odisha coastal management case study

Protecting India's Coastline: Odisha

STORY HIGHLIGHTS

• Odisha’s Chilka Lake is one of India’s hotspots of biodiversity, including the rare Irrawady dolphin.
• The turtles are at risk from uncontrolled mechanized fishing in prohibited areas, the non-use of turtle excluder devices, and insensitive tourism.
• On two stretches of coastline, the project is seeking to plant mangroves, protect sea turtles, and pilot shoreline protection.

Odisha’s Chilka Lake is one of India ’s hotspots of biodiversity and one of the largest brackish water lakes in the world. The lake is home to the rare Irrawady dolphin. The Bhitarkanika wetlands contain the second-largest mangrove ecosystem in Asia. Both these areas are also home to large vulnerable populations dependent on coastal resources. A range of port development activities are also under way.

Every year, hundreds of thousands of endangered Olive Ridley sea turtles come to nest on some of Odisha’s beaches. The turtles are, however, at risk from uncontrolled mechanized fishing in prohibited areas, the non-use of turtle excluder devices, and insensitive tourism. In addition, their mass nesting site on the Gahirmatha coast has been gradually shifting northward over the last 20 years due to coastal erosion.

Parts of the mangroves have been reclaimed for cultivation, fuelwood, and timber, as well as for large-scale shrimp farming. And Bhitarkanika’s delicate ecosystem is facing a major threat from the alteration of freshwater inflows due to construction of hydrological structures upstream.

Odisha’s coast is subject to extreme tidal variations. Sea levels have been known to rise by about 4 meters in certain stretches, inundating up to 3 km of coastal land. In addition, frequent cyclones cause heavy losses to agriculture and fisheries, while dislocating life for a large number of poor farmers and fishermen. The coast is also subject to a strong littoral drift, causing an estimated 1.5 million tons of sand to move from the southwest to the northeast in a year.

While the area faces little industrial pollution, the untreated/semi-treated sewage from coastal settlements and effluents from fertilizer plants and industries at Paradip port need to be checked.

Project activities

The  Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project is working on two stretches of coastline: Gopalpur-Chilka and Paradip-Dhamra. In these areas, the project is seeking to plant mangroves and other shelterbelt species, protect the Olive Ridley sea turtles and other aquatic life, and pilot shoreline protection in the village of Pentha. Communities are being trained to plant mangrove nurseries and given incentives to protect them. A gene bank of mangrove species has been established and some 200 hectares have already been planted.

To conserve the turtles, awareness is being raised among local people, and tourists are being sensitized.  Community members are being trained and armed to function as boatmen and guards to prevent poaching of these vulnerable creatures, especially during their nesting season. To protect turtle nesting habitats, the project is also seeking to complete the solid waste management system for the coastal town of Paradip.

On the periphery of Chilka Lake and the Gahirmatha Wildlife Sanctuary, the project is seeking to improve the livelihoods of resource-dependent communities, including fisherfolk impacted by the ban on fishing during the Olive Ridley breeding season. Carefully planned, small-scale community-based tourism is being developed. Local communities are being trained to get jobs as boatmen, guides, and dolphin spotters. About 400,000 people from 235 coastal villages are expected to benefit through these measures. 

To protect endangered species, motor boat traffic around the Chilka Lake is being regulated. The region’s 3000-plus fishing and tourist boats are being converted into eco-friendly vessels that no longer rely on diesel or other fossil fuels to run them. For the first time in Asia, real-time monitoring and management of lake waters is being undertaken. All fishing around the area is to be certified by the Marine Stewardship Council. Moreover, a wetlands research center is being established to expand knowledge about the area’s fish species, the Irrawady dolphin, and migratory bird habitats.

The ICZM project is further augmenting conservation efforts under the world’s first program to protect the estuarine crocodile. The already successful program has increased crocodile numbers in the area from eight in 1975 to more than 1,600 today.

