oxford history bachelor

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The History Faculty at Oxford is one of the largest and most prestigious in the world, with more than 150 teaching staff within an overall community of around 1500 historians. This intellectual variety allows us to offer undergraduates studying for a BA in History more than 100 different options, giving students a large amount of freedom to choose their own areas of study. Students who enjoy the challenge of connecting disciplines, can study history as a Joint Honours, with one of five other subjects: ancient history, economics, English, modern languages, or politics.

The History Faculty is very large, but learning is tailored to each individual. All students receive personalised tutorial teaching throughout their degree, allowing the choice of topics to be tailored to individual interests, and providing a model of reading, writing, feedback, and discussion that is intellectually challenging and intensely rewarding. History at Oxford is a subject of energetic debate: debate between tutors and students, debate between students, and debate between tutors!

Oxford tutors are also active researchers, with many being leading authorities in their areas. Many historians are attracted to Oxford because of the wealth of archival material in the libraries and museums, which are also available to undergraduate students. The History Faculty Library is housed in the Radcliffe Camera, one of Oxford’s most iconic buildings.

At Oxford, we are committed to ensuring that the most talented and motivated historians join the History Faculty each year, regardless of background. The pages in the Undergraduate Admissions section of the History website should answer many of the questions you have about applying to, and studying at Oxford, but please do come to one of the University Open Days , where you can talk to staff and students. If you can’t make it to an open day, or find the answer to your question in these pages, please email [email protected] .

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UCAS Code: V100 | Bachelor of Arts (with Honours) - BA (Hons)

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Oxford’s History course combines the examination of large regions over extended periods of time with more focused work on smaller social groups, shorter periods and particular themes. It provides a distinctive education by developing an awareness of the differing political, cultural, social and economic structures within past societies and how they interrelate. The course combines vigorous debate over questions of interpretation with rigorous attention to source material, while the constant enrichment by cross-fertilisation from other disciplines leads to new questions about the past. For more information on this course please visit ox.ac.uk/ughistory.

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The  Undergraduate Advanced Diploma in Local History  is a one-year part-time course providing training in key concepts and methods of historical studies. It is delivered entirely online, so you can work at home with access to the course material, your tutor and fellow students.

The course will help you improve the key skills you need for historical research, especially the manipulation of information using databases. With the help of your tutor, you will produce your own piece of local historical research.  Formal qualifications are not essential - just enthusiasm for the subject and a high level of commitment and motivation.

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The abolition of brazilian slavery, 1864–1888.

• Ricardo Salles Ricardo Salles Department of History, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
• https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.733
• Published online: 30 October 2019

Brazil was the last Western country to abolish slavery, which it did in 1888. As a colonial institution, slavery was present in all regions and in almost all free and freed strata of the population. Emancipation only became an issue in the political sphere when it was raised by the imperial government in the second half of the decade of the 1860s, after the defeat of the Confederacy in the US Civil War and during the war against Paraguay. In 1871, new legislation, despite the initial opposition from slave owners and their political representatives, set up a process of gradual emancipation. By the end of the century, slavery would have disappeared, or would have become residual, without major disruptions to the economy or the land property regime.

By the end of the 1870s, however, popular opposition to slavery, demanding its immediate abolition without any kind of compensation to former slave owners, grew in parliament and as a mass movement. Abolitionist organizations spread across the country during the first half of the 1880s. Stimulated by the direct actions of some of these abolitionist organizations, resistance to slavery intensified and became increasingly a struggle against slavery itself and not only for individual or collective freedom. Incapable of controlling the situation, the imperial government finally passed a law in parliament granting immediate and unconditional abolition on May 13, 1888.

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Honour’s vs bachelor’s degree: which is better .

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Are you close to completing high school? If yes, then you must have been spending a lot of time deciding which direction to take your career to, what is the right subject for you, which course to choose, and which university to apply to. These questions can get overwhelming sometimes, especially when the courses are not clear. You must have seen on the internet or heard from people that they are pursuing an Honours degree or a Bachelor’s degree. But what is honours degree meaning ? 

Don’t worry! In this blog, you will find all the answers to the long going debate of Honours degree Vs Bachelor’s degree . No matter where you go to study, you will have to choose your course in the university. To end your stress and worry, we have provided all the information that you need to know before selecting a course for your higher education. So, without any delay, let’s understand what is a bachelor’s degree and what is an honours degree ! 

Before you start reading about the differences between both the degrees, it is essential for you to understand that these degrees can have different values and importance in different countries. Hence, it is best to check the rules, requirements and meaning of both the degrees in your choice of country, before making any decisions.  

All about Honours Degree 

Having a Bachelor’s degree with Honours (commonly known as Hons) is considered a higher degree, and a higher level of achievement in many countries. These undergraduate degrees have an upper level of curriculum, as compared to normal Bachelor’s degrees. To make BA Hons meaning clearer, understand it as a way to deliver knowledge in a more professional and particular setting. It further encourages students to choose a course or research topic in their choice of particular subject.  

An Honours Degree focuses on teaching students a specific subject of their choice. For example, BA Psychology Hons, BA Political Science Hons, BA Geography Hons, and so on. In many countries, BA Hons Degree is of 3 years duration, and many have it for 4 years.  

Types of Honours Degree 

Did you know that there are three types of Honours Degree? This is one of the best parts about pursuing Honours degree, as it gives you the chance to complete your degree in your preferred way. Let’s see these three types of Honours: 

• Single Honours Degree: Once students have completed their undergraduate studies, they can choose to opt for a Single Honours Degree. It is then considered as an additional course. Students also have the choice to opt for three subjects in one single Honours degree. For example, Political Science, History and Geography. This allows you to specialize in one subject of your choice.  
• Joint/Combined Honours Degree: If you feel that having specialization in just one subject is not enough, then you can opt for Joint/Combined Honours Degree. Because of this degree, students can pursue various subjects independently, that too at an undergraduate level. Students have the choice to select different modules for each subject that they choose. The subjects that you choose are taught by the respective departments of the university. 
• A Degree with an Honours Project: This is perhaps the easiest way to earn an Honours degree. This type of degree is of typical 3-year duration, where students are required to submit a dissertation or project. Moreover, this degree has a credit of 360, as compared to degrees without dissertation, that have 300 credits set.  

All about Bachelor’s Degree 

Now you know everything that you need to know about Honours Degree. Now, let’s learn about Bachelor’s Degree, and how it differs from Honours. This degree is common with the United Kingdom . Students cover a number of subjects in Bachelor’s, as compared to an Honours degree. Moreover, this degree takes less time to complete, as compared to Honours degree which is 3-4 years long.  

