overview book of romans

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The Pauline Epistles

Listen to Chuck Swindoll’s overview of Romans in his audio message from the Classic series God’s Masterwork .

Who wrote the book?

Paul had never been to Rome when he wrote the letter to the Romans, though he had clearly expressed his desire to travel there in the near future (Acts 19:21; Romans 1:10–12). The apostle greeted twenty-six different people by name, personalizing a letter from a man who would have been a personal stranger to most of the recipients. No doubt they had heard of Paul and would have been honored by the letter, but Paul always took opportunities to personally connect with his audience so that the message of the gospel might be better received.

Where are we?

The apostle Paul wrote to the Romans from the Greek city of Corinth in AD 57, just three years after the 16-year-old Nero had ascended to the throne as Emperor of Rome. The political situation in the capital had not yet deteriorated for the Roman Christians, as Nero wouldn’t begin his persecution of them until he made them scapegoats after the great Roman fire in AD 64. Therefore, Paul wrote to a church that was experiencing a time of relative peace, but a church that he felt needed a strong dose of basic gospel doctrine.

Writing from Corinth, Paul likely encountered a diverse array of people and practices—from gruff sailors and meticulous tradesmen to wealthy idolaters and enslaved Christians. The prominent Greek city was also a hotbed of sexual immorality and idol worship. So when Paul wrote in Romans about the sinfulness of humanity or the power of God’s grace to miraculously and completely change lives, he knew that of which he spoke. It was played out before his eyes every day.

Why is Romans so important?

The letter to the Romans stands as the clearest and most systematic presentation of Christian doctrine in all the Scriptures. Paul began by discussing that which is most easily observable in the world—the sinfulness of all humanity. All people have been condemned due to our rebellion against God. However, God in His grace offers us justification by faith in His Son, Jesus. When we are justified by God, we receive redemption, or salvation, because Christ’s blood covers our sin. But Paul made it clear that the believer’s pursuit of God doesn’t stop with salvation; it continues as each of us is sanctified—made holy—as we persist in following Him. Paul’s treatment of these issues offers a logical and complete presentation of how a person can be saved from the penalty and power of his or her sin.

What's the big idea?

The primary theme running through Paul’s letter to the Romans is the revelation of God’s righteousness in His plan for salvation, what the Bible calls the gospel:

For I am not ashamed of the gospel, for it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith; as it is written, “But the righteous man shall live by faith.” (Romans 1:16–17)

Paul showed how human beings lack God’s righteousness because of our sin (1–3), receive God’s righteousness when God justifies us by faith (4–5), demonstrate God’s righteousness by being transformed from rebels to followers (6–8), confirm His righteousness when God saves the Jews (9–11), and apply His righteousness in practical ways throughout our lives (12–16).

How do I apply this?

The structure of Romans provides a hint into the importance of the book in our everyday lives. Beginning with eleven chapters of doctrine, the book then transitions into five chapters of practical instruction. This union between doctrine and life illustrates for Christians the absolute importance of both what we believe and how we live out those beliefs. Does your day-to-day life mirror the beliefs you hold, or do you find yourself in a constant battle with hypocrisy? Take heed of the doctrine you find within the pages of Romans, but don’t forget to put it into practice as well.

Bible Study Chart

Romans overview chart.

View Chuck Swindoll's chart of Romans , which divides the book into major sections and highlights themes and key verses.

View a list of Bible maps , excerpted from The Swindoll Study Bible.

How to go to Heaven

How to get right with god.

Summary of the Book of Romans

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Chapters for romans, summary of the book of romans.

This summary of the book of Romans provides information about the title, author(s), date of writing, chronology, theme, theology, outline, a brief overview, and the chapters of the Book of Romans.

The writer of this letter was the apostle Paul (see 1:1 and note). No voice from the early church was ever raised against his authorship. The letter contains a number of historical references that agree with known facts of Paul's life. The doctrinal content of the book is typical of Paul, which is evident from a comparison with other letters he wrote.

Date and Place of Writing

The book was probably written in the early spring of a.d. 57. Very likely Paul was on his third missionary journey, ready to return to Jerusalem with the offering from the mission churches for poverty-stricken believers in Jerusalem (see 15:25-27 and notes). In 15:26 it is suggested that Paul had already received contributions from the churches of Macedonia and Achaia, so he either was at Corinth or had already been there. Since he had not yet been at Corinth (on his third missionary journey) when he wrote 1 Corinthians (cf. 1Co 16:1-4 ) and the collection issue had still not been resolved when he wrote 2 Corinthians ( 2Co 8-9 ), the writing of Romans must follow that of 1,2 Corinthians (dated c. 55).

The most likely place of writing is either Corinth or Cenchrea (about six miles away) because of references to Phoebe of Cenchrea (see 16:1 and note) and to Gaius, Paul's host (see 16:23 and note), who was probably a Corinthian (see 1Co 1:14 ). Erastus (see 16:23 and note) may also have been a Corinthian (see 2Ti 4:20 ).

The original recipients of the letter were the people of the church at Rome ( 1:7 ), who were predominantly Gentile. Jews, however, must have constituted a substantial minority of the congregation (see 4:1 ; chs. 9 - 11 ; see also note on 1:13 ). Perhaps Paul originally sent the entire letter to the Roman church, after which he or someone else used a shorter form (chs. 1 - 14 or 1-15 ) for more general distribution. See note on 2Pe 3:15 ; see also map, p. 2314.

Major Theme

Paul's primary theme in Romans is the basic gospel, God's plan of salvation and righteousness for all humankind, Jew and Gentile alike (see 1:16-17 and notes). Although justification by faith has been suggested by some as the theme, it would seem that a broader theme states the message of the book more adequately. "Righteousness from God" ( 1:17 ) includes justification by faith, but it also embraces such related ideas as guilt, sanctification and security.

Paul's purposes for writing this letter were varied:

He wrote to prepare the way for his coming visit to Rome and his proposed mission to Spain ( 1:10-15 ; 15:22-29 ).
He wrote to present the basic system of salvation to a church that had not received the teaching of an apostle before.
He sought to explain the relationship between Jew and Gentile in God's overall plan of redemption. The Jewish Christians were being rejected by the larger Gentile group in the church (see 14:1 and note) because the Jewish believers still felt constrained to observe dietary laws and sacred days ( 14:2-6 ).

When Paul wrote this letter, he was probably at Corinth (see Ac 20:2-3 and notes) on his third missionary journey. His work in the eastern Mediterranean was almost finished (see 15:18-23 ), and he greatly desired to visit the Roman church (see 1:11-12 ; 15:23-24 ). At this time, however, he could not go to Rome because he felt he must personally deliver the collection taken among the Gentile churches for the poverty-stricken Christians of Jerusalem (see 15:25-28 and notes). So instead of going to Rome, he sent a letter to prepare the Christians there for his intended visit in connection with a mission to Spain (see 15:23-24 and note on 15:24 ). For many years Paul had wanted to visit Rome to minister there (see 1:13-15 ), and this letter served as a careful and systematic theological introduction to that hoped-for personal ministry. Since he was not acquainted directly with the Roman church, he says little about its problems (but see 14:1 -- 15:13 ; cf. also 13:1-7 ; 16:17-18 ).

Paul begins by surveying the spiritual condition of all people. He finds Jews and Gentiles alike to be sinners and in need of salvation. That salvation has been provided by God through Jesus Christ and his redemptive work on the cross. It is a provision, however, that must be received by faith -- a principle by which God has always dealt with humankind, as the example of Abraham shows. Since salvation is only the beginning of Christian experience, Paul moves on to show how believers are freed from sin, law and death -- a provision made possible by their union with Christ in both death and resurrection and by the indwelling presence and power of the Holy Spirit. Paul then shows that Israel too, though presently in a state of unbelief, has a place in God's sovereign redemptive plan. Now she consists of only a remnant, allowing for the conversion of the Gentiles, but the time will come when "all Israel will be saved" ( 11:26 ; see note there). The letter concludes with an appeal to the readers to work out their Christian faith in practical ways, both in the church and in the world. None of Paul's other letters states so profoundly the content of the gospel and its implications for both the present and the future.

Special Characteristics

The most systematic of Paul's letters. It reads more like an elaborate theological essay than a letter.
Emphasis on Christian doctrine. The number and importance of the theological themes touched upon are impressive: sin and death, salvation, grace, faith, righteousness, justification, sanctification, redemption, resurrection and glorification.
Widespread use of OT quotations. Although Paul regularly quotes from the OT in his letters, in Romans the argument is sometimes carried along by such quotations (see especially chs. 9 - 11 ).
Deep concern for Israel. Paul writes about her present status, her relationship to the Gentiles and her final salvation.
Introduction ( 1:1-15 )
Theme: Righteousness from G od ( 1:16-17 )
Gentiles ( 1:18-32 )
Jews ( 2:1 ; 3:8 )
Summary: All People ( 3:9-20 )
Through Christ ( 3:21-26 )
The principle established ( 3:27-31 )
The principle illustrated ( ch. 4 )
The Fruits of Righteousness ( 5:1-11 )
Summary: Humanity's Unrighteousness Contrasted with God's Gift of Righteousness ( 5:12-21 )
Righteousness Imparted: Sanctification (chs. 6 - 8 )
Freedom from Sin's Tyranny ( ch. 6 )
Freedom from the Law's Condemnation ( ch. 7 )
Life in the Power of the Holy Spirit ( ch. 8 )
The Justice of God's Rejection of Israel ( 9:1-29 )
The Cause of That Rejection ( 9:30 ; 10:21 )
There is even now a remnant ( 11:1-10 )
The rejection is only temporary ( 11:11-24 )
God's ultimate purpose is mercy ( 11:25-36 )
In the Body -- the Church ( ch. 12 )
In the World ( ch. 13 )
Among Weak and Strong Christians ( 14:1 ; 15:13 )
Conclusion ( 15:14-33 )
Commendation, Greetings and Doxology (ch. 16)

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Survey of Romans

Romans: how the gospel works

by Jeffrey Kranz | Aug 1, 2013 | Bible Books

All humanity, whose sin makes us enemies of God
Jesus, who died to satisfy God’s justice and bring us back to Him
The Holy Spirit, who transitions us from sinners to adopted sons of God
Jews, who were exposed to God’s standards through the Law of Moses
God the Father, who is glorified in Christ’s sacrifice, the Spirit’s work, and the salvation of Jews and Gentiles

Paul also takes care to explain the Christian’s proper response to the gospel: to serve and honor God (Ro 12:1–2). The rest of the letter describes what this looks like in real life: serving in church, persevering under affliction, interacting with human governments, and loving one another.