• Protecting India's Coastline
• Protecting India's Coastline: Gujarat
• Protecting India's Coastline: West Bengal
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project documents
• Odisha Villagers Tell President How World Bank Projects Have Improved Their Lives
• World Bank in India
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• OSDMA Overview
• Functions and Responsibility
• Governing Body
• Institutional Architecture
• State Profile
• State Specific Disaster
• Other Disaster
• State DM Policy
• State DM Plan
• District DM Plan
• VDMP Guidelines
• VDMP Format
• Departmental DM Plan
• Heat Action Plan 2020
• Industrial Disasters Action Plan
• Manual of SDRF & NDRF
• Odisha Relief Code
• Operation Manual
• Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force
• Lightning Detection System
• Satellite Phones
• CSMMC & FSMMC
• Disaster Resilinet Housing
• One Stop Risk Management System
• State Drought Monitoring Cell
• Go-NGO Coordination
• Seminars & Conference
• Aapada Mitra
• IEC Activities
• Disaster Risk Reduction
• State Hazard Map
• District Multihazard Map
• Tsunami Vulnerability Map
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project

  Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP):

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP) has implemented in two stretches of Odisha coast i.e. Gopalpur to Chilika and Paradeep to Dhamara under World Bank assistance. OSDMA has executed & completed 14 Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters (MCS) within the project area without any environmental & social degradation, strengthened the community by providing corpus fund, shelter level standardized emergency equipment and  enhanced the capacity through different trainings. The project cost was about Rs.14.60 crores.

The project has implemented mainly in three parts:

• Construction of Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters
• Capacity Building and procurement of shelter level emergency equipment
• Institutional activities

Construction of MCS:

Construction of 14 numbers of MCS have been completed and handed over to the Cyclone Shelter Management & Maintenance Committee (CSMMC). Out of the 14 MCS, 4 in Kendrapara district, 8 in Puri district and 2 in Ganjam district have been constructed.

  Capacity Building Activities:

Shelter Level Training:

5 types and 11-day shelter level capacity building training programme have been completed in 316 NCRMP shelters during 2018-19. The trainings are:

• 1 day- Orientation on shelter management to CSMMC members, stakeholders & other volunteers.
• 4 days- Search & Rescue training to 25 shelter level taskforce volunteers,
• 2 days-First Aid training to 25 shelter level taskforce volunteers,
• 2 days-Shelter record keeping training to CSMMC members, and
• 2 days- Operation & maintenance of shelter level equipment to taskforce volunteers & CSMMC members

Table of people gone under training:

Shelter Level Equipment:

As per the standard practice of OSDMA, a number of shelter level emergency equipment have been provided to each completed shelter, which are being used at shelter level during disaster. These equipment can also be utilized for income generating purposes at normal times. The equipment include generator sets, inflatable tower lights for night time disaster management, power saws, search and rescue equipment, First-Aid kit, free kitchen utensils, totaling more than 50 items. A list of such equipment is given below.

Corpus Fund:

Multipurpose cyclone shelters are engineered buildings and issues of durability in aggressive saline climate are taken care of in the construction phase. Rectification, if required within one year of completion of the shelter building will be done by the contractor/agency at his own cost under the defect liability clause. Major/special repair required at a later stage will not be within the coping capacity of shelter level Management and Maintenance Committee. Therefore, alternative arrangement for major/special repair is under consideration. However, minor repair/ replacement and maintenance will be the responsibility of the committee. To further incentivise, the participatory model of management and maintenance, creation of the Corpus Fund has been considered. It is a standard practice of Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) to provide Rs.5.00 lakh per shelter as ‘Corpus Fund’ in favour of community based Cyclone Shelter Management & Maintenance Committee ( CSMMC ). But, it has provisioned under the project @ Rs.2.00 lakhs per shelter as Corpus Fund and all 14 shelters  have been proved the same funds. This fund is for sustainable Capacity Building at shelter level. The funds are administered as per the following guidelines:

• The Corpus Fund are kept in an attractive interest paying term deposit scheme in the nearest scheduled bank or post office in where the joint account of shelter level management and maintenance committee.
• The committee (CSMMC) will not withdraw the principal amount.
• Only the interest accrued will be withdrawn and utilized for management, maintenance, training & capacity building, mock drill and other disaster management activities with proper resolution of the CSMMC and with prior permission of OSDMA. The unutilized interest will form the capital for the next term of deposit.