Students who are unsure about one particular subject, or wish to have knowledge of various subjects can opt for Bachelor’s degree. This degree is also helpful in getting jobs, and excelling in them, as employers often seek employees that have knowledge of a broad industry. Moreover, many job requirements mention Bachelor’s as the minimum qualification for eligibility.  

Types of Bachelor’s Degree 

• Bachelor’s of Arts (BA): A Bachelor of Arts Degree is given to someone who studies courses in the stream of humanities or social sciences. It does not focus on just one subject but provides an overall education of subjects. 
• Bachelor’s of Science (BSC): The way BA focuses on subjects related to Arts; a Bachelor of Science focuses on several subjects related to science. For example, BSc Biomedical Sciences, BSc Botany, BSc Statistics, and more. Some universities have a 3-year BSc program, while some have 4-year programs. 
• Bachelor of Law: If you have always wanted to pursue law and build a career in the legal department, then Bachelor of Law is the right degree for you. This degree provides students with the foundation of law and the legal system, which would help them in every field of law that they choose. 

Key Differences: Honour’s V/s Bachelor’s 

If you are still feeling confused between the two degrees, then it is time to grow the table given below.  

Which one is better: Honour’s or Bachelor’s? 

This is a question that we cannot answer for you, but we can definitely help you reach a decision. While both the degrees are important and valuable, they both have different directions.  

• If you have always dreamed of studying one subject, are interested in research, and are certain that you want to build a career in that field then choose Honours. 
• If you want to gain knowledge about several subjects, and are unsure which field you would want to build your career in, then go for a Bachelor’s degree. 

Top Universities for pursuing Bachelor’s Degree: 

• University of Oxford 
• Stanford University 
• Harvard University 
• Cambridge University 

Top Universities for Pursuing Honour’s Degree: 

• University of Sydney 
• University of Toronto 

Ending Words 

In today’s time, both Bachelor’s and Honour’s degrees are reputed and in demand. By reading this blog, you must have gotten an idea about how these two degrees differ, what do they qualify us for, and what career paths are that we can choose post study. Now, all you need to do is decide which subject you wish to pursue, and then enroll in your preferred degree.  

Also Read:- Hardest University Degrees In The UK

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Television March 27, 2024

Bachelorette jenn tran on making history & her biggest turnoff (exclusive).

Jenn Tran, the fan favorite who got Joey Graziadei’s heart racing on "The Bachelor" this season, is ready to make her own mark on TV history as the first Asian-American Bachelorette.

Only “Extra’s” Megan Ryte was with Jenn after the big announcement.

Saying her family is supportive and excited, Tran explained, “For me, growing up, I never really saw Asian representation on TV very often... I actually called my little cousin and told her I’m going to be the first Asian Bachelorette and she was, like, sobbing, inconsolably crying. I was like, ‘I don’t know if you are happy or sad,’ and she was like, ‘No, no, no, I'm really, really happy.’”

She continued, "That was the moment when it really hit me... I'm inspiring a lot of young women around the world… It’s a lot of people who maybe feel like they haven't seen themselves on TV yet, and they just want to see be able to see themselves in that main character kind of role. Now, my cousin and other women can be like, ‘You know what? I can do anything that I want to do.’ That to me is just so incredibly humbling, and I feel so honored.”

The 26-year-old made it to Joey's top six. Not getting that final rose didn't crush her spirit — Jenn is ready to start her journey to find love.

Tran said, “I'm the most confident I've ever been. I'm just the most myself than I've ever felt and the most ready to find love that I've ever really felt. I worked through a lot of toxic relationships where I really do feel like I'm ready to find my partner. I know what I want, and I know what I don't want. I feel like that's the biggest thing that's prepared me for this position.”

She added, “Every relationship I've ever had I don't have regrets about, because I think every relationship that didn't work out leads you to find your person and you learn something from it. That's just kind of my motto is to not have regrets."

Megan asked, “Do you believe that you will find love on this show?”

Jenn insisted, “Absolutely, and I wouldn't be here if I genuinely didn't. I think the process is accelerated, but it pushes people to really open up. I definitely saw that in myself. In previous relationships, I really shied away from opening up and being vulnerable and talking about the things I had gone through and my insecurities. I think once you're able to do that, you really do feel closer to the person that you're dating."

What is she looking for in a partner?

“I always say just some cheeky, cheeky banter,” Jenn said. “I love when someone can really just mess with me, but also be sweet. I love that kind of relationship where you're just kind of bantering and making fun of each other, but at the end of the day, you're also there for each other."

She added, "I feel like humor is what makes a relationship really last. I am looking for a life partner, and so when the lust fades, when the physical attraction fades, you at least still have a really good friendship."

Megan asked, “Biggest turnoffs?”

Tran shared, “Chewing with your mouth open. Ugh. Literally, I can't."

The physician's assistant already knows how she will present herself on the show.

She said, “I'm just going to be myself and see what happens. Obviously, if somebody gives me sh*t and does something crazy, I'm going to put them in their place and they're going home... Just like I would be in the real world in any relationship if somebody was to give me a red flag. I'd be like, 'You gotta go.' So that's how I'm gonna tackle the problems is head-on and whenever they come."

As for what she's looking forward to, Jenn shared, "I'm very, very excited to just begin my journey. Obviously, the ending is gonna be really exciting too, but I'm just so excited to meet these men and potentially, you know, see who's gonna stand out to me and then see how my mind might change later on or how the strongest connection in the beginning might just really last the whole time."

What is she most scared of? She said, "Definitely just opening up my heart to someone who maybe at the end of the day isn't there for me or isn't looking for something long-term."

Jenn's journey on "The Bachelorette" begins this July on ABC.

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AHSAA names Oxford principal Heath Harmon as 6th full-time executive director

• Updated: Jun. 06, 2024, 3:26 p.m. |
• Published: Jun. 06, 2024, 1:14 p.m.

• Ben Thomas | [email protected]

Oxford High School principal Heath Harmon is the new Executive Director of the Alabama High School Athletic Association.

Harmon was officially introduced at a news conference Thursday afternoon in Montgomery. He replaces Alvin Briggs, who announced his retirement earlier this spring.

He will be just the sixth full-time director of the AHSAA.