Theme verse of Romans

For I am not ashamed of the gospel, for it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith; as it is written, “BUT THE RIGHTEOUS man SHALL LIVE BY FAITH.” (Ro 1:16–17)

Why Romans was written

To establish them in the faith by explaining the gospel (Ro 1:8–15)
To encourage and remind them how they should act as a church (Ro 15:14–15)

Paul (and his company) also use this letter to send along greetings to Christians in Rome.

Romans: the infographic

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Quick outline of romans.

Greeting from Paul (Ro 1:1–17)
How our sin makes us enemies of God (Ro 1:18–3:20)
How Jesus reconciled us with God (Ro 3:21–5:21)
How the Spirit changes us from sinners to sons of God (Ro 6–8)
How God glorifies Himself in salvation (Ro 9–11)
Our response to the gospel (Ro 12–15)
Greetings to specific Christians in Rome (Ro 16)

More pages related to Romans

Pauline epistles
1 Corinthians (next book of the Bible)
Acts (previous)
Galatians (Paul addresses many of the same issues he does in Romans)
Dr. Douglas Moo’s course on Romans *

* Sometimes I’ll partner with organizations to help more people know about their resources—in return, they give me a kickback when people purchase. This is one of those times. ;-)

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Introduction to Romans

Author, Recipients, and Date

The apostle Paul wrote to the Christians in Rome. He probably did this while he was in Corinth on his third missionary journey, in A.D. 57 ( Acts 20:2–3 ).

In the cross of Christ, God judges sin and at the same time shows his saving mercy.

Paul wrote Romans to unite the Jewish and Gentile Christians in Rome in the gospel. He also wanted the church in Rome to become the base of operations from which he could proclaim the gospel in Spain ( 15:22–24 ). The ultimate goal of preaching the gospel is the glory of God ( 11:33–36 ). Paul longs for the Gentiles to become obedient Christians for the sake of Christ’s name ( 1:5 ).

All people are sinners and need to be saved from their sin ( 1:18–3:20; 5:12–19 ).
The Mosaic law is good and holy, but only Christ can remove sin and overcome its power ( 2:12–29; 3:9–20; 5:20; 7:1–25; 9:30–10:8 ).
Through the righteousness of God, sin is judged and salvation is provided ( 3:21–26; 5:12–19; 6:1–10; 7:1–6; 8:1–4 ).
With the coming of Jesus Christ, a new age of redemptive history has begun ( 1:1–7; 3:21–26; 5:1–8:39 ).
The atoning death of Jesus Christ is central to God’s plan of salvation ( 3:21–26; 4:23–25; 5:6–11, 15–19; 6:1–10; 7:4–6; 8:1–4 ).
Justification is by faith alone ( 1:16–4:25; 9:30–10:21 ).
Those who are in Christ Jesus have a sure hope of future glory ( 5:1–8:39 ).
By the power of the Holy Spirit, those who have died with Christ live a new life ( 2:25–29; 6:1–7:6; 8:1–39 ).
God is sovereign in salvation. He works all things according to his plan ( 9:1–11:36 ).
God fulfills his promises to both Jews and Gentiles ( 1:18–4:25; 9:1–11:36; 14:1–15:13 ).
Because of God’s grace, Christians should be morally pure, should show love to their neighbors, should be good citizens, and should welcome their fellow believers into fullest fellowship ( 12:1–15:7 ).
The Gospel as the Revelation of God’s Righteousness ( 1:1–17 )
God’s Righteousness in His Wrath against Sinners ( 1:18–3:20 )
The Saving Righteousness of God ( 3:21–4:25 )
Hope as a Result of Righteousness by Faith ( 5:1–8:39 )
God’s Righteousness to Israel and to the Gentiles ( 9:1–11:36 )
God’s Righteousness in Everyday Life ( 12:1–15:13 )
The Extension of God’s Righteousness through Paul’s Mission ( 15:14–16:23 )
Final Summary of the Gospel of God’s Righteousness ( 16:25–27 )

The Setting of Romans

Paul probably wrote Romans from Corinth during his third missionary journey ( Acts 20:2 –3). Rome was the epicenter of the powerful Roman Empire, ruling over many of the great ancient centers of Western civilization. Paul had established the church at Corinth during his second missionary journey ( Acts 18:1 –11).

Biblical Resources

An Outline of the Book of Romans: Justification by Faith

by Peggi Klubnik

The significance of Romans and the doctrine of justification by faith is confirmed by Augustine, who considered the book to be “the most basic, most comprehensive statement of true Christianity.” Martin Luther described Romans as the “chief part of the New Testament and the very purest gospel.” The acceptance of this great book as Pauline is rarely disputed, due externally to its testimony by the Apostolic Fathers and its inclusion in early listings of New Testament books. So convinced is Cranfield that he merely lists the internal evidence as linguistic, stylistic, literary, historical and theological without need of further explanation. When Paul’s epistles are compared with the letter genre of papyri found in Egypt, the format and scholarly appeal of Romans, as well as the reference to specific problems of his recipients, were consistent with Paul’s communications intended for the Christian community.

Although a free-born Roman citizen, being born in Tarsus of Cilicia (Acts 22:26-28; 23:3), Paul had not been to Rome. God had called him to be a pioneer evangelist, preaching the gospel where Christ was not yet named, rather than building upon the foundation of another. So Paul sought to preach the gospel where people had not yet heard, which excluded the city of Rome. As Paul spent the winter in the home of Gais in Corinth during his third missionary journey in 57 A.D., he eagerly anticipated his upcoming visit to Rome on his way to Spain. For many years, Paul had longed to visit the believers in this city and now it appeared that his desire would be fulfilled. While in Corinth, Paul dictated to the secretary Tertius a letter to be sent to the Christians in Rome. In addition to informing them of his proposed visit, Paul writes a lengthy dissertation on the righteousness of God. However, he must first go to Jerusalem to deliver money, which he had collected from Gentile converts in Macedonia and Achaia, which would be given to those among the saints who were poor (15:22-29). Paul intended to stop in Rome on his way to Spain for time of refreshing as he came to them in the “fullness of the blessing of Christ” (15:29). He expected that it would be a time of mutual encouragement.

Romans is a powerful theological discourse, which is a succinct, efficient presentation of Pauline doctrine. Paul’s purposes in writing the book include: 1) addressing a heretical view of the gospel, 2) asserting his apostolic authority, and 3) resolving doctrinal differences between Jewish and Gentile Christians.

AN ARGUMENT OF THE BOOK OF ROMANS

MESSAGE STATEMENT: The Apostle Paul, called to be an apostle to the Gentiles, defines the gospel as the power of God for salvation and the revealer of the righteousness of God whereby men are declared sinful, both Jew and Greek are justified by faith and declared righteous, the believer is sanctified through identification with Christ, Israel is sovereignly set aside for a time to allow Gentiles to be saved, and believers are enabled to live a righteous life of service in the church, the community, and the state in order to glorify God.

THEME : Righteousness

OUTLINE OF THE BOOK

I. The Revealer of Righteousness—the Gospel. Paul confirms his calling as an apostle, identifies and prays for the recipients of the letter, and states his obligation to preach the gospel (the power of God unto salvation) and identifies the theme of the book 1:1-17

A. The Greeting: Paul identifies himself as an Apostle, states the purpose of his calling is the salvation of the Gentiles, and addresses his letter to the Romans 1:1-7

1. The Calling: Paul, by choice a bond-servant and by calling an apostle, declares that he has been separated unto the gospel of God, foretold in the OT by the prophets concerning Jesus Christ our Lord of the lineage of David 1:1-4

2. The Purpose: Through Jesus Christ and for His name’s sake, Paul received grace and apostleship in order that the salvation of the Gentiles might be accomplished 1:5

3. The Recipients: Paul is writing to the beloved saints in Rome who are the called of Jesus Christ among the Gentiles, for whom Paul desires grace and peace from both God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ 1:6-7

B. The Prayer: Paul prays for the Roman believers, seeking God’s will in visiting them 1:8-12

1. Paul expresses His thankfulness to God for the reputation of the Romans’ faith, for whom he faithfully prays for God’s will to visit them 1:8-10

2. Paul longed to see the Romans, even though his previous efforts has been thwarted, in order to impart a spiritual gift, receive fruit, and be mutually encouraged 1:11-12

C. The Obligation: Paul states his obligation to preach the gospel to all people and his eagerness to preach the gospel in Rome 1:14-15

D. The Theme: Righteousness by faith is revealed in the gospel 1:16-17

1. Because it is God’s power for the salvation of Jews and Greeks, Paul is unashamed of the gospel 1:16

2. The gospel reveals the righteousness of God from the beginning of faith to its conclusion because those who are righteous live by faith 1:17

II. The Rejection of Righteousness—Unbelief: Paul contrasts the suppression of truth of the unrighteous, the stubbornness of the self-righteous, the unbelief of the Jew, and the sinfulness of all 1:18-3:20

A. The unrighteous: God abandons the unrighteous to their own lusts because they reject revealed truth 1:18-32

1. God’s wrath is made known against those who are ungodly and unrighteous because they conceal the truth of God which is manifest within them 1:18-19

2. Since creation, God’s essence has been visible so all are without excuse for not honoring or thanking God, becoming futile in their imaginations, with darkened hearts 1:20

3. Claiming to be wise, they became fools, trading God’s glory for idols 1:21-23

4. God allowed the lust of their hearts to become impure and their bodies to be dishonored because they rejected God’s truth and chose a lie 1:24-25

5. God permitted them to have the degrading passions of unnatural and indecent lust, harming themselves 1:26-27

6. God let their minds become depraved, doing improper and evil things. Knowing that such people desire death, they continue to practice and condone such things 1:28-32.

