaries (free summaries cut ~90% out of a full book on average; 🔒Premium summaries then cut the free summaries in half):

📚 Lifelong Learning & Deeper Development Book Summaries

Pair with: Sloww Stage Support: How do I learn for life?

Lifelong learning book summaries:

• ⭐ How to Read a Book  by Mortimer Adler |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It  
• ⭐ Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning by Jack Mezirow | Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 How to Take Smart Notes  by Sönke Ahrens | Book Summary 1 , 2  | 🔒  How to Apply It  
• 👍 Make It Stick by Peter Brown, Henry Roediger III, and Mark McDaniel | Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 Learning in Adulthood  by Sharan Merriam & Lisa Baumgartner |  Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 Understanding and Promoting Transformative Learning  by Patricia Cranton |  Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 First Person Action Research by Judi Marshall | Book Summary | 🔒 Premium Synthesis
• 👍 The Art of Learning by Josh Waitzkin | Book Summary
• 👍 Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies  by Allen Repko, Rick Szostak, & Michelle Phillips Buchberger |  Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply It
• Interdisciplinary Research: Process and Theory  by Allen Repko and Rick Szostak | Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply It
• A Synthesizing Mind  by Howard Gardner |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• Teaching Complex Ideas by Arnold Wentzel | Book Summary
• Range  by David Epstein |  Book Summary  
• Ultralearning by Scott Young | Book Summary
• Building a Second Brain by Tiago Forte | Book Summary
• The 7 Transdisciplinary Cognitive Skills for Creative Education  by Danah Henriksen |  Book Summary

Deeper development book summaries:

• ⭐ Ego Development Theory by Susanne Cook-Greuter | Paper Summary 1 , 2 | 🔒 How to Apply It
• 👍 Integral Psychology by Ken Wilber | Book Summary
• 👍 The Farther Reaches of Human Nature  by Abraham Maslow | Book Summary  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4  | 🔒 How to Apply It  1 ,  2
• 👍 SQ21 (Spiritual Intelligence)  by Cindy Wigglesworth |  Book Summary
• 👍 Raise a Genius! by László Polgár | Book Summary | 🔒 How to Apply It
• A Brief History of Everything by Ken Wilber | Book Summary
• A Theory of Everything  by Ken Wilber |  Book Summary
• Integral Spirituality by Ken Wilber | Book Summary
• The Integral Vision by Ken Wilber |  Book Summary
• Transcend  by Scott Barry Kaufman | Book Summary  1 , 2

🌎 Intentional Living Book Summaries

Pair with: Sloww Stage 1: How do I design a lighter lifestyle?

Slow living book summaries:

• 👍 In Praise of Slowness  by Carl Honore |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• The Things You Can See Only When You Slow Down  by Haemin Sunim |  Book Summary
• Slow  by Brooke McAlary |  Book Summary
• Chasing Slow  by Erin Loechner |  Book Summary
• Present Over Perfect  by Shauna Niequist |  Book Summary
• The Slow Fix  by Carl Honoré |  Book Summary
• In Praise of Idleness by Bertrand Russell | Essay Summary
• Conspicuous Consumption of Time by Bellezza, Paharia, & Keinan | Research Summary

Simple living book summaries:

• 👍 Voluntary Simplicity  by Duane Elgin |  Book Summary
• 👍 The Quest of the Simple Life  by William J. Dawson | Book Summary 1 , 2
• 👍 The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up  by Marie Kondo |  Book Summary
• The Value of Voluntary Simplicity by Richard Gregg | Essay Summary
• Voluntary Simplicity: Listening to the Quiet Revolution by Katie Barton | Thesis Summary
• Goodbye, Things  by Fumio Sasaki |  Book Summary
• Simplify  by Joshua Becker |  Book Summary
• The Blue Zones Cookbook by Dan Buettner | Book Summary

Lifestyle design book summaries:

• ⭐ Early Retirement Extreme  by Jacob Lund Fisker |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 The Psychology of Money  by Morgan Housel |  Book Summary
• 👍 Atomic Habits  by James Clear |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How To Apply It  
• 👍 Essentialism  by Greg McKeown |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How To Apply It  
• 👍 The Pathless Path by Paul Millerd |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 The Almanack of Naval Ravikant  by Eric Jorgenson |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• Four Thousand Weeks by Oliver Burkeman | Book Summary
• Die With Zero  by Bill Perkins | Book Summary
• When  by Daniel Pink |  Book Summary  
• Areté by Brian Johnson | Book Summary | 🔒 Premium Synthesis
• Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren by John Maynard Keynes | Essay Summary

🧭 Life Purpose Book Summaries

Pair with: Sloww Stage 2: How do I find deeper purpose?