“That is something I’ve been thinking about a lot over the last few days with this opportunity,” Harmon said. “There has only been six. It’s a big deal. It’s going to be a challenge, but I’m ready to step up to the challenge.”

The 49-year-old Harmon was one of two finalists interviewed by the full Central Board of Control on Thursday morning. Former Wichita State athletic director Darron Boatright was the other.

Oxford principal Heath Harmon has just entered the AHSAA building in Montgomery pic.twitter.com/ziqIIYe0vt — Ben Thomas (@BenThomasPreps) June 6, 2024

Harmon has 26 years of experience as a teacher, coach, athletic director and administrator. He has been the principal at Oxford for the past eight years.

“I don’t know exactly what separated him,” said Central Board member Luke Hallmark, who chaired the search committee. “They both had good interviews. I thought with Mr. Harmon and his ties to Alabama, having coached football at four high schools, having worked with the AHSAA through certain issues and 26 years in public education certainly gave him a little bit of an advantage.”

Harmon is a Jacksonville State graduate. He began his career as an assistant football coach in Etowah County. He’s also been head coach at Cordova (2002-2003), Munford (2004-2006), Andalusia (2007) and at White Plains (2008-2013).

“School administrative experience is so very important and his athletic background is important,” Central Board president Mike Welsh said. “The recurring theme when you are vetting Mr. Harmon – the word everyone uses – is integrity. He clearly has that, and it is so important in this role. I think we’ve got the right person for this job, and I’m excited.”

Hallmark and the search committee narrowed the applicants to five finalists and interviewed those five last week before trimming the list to the final two. Both Harmon and Boatright came to Montgomery for interviews Thursday morning before the full Central Board of Control, which then met in executive session before voting.

“I thought the process went very well … we advertised very well to make sure we got all interested applications and reviewed those applications,” Welsh said, “We had a first level of interviews – a second level of the process – and after that narrowed it down to these two finalists that we brought into full board today. I thought the process went very well. A lot of discussion. Our board members did a great job of vetting candidates and discussing. It was really good. That’s the way it should be done.”

Hallmark said he thought the application and interview process was “perfect.”

“I don’t think we could have done it any differently,” he said. “The timeline was good. The interview process went well. Everything was professional. All questions asked were sincere. I don’t think we left anything out that didn’t need to be asked. I think everyone on the board felt good when they left. It may not have been unanimous, but the majority spoke.”

Harmon follows Cliff Harper (1948-1966), Bubba Scott (1966-1990), Dan Washburn (1990-2006), Steve Savarese (2006-2021) and Briggs (2021-present) in the role as executive director. Washburn, Savarese and Briggs were all in attendance for Thursday’s press conference at the AHSAA offices as was Susan Scott Carothers, granddaughter of Scott.

Briggs’ retirement is officially effective Sept. 2. Harmon said he would like to start his in July and would lean on all three living former executive directors as he starts his tenure.

Harmon and wife Holley have two children, daughter Halaya, and son Hudson. Both graduated from Oxford High School. Their daughter graduated from Auburn University in 2023, and their son is currently a student at AU.

Read more Alabama high school sports

• Meet the 2024 Alabama Sports Writers Association All-State baseball team
• This week in HS Sports: Heath Harmon seems ready for AHSAA executive director challenge
• Alabama commit Daphne’s Vic Moten earns Gatorade softball state Player of the Year
• New AHSAA executive director Heath Harmon talks NIL, transfers and the future
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Article Contents

Introduction, materials and methods, acknowledgement, conflict of interest, author contributions, ethical statement, data availability.

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Limited interspecific gene flow in the evolutionary history of the icefish genus Chionodraco

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Luca Schiavon, Santiago G Ceballos, Michael Matschiner, Emiliano Trucchi, Mario La Mesa, Emilio Riginella, Magnus Lucassen, Felix C Mark, Kevin Bilyk, Rafaella Franch, Andreas Wallberg, Elisa Boscari, Lorenzo Zane, Chiara Papetti, Limited interspecific gene flow in the evolutionary history of the icefish genus Chionodraco , ICES Journal of Marine Science , Volume 81, Issue 4, May 2024, Pages 676–686, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsae019

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Hybridization and introgression are recognized as mechanisms promoting genetic variability during evolutionary radiations. We examined the impact of introgression in the process of speciation, focusing on the Antarctic icefish genus Chionodraco . Our analyses confirmed that the three Chionodraco species ( Chionodraco hamatus, Chionodraco myersi , and Chionodraco rastrospinosus ) were genetically distinctive, despite signals of past interspecific gene flow between C. hamatus and C. myersi that likely occurred during interglacial periods. However, in this study, no recent hybrids were identified. The lack of contemporary hybridization may be due to life-history traits and the type of marker used in the analysis. Our study emphasizes the importance of genomic approaches to detect subtle patterns of past hybridization accurately and highlights the significance of historical climate events in the demographic and evolutionary history of Antarctic notothenioids. Polar regions, and especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are now experiencing the fastest climate changes due to global warming. Understanding the impact of past climate events is fundamental to trace current modifications in species’ genetic variability and distributions and predict future evolutionary trajectories. This knowledge is also vital for conservation efforts, including the implementation of marine protected areas.

Adaptive radiations represent ideal systems to study the processes that drive speciation. In these situations, new ecological opportunities allow a single ancestral lineage to diversify rapidly (Schluter 2000 ). Such ecological opportunities can arise for a variety of reasons, including availability of new habitats (e.g. after geological events like tectonic movements or volcanic eruptions), when pre-existing species and competitors go extinct, or when new phenotypes evolve (Schluter 2000 , Yoder et al. 2010 ). The new favourable conditions allow demographic expansion and the relaxation of natural selection, which, in turn, permits an increase in genetic variability, fuelling diversification, and speciation (Naciri and Linder 2020 ). Increasing evidence demonstrates that hybridization and introgression (the genetic exchange over time between species through hybridization) have played a significant role in adaptive radiations, acting as a mechanism to promote genetic variability during the evolutionary history of many taxa (Abbott et al. 2013 , Taylor and Larson 2019 ).

Cryonotothenioidea, a clade of the suborder Notothenioidei that lives primarily in Antarctic waters, provides a model to investigate the role of hybridization and introgression in promoting adaptation and speciation (Dornburg et al. 2017 , Near et al. 2018 ). Cryonotothenioids are one of the few known examples of adaptive radiation in the marine realm, characterized by exceptionally high rates of species formation compared to most temperate and tropical ray-finned fish taxa (cryonotothenioids include >120 species; Rabosky et al. 2018 , Eastman and Eakin 2021 ). During their rapid radiation over the past 10 million years (Myr; Bista et al. 2023 ), cryonotothenioids have developed an astonishingly large variety of physiological, ecological, behavioural, morphological, and life-history characteristics. Perhaps the most important among these for their survival are antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGP), protecting blood and tissues from freezing in <0°C sea water (DeVries and Cheng 2005 ).