B. The Impartial Judge: Although the unrighteous judge one another, God is impartial, the only One with the right to judge 2:1-16

1. Those accusing others condemn themselves. Only God has a right to judge. No one will escape 2:1-3

2. God’s riches and kindness lead to repentance 2:4

3. Lack of repentance incurs God’s wrath and tribulation. Those persisting in righteous deeds seek immortality and are promised glory, honor and peace because God is not partial to either Jews or Greeks 2:5-11

4. The Jews will judged by the Law, but the conscience becomes a law and source of judgment for the Gentiles 2:12:16

C. The Pride of the Jew: The self-confidence of the circumcised Jew blasphemes the name of God among the Gentiles 2:17-29

1. The Jew who relies on the Law and boasts in God uses the instructions of the Law to judge others 2:17-20

2. Paul exhorts them to examine themselves because when they break the Law they dishonor God and cause His name to be blasphemed among the Gentiles 2:21-24

3. Circumcision is worthless unless the Law is practiced. Keeping the law is of higher worth than circumcision 2:25-28

4. A Jew is defined as one whose heart is circumcised by the Spirit and receives God’s praise rather than one who keeps the letter of the Law 2:29

D. The oracles of God: The OT prophecies remain in effect despite the unbelief of the Jews confirming the righteousness of God 3:1-8

1. The Jews were entrusted with the prophecies of God. Their lack of faith does not change God’s faithfulness 3:1-3

2. God is justified in His words and prevails when examined 3:4

3. Unbelief validates the righteousness of God. Inflicting wrath is not inconsistent with His righteousness 3:5-6

4. If God is glorified even in unrighteousness, why is the sinner judged? Those who condemn the pursuit of evil to achieve good are correct 3:7-8

E. The guilt of mankind: No one, neither Jew nor Greek, is righteous before God 3:9-20

1. No one understands or seeks God. None is righteous. All are useless 3:9-12

2. All are deceitful and evil, choosing destruction and misery rather than peace and the fear of God 3:13-18

3. By the law all become accountable to God. The law reveals sin but justifies no one 3:19-20

III. The Imputation of Righteousness—Justification: God’s righteousness is satisfied by the death of Christ which permits Him to justify all by faith, thereby declaring them righteous 3:21-5:21

A. The Demonstration of Righteousness: The death of Christ authenticated God’s righteousness 3:12-31

1. The righteousness of God is through faith in Jesus Christ, apart from the Law, making no distinction 3:21-22

2. The redemption in Christ Jesus justifies sinners as a gift by His grace 3:23-25a

3. God publicly displayed Jesus Christ as a propitiation in His blood through faith to manifest God’s righteousness by justifying the one with faith in Jesus 3:25b-26

4. Justification is by faith alone for both Jew and Gentile, which establishes the Law 3:27-31

B. The Example of Righteousness: Because of Abraham’s faith, not his works, God considered him to be righteous because faith is not limited by the law that grace might prevail 4:1-25

1. God’s declared Abraham righteous not because he earned it but because he believed God 4:1-4

2. David tells of the man who was blessed because God forgave his sins because of his faith, in the absence of any work 4:5-8

3. Abraham was circumcised as a sign of his righteousness and not the means of attaining it, and therefore becomes the father of all who follow his example of faith 4:9-12

4. Faith and promise must come apart from the Law and so righteousness by faith extends beyond the Law to all nations 4:16-18

5. All are condemned by one transgression and justification of life for all results from one righteous act that grace might prevail through righteousness 4:19-21

6. As righteousness was reckoned to Abraham, so it will be to those who believe in God who raised Jesus our Lord, who was crucified for our sins and raised for our justification 4:22-25

C. Result of Righteousness – reconciliation: Because we have been declared righteous we have been reconciled to God and are at peace with Him so we can rejoice both in hope and in tribulations 5:1-11

1. Because we have been justified by faith we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ through whom we have begun a relationship of grace, rejoicing in hope of the glory of God 5:1-2

2. We also rejoice in our trials because we realize testing results in persistence, proven character, and hope, which is not disappointing because God’s love is in our hears through the Holy Spirit who indwells us 5:3-5

3. Although as unbelievers we were helpless, at God’s appointed time Christ died for sinners as a demonstration of God’s love because it is rare for someone to die even for a righteous or good person 5:6-8

4. And even more than that we shall be saved from God’s wrath because we have been justified by the blood of Jesus Christ 5:9

5. Since we as God’s enemies were reconciled to Him through Christ’s death even more we shall be saved by His life and so we rejoice in God through our Lord Jesus Christ because our reconciliation came through Him 5:10-11

D. The Action of Righteousness – justification: Because of Adam’s sin all were condemned, but because of Christ’s act of righteousness justification resulted.

1. Sin entered the world through Adam and spread to everyone 5:12

2. Although sin had not yet been imputed, death reigned from Adam to Moses in the likeness of Adam’s offense because He is a type of Christ 5:13-14

3. Although many died because of Adam’s transgression, God’s grace and the gift of Jesus Christ more greatly abounded to the many 5:15

4. The judgment from Adam’s sin resulted in condemnation but the free gift of Christ from many sins resulted in justification 5:16

5. Death reigned because of the sin of Adam but those who receive grace and righteousness will reign in life through Jesus Christ 5:17

6. One sinful, disobedient act made people sinners and brought condemnation but one righteous act of obedience results in justification and righteousness 5:18-19

7. Through the law sin increased and reigned in death but grace more so in order to reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord 5:20-21

IV. The Reign of Righteousness—Sanctification: Identification with Christ frees us from the Law and slavery to sin so we can be led by the Spirit of God and thereby fulfill the Law because God has called us and we will never be separated from Christ 6:1-8:39

A. Freed from Sin: The mastery of sin over our lives has been broken by the death and resurrection of Christ 6:1-4

1. Grace is manifest by ceasing to live in sin. We walk in newness of life as we identify with Christ’s death and resurrection 6:1-5

2. Positionally, the crucifixion of our old self frees us from slavery to sin and enables us to live for God because by His resurrection Christ gained mastery over sin 6:5-11

3. We must stop permitting sin to reign and stop yielding ourselves to it as agents of unrighteousness. We must present ourselves to God as living vessels of righteousness. We are under grace, not the law, therefore sin is no longer master of our lives 6:12-14

4. But grace does not give us freedom to sin because that would make us slaves to sin, which results in death. But we thank God that by faith in His Word, we are now slaves of righteousness 6:15-18

5. The weakness of our flesh enslaves us to impurity and lawlessness, which results in death. So we need to be willing become slaves of righteousness, and then we will be sanctified and inherit eternal life. The reward of sin is death but eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord is a free gift of God 6:19-23

B. God’s Holy Law: Living in the Spirit frees us from the Law, which revealed that death was a result of sin 7:1-14

1. The law is in effect as long as a person lives, but death releases us 7:1-3

2. As we died to the law in Christ, so we are united to the resurrected Christ in order to bear fruit for God. As unbelievers we produced fruit for death, but now we are no longer subject to the law and so we live in the Spirit 7:4-6

3. The law, although not sinful, reveals sin and declares a person to be sinful and spiritually dead, proving the law to be holy and righteous 7:7-12

4. Death was caused not by the law, which is spiritual, but by the bondage of sin 7:13-14

C. The Two Laws: Paul experienced a conflict within himself between the sin and the good which indwelt him serving either the flesh or the law of God 7:15-25

1. Paul did not understand his own personal conflict between desire and practice, but concluded that the evil which he practiced was done by the sin dwelling with him since he wanted to do good 7:15-21

2. Although he acknowledged the law of God within him, he also recognized that the law of sin fought against the law of his mind, imprisoning him 7:22-23

3. Paul is thankful to God that through Jesus Christ our Lord he will be set free from the body of this death. With his mind he serves the law of God, but with his flesh the law of sin is served 7:24-25

D. Sanctification by the Spirit: The law is fulfilled in believers who walk according to the Spirit and makes them righteous. The indwelling Spirit is proof of salvation and a promise of resurrection 8:1-11

1. Because we are in Christ Jesus, the law cannot condemn us and the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus frees us from the law of sin and of death 8:1-2

2. The Law could not condemn sin but God did, sending Christ to die for sin so the Law would be fulfilled in those who walk in the Spirit 8:3-4

3. The result of a fleshly mindset is death, but those who are spiritual have life and peace, because the one yielding to the flesh is against God and is unwilling and unable to subject himself to God’s law, which is unpleasing to God 8:5-8

4. Those in whom the Spirit of God dwells are in the Spirit which is proof that they belong to Christ. Because of sin, the body of those in Christ is dead but their spirit is alive because they are righteous 8:9-10

5. The same Spirit who raised Jesus from the dead will give resurrection life to whose in whom he lives 8:11

E. Children of God: The Spirit which we have received puts to death fleshly deeds, leads us, and testifies of our adoption as joint heirs with Christ, prays for us, and will bring about our glorification 8:12-27

1. Living in the flesh results in death, but we will live if, through the Spirit, we put to death the deeds of the flesh, proving that we are God’s sons 8:12-14

2. The spirit of adoption which we have received does not lead us again into bondage but enables us to call God our Father, and testifies that we are God’s children, heirs, and joint heirs with Christ in suffering and glorification 8:15-17

3. Our future glory, which creation awaits, is of incomparable value when compared to our sufferings. The enslavement of creation to corruption will end with the glorification of the children of God 8:18-21

4. All of creation and the first fruits of the Spirit painfully groans and anxiously anticipate the redemption of our body, which is our unseen hope. Likewise the Spirit intercedes for us in prayer with incomprehensible groanings according to God’s knowledge 8:22-27

F. Elect of God: God’s purpose works out in the lives of those whom he calls. Those whom God justifies, though persecuted, will never be separated from His love 8:28-39

1. To the ones called according to His purpose, who love God, the outcome of everything is good because he predestined those he foreknew to be conformed to the image of His son (the firstborn). God also called, justified, and glorified them 8:28-30

2. No one can oppose us because God gave Christ for us and will continue to give all things 8:31-32

3. No one can condemn the one God justifies—Christ is our intercessor 8:33-34

4. No trials can separate us from Christ’s love. Persecution is a daily event 8:35-36

5. He enables us to conquer all things, assured that nothing can separate us from the love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord 8:37-39

V. The Source of Righteousness—Sovereignty: Because God is sovereign, He has the right to call a people from among the Gentiles because of Israel’s unbelief and then restore Israel again because of the believing remnant 9:1-11:36

A. Israel’s unbelief: Paul grieves over Israel’s lack of faith but declares God to be just and His Word to be true 9:1-18

1. Paul’s sorrows over Israel to the point of being willing to be separated from Christ for them because to them belong the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the Law, the service, and the promises, the patriarchs and from whom the Messiah has come in the flesh 9:1-5

2. But God’s Word has not failed. The true descendants of Abraham are the children of promise—that Sarah would have a son 9:6-9

3. Before the birth of Rebekah and Isaac’s twins, God called younger Jacob, stating that he would be served by his brother for the purpose of God 9:10-13

4. God’s justice is manifest by his sovereignty bestowing mercy and compassion apart from the will of man 9:4-17

5. God chose to harden Pharaoh’s heart in order to demonstrate His power so His name would be proclaimed throughout the world 9:17-18

B. The Calling of the Gentiles: God sovereignly called a people from among the Gentiles because of Israel’s self-righteousness 9:19-33

1. We are like clay in the hands of a potter, creations of God. In some, His wrath is demonstrated; in others He prepared in advance as vessels of mercy to make know the riches of His glory 9:19-23

