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Purdue Owl: MLA Formatting & Style Guide
Developed by the Purdue Online Writing Lab. MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
Author/Editor (By:)
Contributor, corporate author, related organizations, citation type.
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Citation Guide
- APA Style - 7th Edition
Introduction to MLA Style
Creating mla citations: examples, paper formatting guidelines & sample papers, in-text citations & the list of works cited, examples of works cited & in-text citations, software tools for mla style, works cited for this page.
- Chicago/Turabian Style
- Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
- Tools for Managing Citations
- Citation Season!
What is MLA Style?
MLA stands for Modern Language Association. MLA Style is an established style for formatting your paper and giving credit to your sources.
This page provides resources for all the elements of a preparing a paper in MLA Style, including formatting, in-text citations, and the works cited list.
Disciplines at Caldwell that use MLA Style include English, history, theology, philosophy, and others.
MLA Quick Links
- Quoting and Paraphrasing in MLA Format This video course is all about quoting and paraphrasing sources in your paper! Learn rules of quoting and paraphrasing responsibly, and see examples of in-text citations in MLA format.
- Purdue OWL Guide to MLA Style Purdue OWL has resources about many citation styles. Here is their section on MLA
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An Article from a Journal Found in a Library Database (a source in two containers)
from MLA Handbook chapter 5.100-103, The Three Most Common Types of Entries
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A Chapter or Section of a Book Accessed through an Online Repository (a source with two containers)
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An Episode of a TV Show Watched on an Online Platform (a source in two containers)
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A Chapter or Section of a Print Book (a source in one container)
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A Print Book (a source that is self-contained)
- Sample MLA Papers These sample student papers show MLA formatting for all details of a research paper. Look a the structure of the page, how quotes are incorporated, and how works are cited.
- Formatting Your Research Project (MLA Handbook, Ch. 1) Instructions for formatting your paper in MLA style, including margins, title, headers and footers, headings and subheadings, etc.
- The Writing Process Purdue OWL's Guide to academic writing in MLA Style, including grammar, mechanics, and punctuation.
- Mechanics of Prose (MLA Handbook, Ch. 2) Guidance on all the details of writing, such as spelling, grammar, punctuation, how format titles and names in your paper.
In-Text Citations
- In-Text Citations: The Basics Basic instructions from Purdue OWL about how to format in-text citations in MLA Style. This is how you credit your sources when you mention them in the text of your paper.
- Citing Sources in the Text (MLA Handbook, Ch. 6) This chapter starts with the basics of citing your sources in the text of your paper. It covers many situations you might encounter.
Works Cited Page
- MLA Style 101 This video course goes through each "element" of the MLA works cited page entry (like author, title, publisher) and shows how to identify what belongs in each element. This will help you create works cited page entries and know how to edit citations that a database generates!
- Interactive Practice Template Learn how to create citations for your Works Cited page!
- How to Cite Books This page from Purdue OWL covers the basics of citing books as well as what to do in a variety of situations. This page has guidance on multiple authors, an organization as author, translations, anthologies, and more.
- How to Cite Electronic Resources (aka things you found online) This page from Purdue OWL covers works cited page entries for most kinds of online sources, including scholarly journal articles in a library database, ebooks, government agency websites, online news, a YouTube video, personal email correspondence, and more.
- Citation Examples from the MLA Handbook This is a regularly updated list of citations for a wide variety of sources. It's organized by source, so scroll down or use ctrl-F to search the page for the kind of source you want to see, like "translated book" or "YouTube Video".
Journal Article Found in a Library Database
Works cited page entry.
Lorensen, Jutta. “Between Image and Word, Color, and Time: Jacob Lawrence’s The Migration Series.” African American Review , vol. 40, no. 3, 2006, pp. 571-86. Academic Search Premier, each.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? Drect=true&db=f5h&AN=24093790&site=eho st-live.
In-text citation
(Lorensen 577)
Newspaper Article Found in a Library Database
Fessenden, Ford, et al. "The Battle for New York's Key Voting Blocs in the Primaries." New York Times , 19 Apr. 2016, p. A 14. ProQuest Central , ezproxy.caldwell.edu:2048/login?url=http:// search.proquest.com/ docview/1781721245?accountid=26523.
(Fessenden et al. A14)
Article from an Online News Source
Chang, Kenneth. “NASA Will Send More Helicopters to Mars.” The New York Times , 27 July 2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/science/mars-sample-mission-nasa.html.