Disasters are natural forces difficult to tackle but awareness and preparedness to face the calamity will help solve the magnitude of the problems. The people at large must be well aware of the occurrence of disaster. Preparedness for disaster can be the only effective means.

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Sustainable Coastal Zone Management Strategies for Unconsolidated Deltaic Odisha, the Northern Part of East Indian Coast

• First Online: 05 December 2017

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• Nilay Kanti Barman 5  

Part of the book series: Coastal Research Library ((COASTALRL,volume 24))

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Department of Geography, Hijli College, Vidyasagar University, Kharagpur, 721306, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India

Nilay Kanti Barman

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Charles W. Finkl

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Barman, N.K. (2018). Sustainable Coastal Zone Management Strategies for Unconsolidated Deltaic Odisha, the Northern Part of East Indian Coast. In: Botero, C., Cervantes, O., Finkl, C. (eds) Beach Management Tools - Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies. Coastal Research Library, vol 24. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58304-4_38

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What has Odisha recently developed?

Integrated Coastal Zone Management.

What does the ICZM aim to do?

Establish sustainable economic and social activity. Resolve challenges and conflict. Protect coastal environment.

What stakeholders does the ICZM involve?

Water Resource Department. Greenspace India. Odisha Tourism Development Corporation.

Name 3 issues which have been identified?

Coastal erosion and processes. Vulnerability to disaster - cyclones. Pollution and environmental quality management. Biodiversity Conservation.

A wide range of public consultations have been held within villages on what topics?

Assessment and control of coastal erosion. Development of ecotourism. PLANTING/REPLANTING MANGROVES - MAIN.

What is good about A wide range of public consultations being held within villages?

It is sustainable and long term.

How is the Mahanadi Delta being managed?

Important ecological zone - habitats. Loss of mangroves due tp development of fisheries. Wetlands International, Indian Government and ICZM help villagers to plant mangroves - sustainable.

How do mangroves provide resilience?

Provide protection against strong winds, floods, tsunamis - reducing destructive force by 90% and costal erosion.

Give evidence of increased resilience?

1999 10,000 people killed in a tropical cyclone.

2013 only 44 people killed in a tropical cyclone.

How did people in Odisha mitigate their problems?

Improved warnings. Evacuation. Shelter.

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Lyme Regis Case Study of Coastal Management

A Coastal Management Scheme in the UK

Lyme Regis is a small coastal town on the south coast of England. It lies on the western edge of the Dorset Coast and forms part of the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site famous for its fossils and coastal landforms. The town is a popular tourist destination in the summer.

What were the reasons for coastal management in Lyme Regis?

The coast at Lyme Regis experiences erosion . Much of the town has been constructed on unstable cliffs, which experience some of the highest erosion rates in Europe due to high energy waves from the southwest and its geology. The geology of Lyme Regis is a mixture of limestone, resistant to erosion, and clay, vulnerable to erosion. The clay lies on limestone, so as the clay erodes, the cliffs are vulnerable to landslides. Therefore, houses, roads and farmland are at risk of cliff landslides.

In addition, tourist numbers were down due to the lack of beaches caused by erosion.

What was the coastal management strategy at Lyme Regis?

The local government developed a plan to manage the coastline at Lyme Regis called the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme. During the planning process, the local government consulted different interest groups, including residents, fishermen, and environmentalists, to reduce conflicts.

Several strategies have been used to protect Lyme Regis from coastal erosion . These are explored below.

Coastal management strategies used at Lyme Regis

The harbour is dredged annually to improve navigation, and the dredged sand is used to replenish the beach . This provides additional protection from coastal processes and supports the tourist industry.