2. God also called some Gentiles that those who were not His people would be called sons of the living God 9:24-26

3. God’s Word will be executed through the remnant of Israel, not the nation 9:27-29

4. Righteousness is attained by faith, not by the works of the law, which is a stumbling block to Israel 9:30-33

C. Salvation of Israel: Self-righteous Israel must believe in Christ through the word which they had and is now being preached because all who call on the Lord will be saved 10:21

1. Israel’s zeal for God is without knowledge, seeking their own righteousness rather than being subject to the righteousness of God 10:1-3

2. Christ is the end of the law of righteousness for those who believe 10:4-7

3. The word of faith is being preached. Righteousness is a result of faith in the resurrected Jesus as Lord 10:8-10

4. There is no distinction between Jew and Gentile. All who call upon the name of the Lord will be saved 10:11-13

5. A preacher is the messenger of the glad tidings 10:14-15

6. But faith is a response to God’s Word. Paul demonstrates Israel has always had the word, as illustrated by Moses and Isaiah, but Israel has been disobedient and obstinate 10:16-21

D. Salvation of the Gentiles: God has accepted the believing remnant of Israel, caused a heardening of those who believed not, and provided salvation to the Gentiles 11:1-14

1. God has not rejected Israel as evidenced by God’s declaration to Elijah of his remnant 11:1-4

2. By grace, not works, God has a chosen remnant, others were hardened by a stumbling block 11:5-10

3. Because of Israel’s sin, salvation has come to Gentiles to make Israel jealous. How much better if they were saved. 11:11-12

4. Paul desires that his ministry to the Gentiles will cause Israel to be jealous that they might then be saved 11:13-14

5. The believing remnant of Israel is holy as are believing Gentiles who are joined with them as to an olive tree 11:15-17

6. Israel is broken off through unbelief to permit Gentiles to be grafted in by faith. The graft remains only by God’s kindness. Likewise Israel by belief will be grafted in against to their own tree. 11:18-24

7. Gentiles should not be proud but understand the mystery of Israel’s partial, yet temporary, hardening until all Israel is saved when Christ comes 11:25-27

8. God’s call of Israel is irrevocable and God’s mercy is shown to those who were formerly disobedient, both Jews and Gentiles 11:28-32

9. The wisdom and knowledge of God are beyond comprehension 11:33-36

VI. The Evidence Of Righteousness—Service: Righteous believers commit themselves to God, serve one another, obey authority, love their neighbor, and depend upon Christ 12:1-15:13

A. God and One Another: Service to one another begins with a commitment to God 12:1-21

1. In light of God’s mercies, believers prove that His will is perfect by presenting their bodies to Him as a holy sacrifice of worship. Paul admonishes them to stop conforming to the world, but be transformed by renewing their minds 12:1-2

2. Paul advises against pride but encourages an honest evaluation of oneself as one of many who have various functions yet are one body 12:3-4

3. Each gift has its own function and its fulfillment lies within that function 12:6-8

4. Paul exhorts believers to reject evil and do what is good in their relations to both those within and outside the church 12:9-21

B. Governmental Authorities: God’s establishment of authority is the basis of our subjection 13:1-7

1. Since authorities are of God, those who resist oppose the ordinance of God and condemn themselves 13:1-2

2. Those who do good have no reason to fear authority because it is God’s minister to avenge evil 13:3-4

3. Subjection to the servants of God is also for conscience’s sake 13:5-7

C. Neighborly Love: The fulfillment of the law is in loving our neighbor 13:8-10

1. If we love our neighbor, we will not commit adultery, murder, steal or covet 13:8-9

2. The law is fulfilled when we love our neighbor because we will do them no wrong 13:10

D. Paul stresses an urgency righteous living 13:11-14

1. Paul admonishes believers to be aware that the return of the Lord is approaching 13:11

2. Paul speaks metaphorically of night as the present age and uses day to mean the coming of the Lord. Likewise, he speaks of darkness as evil, light in reference to good 13:12-13

3. Paul compares putting on the Lord Jesus Christ to the armor of light which results in a dependence upon Him rather than upon the flesh 13:14

E. The Work of God: God’s acceptance of all believers should preclude judging or offending one another 14:1-23

1. Accept those who are weak in their understanding of righteousness by faith 14:1

2. Believers have no right to judge the actions of conscience of other believers because they are accepted by God 14:2-4

3. Believers must be fully persuaded by their consciences. No one lives or dies for himself, all are the Lord’s 14:5-8

4. Christ is Lord of the dead and the living because He died and lived for this purpose and each will give account of himself at the judgment seat of God 14:9-12

5. Paul admonishes believers not to judge one another which becomes an obstacle in their way because the issue is one of faith not uncleanness 14:13-14

6. Walking in love results in a willingness to give up something that causes another believer, for whom Christ died, to stumble. Serving Christ in this way is acceptable to both God and men 14:15-18

7. Peace and exhortation are more important than food, which becomes evil for the one who offends others 14:19-20

8. Believers must be willing to stop doing that which is a cause for stumbling and let their conviction of freedom unto God 14:21-22

9. However, believers sin when they act in a manner which their belief condemns 14:23

F. One Accord: Pleasing others 15:1-13

1. Strong believers should seek to build up and act in a manner beneficial to their neighbor rather than behaving selfishly 15:1-3

2. Paul refers to Christ as the example of selflessness and the OT Scriptures as a source of instruction that believers might have hope 15:3-4

3. God is the One who grants believers to be of one mind and one accord and together to glorify the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ 15:5-6

4. Because Christ has accepted all believers, they ought to accept one another 15:7

5. Christ has become a servant to Israel to confirm God’s promises and for the Gentiles to glorify God for His mercy 15:8-9

6. Paul quotes OT verses which prophesy of the Gentiles praising God and the root of Jesse as their hope 15:8-13

VII. Paul’s Ministry, Greetings, Admonition, And Benediction: Stating that God’s calling him to ministry among the Gentiles gives him boldness, he then gives his itinerary, greets fellow believers, warns against false teachers, and closes with a benediction 15:14-16:27

A. Ministry to the Gentiles: Paul encourages in ministry stating that he is bold because of the ministry to which God has called him in preaching to Gentiles who have not heard 15:14-22

1. Paul exhorts the Romans, because of their goodness and knowledge, to admonish one another 15:14

2. Paul has been very bold in his writing because of God’s grace which enabled him to be a minister of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles that his offering might be accepted, set apart by the Holy spirit 15:15-16

3. Paul glories in what Christ has done through him by both word and deed (from Jerusalem to Illyricum), where he preached the gospel in the power of miracles and the power of the Spirit, resulting in the obedience of the Gentiles 15:17-19

4. Paul sought to minister where Christ was not known in order to preach the gospel to those who had not heard, which prevented him from going to Rome 20-22

B. Regional Ministry: With Paul’s ministry of pioneer evangelism completed, he plans to take a gift to Jerusalem, stop in Rome and then go to Spain. He asks them to pray for his safety and for God’s will, then pronounces a blessing 15:23-33

1. Paul has long desired to go to Rome and now, since there are no more unreached regions, he plans to stop in Rome on his way to Spain for their mutual encouragement 15:23-24

2. But first he must go to Jerusalem to deliver a contribution to the poor believers from the saints of Macedonia and Achaia 15:25-26

3. Because the Jerusalem believers shared in spiritual things with the other Gentiles, they are indebted to minister with material things 15:27

4. When the contribution is delivered by Paul, he will then leave for Spain, coming to Rome in the fullness of the blessing of Christ 15:28-29

5. Paul asks them to pray for him to be delivered from the unbelievers in Judea in regard to his service in Jerusalem and his visit to Rome might be in God’s will for a time of refreshing 15:30-32

6. Paul prays that the God of peace will be with all of the Roman believers 15:33

C. Friendly Greetings: Paul personally greets many believers by name, often mentioning something personal about them. He exhorts them to greet one another with a holy kiss and then extends greetings from all the churches of Christ 16:1-16

D. False Teachers: Paul warns against false teachers, encourages the believers in wisdom, and states that God will be victorious over them 16:17-20

1. Paul admonishes the believers to avoid those who are deceptive and greedy, causing divisions and obstacles because of inaccurate teaching 16:17-18

2. Paul rejoices because their obedience is well known, but he exhorts them to wisdom because God will soon defeat Satan. He then prays that the grace of our Lord Jesus would be with them 16:19-20

E. Closing Comments: Paul then relates greetings to them from Timothy and other believers and Tertius adds his own greeting 16:21-23

F. Benediction: Paul closes with a benediction referring to the gospel and the mystery now made known to all nations leading to salvation. He then gives glory to God through Jesus Christ 16:25-27

chris slim rec says

April 11, 2013 at 9:20 am

That’s helpful!!!I’ve found answers for my bible studies accord to Romans.thank u so much

Jim Klubnik says

April 11, 2013 at 9:56 am

Glad it was helpful. There seems to be a lot of interest in the Romans Outline. God bless!

Jaimie Robinson says

December 4, 2013 at 6:20 pm

This has been really helpful. God bless you!

January 31, 2014 at 1:46 pm

Thanks, Jaimie. Would you mind telling us how this was helpful to you? Blessings!

Elwood Carson says

January 5, 2014 at 9:38 am

Spot on! This outline is among the best I’ve seen.

January 31, 2014 at 1:45 pm

Thank you, Elwood. Glad this was helpful. Are you in a Bible Study on Romans?

Gladys Abatteng says

February 18, 2014 at 7:56 pm

its very helpful in our Bible Study..its GREAT!!!!

May 17, 2015 at 5:40 pm

We are thankful the outline on Romans was helpful to you in your Bible study. It is a wonderful book to study.

Alexander says

May 9, 2014 at 3:54 am

Dear Jim, Thank you for this post. I am using the outline for the Bible study in our cell group and the content is so nicely organised. God bless your good work. Hugs.

June 5, 2014 at 7:37 pm

Alexander, so glad you are benefitting from the Romans Outline.

Edgar Edwards says

May 19, 2014 at 10:01 pm

Thank you so must for the blessing in using your outline on the Epistle of Romans. This teaching his blessed my Bible class.

June 5, 2014 at 7:34 pm

We are thankful you are able to use the Romans Outline. God bless!

September 1, 2014 at 9:52 pm

I rarely comment, but i did a few searching and wound up here An Outline of the Book of Romans | Biblical Resources. And I do have a couple of questions for you if it’s allright. Is it just me or does it appear like some of the remarks look as if they are coming from brain dead visitors? 😛 And, if you are posting on additional social sites, I would like to keep up with everything fresh you have to post. Could you list of all of your communal sites like your Facebook page, twitter feed, or linkedin profile?

jeremiah says

December 31, 2014 at 1:50 pm

To whom it may concern: I have been putting together an outline on the book of Romans for a Foundations class we are starting to offer at our church. It would be for both new member and believers to understand the basics of Christianity and what we believe. This way new believers grow in their faith and new members/attendees can grasp what we believe as a church. Your material is going the same direction as what I was writing already and I was wondering and I am not one to try to reinvent the wheel if someone has already done it! This study I’m putting together is part of a 4-6 month study that we are doing that includes how to read the bible, how to pray, the purpose of the church, etc. and I was wondering if I might be able to have permission to place this material in our booklet that we will be processing. Thank you.