Hybridization has been suggested as a mechanism that has influenced the evolution of the most derived cryonotothenioid family, the Channichthyidae (icefish; Near et al. 2006 ). While most of the species in this family lack haemoglobin genes, Near et al. (2006 ) found that Neopagetopsis ionah possesses a complete, but non-functional, adult αβ-globin complex. This observation led the authors to hypothesize that interspecific hybridization between divergent Antarctic notothenioid lineages occurred prior to the loss of haemoglobin in icefish and caused the two types of present genomic configuration (an α-globin pseudogene in most icefish species and the inactive αβ-globin complex of N. ionah ; Near et al. 2006 ). The potential for interspecific breeding, and a permeability of post-zygotic barriers in icefish, was demonstrated by Desvignes et al. (2019 ) who fertilized in vitro eggs from Chaenocephalus aceratus with sperm from Chionodraco rastrospinosus , obtaining viable larvae up to about four and a half months of development.

Marino et al. (2013 ) and Schiavon et al. (2021 ) suggested the occurrence of past and contemporary hybridization and introgression between icefish species of the genus Chionodraco (Channichthyidae). Using a panel of 18 microsatellite loci, both studies identified some individuals as putative hybrids. The genus includes three species: C. hamatus, C. myersi , and C. rastrospinosus (Eastman and Eakin 2021 ). Their current geographic distributions indicate that secondary contacts after allopatric isolation may have represented opportunities for interspecific hybridization (Schiavon et al. 2021 ). Chionodraco hamatus and C. myersi have a circumpolar distribution, with the exclusion of the Antarctic Peninsula, and have largely overlapping depth ranges (4–972 m and 99–926 m, respectively; Gon and Heemstra 1990 , Eastman 2017 ). Chionodraco rastrospinosus , traditionally described as distributed only off the Antarctic Peninsula and around the islands of the Scotia Arc (South Shetlands, Elephant Island, and South Orkneys, at depths between 200 and 1000 m; Gon and Heemstra 1990 , Eastman 2017 ), was recently reported also from the Weddell Sea (Schiavon et al. 2021 ). The three species are phylogenetically very close as the genus began to diverge ∼2 million years ago (Mya) (Near et al. 2012 ). Forming such a young group, Chionodraco species may be particularly informative in speciation research because interspecific differences could be attributed with some confidence to evolutionary processes operating during recent speciation (Coyne and Orr 2004 ).

Marino et al. (2013 ) and Schiavon et al. (2021 ) studied the occurrence of hybridization among the Chionodraco icefish species and posed the following questions: What are the historical patterns of gene flow among the three species? Were they impacted by environmental conditions? And can these patterns be useful to define future scenarios of interspecific gene flow in icefish in a climate change scenario?

The power to resolve these questions was limited by two factors. First, Schiavon et al. (2021 ) could not unambiguously distinguish between pure and admixed specimens, especially between F1 putative hybrids and backcrosses. Second, Schiavon et al. (2021 ) reanalysed all individuals considered in Marino et al. (2013 ) and found a discrepancy in the assignment of individuals as pure or introgressed. None of the individuals identified as hybrids by Marino et al. (2013 ) appeared as hybrids or introgressed in the larger dataset of microsatellite genotypes by Schiavon et al. (2021 ). Both Marino et al. (2013 ) and Schiavon et al. (2021 ) suggested that past hybridization and introgression may have left little signal in the genomes of Chionodraco spp., but the use of microsatellites may have limited the power to detect these signals. Given their large mutation rate, microsatellites show considerable allelic variability, and have been successfully used to study recent interspecific hybridization and introgression (Allendorf et al. 2001 , Vähä and Primmer 2006 ). However, the small number of markers that are usually genotyped limits their applicability. This also combines with general problems related to the detection of hybridization and reconstruction of introgression events between species, like the presence of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) or delayed coalescent (Tiley et al. 2023 ). These limitations suggest the need for many markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), to increase the resolution of hybridization dynamics, their intertwining with the evolutionary history of the species and the location of regions of the genome involved in the process (e.g. in eels, Barth et al. 2020 , in rainbowfish, Brauer et al. 2023 ). SNPs can reveal ancestral patterns of differentiation (Zhang and Hewitt 2003 , Andrews et al. 2016 ) as well as subtle signals of interspecific admixture.

Therefore, we have adopted a genomic approach based on restriction enzyme-associated DNA-sequencing (RADseq, routinely used to isolate thousands of SNPs; Baird et al. 2008 ) to confirm the occurrence of past hybridization and the possible identification of hybrid individuals within the genus Chionodraco . We also investigated how hybridization may have influenced the relationships among the three Chionodraco species in relation to the paleoclimatic variability during species divergence, by testing alternative evolutionary scenarios with various intensities and timings of introgression.

The samples used in this work were chosen from a previous study by Schiavon et al. (2021 ) ( Table 1 ). We chose both putatively admixed and pure (unadmixed) individuals based on the microsatellite and D-loop datasets of Schiavon et al. (2021 ). Individuals were considered pure if their Q-value (membership coefficient: probability that an individual belongs to a certain group–species in our case) was >0.95 and as admixed individuals otherwise (Marino et al. 2013 ).

List of samples used in this study.

The table reports species names, sampling cruises, general area of sampling (location), and sample size. All samples were collected in collaboration with the Alfred Wegner Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI, Bremerhaven, Germany) during R/V Polarstern cruises. #Antarctic Peninsula indicates: South Shetlands and Elephant Island.

Samples of C. hamatus and C. myersi were collected from the Weddell Sea ( Fig. 1 ; samples from Schiavon et al. 2021 ). Samples of C. rastrospinosus analysed in this study belong to four main geographic areas: South Shetland and Elephant Islands (on the western side and north of the Antarctic Peninsula; both grouped here as ‘Antarctic Peninsula’ for brevity), Antarctic Sound (on the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula), Weddell Sea, and South Orkney Islands ( Fig. 1 ; samples from Schiavon et al. 2021 ). Chaenodraco wilsoni , a geographically widespread sister species of the genus Chionodraco (Near et al. 2012 ), was used as outgroup and specimens were collected from the Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula ( Fig. 1 ).