Meaning book summaries:

• ⭐ Man’s Search for Meaning  by Viktor Frankl | Book Summary  1 ,  2  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 Yes to Life  by Viktor Frankl |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• The Last Lecture  by Randy Pausch |  Book Summary  

Purpose book summaries:

• 👍 A New Earth  by Eckhart Tolle | Book Summary  1 ,  2 ,  3  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 Let Your Life Speak  by Parker Palmer |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• The Alchemist  by Paulo Coelho | Book Summary 1 , 2
• The Purpose Driven Life  by Rick Warren |  Book Summary
• Find Your Why  by Simon Sinek |  Book Summary
• Ikigai  by Héctor García and Francesc Miralles |  Book Summary | My Ikigai 2.0 eBook
• Awakening Your Ikigai  by Ken Mogi |  Book Summary | My Ikigai 2.0 eBook
• The Path Made Clear  by Oprah |  Book Summary
• The Crossroads of Should and Must  by Elle Luna |  Book Summary
• The Wisdom of the Enneagram  by Riso & Hudson | Book Summary 1 , 2

🧠 Mental Mastery Book Summaries

Pair with: Sloww Stage 3: How do I master the mind?

Brain & biology book summaries:

• ⭐ The Master and His Emissary by Iain McGilchrist | Book Summary
• ⭐ Livewired by David Eagleman | Book Summary
• 👍 Determined by Robert Sapolsky | Book Summary | 🔒 Premium Synthesis
• 👍 Conscious by Annaka Harris | Book Summary
• 👍 Whole Brain Living  by Jill Bolte Taylor |  Book Summary

Mind & psychology book summaries:

• ⭐ The Art of War by Sun Tzu (Michael Nylan Version) | Book Summary
• ⭐ Thinking in Systems  by Donella Meadows |  Book Summary  | 🔒 Premium Summary
• ⭐ Creating Freedom by Raoul Martinez |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 Free Will  by Sam Harris |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 The Lessons of History  by Will & Ariel Durant | Book Summary  1 ,  2  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 The Inner Game of Tennis by W. Timothy Gallwey |  Book Summary  | 🔒  Premium Summary
• 👍 Poor Charlie’s Almanack by Peter Kaufman & Charlie Munger | Book Summary
• 👍 Super Thinking  by Gabriel Weinberg & Lauren McCann |  Book Summary  | 🔒  Premium Summary
• 👍 The Great Mental Models Volume 1  by Farnam Street |  Book Summary  
• 👍 The Skeptics’ Guide to the Universe by Steven Novella | Book Summary | 🔒 Premium Summary
• 👍 The Extended Mind by Annie Murphy Paul | Book Summary
• Seeking Wisdom: From Darwin to Munger  by Peter Bevelin |  Book Summary
• The Art of Thinking Clearly by Rolf Dobelli | Book Summary | 🔒 Premium Summary
• Clear Thinking by Shane Parrish | Book Summary
• Sum by David Eagleman | Book Summary
• The Grand Redesign by Sam McRoberts | Book Summary
• Lying by Sam Harris | Book Summary
• Metathinking  by Nick Shannon & Bruno Frischherz |  Book Summary

Philosophy book summaries:

• 👍 A Calendar of Wisdom  by Leo Tolstoy |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 This is Water  by David Foster Wallace |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 How to Live  by Derek Sivers |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 On The Shortness Of Life  by Seneca |  Book Summary
• 👍 As a Man Thinketh  by James Allen |  Book Summary
• The Four Agreements  by Don Miguel Ruiz |  Book Summary | 🔒 How to Apply it
• Excellent Advice for Living by Kevin Kelly | Book Summary
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• Meditations  by Marcus Aurelius | Book Summary  1 ,  2
• Enchiridion  by Epictetus |  Book Summary
• Stillness is the Key  by Ryan Holiday |  Book Summary
• The Existentialist’s Survival Guide  by Gordon Marino |  Book Summary

☯️ Spiritual Seeing Book Summaries

Pair with: Sloww Stage 4: How do I see beyond mind?