March 6, 2015 at 5:30 pm

Jeremiah, We are thankful you found this outline helpful. Permission to copy is granted only if Biblical Resources and the author’s name are cited, including a reference to biblical resources.org. The second requirement is that no profit can be made from the sale of said information.

January 15, 2015 at 2:50 pm

I am a novice bible reader and am starting to read the book of Romans. This is helpful as I can see what I might have missed (if any).

May 17, 2015 at 5:42 pm

May I encourage you to continue reading the Scriptures. May God bless you!

Mike Loftin says

January 20, 2015 at 12:41 am

Thank you very much for this detailed outline over the book of Romans. I lead a small group, there is about 5 of us that are in the group, and we are fixing to start a study through Romans. This helps me get a really good start on where I need to go with this study, tank you again.

May 17, 2015 at 5:43 pm

Glad it was helpful. If you have any questions, please let us know!

Lucasta says

January 20, 2015 at 3:33 am

I’m doing an assignment on Romans for my Theology Diploma and what a wonderful help this article has been. May the Lord continue to bless this work for His glory’s sake

May 17, 2015 at 5:44 pm

So glad the outline of Romans was helpful in your studies. May the Lord bless you as you pursue your degree.

Anil Thomas says

July 28, 2015 at 12:57 pm

Hello, Is there a download of this study available?

Peggi Klubnik says

October 19, 2015 at 7:40 am

You should be able to download it from our website. The only requirement is that you note the author if you are going to reproduce it in any way.

Azael Kelly Wiggwa says

August 6, 2015 at 7:01 am

Hi Jim! Thank you for the good work.Your summary has helped me understand the book of Romans.Now i can read it with revelation insight. May the LORD Bless his work.

October 19, 2015 at 7:38 am

I am glad that the Outline of Romans was helpful to you. It was actually a class assignment when I was at Dallas Theological Seminary.

Maria Loreta A. Lozano says

November 2, 2015 at 11:06 pm

I am very grateful for this wonderful materials, just as I needed to completely understand the book of Romans, this was actually an assignment for study given to us by our Pastor. Have a very blessed day.

KINOBE DANIEL says

January 11, 2016 at 3:02 pm

EVELYN BRAGA-CAMASIS says

April 30, 2016 at 8:11 am

SO NICE & HELPFUL IN UNDERSTANDING THE HOLY BIBLE!

Bob Brent says

February 4, 2017 at 5:42 pm

This is truly a masterful outline one of the best I’ve come across in more than thirty years of studying and teaching the Bible!

February 11, 2017 at 8:12 pm

What a gracious comment. Thank you, Bob.

Paul Carson says

April 22, 2017 at 5:58 pm

Many thanks for making the document on Romans available. I find the arguments in Romans very confusing and I’m very pleased to have your guidance to understand them.

One question, is there some text missing from your summary statement in section C for chapter 10?

Once again, sincere thanks Paul

May 21, 2017 at 1:13 pm

Thank you, Paul. So glad this was helpful to you. I did find a couple of words missing. I appreciate your letting me know. Hope it is okay now. God bless!

Kimberly Smith says

November 28, 2017 at 4:48 pm

Hi Jim I am so thankful for your Outline in Romans. I have found Paul’s written hard to understand. Your Outline in the way it is presented help me to understand. I teach Bible students and we will be studying Romans what a Blessing. Do you have other Outlines such as Revelations, Proverbs, Psalms.

December 14, 2017 at 3:53 pm

Kimberly, I am thankful the Romans Outline was helpful to you. No, unfortunately we don’t have the other outlines you mentioned. However, there is one on the book of Galatians. You might note that Jim went to be with the Lord in August of 2015. His obituary can be found on the website. God bless! Peggi

Erick Diaz says

April 24, 2018 at 12:17 am

Great outline I am loving it! I have to write a term paper on the righteousness of God and this outline has been extremely helpful!

FYI… I noticed a misquote in section VI “The Evidence Of Righteousness—Service” under subcategory B “Governmental Authorities…” and C “Neighborly Love…” you quoted the wrong chapter in Romans I believe you meant to quote chapter 13 but you referred to chapter 12 instead.

April 26, 2018 at 8:57 pm

Glad it was helpful. Thanks for noticing the errors. God bless!

Prasad Rao says

September 15, 2019 at 11:37 pm

Clarity and Scriptural ..

We need more of such stuff. Please write on other books of the Bible.

God bless you.

MUMBE JOSEPH says

October 6, 2023 at 1:08 am

Great work, God bless

January 31, 2014 at 1:50 pm

Thanks for your comment. Which subject are you referring to?

[…] greets fellow believers, warns against false teachers, and closes with a benediction 15:14-16:27 An Outline of the Book of Romans | Biblical Resources ________________ An Outline of the Book of Romans | Biblical Resources […]

[…] I like his approach to this touchy subject. He reminds me of Paul’s words to the Christians at the church in Rome. […]

A Quick Outline of the Book of Romans

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For centuries, students of the Bible from all walks of life have hailed the Book of Romans as one of the most important theological expressions in the history of the world. It's an incredible book packed with incredible content regarding the power of the gospel for salvation and for everyday life.

Even the most ardent fans of Paul's epistle to the church at Rome will also agree that Romans is a dense and often confusing tome. It's not a letter to be taken lightly or browsed a piece at a time over the course of years.

Therefore, below you will find a quick-hitting outline of the major themes contained in the Book of Romans. This isn't intended to be a Cliff's Notes version of Paul's epistle . Rather, it can be helpful to keep a broad outline in view as you engage each chapter and verse of this amazing book.

The content from this outline is largely based on the similarly dense and helpful book The Cradle, The Cross, and the Crown: An introduction to the New Testament -- by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum, and Charles L. Quarles.

Quick Summary

Looking at the structure of Romans, chapters 1–8 deal primarily with explaining the gospel message (1:1-17), explaining why we need to embrace the gospel (1:18–4:25), and explaining the benefits conferred by embracing the gospel (5:1–8:39).

After a brief interlude addressing the implications of the gospel for the people of Israel (9:1–11:36), Paul concluded his letter with several chapters of basic instructions and exhortations that flesh out the practical implications of the gospel in everyday life (12:1–15:13).

That's a quick overview of Romans. Now let's outline each of those sections in greater detail.

Section 1: Introduction (1:1-17)

I. Paul offers a brief summary of the gospel message. -- Jesus Christ is the focus of the gospel. -- Paul is qualified to proclaim the gospel. II. Paul's longing to visit the church in Rome for the purpose of mutual encouragement. III. The gospel reveals God's power for salvation and righteousness.

Section 2: Why We Need the Gospel (1:18 - 4:25)

I. Theme: All people have a need for justification before God. -- The natural world reveals the existence of God as Creator; therefore, people are without excuse for ignoring Him. -- The Gentiles are sinful and have earned God's wrath (1:18-32). -- The Jews are sinful and have earned God's wrath (2:1-29). -- Circumcision and obeying the Law are not enough to appease God's wrath for sin.

II. Theme: Justification is a gift from God. -- All people (Jews and Gentiles) are powerless against sin. No one is righteous before God based on their own merit (3:1-20). -- People don't have to earn forgiveness because God has granted us justification as a gift. -- We can only receive this gift through faith (3:21-31). -- Abraham was an example of someone who received righteousness through faith, not through his own works (4:1-25).

Section 3: The Blessings We Receive Through the Gospel (5:1 - 8:39)

I. Blessing: The gospel brings peace, righteousness, and joy (5:1-11). -- Because we are made righteous, we can experience peace with God. -- Even during the sufferings of this life, we can have confidence in our salvation.

II. Blessing: The gospel allows us to escape the consequences of sin (5:12-21). -- Sin entered the world through Adam and has corrupted all people. -- Salvation entered the world through Jesus and has been offered to all people. -- The Law was given to reveal the presence of sin in our lives, not to provide an escape from sin.

III. Blessing: The gospel frees us from slavery to sin (6:1-23). -- We should not view God's grace as an invitation to continue in our sinful behavior. -- We have been united with Jesus in His death; therefore, sin has been killed in us. -- If we continue to offer ourselves to sin, we become enslaved once again. -- We should live as people who are dead to sin and alive to our new Master: Jesus.

IV. Blessing: The gospel frees us from slavery to the Law (7:1-25). -- The Law was meant to define sin and reveal its presence in our lives. -- We are unable to live in obedience to the Law, which is why the Law cannot save us from the power of sin. -- The death and resurrection of Jesus have rescued us from our inability to earn salvation through obeying God's Law.

V. Blessing: The gospel offers us a righteous life through the Spirit (8:1-17). -- The power of the Holy Spirit allows us to gain victory over sin in our lives. -- Those who live by the power of God's Spirit can rightly be called God's children.

VI. Blessing: The gospel offers us ultimate victory over sin and death (8:18-39). -- In this life, we experience longing for our ultimate victory in heaven. -- God will complete what He has started in our lives through the power of His Spirit. -- We are more than conquerors in light of eternity because nothing can separate us from God's love.

Section 4: The Gospel and the Israelites (9:1 - 11:36)

I. Theme: The church has always been part of God's plan. -- Israel had rejected Jesus, the Messiah (9:1-5). -- Israel's rejection doesn't mean that God broke His promises to the Israelites. -- God has always been free to choose a people according to His own plan (9:6-29). -- The church has become a portion of God's people by seeking righteousness through faith.

II. Theme: Many people have missed the point concerning God's Law. -- While the Gentiles pursued righteousness through faith, the Israelites were still clinging to the idea of achieving righteousness through their own work. -- The Law has always pointed toward Jesus, the Christ, and away from self-righteousness. -- Paul offered several examples from the Old Testament that point to the gospel message of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus (10:5-21).

III. God still has plans for the Israelites, His people. -- God chose a remnant of Israelites to experience salvation through Christ (11:1-10). -- Gentiles (the church) should not become arrogant; God will once again turn His attention to the Israelites (11:11-32). -- God is wise and powerful enough to save all who seek Him.