Map of sampling sites around the Antarctic Peninsula and in the Weddell Sea. Dots indicate the average locations of sampling for the four species analysed in this study. Map drawn with the R package ggOceanMaps 1.1 (Vihtakari 2024 ) and modified manually.

The dataset analysed in this study included 65 specimens of the 3 Chionodraco species ( Table 1 ): 14 C. hamatus (12 pure + 2 putatively admixed with major contribution to their genetic variability from C. hamatus ); 13 C. myersi (10 pure + 2 putatively hybrids as defined in Schiavon et al. 2021 , and 1 putatively admixed with major genetic contribution from C. myersi ); and 38 C. rastrospinosus (32 pure + 6 putatively admixed with major contribution to their genetic variability from C. rastrospinosus ). The dataset also included 20 C. wilsoni . The following sections report a summary of the methods; see Supplementary Materials for details (section ‘Extended Materials and Methods’).

RADseq and filtering

DNA extraction, integrity check, and concentration measurement followed Pardo et al. (2005 ) and Schiavon et al. (2021 ). Preparation of the RADseq library using the single restriction enzyme sbfI followed Etter et al. ( 2011 ) with modifications as described in Ceballos et al. (2019 ). Paired-end sequencing with a read length of 150 bp was conducted on the Illumina HiSeq4000 platform at the Genomics and Cell Characterization Core Facility (GC3F, University of Oregon, USA). Raw reads were demultiplexed with Stacks 2.53 (Rochette et al. 2019 ), aligned to the genome of C. myersi (Bargelloni et al. 2019 ), using BWA 0.7.17 (Li and Durbin 2009 ), and SNPs were called with Stacks 2.53 .

Given that C. rastrospinosus specimens were collected in different locations, we performed a preliminary assessment of population structure for this species. We repeated the SNP calling as reported in Supplementary Material , but only with C. rastrospinosus to maximize the number of called SNPs.

We prepared datasets for all downstream analysis with VCFtools 0.1.17 (Danecek et al. 2011 ). Datasets were generated according to the guidelines and properties of the different software as described in the next sections, in Supplementary Table S1 and Supplementary Fig. S1 , and in the Supplementary Material .

Genomic variation, hybrid detection, and introgression

We first estimated the degree of differentiation at the intra- and inter-specific scales to investigate patterns of admixture among species ( Supplementary Table S1 ). We considered samples collected from different geographic sites for a more accurate assessment of interspecific gene flow, whereas patterns of population differentiation will be investigated in a separate study (not discussed here). The relative positions of species (and population samples for C. rastrospinosus , given that this species was sampled in more than one geographic location) were visualized in multidimensional genetic space by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) as implemented in ‘adegenet’ 2.1.3 (Jombart 2008 ). Shared coancestry between species was analysed with fineRADstructure (Malinsky et al. 2018 ) ( Supplementary Table S1 ).

We first applied fineRADstructure and the PCoA to all Chionodraco species to identify individuals with putative admixed ancestry. Hence, an unsupervised hierarchical clustering was performed using Admixture 1.3.0 (Alexander et al. 2009 ). Admixture was run to estimate individual ancestry proportions ( Q ) with cross-validation assuming a value of K  = 2–11 for the estimation of the optimal number of clusters.

Since PCoA, Admixture , and fineRADstructure do not explicitly fit a historical model and do not allow the inference of number of historical admixture events (Malinsky et al. 2020 ), we used TreeMix 1.13 (Pickrell and Pritchard 2012 ) ( Supplementary Table S1 ) to examine introgression between branches of the Chionodraco phylogeny, using C. wilsoni as outgroup. The method implemented in TreeMix first infers a maximum likelihood (ML) tree to model the relationship among population/species. Then, it adds migration edges between branches that poorly fit to the tree (Brauer et al. 2023 ).

To assess gene flow between Chionodraco species and estimate the proportion of the genome affected by introgression, Patterson’s D (ABBA-BABA test) and the f 4 ‐ratio statistics were calculated as formal tests for past introgresson in Dsuite (Malinsky et al. 2020 ) ( Supplementary Table S1 ) and the function Dtrios .

Additional analyses with TreeMix (testing 1–10 migration edges) and Dsuite ( Supplementary Table S1 ) were applied to test if certain population samples of C. hamatus and C. rastrospinosus were more involved in introgression events than others.

To understand whether all genomic regions were equally affected by introgression, we ordered and oriented C. myersi scaffolds (not assembled at chromosome level, Bargelloni et al. 2019 ) into pseudo-chromosomes according to chromosome subdivision in Dissostichus mawsoni (Lee et al. 2021 , same number of chromosomes as Chionodraco spp., Ozouf-Costaz 1987 ) using RagTag (Alonge et al. 2022 ) and repeated SNP calling and Dsuite analysis ( Supplementary Table S1 ).

Phylogenetic reconstruction and demography

To further investigate the relationships among Chionodraco species, to reconstruct the species demographics, and to account for the presence of ILS as detected with Dsuite (see Results), we applied Bayesian phylogenetic inference by using the multispecies coalescent model implemented in SNAPP 1.3 (Bryant et al. 2012 ) for BEAST2 2.6.3 (Bouckaert et al. 2014 ) ( Supplementary Table S1 ).

Based on the results from Dsuite and SNAPP, we investigated scenarios of gene flow that may have shaped the evolutionary history of the genus Chionodraco using fastsimcoal 2.6 (Excoffier et al. 2013 ) ( Supplementary Table S1 ). The principle behind fastsimcoal is that different patterns of gene flow and demographic events shape the distribution of allele frequencies at polymorphic loci in one or several populations in specific ways (e.g. two populations will have more similar allele frequencies if they are strongly connected or recently split; Bourgeois and Warren 2021 ). Three population genetics models were tested: (i) complete isolation with no gene flow; (ii) continuous gene flow between C. hamatus and C. myersi ; and (iii) intermittent gene flow between C. hamatus and C. myersi during interglacial periods (based on Lisiecki and Raymo 2005 ; from 14 kya to the present, 130–115 kya, 337–300 kya, and 424–374 kya).

Gene flow estimates obtained by fastsimcoal are expressed as the probability for any lineage to move between two populations per generation. To make the implications of these results easier to understand, gene flow estimates are here reported as number of diploid individuals in the sink population that derived from the source population per generation and were calculated as Nm ij  =  m ij × N ej (raw migration rate × effective population size of the sink population).