Dorris, Michael, and Louise Erdrich. The Crown of Columbus . HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.
(Dorris and Erdrich 110-12)
Article or Specific Chapter from a Book
Copeland, Edward. “Money.” The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , edited by Copeland and Juliet McMaster, Cambridge UP, 1997, pp. 131-48.
(Copeland 135)
Webpage on a Website
“Infographic: Benefits of Language Learning.” Modern Language Association , 2022, www.mla.org/Resources/Advocacy/Infographics/Infographic-Benefits-of-Language-Learning.
("Inforgraphic: Benefits of Language Learning")
Film on an App
Mamma Mia . Directed by Phyllida Lloyd, Universal Pictures, 2008. Netflix app.
( Mamma Mia ) or ( Mamma Mia 59:03-61:23) - cite a specific scene with timestamps in the page number spot
There are many tools that can help you create, manage, and organize your citations and your references page. Here are some that the library provides or recommends for students and faculty.
- NoodleTools This link opens in a new window NoodleTools is an online tool that helps you take notes and correctly format citations. MLA, APA, and Chicago/Turabian citation styles are included. Use throughout your research project to track sources, take notes, create outlines, collaborate with classmates, and format bibliographies. Use this link to create an account.
- ZoteroBib ZoteroBib is a free service that helps you build a bibliography from any computer or device, without creating an account or installing any software. It's from the team behind the open source citation management app Zotero. ZBib can create a draft citation from a link or ISBN and has helpful templates for you to use to manually create citations. You can use it for MLA, APA, or Chicago Style.
The information on this page comes from the MLA Handbook, 9th Edition. This book can be cited in MLA style like this:
MLA Handbook. 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.
The elements used here are: [2. Title of source] MLA Handbook. [5. Version] 9th ed., [7. Publisher] Modern Language Association of America, [8. Publication date] 2021. Because the publisher is an organization who is also the author, this organization - the Modern Language Association - is only listed once, as the publisher.
An in-text citation for this handbook could be ( MLA Handbook 45) to refer specifically to something on page 45.
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- Last Updated: Mar 26, 2024 9:53 AM
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Since 1976, the Writing Lab has supported writers on the West Lafayette campus through a variety of services and community engagement initiatives using student-centered best practices. The Online Writing Lab (OWL) has been an extension of the Writing Lab since 1993, and offers global support through online reference materials and services. The Writing Lab and OWL, both part of the Department of English, are informed by and engage in research within the discipline of Composition and Rhetoric, including the subfields of writing center studies, writing program administration, second language studies, and professional writing.
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MLA Handbook. 9th ed. (Print resource)
Ask A Librarian Help
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The links in the MLA Style Center reflect MLA Style 9th Edition.
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The links in Purdue OWL reflect MLA Style 9th Edition.
- Citation Style Chart via Purdue OWL:
- MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications) Websites, pages on websites, eBooks, images, eArticles, social media...
- MLA Works Cited: Other Common Sources Interviews; speeches, lectures, or presentations; panel discussions; painting, sculpture, or photograph; conference proceedings, song or album; film or movie; podcasts; digital files
- MLA Works Cited Page: Books in Print
- MLA Works Cited Page: Periodicals in Print (Journals, Magazines & Newspapers)
- MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics
- MLA Style Sample Paper
- MLA Style Sample Works Cited
- MLA 9th PowerPoint Presentation
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- Last Updated: May 20, 2024 1:54 PM
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Citation Guide
- A Quick Guide to Resources
Subject Guide
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Changes in 9th edition
The 9th edition of the MLA Handbook was published in 2021. In this update, the format for both in-text and Works Cited citations is the same as the 8th edition. The 9th edition also includes this clarification on citing a film/DVD.
A film/DVD: Generally list film directors as key contributors in the Contributor element Blade Runner . 1982. Directed by Ridley Scott, director’s cut, Warner Bros., 1992.
Examples of MLA Style
In-text Citation
Creating a Works Cited Page
With MLA style, you must include a Works Cited page at the end of your paper. A Works Cited page is an alphabetical listing of the resources cited in your paper. Below are some examples of MLA style citations. Note: Some instructors may require access dates for websites or other pieces of information. Please check with your instructor if you have any questions.
- Official MLA Style Center
A Modern Language Association hosted website with information on MLA citation and related resources. The MLA Style Center does not contain the full text of the handbook, although it walks users through the process of creating an entry in the works cited list.