Section 5: The Practical Implications of the Gospel (12:1 - 15:13)

I. Theme: The gospel results in spiritual transformation for God's people. -- We respond to the gift of salvation by offering ourselves in worship to God (12:1-2). -- The gospel changes the way we treat one another (12:3-21). -- The gospel even impacts the way we respond to authority, including government (13:1-7). -- We must respond to our transformation by actually doing what God wants us to do because the time is near (13:8-14).

II. Theme: The gospel is the primary concern for followers of Jesus. -- Christians will disagree even as we try to follow Christ together. -- Jewish and Gentile Christians in Paul's day disagreed about meat sacrificed to idols and following ritual holy days from the Law (14:1-9). -- The message of the gospel is more important than our disagreements. -- All Christians should strive for unity in order to glorify God (14:10 - 15:13).

Section 6: Conclusion (15:14 - 16:27)

I. Paul detailed his travel plans, including a hoped-for visit to Rome (15:14-33).

II. Paul concluded with personal greetings for various people and groups within the church at Rome (16:1-27).

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Christ is our standard

The Book of Romans Summary by Chapter (1-16): Very Concise and Comprehensive

Welcome to this book of Romans summary by chapter which will give you a quick glance through the book in the Bible.

The Book of Romans is an epistle in the New Testament, written by the Apostle Paul to the Christians in Rome. This post will provide concise summaries for each chapter, highlighting all the key events. Let’s go!

( Also Read : The Book of Acts Summary by Chapter )

The book of romans summary by chapter, chapter 1 – greeting and introduction.

Paul starts by introducing himself as a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle. He mentions his eagerness to preach the gospel to those in Rome. He speaks of the gospel as the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes. He expresses his deep longing to visit the believers in Rome to impart some spiritual gift and be mutually encouraged by each other’s faith.

Paul also addresses the wrath of God that is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people. He elaborates on how humanity has suppressed the truth in unrighteousness, even though the creation bears witness to the existence of God. He concludes by outlining the moral decay of society, due to idolatry and the rejection of God.

Chapter 2 – God’s Righteous Judgment

Paul continues by emphasizing that God’s judgment is based on truth, and those who judge others while doing the same things are without excuse. He warns that God’s judgment will be against those who practice evil and highlights that God shows no favoritism. He further clarifies that it is not the hearers of the law who are righteous before God, but the doers of the law.

Additionally, Paul talks about the Gentiles, who do not have the law, but by nature do what the law requires, thereby showing the work of the law written in their hearts. He underscores that all will be judged by God according to their deeds, whether they are under the law (Jews) or not under the law (Gentiles).

Chapter 3 – The Advantage of the Jew and the Righteousness of God

In this chapter, Paul answers the question of what advantage there is in being a Jew. He explains that they were entrusted with the oracles of God. However, he makes it clear that both Jews and Gentiles are under sin and quotes several Old Testament passages to establish the universality of sin.

Paul then introduces the concept of being justified by faith apart from the works of the law. He proclaims that the righteousness of God has been manifested apart from the law, though the law and the prophets bear witness to it. He talks about Jesus Christ as a propitiation by His blood through faith, demonstrating God’s righteousness.

Chapter 4 – Abraham Justified by Faith

Chapter 4 opens with Paul using Abraham as an example to support his argument that people are justified by faith and not by works. He quotes Genesis, where it is written that Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness. He asserts that David also speaks of the blessedness of the one to whom God counts righteousness apart from works.

Paul then explains that the promise to Abraham and his offspring was not through the law, but through the righteousness of faith. He elaborates that Abraham is the father of all who believe, even those who are not circumcised, so that righteousness might be credited to them as well.

Chapter 5 – Peace with God through Faith

In Chapter 5, Paul explains the benefits of being justified by faith. He says that through faith, believers have peace with God through the Lord Jesus Christ and have gained access into the grace in which they now stand. He also mentions that they rejoice in the hope of the glory of God.

Furthermore, Paul talks about the love of God being poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit. He contrasts Adam’s trespass, through which many died, with the gift of grace in Jesus Christ, through which many are made righteous. He explains how through one man’s disobedience (Adam) sin entered the world, but through one man’s act of righteousness (Jesus), many receive the gift of righteousness and eternal life.

Chapter 6 – Dead to Sin, Alive to God

Chapter 6 deals with the relationship between grace and sin. Paul anticipates the argument that if grace increases with sin, why not continue sinning? He sternly rejects this and explains that believers should no longer be slaves to sin since they have been united with Christ in his death and resurrection.

Paul encourages believers to present themselves to God as those who have been brought from death to life and to present their members as instruments for righteousness. He contrasts being slaves to sin, which leads to death, with being slaves to righteousness, which leads to sanctification and eternal life.

Chapter 7 – Released from the Law

In Chapter 7, Paul uses the analogy of marriage to explain how believers are released from the law through the body of Christ. He explains that while the law is good, it reveals sin in us, and through our sinful nature, we end up doing what we do not want to do.

Paul also shares a personal struggle between his inner self that desires to obey God’s law and another law in his members that wages war against it. He exclaims his wretched state and questions who will deliver him from his body of death, concluding with thanks to God through Jesus Christ.

Chapter 8 – Life in the Spirit

This chapter begins with Paul proclaiming that there is no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. He speaks of the Holy Spirit setting believers free from the law of sin and death. Paul encourages the believers to live according to the Spirit and not according to the flesh.

He further explains that those who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God. Paul also talks about the future glory that awaits believers and the love of Christ, stating that nothing can separate them from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord.

Chapter 9 – God’s Sovereign Choice

In Chapter 9, Paul expresses his sorrow and anguish for his fellow Israelites who have not accepted Christ. He talks about God’s sovereign choice, using examples from the Old Testament, such as the selection of Isaac over Ishmael and Jacob over Esau, to show that it is not by works but by God’s call.

Paul also uses the example of Pharaoh to show how God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy and hardens whom he wants to harden. He explains that God’s purpose in election might continue, not because of works but because of Him who calls.

Chapter 10 – Israel’s Unbelief

Chapter 10 focuses on Israel’s unbelief. Paul expresses his heart’s desire and prayer to God for Israel, that they might be saved. He acknowledges that they have zeal for God, but it is not based on knowledge. He asserts that Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes.

Paul also quotes the Old Testament to show that righteousness based on faith has always been accessible, and emphasizes that “everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved”. He stresses the importance of preaching the good news so that others might believe.

Chapter 11 – The Remnant of Israel

In Chapter 11, Paul addresses the question of whether God has rejected His people by stating that God has preserved a remnant chosen by grace. He uses the example of Elijah and the seven thousand who did not bow the knee to Baal. He explains that in the same way, at the present time, there is a remnant chosen by grace.

Paul also talks about the Gentiles, mentioning that they have been grafted into the family of God. He warns them not to be arrogant toward the natural branches (Israel) and explains that all Israel will be saved as God has a plan for them. He finishes the chapter by glorifying God, exclaiming the depth of His wisdom and knowledge.

Chapter 12 – A Living Sacrifice

In Chapter 12, Paul urges believers to offer their bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God. He encourages them not to conform to the pattern of this world but be transformed by the renewing of their mind. He emphasizes using the gifts given by God with grace, according to the measure of faith assigned.

Paul continues by detailing how Christians should live: loving sincerely, hating what is evil, being devoted to one another, honoring others above themselves, and being zealous and fervent in spirit. He advises on living peaceably with all and not repaying evil for evil.

Chapter 13 – Submission to Governing Authorities

Paul begins Chapter 13 by instructing believers to submit to governing authorities, as they are established by God. He says that those who rebel against authority are rebelling against what God has instituted. He also talks about paying taxes, and giving respect and honor to whom it is due.

Additionally, Paul speaks of love as the fulfillment of the law, urging believers to love their neighbors as themselves. He encourages them to put on the armor of light and to behave decently, putting on the Lord Jesus Christ and making no provision for the flesh.

Chapter 14 – The Weak and the Strong

In Chapter 14 , Paul discusses the importance of not judging fellow believers based on disputable matters such as eating certain foods. He teaches that one should be fully convinced in their own mind and whatever they do, it should be for the Lord. He emphasizes that God has accepted them.

Paul further explains that instead of passing judgment, believers should make every effort to do what leads to peace and mutual edification. He concludes the chapter by stressing the importance of acting out of faith, stating that whatever is not from faith is sin.

Chapter 15 – Paul’s Ministry to the Gentiles

Paul addresses the responsibility of the strong in faith to bear with the failings of the weak. He encourages the believers to live in harmony with one another and to be filled with hope. He mentions that Christ has become a servant of the Jews on behalf of God’s truth.

Paul also speaks about his ministry to the Gentiles, expressing the importance of preaching the Gospel where Christ is not known so that the Gentiles may be accepted as an offering to God. He shares his plans to visit Rome on his way to Spain and asks for prayers for his journey.

Chapter 16 – Personal Greetings and Final Instructions

In the final chapter, Paul sends greetings to several individuals and households in Rome, commending them for their service in the Lord. He also warns the believers to watch out for those who cause divisions and obstacles contrary to the teachings they have learned.

Paul concludes the letter with a doxology, praising God, who is able to establish believers in accordance with the gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ. He celebrates the revelation of the mystery hidden for ages but now disclosed, and through which the obedience of faith is made known to all nations.

( Also Read : The Book of 1 Corinthians Summary by Chapter )

Thank you for reading this summary of the Book of Romans chapter by chapter. May it serve as a helpful guide as you study this profound epistle in the New Testament. God bless!

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Who Wrote the Book of Romans?

Romans 1:1 identifies the Apostle Paul as the author of the Letter to the Romans. The early church universally accepted Paul’s authorship of this letter. And, according to Everett Harrison, in the NIV Bible Commentary, Volume 2, “From the post-apostolic church to the present, with almost no exception, this letter has been credited to Paul.”

The only issue with authorship concerns the uses of an amanuensis, or secretary, who did the actual writing of the letter. Sometimes an amanuensis would write from a general outline while other times they would take dictation. In Romans 16:21 , Tertius is identified as the one who served as the actual writer, or amanuensis, of the letter. Douglas Moo, in “The Epistle to the Romans,” says that it is most likely that Tertius was taking dictation since the style of the writing is so close to that of Galatians and 1 Corinthians.

Context and Background of Romans

In Romans 1:7 , 15, Paul identifies the audience of this letter as believers in Rome. Paul writes this letter to Rome, at least in part, as an introduction to them. He had never been in Rome but was hoping to stop there for a while on a future trip to Spain ( Romans 15:23-24 ). According to Bill Mounce, in “The New American Commentary on Romans,” it is likely that he was looking for some support from this church as he ventured further and further to the west.