The first two principal components (PC) of the PCoA recovered four well-separated clusters, corresponding to the four species ( Fig. 2 ). The fourth PC distinguished two groups inside C. hamatus ( Supplementary Fig. S2 ).

Scatter plot of PCoA and admixture plot inset based on 36 582 SNPs for the three Chionodraco species and C. wilsoni . Labels on the axes indicate the contributions of the displayed principal components to the variance. Admixture plot represents individual membership probabilities to the three Chionodraco species and C. wilsoni ( K  = 4) given by Admixture . Each individual is represented by a vertical lane, the proportion of different colours in each lane is proportional to the probability of assignment to each species.

The PcoA for C. rastrospinosus showed intraspecific geographic differences, separating three groups of samples according to geography: (i) Antarctic Peninsula + Antarctic Sound, (ii) South Orkney Islands, and (iii) Weddell Sea ( Supplementary Fig. S3 ).

Estimation of individual ancestries made by Admixture indicated K  = 4 as the optimal number of genetic clusters ( Supplementary Fig. S4 ). In contrast to Schiavon et al. (2021 ), all individuals analysed in this study were of pure ancestry, with none showing admixture ( Fig. 2 , inset).

In agreement with results of Admixture , the co-ancestry matrix inferred by fineRADstructure recovered four clusters corresponding to the number of species expected in the dataset ( Fig. 3 ). Additionally, fineRADstructure supported the existence of two groups within C. hamatus (hereafter C. hamatus -a, N  = 10 and C. hamatus -b, N  = 4,  Fig. 3 ). Homogeneous haplotype sharing was inferred among Chionodraco species, indicating that none of the individuals could be considered admixed.

Clustered fineRADstructure coancestry matrix inferred for the three Chionodraco species and C. wilsoni . Each row and each column, include the same individuals compared to one another. Coancestry ranges from weak (yellow) to strong (blue) as indicated by the colour scale, with darker blue and purple colours in the matrix indicating larger proportions of loci with shared coancestry. Black solid contour lines indicate the species clusters. Black dashed lines delimit the three species of genus Chionodraco . White solid lines indicate two subgroups of C. hamatus: C. hamatus -a, N  = 10 and C. hamatus -b, N  = 4.

The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree, generated by TreeMix , agreed with the relationships of the four taxa in the tree by Near et al. ( 2018 ), using RADseq loci. With migration edges added to the tree, the program indicated one gene-flow event from C. hamatus to C. myersi ( Fig. 4 and Supplementary Fig. S5 ). Plotting the residuals showed that the addition of the migration edge increased the fit of the model to the data ( Supplementary Fig. S6 ). When differentiation within C. hamatus and C. rastrospinosus was considered based on PCoA and fineRADstructure results ( Figs 2 and  3 , Supplementary Figs S2 and S3 ), introgression events were inferred for all population pairs, limited only by the number of migration edges allowed ( Supplementary Figs S7 and S8 ).

Maximum likelihood tree of Chionodraco spp. and C. wilsoni estimated by TreeMix . The red arrow indicates inferred unidirectional interspecific gene flow from C. hamatus to C. myersi . Migration weights range from low (yellow) to high (red), as indicated by the colour scale and correspond to the proportion of alleles that the receiving species gained from the donor species.

Analysis with Dsuite showed that only 40.9% of the test-informative sites were concordant with the phylogeny (BBAA sites, which placed C. hamatus and C. rastrospinosus as sister species), indicating that all species had a large number of shared alleles ( Table 2 ). The ABBA pattern (indicating allele sharing between C. hamatus and C. myersi ) characterized 34.4% of the sites, whereas 24.7% of the sites had the BABA pattern (allele sharing between C. myersi and C. rastrospinosus ). The difference between the numbers of ABBA and BABA patterns is statistically significant ( D  = 0.163, P  < 0.001), rejecting ILS as the only cause of allele sharing between non-sister species, and thus positing introgression between C. hamatus and C. myersi . The admixture proportion estimated by the f 4 ‐ratio was 13.6% ( Table 2 ).

Results of Dsuite for the detection of introgression among the Chionodraco species.

P1, P2, and P3 indicate the position of the species in the phylogenetic tree. If the value of the D -statistic is statistically different from zero, introgression is inferred. The f 4 ‐ratio indicates the admixture proportion. “BBAA” indicates the number of sites at which P1 and P2 share the same allele to the exclusion of P3 and P4, "ABBA" the number of sites with alleles shared between P2 and P3, and “BABA” the number of sites with alleles shared between P1 and P3.

When considering differentiated populations (for C. rastrospinosus ) and groups (for C. hamatus ) ( Supplementary Table S2 ), Dsuite supported introgression between C. hamatus and C. myersi , but primarily for C. hamatus -b. Introgression between C. rastrospinosus and C. hamatus was detected by including differentiated populations. However, D values between C. hamatus and C. rastrospinosus were ∼10 times smaller than those between C. hamatus and C. myersi ( Supplementary Table S2 ). Of the C. rastrospinosus populations, the Weddell Sea population appeared most involved in introgression events ( D -statistics ranging from 0.013 to 0.027, f 4 -ratios ranging from 0.007 to 0.022; Supplementary Table S2 ).

Analysis at chromosome level indicated that 15 of 24 pseudo-chromosomes (and the extra pseudo-chromosome combining all the unmapped contigs) supported introgression between C. hamatus and C. myersi ( Supplementary Table S3 ).

Phylogenetic inference with SNAPP and the molecular clock assumption returned a single tree with full support at each node (topology in agreement with Near et al. 2018 ) ( Fig. 5 ). The divergence events of the four species were estimated to have occurred 1.5 Mya for C. wilsoni (0.8–2.3 Mya 95% height posterior density—HPD interval), 0.9 Mya for C. myersi (0.5–1.4 Mya 95% HPD interval), and 0.5 Mya for the split between C. hamatus and C. rastrospinosus (0.3–0.8 Mya 95% HPD interval). The analysis allowing different N e per branch indicated an increase of one order of magnitude in the effective population size from basal to terminal branches ( Fig. 5 ).

Time-calibrated phylogeny of Chionodraco spp. and C. wilsoni inferred by SNAPP and rendered as a cloud tree. Time is shown on the x -axis in Mya. Numbers along the branches indicate the estimates of N e when SNAPP was set up to allow a different N e on each branch.