Spirituality book summaries:

• ⭐ Thought as a System by David Bohm | Book Summary
• ⭐ Awareness  by Anthony De Mello |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• ⭐ Being Aware of Being Aware by Rupert Spira |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply it
• ⭐ Be As You Are by Ramana Maharshi | Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply it
• ⭐ On Having No Head by Douglas Harding | Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply it
• ⭐ Tao Te Ching  by Lao Tzu (Stephen Mitchell Version) |  Book Summary
• 👍 Waking U p by Sam Harris | Book Summary
• 👍 Siddhartha  by Hermann Hesse |  Book Summary
• 👍 The Untethered Soul  by Michael Singer |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply it
• 👍 Be Here Now by Ram Dass | Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply it
• 👍 The Power of Now  by Eckhart Tolle | Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply It
• 👍 The Way to Love  by Anthony de Mello |  Book Summary
• 👍 Spiritual Enlightenment  by Jed McKenna |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply it
• 👍 Being Myself by Rupert Spira |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply it
• 👍 Who Am I?  by Sri Ramana Maharshi |  Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply it
• 👍 Know Yourself by Ibn Arabi & Balyani | Book Summary
• 👍 The Science of the 1st Person by Douglas Harding | Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply it
• 👍 Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind by Shunryu Suzuki | Book Summary | 🔒  How to Apply it
• 👍 Experiencing God Directly by Marshall Davis | Book Summary
• 👍 The Practice of the Presence of God by Brother Lawrence & Marshall Davis | Book Summary
• No Self, No Problem by Chris Niebauer | Book Summary | 🔒 How to Apply it
• The Heart of Prayer by Rupert Spira |  Book Summary  | 🔒  How to Apply it
• Who Am I? by Swami Sarvapriyananda | Book Summary

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How to Write a Summary (Examples Included)

Ashley Shaw

Have you ever recommended a book to someone and given them a quick overview? Then you’ve created a summary before!

Summarizing is a common part of everyday communication. It feels easy when you’re recounting what happened on your favorite show, but what do you do when the information gets a little more complex?

Written summaries come with their own set of challenges. You might ask yourself:

• What details are unnecessary?
• How do you put this in your own words without changing the meaning?
• How close can you get to the original without plagiarizing it?
• How long should it be?

The answers to these questions depend on the type of summary you are doing and why you are doing it.

A summary in an academic setting is different to a professional summary—and both of those are very different to summarizing a funny story you want to tell your friends.

One thing they all have in common is that you need to relay information in the clearest way possible to help your reader understand. We’ll look at some different forms of summary, and give you some tips on each.

Let’s get started!

What Is a Summary?

How do you write a summary, how do you write an academic summary, what are the four types of academic summaries, how do i write a professional summary, writing or telling a summary in personal situations, summarizing summaries.

A summary is a shorter version of a larger work. Summaries are used at some level in almost every writing task, from formal documents to personal messages.

When you write a summary, you have an audience that doesn’t know every single thing you know.

When you want them to understand your argument, topic, or stance, you may need to explain some things to catch them up.

Instead of having them read the article or hear every single detail of the story or event, you instead give them a brief overview of what they need to know.

Academic, professional, and personal summaries each require you to consider different things, but there are some key rules they all have in common.

Let’s go over a few general guides to writing a summary first.

1. A summary should always be shorter than the original work, usually considerably.

Even if your summary is the length of a full paper, you are likely summarizing a book or other significantly longer work.

2. A summary should tell the reader the highlights of what they need to know without giving them unnecessary details.

3. It should also include enough details to give a clear and honest picture.

For example, if you summarize an article that says “ The Office is the greatest television show of all time,” but don’t mention that they are specifically referring to sitcoms, then you changed the meaning of the article. That’s a problem! Similarly, if you write a summary of your job history and say you volunteered at a hospital for the last three years, but you don’t add that you only went twice in that time, it becomes a little dishonest.

4. Summaries shouldn’t contain personal opinion.

While in the longer work you are creating you might use opinion, within the summary itself, you should avoid all personal opinion. A summary is different than a review. In this moment, you aren’t saying what you think of the work you are summarizing, you are just giving your audience enough information to know what the work says or did.