This letter would appear to have been written at the end of his third missionary journey. In Romans 15:25-29 he tells the Romans that he is one his way to Jerusalem with a gift from the believers in Greece and that once he finishes that he plans on heading to Rome and then Spain. It is commonly accepted, according to Moo, that Paul wrote this letter during the three months he was in Corinth, as recorded in Acts 20:2-3 .

Main Theme and Purpose of Romans

It is hard to know definitively what Paul’s purpose was in writing this letter. It likely was a combination of things that prompted its writing. Among these would be his upcoming trip to Spain. He was planning to pass through Rome on the way and seemed hopeful of support while there. And it may well be, as Mounce says, that he was looking for a longer-term relationship with them as he worked in Spain – a relationship like what he had enjoyed with Antioch while working in the eastern part of the empire.

In connection with a possible hope for support, Paul may well have been laying out the gospel he preached. There were many that Paul had contended with over the years who may have been spreading falsehood about him (see Rom. 3:8 ). So, this letter could have been at least in part to prove his orthodoxy . And, finally, chapters 14 and 15 also point to there being problems within the church that he was hoping to be able to correct.

The theme of Romans has been a topic of debate over the centuries. Some claim it to be justification by faith. Others feel that it primarily concerns union with Christ. And still others see the theme as incorporating Gentiles into God’s people within the continuity of salvation history.

Moo argues that the theme of Romans is the gospel. He also says that “The bulk of Romans focuses on how God has acted in Christ to bring the individual sinner into a new relationship with himself (cha ps. 1-4 ), to provide for that individual’s eternal life in glory (cha ps. 5-8 ), and to transform that individual’s life on earth now (12:1-15:13).”

What Can We Learn from Romans for Today?

While the culture of the first-century Roman world is different than today, what Paul has to say is still extremely relevant. Paul’s focus in Romans is on two aspects of salvation.

The first aspect concerns how we can be in right standing before God. Paul tells us that justification (being declared righteous) is by faith alone, apart from any action on our part ( Rom. 3:28 ); that our faith is to be in Jesus ( Rom. 3:26 ); and when one places their faith in Christ, the righteousness of God is imputed to their account ( Rom. 3:21-22 ). Right standing, or justification, is a gracious gift of God, given to us through faith. It is not something we either earn or deserve.

The second aspect of salvation Paul discusses is frequently called sanctification. It is an ongoing walk with the Holy Spirit. He emphasizes the importance of this in chapter 8. And he provides practical instruction for how to walk with the Spirit in Romans 12:1-15 :13.

Our Favorite Verses from Romans

Romans 1:20 – “For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse.”

Romans 3:21-22 a – “But now apart from the law the righteousness of God has been made known, to which the Law and the Prophets testify. This righteousness is given through faith in Jesus Christ to all who believe.”

Romans 4:3 – “What does Scripture say? ‘Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.’”

Romans 6:11 – “In the same way, count yourselves dead to sin but alive to God in Christ Jesus.”

Romans 8:1 “Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus “

Romans 8:28 – “And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose.”

Romans 12:1-2 – “Therefore, I urge you, brothers and sisters, in view of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God—this is your true and proper worship. Do not conform to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God’s will is—his good, pleasing and perfect will.”

Romans 13:14 – “Rather, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and do not think about how to gratify the desires of the flesh.”

The Expositor’s Bible Commentary : Everett Harrison. Zondervan, Second Edition. 1995. Print.

The New American Commentary – Romans : Bill Mounce. Holman Reference, Book 27. 1995. Print.

The Epistle to the Romans : Douglas Moo. Eerdmans, Twelfth Impression edition. 1996. Print.

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Discover the Basics of the Book of Romans

Introduction to Romans

This introductory course is designed to provide key insights into the book of Romans by pulling together a number of key resources: overview videos from The Bible Project, helpful contextual information from The ESV Study Bible, commentary recommendations from The Gospel Coalition, a single sermon that sums up the book from beginning to end by Mark Dever, and much more. By watching, listening to, and reading these resources, you’ll be better prepared to read, study, teach, or preach the book of Romans.

As the opening words of the letter indicate, the apostle Paul wrote the book of Romans. Only a few scholars in history have doubted his authorship, and their doubts have been shown to be groundless. The title of the book indicates that the letter was written to the Christian churches in Rome.

Paul probably wrote Romans from Corinth, on his third missionary journey, in A.D. 57 (Acts 20:2–3). Having completed his work in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, he hoped to travel to Rome and then on to Spain; but first he needed to go to Jerusalem to deliver the money he had collected for the church there (Rom. 15:19–32; see Acts 19:21). Paul commends Phoebe (Rom. 16:1–2), and she was likely the person who brought the letter to Rome. She resided in Cenchreae, which was near Corinth and was one of its port cities. Furthermore, Gaius was Paul’s host (Rom. 16:23), and this is likely the same Gaius who lived in Corinth (1 Cor. 1:14). Finally, two fairly early manuscripts of Romans have subscriptions (brief notes that a copyist added to the end of a document) which say that the letter was written from Corinth.

Taken from the ESV® Study Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright ©2008 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. For more information on how to cite this material, see permissions information here .

Romans contains all of the standard features of a biblical epistle, including the salutation, thanksgiving, body, paraenesis (list of moral exhortations), personal greetings, and benediction. What distinguishes the letter is its long and carefully constructed body, which presents a sustained theological argument. Romans is perhaps the most tightly organized of all the NT letters, which helps explain why it reads as much like a theological treatise as it does a letter. Understanding Romans thus demands careful attention to the details of its doctrine.

As a theological treatise, the book of Romans is a grand edifice. It is filled with lofty theological ideas and vocabulary. The rhetoric is often grand, taking such forms as elaborate sentence construction (syntax) and patterns of verbal repetition. What is often overlooked is that there is a continuous presence of a genre that tends toward the informal and that even lends a colloquial vigor that balances its grandeur. This genre, known as the diatribe, was used extensively by Roman teachers and orators (also known as preachers). The traits of the form included the following: dialogue with hypothetical questioners or opponents; as part of that, question-and-answer constructions, sometimes catechism-like in effect; use of questions or hypothetical objections as a transition to the next topic; rhetorical questions; adducing famous and representative figures from the past as examples; use of analogy as a rhetorical device; and aphoristic style.

The book is unified primarily by the coherence of its central argument, which outlines and explains the eternal plan of God for the salvation of sinners. The book’s thesis statement (see Rom. 1:16–17) alerts the reader to the central place that the righteousness of God occupies in this plan—the righteousness that God both demands in obedience and offers as a free gift in Christ, received by faith.

The city of Rome was founded upon seven hills on the eastern shore of the Tiber River. Rome grew from a small city to an empire through its conquests of Italy (3rd century B.C. ), Carthage in north Africa (3rd century B.C. ), Greece and Macedonia (2nd century B.C. ), western and northern Europe (2nd century B.C. – 2nd century A.D. ), and Egypt and much of the Near East (1st century B.C. ). By Paul’s day, the senatorial rule of the Roman republic had succumbed to a centralized empire under the leadership of Augustus (27 B.C. – A.D. 14), Tiberius ( A.D. 14–37), Gaius (37–41), Claudius (41–54), and Nero (54–68).

Archaeological evidence in Rome confirms monumental structures that stood during the time of Paul, such as the Circus Maximus, Tabularium (state archives), theaters (including those of Pompey and of Marcellus), and multiple forums. Later, in the third century A.D. , the Umbilicus Romae stood in the center of the city, and this cylindrical monument marked the theoretical “center” of the Roman world (likely this way of thinking about Rome’s place in the world stemmed from well before the NT period). The prestige of the early emperors was memorialized during Paul’s day in their basilicas, arches, and forums (e.g., the Forums of Caesar and of Augustus), in the Altar of Peace, in the Mausoleum of Augustus, in porticoes and images honoring their extended imperial family, and in imperial cult temples (such as the temple of Julius Caesar from 29 B.C. and the temple of Claudius). Innumerable pagan gods received worship in Rome. Especially impressive temples were dedicated to such ancient gods/goddesses as Mars, Saturn, Castor and Pollux, Vesta, Venus and Roma, Apollo, and Jupiter. Indeed, devotion to all the great Roman gods was offered in the monumental domed Pantheon, which stands in Rome to this day. (An earlier Pantheon—depicted in the illustration—was built in 27 B.C. and destroyed by fire in A.D. 80. The present-day structure was built c. A.D. 120.)

A significant portion of the city was destroyed by fire during Nero’s rule in A.D. 64. Nero, who was suspected of having started the blaze, blamed and persecuted Christians for the conflagration. The fire allowed Nero to design and construct his own monumental buildings, including his 200-acre imperial dwelling, the Domus Aurea (“Golden House”).

Among the structures that are contemporary with the last books in the NT canon, one should especially note the Arch of Titus and the Colosseum. The Arch of Titus, built in A.D. 81 by the emperor Domitian (reigned 81–96), commemorates the capture and destruction of Jerusalem and its temple in A.D. 70. The two generals who reconquered Palestine received such fame from this war that they both attained imperial rule, which went first to Vespasian ( A.D. 69–79) and then to his son Titus (79–81). The Arch of Titus still manifests a relief portraying the captured temple menorah and other Jewish sacred objects being carried through Rome in processional tribute to Titus. Vespasian and Titus built the Flavian Amphitheater, better known as the Colosseum due to its proximity to a gigantic statue (Gk. kolossos ) of Nero. The Colosseum is estimated to have seated more than 45,000 for gladiatorial spectacles.

Daily life in Rome could be luxurious for the wealthy but onerous for others. Multiple aqueducts and a huge sewer system provided for the immense water requirements of Rome, including the many bathhouses, fountains, and latrines. Food had to be imported to satisfy the needs of this thriving metropolis, and the emperor often directly oversaw the vital grain supply. Luxury villas in Rome were the privileged possessions of the wealthiest families (often of senatorial or equestrian rank) and especially of the emperors, but most of the housing in ancient Rome consisted of insulae (multistory apartment buildings often constructed above first-floor shops). Contemporary authors spoke of a severely overcrowded, loud, and smelly city—a place that provided every virtue and vice known to mankind. The residents of Rome were mostly pagan, although a sizable Jewish population also existed (as evidenced both by 1st-century literature and by later remains of inscriptions). The expulsion of the Jews under the emperor Claudius ( A.D. 49) was a limited measure.

Today, churches in Rome built during the fourth- to fifth-century Byzantine period mark the traditional burial places of Paul and of Peter, reflecting the post-NT church tradition which claims that Paul and Peter died as martyrs in Rome during the reign of Nero (c. A.D. 64–65, perhaps after an incarceration in the Mamertine Prison). The Roman catacombs house early Christian burials (from the 2nd cen tury A.D. and after), and these catacombs contain some inscriptions and graffiti testifying to Christian martyrdom prior to the legitimization of Christianity by Licinius and Constantine (by the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313).