In the analysis with fastsimcoal , the models with gene flow (models 2 and 3) received the greatest support, whereas the model with no gene flow (model 1) was less probable ( Fig. 6 ). The model with continuous gene flow (model 2) and the model with gene flow during interglacial times (model 3) had overlapping likelihood distributions, indicating that both models fit the observed data similarly well, although the model with gene flow only during interglacial (model 3) had slightly larger likelihood values. The estimated numbers of migrants per generation were small in both cases (model 2: C. hamatus → C. myersi  = 0.25; C. myersi → C . hamatus  = 0.04; model 3: C. hamatus → C. myersi  = 0.76; and C. myersi → C . hamatus  = 0.92).

Different gene flow models simulated with fastsimcoal and corresponding likelihood support. Chionodraco myersi is shown in yellow, C. hamatus in red, and C. rastrospinosus in blue. The first model portrays the evolutionary tree of the species as inferred by SNAPP, with no gene flow allowed. In the second model, continuous gene flow between C. hamatus and C. myersi is maintained after the species divergence. In the third model, gene flow between C. hamatus and C. myersi is allowed only during interglacial times. The width of the rectangles is proportional to the effective population size estimated with SNAPP. The time axis reports the splitting times estimated with SNAPP. In the third model, interglacial periods are marked in orange. The boxplots represent the likelihood distributions of the three simulated models. The black solid line indicates the median value; whiskers extend to minimum and maximum values.

The site-frequency spectra, SFS, were similar among the three models, and in all cases, there was a good similarity between the observed and the expected SFS ( Supplementary Figs S9 and S11 ). The SFS of C. hamatus and C. rastrospinosus had the weakest correspondence between observed and expected results for all the models; expected SFS showed less fixed sites than observed for both species.

Distinguishing between alternative scenarios of introgression is important for understanding the speciation process and the evolution of the cryonotothenioid lineage since ancient hybridization may have facilitated the evolution of species diversity in icefish (Near et al. 2006 ), as in other adaptive fish radiations (e.g. cichlid fish; Meier et al. 2017 ). With the present work, we aimed to shed light on unresolved questions related to the occurrence of hybridization and introgression in the genus Chionodraco . We first confirmed the findings by Marino et al. (2013 ) and Schiavon et al. (2021 ) of three genetically distinct Chionodraco species. Second, we provide new genomic evidence that past hybridization and introgression played a role in the evolution of this genus of icefish.

The evidence of past introgression brought up by demographic modelling and phylogenetic reconstruction is in agreement with previous studies suggesting that interspecific gene flow characterized the genus Chionodraco after species diversification, likely during interglacial periods (Marino et al. 2013 ). However, we could not confirm the signals of ongoing hybridization observed previously with microsatellite data (Marino et al. 2013 , Schiavon et al. 2021 ). Moreover, this study, for the first time, found evidence that ancient hybridization and introgression occurred mostly between the two sympatric species C. hamatus and C. myersi . Even though our results do not provide an indication of contemporary interspecific gene flow between Chionodraco species, we cannot exclude this possibility. Individuals from areas not sampled by this study might reveal evidence of it. We also caution on using a few markers to draw conclusions about time scale and extent of interspecific gene flow. Finally, we emphasize the importance of these types of studies to aid prediction of future interaction and compatibility among species and underscore the conservation value of introgressed populations (Hansen 2023 ).

RADseq data identified individual genetic clusters for each of the three Chionodraco species and C. wilsoni , confirming the three species are well separated despite their partially overlapping geographic distributions. In contrast with earlier work with microsatellites (Marino et al. 2013 , Schiavon et al. 2021 ), PCoA showed no individuals with an intermediate genotype between species (putative contemporary hybrids), and the analyses to infer individual ancestry ( Admixture and fineRADstructure) did not detect hybrid individuals.

Although the three Chionodraco species are clearly separated in the PCoA and Admixture analyses, testing for hybridization using the D -statistics showed that fewer than half (∼41%) of the sites were concordant with the phylogeny. This result suggests that the three Chionodraco species share a great amount of genetic polymorphisms, which, at least partially, is likely due to ILS. D -statistics strongly supported interspecific gene flow between C. hamatus and C. myersi (with an admixture proportion, f 4 -ratio, 13.6%) and showed that C. hamatus and C. myersi share more alleles than C. rastrospinosus and C. myersi . Also, the analysis at chromosome level indicated that introgression is widespread along the genome, as D values were statistically different from 0 for 15 of 24 chromosomes. Also considering results from fineRADstructure , which showed a similar amount of coancestry for all pairs of individuals, we posit that interspecific gene flow likely occurred in the past and involved the common ancestors of the individuals we analysed.

Gene flow estimates by TreeMix confirmed evidence of a past introgression event and showed that this has likely occurred from C. hamatus to C. myersi . TreeMix reconstructed a pattern of interspecific gene flow i.e. asymmetric and different from that originally proposed by Marino et al. (2013 ) based on microsatellites and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) simulations. Marino et al. (2013 ) estimated smaller rates of migrant exchange (about two individuals per generation) between C. myersi and C. hamatus than between the other two Chionodraco species pairs ( C. hamatus/C. rastrospinosus and C. myersi/C. rastrospinosus ).

We tested different scenarios of gene flow between C. hamatus and C. myersi via demographic modelling ( fastsimcoal analysis) to further investigate past introgression under the hypotheses that the species may either have shared geographic ranges continuously (which would have allowed for continuous interspecific gene flow) or been spatially separated temporarily (which would have allowed for interspecific gene flow during secondary contacts). We evaluated three models: no gene flow, continuous gene flow, and gene flow only during interglacial times. The first scenario received the least support, confirming the presence of introgression detected by TreeMix and D -statistics. The second and third scenarios received similar support, with slightly larger likelihoods for the scenario with gene flow only during interglacial times. This agrees with results of ABC simulations by Marino et al. (2013 ), who found similar support for the models with inter-specific gene flow although the greatest probability was observed for the more complex model, in which migration was allowed only during interglacial periods. This lack of power to discriminate among models makes it difficult to understand whether C. hamatus and C. myersi had the possibility to mate throughout their evolutionary history or whether they were temporarily separated by glaciation events. However, in both cases, interspecific gene flow estimates were very small (less than one migrant per generation). In combination with the absence of contemporary putative hybrid individuals in our dataset, this points toward the occurrence of rare introgression events in the evolutionary history of the genus.