Now that we have a good idea of what summaries are in general, let’s talk about some specific types of summary you will likely have to do at some point in your writing life.

An academic summary is one you will create for a class or in other academic writing. The exact elements you will need to include depend on the assignment itself.

However, when you’re asked for an academic summary, this usually this means one of five things, all of which are pretty similar:

• You need to do a presentation in which you talk about an article, book, or report.
• You write a summary paper in which the entire paper is a summary of a specific work.
• You summarize a class discussion, lesson, or reading in the form of personal notes or a discussion board post.
• You do something like an annotated bibliography where you write short summaries of multiple works in preparation of a longer assignment.
• You write quick summaries within the body of another assignment . For example, in an argumentative essay, you will likely need to have short summaries of the sources you use to explain their argument before getting into how the source helps you prove your point.

Regardless of what type of summary you are doing, though, there are a few steps you should always follow:

• Skim the work you are summarizing before you read it. Notice what stands out to you.
• Next, read it in depth . Do the same things stand out?
• Put the full text away and write in a few sentences what the main idea or point was.
• Go back and compare to make sure you didn’t forget anything.
• Expand on this to write and then edit your summary.

Each type of academic summary requires slightly different things. Let’s get down to details.

How Do I Write a Summary Paper?

Sometimes teachers assign something called a summary paper . In this, the entire thing is a summary of one article, book, story, or report.

To understand how to write this paper, let’s talk a little bit about the purpose of such an assignment.

A summary paper is usually given to help a teacher see how well a student understands a reading assignment, but also to help the student digest the reading. Sometimes, it can be difficult to understand things we read right away.

However, a good way to process the information is to put it in our own words. That is the point of a summary paper.

A summary paper is:

• A way to explain in our own words what happened in a paper, book, etc.
• A time to think about what was important in the paper, etc.
• A time to think about the meaning and purpose behind the paper, etc.

Here are some things that a summary paper is not:

• A review. Your thoughts and opinions on the thing you are summarizing don’t need to be here unless otherwise specified.
• A comparison. A comparison paper has a lot of summary in it, but it is different than a summary paper. In this, you are just saying what happened, but you aren’t saying places it could have been done differently.
• A paraphrase (though you might have a little paraphrasing in there). In the section on using summary in longer papers, I talk more about the difference between summaries, paraphrases, and quotes.

Because a summary paper is usually longer than other forms of summary, you will be able to chose more detail. However, it still needs to focus on the important events. Summary papers are usually shorter papers.

Let’s say you are writing a 3–4 page summary. You are likely summarizing a full book or an article or short story, which will be much longer than 3–4 pages.

Imagine that you are the author of the work, and your editor comes to you and says they love what you wrote, but they need it to be 3–4 pages instead.

How would you tell that story (argument, idea, etc.) in that length without losing the heart or intent behind it? That is what belongs in a summary paper.

How Do I Write Useful Academic Notes?

Sometimes, you need to write a summary for yourself in the form of notes or for your classmates in the form of a discussion post.

You might not think you need a specific approach for this. After all, only you are going to see it.

However, summarizing for yourself can sometimes be the most difficult type of summary. If you try to write down everything your teacher says, your hand will cramp and you’ll likely miss a lot.

Yet, transcribing doesn’t work because studies show that writing things down (not typing them) actually helps you remember them better.

So how do you find the balance between summarizing the lessons without leaving out important points?

There are some tips for this:

• If your professor writes it on the board, it is probably important.
• What points do your textbooks include when summarizing information? Use these as a guide.
• Write the highlight of every X amount of time, with X being the time you can go without missing anything or getting tired. This could be one point per minute, or three per five minutes, etc.

How Do I Create an Annotated Biography?

An annotated bibliography requires a very specific style of writing. Often, you will write these before a longer research paper . They will ask you to find a certain amount of articles and write a short annotation for each of them.

While an annotation is more than just a summary, it usually starts with a summary of the work. This will be about 2–3 sentences long. Because you don’t have a lot of room, you really have to think about what the most important thing the work says is.

This will basically ask you to explain the point of the article in these couple of sentences, so you should focus on the main point when expressing it.