- Purdue Online Writing Lab
Online writing lab with formatting tips and sample papers. The "Cite your source automatically" feature on Purdue Owl pages is part of another website, and not recommended.
- Excelsior Writing Lab
Citation examples, videos, and formatting guides for MLA, APA, and Chicago styles.
- Citing Government Information using MLA
Information on citing government print and electronic resources using MLA citation style. (Courtesy of the University of Nevada-Reno)
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Citing Correctly Using Purdue OWL
Access Purdue Online Writing Lab’s citation guides from their website ( https://owl.purdue.edu ):
- Select the Online Writing Lab
- From the menu on the left, select “Research and Citation”
- This opens a drop-down menu with commonly used citation styles (APA 6 th and 7 th Editions, MLA, Chicago, IEEE, AMA, and ASA)
The three most common citation styles are MLA , APA , and Chicago. Select the style you’re using from the drop-down menu, then click the “Formatting and Style Guide” tab. All three include:
- “General Format” tab, showing how to format a title page/header, and sections/headings where applicable. Note: APA has a separate headings tab.
- Books—author-specific issues, ex. a text has no known author or multiple authors, citing multiple texts by the same author, etc.
- Periodicals— citing newspapers, magazines, scholarly journals
- Electronic/Web Sources—citing websites, e-books, emails, social media, etc.
- Sample Papers with notes on formatting, especially helpful for visual learners
MLA and APA use in-text citations and have separate tabs for these from the Works Cited tabs (MLA) and Reference List tabs (APA). Chicago uses endnotes or footnotes and includes these rules with the bibliographic entry rules in each source tab listed above.
Where to find how to cite…
Speeches, Lectures, Presentations
- MLA—Other Common Sources
- APA—Other Non-Print Sources
- Chicago—Miscellaneous Sources
Television, Movies, Music
- APA—Audiovisual Media
- Chicago—Audiovisual Recordings and Other Multimedia
Improve your writing and study skills! Book an appointment with a writing advisor and/or academic coach on OSCARplus. Questions? Email [email protected] .
Purdue Online Writing Lab . Purdue University, https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html .
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Ask A Librarian
Purdue owl: research & citation resources.
Note: Some bibliography and citation examples in Purdue OWL have been found to have errors. Excelsior OWL is noted as a more accurate option for help related to citation.
The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides online access to, most popularly, citation style assistance for MLA, APA, and Chicago style. Some information is also provided for IEEE, AMA, and ASA styles.
Purdue OWL also provides general information about good writing, as well as subject-specific writing and job search writing.
- Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) Homepage
- Purdue OWL: APA Style (7th ed) This OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. Contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
- Purdue OWL: MLA Style These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster.
- Purdue OWL: Chicago Style This OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS). Contains resources on both Author-Date and Notes-Bibliography systems. Also includes a sample paper and formats for the classroom posters and PowerPoint presentations.
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- Last Updated: Jan 11, 2024 1:24 PM
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- Free Tools for Students
- MLA Citation Generator
Free MLA Citation Generator
Generate accurate citations in MLA format automatically, with MyBib!
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😕 What is an MLA Citation Generator?
An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.
The citations on a Works Cited page show the external sources that were used to write the main body of the academic paper, either directly as references and quotes, or indirectly as ideas.
👩🎓 Who uses an MLA Citation Generator?
MLA style is most often used by middle school and high school students in preparation for transition to college and further education. Ironically, MLA style is not actually used all that often beyond middle and high school, with APA (American Psychological Association) style being the favored style at colleges across the country.
It is also important at this level to learn why it's critical to cite sources, not just how to cite them.
🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?
Writing citations manually is time consuming and error prone. Automating this process with a citation generator is easy, straightforward, and gives accurate results. It's also easier to keep citations organized and in the correct order.
The Works Cited page contributes to the overall grade of a paper, so it is important to produce accurately formatted citations that follow the guidelines in the official MLA Handbook .
⚙️ How do I use MyBib's MLA Citation Generator?
It's super easy to create MLA style citations with our MLA Citation Generator. Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form.
The generator will produce a formatted MLA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall Works Cited page (which can be downloaded fully later!).
MyBib supports the following for MLA style:
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Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
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Citation machine® guides & resources, mla format: everything you need to know and more.
Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation Machine® MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!
MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs
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Our Citation Machine® APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!
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COMMENTS
MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications) The MLA Handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any ...