The theme of Romans is the revelation of God’s judging and saving righteousness in the gospel of Jesus Christ. In the cross of Christ, God judges sin and yet at the same time manifests his saving mercy.

Romans 1:18–3:20; 5:12–19

Romans 2:12–29; 3:9–20; 5:20; 7:1–25; 9:30–10:8

Romans 3:21–26; 5:12–19; 6:1–10; 7:1–6; 8:1–4

Romans 1:1–7; 3:21–26; 5:1–8:39

Romans 3:21–26; 4:23–25; 5:6–11, 15–19; 6:1–10; 7:4–6; 8:1–4

Romans 1:16–4:25; 9:30–10:21

Romans 5:1–8:39

Romans 2:25–29; 6:1–7:6; 8:1–39

Romans 9:1–11:36

Romans 1:18–4:25; 9:1–11:36; 15:8–13

Romans 12:1–13:14

Romans provides the fullest expression of Paul’s theology, though it is doubtful that he intended it to be a complete summary statement. For example, Romans lacks any detailed treatments of Paul’s doctrine of Christ (see Phil. 2:6–11; Col. 1:15–20), of the church (see Ephesians), or of last things (see 1 Thess. 4:13–5:11; 2 Thess. 2:1–12).

It is more likely that Paul wrote the letter to address particular issues of concern to the Roman church. Specifically, he addressed matters of interest for a church that included both Jewish and Gentile Christians:

Can one be right with God through obeying the law (Rom. 1:1–3:20)?
What can be learned from Abraham, and is he the father of both Jewish and Gentile Christians (Rom. 4:1–25)?
What role does the law play with reference to sin (Rom. 5:20; 7:1–25)?
What does the salvation of Gentiles indicate about the future of Israel as God’s people (Rom. 9:1–11:36)?
Should Christians observe OT food laws, and how should they relate to fellow believers on such matters (Rom. 14:1–15:13)?

The focus on Jew-Gentile issues suggests that tensions existed between Jews and Gentiles in the church in Rome. The Roman church probably began as a Jewish church, though it is not known exactly when it was established. Perhaps Jews from Rome returned from Jerusalem after Pentecost (Acts 2:10) and founded the church, or perhaps the church was established later. Some have suggested that Peter founded the church in Rome, but no significant evidence supports this premise.

As time passed, of course, Gentiles in Rome also became Christians. The Roman historian Suetonius records that the Roman emperor Claudius (reigned A.D. 41–54) expelled Jews from Rome in A.D. 49 because of strife over “Chrestus.” Suetonius likely misunderstood the name, so that the dispute probably was about “Christus” (Latin for Christ). The expulsion of Jews from Rome is confirmed by Acts 18:2. Because of the expulsion, the Gentile churches would have developed for a number of years apart from the Jews. Over the years the Jewish Christians slowly filtered back into Roman churches. It is not difficult to imagine that tensions would develop between law-observing Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians who lived free of the restrictions in the Mosaic law. It seems, however, that the church was made up mainly of Gentile Christians (see Rom. 1:5–6, 13; 11:13; 15:15–16).

Paul’s selection of themes (gospel and law; the significance of Abraham; the future of Israel) suggests significant tensions between the Jews and Gentiles in Rome. Paul wrote Romans so that they would be united in the gospel he preached, and so that they would comprehend how the gospel spoke to the issues that divided them.

A closer look at Romans reveals another purpose as well. Paul wanted the Christians in Rome to rally around his gospel so that Rome would become the base of operations by which he could proclaim the gospel in Spain (Rom. 15:22–24). If Roman Christians did not agree with Paul’s gospel message, especially on the issues being debated among Jews and Gentiles, then they would not support his proposed mission to Spain. Paul needed to explain the gospel in some detail so that the Christians in Rome would become the base from which he could proclaim the gospel in new regions.

Of course, the ultimate aim and purpose for the preaching of the gospel is the glory of God. Paul longs for the Gentiles to come to the obedience of faith for the sake of Christ’s name (Rom. 1:5). God has planned all of salvation history to bring glory and praise to his name (Rom. 11:33–36).

God’s OT promises of salvation are fulfilled in the gospel of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and of new life received through faith in him. The gospel goes to both Jew and Gentile, fulfilling God’s plan to bless the nations (Gen. 12:3).

Salutation: the gospel concerning God’s Son ( Rom. 1:1–7)
Thanksgiving: prayer for an apostolic visit ( Rom. 1:8–15)
Theme: the gospel of the righteousness of God ( Rom. 1:16–17)
The unrighteousness of the Gentiles ( Rom. 1:18–32)
The unrighteousness of the Jews ( Rom. 2:1–3:8)
The unrighteousness of all people ( Rom. 3:9–20)
God’s righteousness in the death of Jesus ( Rom. 3:21–26)
Righteousness by faith for Jews and Gentiles ( Rom. 3:27–31)
Abraham as the father of Jews and Gentiles ( Rom. 4:1–25)
Assurance of hope ( Rom. 5:1–11)
Hope in Christ’s triumph over Adam’s sin ( Rom. 5:12–21)
The triumph of grace over the power of sin ( Rom. 6:1–23)
The triumph of grace over the power of the law ( Rom. 7:1–6)
The law and sin ( Rom. 7:7–25)
Life in the Spirit ( Rom. 8:1–17)
Assurance of hope ( Rom. 8:18–39)
God’s saving promises to Israel ( Rom. 9:1–29)
Israel’s rejection of God’s saving promises ( Rom. 9:30–11:10)
God’s righteousness in his plan for Jews and Gentiles ( Rom. 11:11–32)
Concluding doxology ( Rom. 11:33–36)
Paradigm for exhortations: total dedication to God ( Rom. 12:1–2)
Marks of the Christian community ( Rom. 12:3–13:14)
A call for mutual acceptance between the strong and the weak ( Rom. 14:1–15:13)
The establishment of churches among the Gentiles ( Rom. 15:14–33)
Appreciation and greetings to coworkers in the gospel ( Rom. 16:1–23)
Final Summary of the Gospel of the Righteousness of God (Rom. 16:25–27)

Nancy Guthrie interviews Michael Kruger

Mark Dever - The Message of Romans: Justification Runtime: 59 min

See this article for further details on Nancy Guthrie's first interview and related resources.

See this article for further details on Nancy Guthrie's second interview and related resources.

See this article for a synthesis of the preaching at Clarus ’17 Conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico, examined the book of Romans. Mark Dever and Greg Gilbert honored the achievement of the Reformation by preaching seven sermons from seven passages in Paul’s magisterial letter.

Purchase The Message of the New Testament: Promises Kept Mark Dever Purchase

The following recommendations are from D. A. Carson, New Testament Commentary Survey . 7th ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2013 .

Purchase The Epistle to the Romans Douglas J. Moo Purchase
Purchase Romans Thomas R. Schreiner Purchase

Volume one Advanced

Volume two Advanced

Romans 5-16

What is the book of Romans about in the Bible? Watch as we explain its major themes and gain a deeper understanding of its place in the biblical story.

What was the point of the 613 commands given through Moses? (Video 2:31-3:41)
In your own words, how would you summarize what Jesus did to rescue and renew humanity? (Video 3:42-4:30)
What is one practical way Paul encourages Jesus’ followers to live in God’s renewed, multi-ethnic family? (Video 6:59-8:28, or view Romans 12-15)

Humanity’s failure to trust God’s wisdom brings despair and division into creation. Paul’s letter to the Romans shows that the damage we cause by our failure cannot be remedied by law, rules, or rituals. While the Law is good, it cannot bring life; only Jesus can transform hearts and reverse creation’s downward spiral. So how does he bring this hope? Jesus invites everyone, Jew and non-Jew, into his renewed multi-ethnic family. Those who accept his invitation are empowered by the Spirit to live in his love and forgiveness. As God’s family learns to live together with God’s others-centered mindset, his mission to bring life and peace expands to renew all of creation. Let’s explore this in more depth together.

Read: Romans 8:1-6, Romans 8:14-21

Compare Romans 8:5-6 to some of the other places where Paul uses the concept of “mind” or “thought” (Greek: phronema, phroneo ) in the rest of the letter (read Romans 12:3, Romans 12:16, and Romans 15:5-6). What do these passages have in common?
After observing the above passages, what is one practical way to set our minds on the Spirit? How does this move us into real life and peace within God's family?
How does Paul describe life in the family of God in Romans 8:14-18? How does it compare to our lives before adoption into the family of God?
How does Paul describe the hope and future of creation in Romans 8:18-21?
Take some time now to pray and acknowledge the ways we struggle to share a humble and loving mindset in God’s renewed family. The Spirit rescues us from the despair and tension that harms our world, so let’s express our gratitude while we ask for his help to live in peace together.

Jesus created a new covenant family.

Since the garden, humans have repeatedly chosen sin and rebellion over living by God’s wisdom. God’s covenants with his human partners were imperfect, and humans failed to be faithful to the agreement. But Jesus established a new covenant that is open to all people, Jew and Gentile, creating a multiethnic family of God where self-giving love and forgiveness are at the center of everything.

The Gospel Explained

The book of Romans is a detailed explanation of the Gospel message written by Paul to the church in Rome. See how Paul lays out the surprising message of Jesus' new covenant in this carefully crafted letter.

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A Quick Outline of the Book of Romans

Quick Summary

Section 1: Introduction (1:1-17)

Section 2: Why We Need the Gospel (1:18 - 4:25)

Section 3: The Blessings We Receive Through the Gospel (5:1 - 8:39)

Section 4: The Gospel and the Israelites (9:1 - 11:36)

Section 5: The Practical Implications of the Gospel (12:1 - 15:13)

Section 6: Conclusion (15:14 - 16:27)

The Book of Romans Summary by Chapter (1-16): Very Concise and Comprehensive

Table of Contents

Chapter 2 – God’s Righteous Judgment

Chapter 3 – The Advantage of the Jew and the Righteousness of God

Chapter 4 – Abraham Justified by Faith

Chapter 5 – Peace with God through Faith

Chapter 6 – Dead to Sin, Alive to God

Chapter 7 – Released from the Law

Chapter 8 – Life in the Spirit

Chapter 9 – God’s Sovereign Choice

Chapter 10 – Israel’s Unbelief

Chapter 11 – The Remnant of Israel

Chapter 12 – A Living Sacrifice

Chapter 13 – Submission to Governing Authorities

Chapter 14 – The Weak and the Strong

Chapter 15 – Paul’s Ministry to the Gentiles

Chapter 16 – Personal Greetings and Final Instructions

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