1990 - 1995

Phase 1 involved the construction of a sea wall and promenade to the east of the mouth of the River Lim. An emergency cliff stabilisation project was completed during the winter of 2003-2004. It involved using large nails to hold the rocks together, as well as improving drainage and reprofiling the slope of the beach.

£22 million was spent on extensive improvements to the seafront, including:

• the construction of new seawalls and promenades;
• the creation of a wide sand and shingle beach designed to absorb wave energy; and
• the extension of rock armour to protect the harbour wall (The Cobb) and to the eastern end of the seafront to absorb wave energy and retain the new beach.

Not undertaken

Phase 3 of the project, a plan to prevent landslips and coastal erosion to the west of The Cobb, was cancelled as the costs outweighed the benefits.

Phase 4 involved the construction of defences to protect the coast to the east of the town. The £20 million project involved building a 390m sea wall in front of the existing wall. 480 homes were protected as cliffs were stabilised by nailing, piling and improving drainage.

Nails, up to 19 metres long, have been installed into the cliffs. Once installed, the nails were covered with a 60 to 120-year design life mesh.

What are the effects of coastal management at Lyme Regis?

Positive impacts

There has been a significant improvement in the attractiveness of the seafront and beach due to nourishment and the wide promenade. This has led to increased visitor numbers, and seafront businesses are thriving.

The new defences have withstood recent stormy winters.

The harbour is better protected, benefiting the fishing industry and boat owners.

Negative impacts

Conflicts have increased as visitor numbers have increased. For example, local people have experienced increased traffic congestion and litter due to increased tourism .

Some feel the new coastal defences have spoilt the natural coastal landscape .

The new defences may interfere with natural coastal processes affecting neighbouring stretches of coastline, causing conflicts elsewhere.

Stabilising cliffs that prevent landslides will reduce the number of fossils found in the area.

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AQA A-Level Geography - Odisha Case Study

Subject: Geography

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

29 March 2022

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*Revision Powerpoint for AQA AS/A-Level Geography *Odisha Case Study (Coastal Systems and Landscapes unit/topic) *Easy to understand, simplified and condensed notes (5 slides)

Topics Included:

• Risk and Oppurtunity in Odisha, India (location summary)
• Opportunities for human occupation and development
• Risks for human occupation and development
• Managing the Odisha coastline
• Management of Mahanadi Delta

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Odisha, India

• Case studies
• Created by: sophie_st3vens
• Created on: 17-04-20 11:35
• East Indian coastline
• Straight coastline with few inlets/ harbours
• 1435km^2 of Mangrove forests
• narrow coastal ***** supports most of the population
• has 6 major deltas from rivers
• salty lagoon
• habitat for birdlife, encouraging ecotourism
• during monsoon the lake becomes more diluted due to the rain
• it's a temporary store in the water cycle
• offer protection against cyclones
• places with < 3km of mangrove were affected more by cyclones
• breeding grounds for fish, provides a source of income
• ecotourism due to the bird species
• large fish stocks offshore for food and income
• can do renewable energy like offshore wind
• delta regions (with constant river inputs) give fertile agricultural land
• ecotourism potentials
• Ports placed along the coast
• historical sites maintained along the coast, good for tourism
• significant coastal erosion
• with most living at coasts, some hard defences used, but only shifts the erosion further down
• in summer there's more deposition and in winter there's lots of storms and erosion
• Ports have blocked natural sand flow so beaches further north are eroded
• lost 28% of the coastline
• water becomes too saline to drink, crops can't grow in this water
• if you can increase wealth in a community, it will become more resilient to issues
• introducing ecotourism allows jobs for locals
• in 1999 a cyclone hit, killing 10000 and it affected how prepared they are now
• has now got successful evacuation measures in place
• had organised relief shelters before it had even hit
• now monitor to alarm and prepare everyone well before
• poorest had to adapt the most with no one helping the issue
• where houses have been destroyed, communities have adapted to move further inland
• can also migrate to cities to adapt but this may be last resort
• helping villages grow mangroves for better protection
• takes into account all stakeholders

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