Here is an example of a summary section within an annotation about this post:

“In this post, the author explains how to write a summary in different types of settings. She walks through academic, professional, and personal summaries. Ultimately, she claims that summaries should be short explanations that get the audience caught up on the topic without leaving out details that would change the meaning.”

Can I Write a Summary Within an Essay?

Perhaps the most common type of summary you will ever do is a short summary within a longer paper.

For example, if you have to write an argumentative essay, you will likely need to use sources to help support your argument.

However, there is a good chance that your readers won’t have read those same sources.

So, you need to give them enough detail to understand your topic without spending too much time explaining and not enough making your argument.

While this depends on exactly how you are using summary in your paper, often, a good amount of summary is the same amount you would put in an annotation.

Just a few sentences will allow the reader to get an idea of the work before moving on to specific parts of it that might help your argument.

What’s the Difference Between Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Using Quotes?

One important thing to recognize when using summaries in academic settings is that summaries are different than paraphrases or quotes.

A summary is broader and more general. A paraphrase, on the other hand, puts specific parts into your own words. A quote uses the exact words of the original. All of them, however, need to be cited.

Let’s look at an example:

Take these words by Thomas J. Watson:

”Would you like me to give you a formula for success? It’s quite simple, really. Double your rate of failure. You are thinking of failure as the enemy of success. But it isn’t as all. You can be discouraged by failure—or you can learn from it. So go ahead and make mistakes. Make all you can. Because, remember, that’s where you will find success.”

Let’s say I was told to write a summary, a paraphrase, and a quote about this statement. This is what it might look like:

Summary: Thomas J. Watson said that the key to success is actually to fail more often. (This is broad and doesn’t go into details about what he says, but it still gives him credit.)

Paraphrase: Thomas J. Watson, on asking if people would like his formula for success, said that the secret was to fail twice as much. He claimed that when you decide to learn from your mistakes instead of being disappointed by them, and when you start making a lot of them, you will actually find more success. (This includes most of the details, but it is in my own words, while still crediting the source.)

Quote: Thomas J. Watson said, ”Would you like me to give you a formula for success? It’s quite simple, really. Double your rate of failure. You are thinking of failure as the enemy of success. But it isn’t at all. You can be discouraged by failure—or you can learn from it. So go ahead and make mistakes. Make all you can. Because, remember, that’s where you will find success.” (This is the exact words of the original with quotation marks and credit given.)

Avoiding Plagiarism

One of the hardest parts about summarizing someone else’s writing is avoiding plagiarism .

That’s why I have a few rules/tips for you when summarizing anything:

1. Always cite.

If you are talking about someone else’s work in any means, cite your source. If you are summarizing the entire work, all you probably need to do (depending on style guidelines) is say the author’s name. However, if you are summarizing a specific chapter or section, you should state that specifically. Finally, you should make sure to include it in your Work Cited or Reference page.

2. Change the wording.

Sometimes when people are summarizing or paraphrasing a work, they get too close to the original, and actually use the exact words. Unless you use quotation marks, this is plagiarism. However, a good way to avoid this is to hide the article while you are summarizing it. If you don’t have it in front of you, you are less likely to accidentally use the exact words. (However, after you are done, double check that you didn’t miss anything important or give wrong details.)

3. Use a plagiarism checker.

Of course, when you are writing any summary, especially academic summaries, it can be easy to cross the line into plagiarism. If this is a place where you struggle, then ProWritingAid can help.

Just use our Plagiarism Report . It’ll highlight any unoriginal text in your document so you can make sure you are citing everything correctly and summarizing in your own words.

Find out more about ProWritingAid plagiarism bundles.

Along with academic summaries, you might sometimes need to write professional summaries. Often, this means writing a summary about yourself that shows why you are qualified for a position or organization.

In this section, let’s talk about two types of professional summaries: a LinkedIn summary and a summary section within a resume.

How Do I Write My LinkedIn Bio?

LinkedIn is all about professional networking. It offers you a chance to share a brief glimpse of your professional qualifications in a paragraph or two.

This can then be sent to professional connections, or even found by them without you having to reach out. This can help you get a job or build your network.

Your summary is one of the first things a future employer might see about you, and how you write yours can make you stand out from the competition.