In-Text Citations. Resources on using in-text citations in MLA style. The Basics General guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay Works Cited Page. Resources on writing an MLA style works cited page, including citation formats. Basic Format
If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as pp. 225-50 (Note: MLA style dictates that you should omit the first sets of repeated digits. In our example, the digit in the hundreds place is repeated between 2 25 and 2 50, so you omit the 2 from 250 in the citation: pp ...
Citations by Format. Entries in the works-cited list are created using the MLA template of core elements—facts common to most sources, like author, title, and publication date. To use the template, evaluate the work you're citing to see which elements apply to the source. Then, list each element relevant to your source in the order given on ...
Containers. The concept of containers is crucial to MLA style. When the source being documented forms part of a larger whole, the larger whole can be thought of as a container that holds the source. For example, a short story may be contained in an anthology. The short story is the source, and the anthology is the container.
Developed by the Purdue Online Writing Lab. MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
Published on July 17, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on March 5, 2024. An MLA website citation includes the author's name, the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the website (in italics), the publication date, and the URL (without "https://"). If the author is unknown, start with the title of the page instead.
MLA Style Center, the only authorized Web site on MLA style, provides free resources on research, writing, and documentation.
This vidcast explains how to create in-text citations using MLA 8th Edition, which was published in 2016. For more information, visit the Purdue OWL's MLA re...
Formatting Your Research Project (MLA Handbook, Ch. 1) Instructions for formatting your paper in MLA style, including margins, title, headers and footers, headings and subheadings, etc. The Writing Process. Purdue OWL's Guide to academic writing in MLA Style, including grammar, mechanics, and punctuation.
The Online Writing Lab (OWL) has been an extension of the Writing Lab since 1993, and offers global support through online reference materials and services. The Writing Lab and OWL, both part of the Department of English, are informed by and engage in research within the discipline of Composition and Rhetoric, including the subfields of writing ...
Welcome to the OWL Overview of MLA Style. This page introduces you to the Modern Language Association (MLA) Style for writing and formatting research papers. To get the most out of this page, you should begin with the introductory material below, which covers what is MLA Style, why it is used, and who should apply this style to their work. Then ...
MLA Handbook. 9th ed. by The Modern Language; The Modern Language Association of America Relied on by generations of writers, the MLA Handbook is published by the Modern Language Association and is the only official, authorized book on MLA style. The new, ninth edition builds on the MLA's unique approach to documenting sources using a template of core elements--facts, common to most sources ...
Basic MLA - Citation Guide - Library Guides at Purdue University Northwest. MLA. Changes in 9th edition. The 9th edition of the MLA Handbook was published in 2021. In this update, the format for both in-text and Works Cited citations is the same as the 8th edition. The 9th edition also includes this clarification on citing a film/DVD. A film/DVD:
Access Purdue Online Writing Lab's citation guides from their website (https://owl.purdue.edu): Select the Online Writing Lab; From the menu on the left, select "Research and Citation" This opens a drop-down menu with commonly used citation styles (APA 6 th and 7 th Editions, MLA, Chicago, IEEE, AMA, and ASA) The three most common ...
How to cite in MLA format. MLA is one of the most common citation styles used by students and academics. This quick guide explains how to cite sources according to the 9th edition (the most recent) of the MLA Handbook.You can also use Scribbr's free citation generator to automatically generate references and in-text citations.. An MLA citation has two components:
The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides online access to, most popularly, citation style assistance for MLA, APA, and Chicago style. Some information is also provided for IEEE, AMA, and ASA styles. Purdue OWL also provides general information about good writing, as well as subject-specific writing and job search writing. This OWL resources ...
These citations are usually listed in alphabetical order by the author's last names and include all of the information necessary for readers to be able to locate the source themselves. Full citations are generally placed in this MLA citation format: %%Last name of the author, First name of the author. "Source's Title.".
Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form. The generator will produce a formatted MLA ...
This resource covers how to write a rhetorical analysis essay of primarily visual texts with a focus on demonstrating the author's understanding of the rhetorical situation and design principles. This powerpoint resource, broken up into four parts, provides an excellent overview of how to design effective powerpoint presentations.
Modern Language Association (MLA) Documentation MLA documentation and formatting style is often used in the humanities (except history and theology) and the fine arts. This handout provides some of the key rules, but for additional help, use the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (9th edition), visit the Purdue OWL
Stay up to date! Get research tips and citation information or just enjoy some fun posts from our student blog. Citation Machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. Cite sources in APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, and Harvard for free.