Here are some tips on writing a LinkedIn summary :

• Before you write it, think about what you want it to do . If you are looking for a job, what kind of job? What have you done in your past that would stand out to someone hiring for that position? That is what you will want to focus on in your summary.
• Be professional . Unlike many social media platforms, LinkedIn has a reputation for being more formal. Your summary should reflect that to some extent.
• Use keywords . Your summary is searchable, so using keywords that a recruiter might be searching for can help them find you.
• Focus on the start . LinkedIn shows the first 300 characters automatically, and then offers the viewer a chance to read more. Make that start so good that everyone wants to keep reading.
• Focus on accomplishments . Think of your life like a series of albums, and this is your speciality “Greatest Hits” album. What “songs” are you putting on it?

How Do I Summarize My Experience on a Resume?

Writing a professional summary for a resume is different than any other type of summary that you may have to do.

Recruiters go through a lot of resumes every day. They don’t have time to spend ages reading yours, which means you have to wow them quickly.

To do that, you might include a section at the top of your resume that acts almost as an elevator pitch: That one thing you might say to a recruiter to get them to want to talk to you if you only had a 30-second elevator ride.

If you don’t have a lot of experience, though, you might want to skip this section entirely and focus on playing up the experience you do have.

Outside of academic and personal summaries, you use summary a lot in your day-to-day life.

Whether it is telling a good piece of trivia you just learned or a funny story that happened to you, or even setting the stage in creative writing, you summarize all the time.

How you use summary can be an important consideration in whether people want to read your work (or listen to you talk).

Here are some things to think about when telling a story:

• Pick interesting details . Too many and your point will be lost. Not enough, and you didn’t paint the scene or give them a complete idea about what happened.
• Play into the emotions . When telling a story, you want more information than the bare minimum. You want your reader to get the emotion of the story. That requires a little bit more work to accomplish.
• Focus. A summary of one story can lead to another can lead to another. Think about storytellers that you know that go off on a tangent. They never seem to finish one story without telling 100 others!

To wrap up (and to demonstrate everything I just talked about), let’s summarize this post into its most essential parts:

A summary is a great way to quickly give your audience the information they need to understand the topic you are discussing without having to know every detail.

How you write a summary is different depending on what type of summary you are doing:

• An academic summary usually gets to the heart of an article, book, or journal, and it should highlight the main points in your own words. How long it should be depends on the type of assignment it is.
• A professional summary highlights you and your professional, academic, and volunteer history. It shows people in your professional network who you are and why they should hire you, work with you, use your talents, etc.

Being able to tell a good story is another form of summary. You want to tell engaging anecdotes and facts without boring your listeners. This is a skill that is developed over time.

Take your writing to the next level:

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Ashley Shaw is a former editor and marketer/current PhD student and teacher. When she isn't studying con artists for her dissertation, she's thinking of new ways to help college students better understand and love the writing process. You can follow her on Twitter, or, if you prefer animal accounts, follow her rabbits, Audrey Hopbun and Fredra StaHare, on Instagram.

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How to Write a Great Summary

A summary is a shorter description of a longer work, covering all of the highlights but not many of the details. It’s used for an overview so that people can get an idea of what the longer work entails without reading or watching it first. 

You see summaries everywhere, from book covers to product descriptions to online review sites. However, no matter how many summaries you’ve read, it can still be difficult to write your own when you need to. 

In this quick guide, we explain how to write a summary like an expert. We share some summary examples and list out the steps. But first, let’s look at the big question:

What is a summary?

Really, a summary is a general term used to describe any writing that briefly explains, or “summarizes,” a larger work like a novel, academic paper, movie, or TV show. Summaries are usually short, from one or two sentences to a paragraph, but if you’re summarizing an enormous work, like all seven Harry Potter books, they can stretch out over pages. 

Summary writing is like a highlight reel, showing only the best parts and ignoring what’s not strictly necessary. A summary example of Hamlet would mention the main plot points like the murder of Polonius, but wouldn’t mention details irrelevant to the plot, like Polonius’s “to thine own self be true” monologue. 

The key to summary writing is to stick to the facts; do not include opinions, analysis, or bias. If it’s written for commercial purposes, such as the summaries on Netflix, it might be intentionally alluring and withhold spoilers. However, for academic papers and more formal writing, summary writing leans towards factual and clinical. 

Summaries appear in many different shapes and forms, including book reports and other school papers. Academics use summaries all the time for research papers when they write an abstract , which is essentially a summary of an entire research paper. 

Really, everyone needs to know how to write a summary at one point or another. Even finding a job requires you to summarize your own professional background and work experience. Learning how to write a good LinkedIn summary can help you land your dream job!

Summary examples: What makes a good summary

Let’s look at some summary examples of famous works to see what constitutes a strong summary. 

On IMDb , the summary for the 2008 movie The Dark Knight is just a sentence long: 

When the menace known as the Joker wreaks havoc and chaos on the people of Gotham, Batman must accept one of the greatest psychological and physical tests of his ability to fight injustice.

Right away, you’ll notice that the specific events of the movie are omitted and replaced by a general explanation of what happens. The main characters are mentioned—at least the protagonist and antagonist—and there is some description given about the types of events, such as “psychological and physical tests.” 

However, the details are absent. To summarize a two-hour movie in a single sentence requires broad strokes; there’s only room for the bare essentials. 

Most summaries, though, are longer than a sentence, like this multi-paragraph summary example for the novel To Kill a Mockingbird from SparkNotes . 

As you can see, this summary is about the length of a page. It’s far more detailed, too, mentioning secondary characters and adding more context to the plot events. Still, to condense 281 pages into one requires a lot of cutting, so each key event is given just a sentence or two, consisting of only the need-to-know information. 

How to write a summary in 4 steps

Summary writing uses the same best tips for all good writing . If you want to know how to write a summary yourself, we break the process down into 4 basic steps. 

1 Read or watch the source material

The first step is fairly obvious: Read or watch whatever it is you’re writing a summary about. 

If you’re doing a book report or similar paper, there’s always a temptation to skip this step and just rely on other people’s summaries. We don’t recommend it, though. For starters, how can you trust the writer of that summary? What if they just wrote their summary based on another person’s summary, too? Moreover, you may miss some key points or events that the other summary overlooked. 

The only risk-free way to write a summary is to read or watch the source material yourself. Otherwise you’re liable to miss something essential. 

2 Make a list of the key points

Next comes the outlining phase , where you list out what points to include in your summary. How many items go on your list depends on the length of both the summary and the source material. If you’re running long, start cutting items that are less of a priority. 

It always helps to use your memory at first. The most significant events will have left an impact on you, so using what you remember is a good filter for what’s vital. However, learn to separate what’s truly necessary and what’s just personal preference. Just because you fell in love with a secondary character doesn’t mean they’re worth mentioning in the summary. 

To fill in the gaps of what you’ve missed, you may need to reread or rewatch your source material. Feel free to skim it to save time; you just need to map out the significant points, not reread every word. 

Here’s a tip:   For longer pieces, break the source into sections and make a separate list for each section. For example, if you’re summarizing a research paper, you might write different lists for the Methods, Results, and Conclusion sections respectively. This is optional but helps you organize everything for larger works. 

3 Write the summary in your own words

Next, write the first draft of your summary following the lists you made in the previous outlining stage. If you’re summarizing a book, film, or other media, it’s best to use chronological order (even if the story is told out of order). 

The key here is using your own words. While you’re free to copy the occasional direct quote in your summary writing, it’s best to use original language to make it your own. Also, keep in mind the perspective of someone who’s never read or seen the source material. Do you have all the relevant points they need to understand what’s going on? 

Here’s a tip: Pay close attention to transitions. Summaries are naturally fast-paced, where sentences often jump from one event or point to another in rapid succession. For a reader, this can be very jarring. 

To make your summary writing easier to comprehend, use plenty of transitional words and phrases, such as however , as a result , and meanwhile . You’ll find a more complete list in our guide to transition words and phrases . 

4 Edit and cut what’s unnecessary 

Last comes the proofreading phase, where you reread your summary and correct any mistakes or awkward wording. For summary writing, watch out for unnecessary information, too; every word is crucial, so removing unnecessary information gives you more room to elaborate on the main points. 

Grammarly can save you a lot of time in this step. Grammarly marks any grammar and spelling mistakes you make while you write and provides quick recommendations on how to fix them. This frees you up to focus on more important aspects of summary writing, like the points you’re trying to make. 

Grammarly even helps with conciseness , which is integral to summary writing. If you’re using five words to say what can be said in two, Grammarly points it out so you can fix it. That way, your summaries can be as short and compact as possible—the way summary writing is supposed to be!