Interspecific gene flow between C. hamatus and C. myersi may be explained by their phylogenetic proximity. After the divergence of the two lineages, interspecific hybridization may have continued occasionally until reproductive isolation was complete. Nonetheless, although no current hybrids were identified in the RADseq analysis, the possibility that the two species are still interfertile cannot be ruled out. Moreover, we cannot exclude the possibility that limited interspecific gene flow may have occurred for other species combinations. The hypothesis that hybridization and introgression may have characterized other Chionodraco species pairs is indirectly supported by experimental evidence showing that even a cross between two genera of icefish ( C. aceratus and C. rastrospinosus ) can still produce viable offspring (Desvignes et al. 2019 ). In addition, even though we cannot exclude that the few cases of mitochondrial-nuclear discordance reported by Schiavon et al. (2021 ) and Marino et al. (2013 ) were due to ILS, shared mitochondrial D-loop haplotypes suggest introgression between C. hamatus and C. rastrospinosus .

Besides phylogenetic proximity, past introgression might have been favoured by the geographic context of speciation in Chionodraco . Situations previously ascribed to sympatric speciation have been reinterpreted as allopatric speciation followed by secondary contact (Lucek et al. 2018 , Dean et al. 2019 ). If this were applicable to the genus Chionodraco , we would expect that the ancestor of C. hamatus and C. rastrospinosus initially diverged from C. myersi due to geographic isolation (e.g. in glacial refugia, allopatric speciation). Subsequently, a secondary contact during interglacial periods may have allowed introgression between C. hamatus and C. myersi . However, some introgression may have occurred during the early phases of the divergence between C. rastrospinosus and C. hamatus (as suggested by D -statistics). Subsequently, C. rastrospinosus may have remained in geographic isolation in the Antarctic Peninsula, or may have had small population size and patchy distribution in sympatry, e.g. in the Weddell Sea (Schiavon et al. 2021 ), thus limiting the potential of introgression with the other Chionodraco species. This scenario may explain both the introgression between C. hamatus and C. myersi found by TreeMix, FineRADstructure , and D -statistics and the signal of introgression between C. rastrospinosus and C. hamatus found only by D -statistics.

Differences in life-history traits may explain the low levels of introgression between C. hamatus and C. myersi . Although living in sympatry, the two species may be reproductively separated by different mating habits. The reproductive period of C. hamatus spans from January to March, but for C. myersi , it lasts from July to September (Ekau 1991 , Vacchi et al. 1996 , La Mesa et al. 2013 ). Additionally, the nesting behaviour that characterizes these fish (Ferrando et al. 2014 ) is usually species-specific, which may also prevent hybridization (Desvignes et al. 2019 ). However, reproductive behavioural data for Chionodraco spp. come from few, sporadic observations and provide only an incomplete picture of the species’ ecology. Moreover, it was observed that the reproductive periods of some notothenioids (e.g. Gobionotothen gibberifrons, Nototheniops larseni , and the icefish C. aceratus ) change with latitude, possibly following a temperature gradient (Papetti et al. 2007 ). Thus, past climatic oscillations may have promoted occasional overlaps in the times of reproduction in C. hamatus and C. myersi , in agreement with the notion that notothenioid demographic and evolutionary history is closely linked to climate history. This connection raises concerns about the potential impact of the current warming of the Southern Ocean on the survival of Antarctic marine fauna and the maintenance of genetic diversity. Periodic surveys are essential to monitor the genetic variability of these species, especially in areas of potential secondary contact. Such monitoring is crucial for management and to identify early changes in the distributions of potentially hybridizing species. This is particularly relevant in the implementation of marine protected areas.

The authors would like to thank Nils Koschnick (Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, AWI, Bremerhaven, Germany) and the ship crew for their excellent contribution and support in collecting samples onboard the R/V Polarstern. The authors are grateful to Massimiliano Babbucci and Alessandra Battistotti (University of Padova, Italy) for insightful comments during data analysis. We also thank Giuditta Codogno and Ilaria Anna Maria Marino for their help with the lab work.

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

This research was supported by the European Marie Curie project ‘Polarexpress’ grant no. 622320 and the University of Padova BIRD grant no.164793 to Chiara Papetti. Michael Matschiner acknowledges funding from the Research Council of Norway (RCN) project no. 335549, Lorenzo Zane acknowledges support by the Italian National Programme of Antarctic Research (PNRA) project 2016_00 307, and Mario La Mesa acknowledges support by the Italian National Programme of Antarctic Research (PNRA) project BIOCLEVER PNRA19_00015-A2. Felix Mark and Magnus Lucassen acknowledge the support by the Helmholtz research programme ‘Changing Earth—Sustaining Our Future’.

LS and CP designed the research. CP, LZ, ER, ML, and FCM conducted the sampling. LS, CP, and SGC conducted molecular lab work. RF and EB provided help for the molecular lab work. LS analysed the data. MM, AW, SGC and ET provided help with data analysis. LS and CP wrote the original draft. All co-authors reviewed the manuscript.

Fish were sampled and processed according to and within laws, guidelines, and policies of the German and European Animal Welfare legislation. Sample collection during the cruises with the R/V Polarstern was approved by the competent German authority for Antarctic research, the UBA (Umweltbundesamt).

All the codes, datasets, and accessory files needed to replicate the analyses are available at https://github.com/Papetti-Lab/Chionodraco_gene_flow.git . Raw sequence reads are available under the NCBI BioProject Accession number: PRJNA1041981 ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA1041981/ ).

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Meet the 2024 Miss Ohio, Miss Ohio's Teen contestants from around the state

Twenty-seven contestants will compete for the title of Miss Ohio in the week ahead, with the winner crowned June 15 at the Renaissance Theatre in Mansfield and becoming eligible to compete at Miss America in January.

Twelve contestants will vie June 12 for the title of Miss Ohio's Teen at the Renaissance Theatre. The teen winner also will compete at the national level. Current Miss Ohio Madison Miller and Miss Ohio's Teen Paisley French will emcee the teen competition.

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Miss Ohio's Teen contestants

• Miss Western Reserve's Teen Abigail Kern , 17, of Mansfield; talent, pianist; Her platform is: Land a Hand and be a Friend.
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2023: Paisley French, 18, of Wheelersburg, is new Miss Ohio's Teen

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Choosing what to study

Some things to bear in mind when making this important decision.

A-Z of courses

All about each course, including the core syllabus, options and assessment.

Admission requirements

For course specific requirements, see your  course page .

• Table of admission requirements
• Applying with UK qualifications
• Applying with international qualifications

Selection criteria

Visit the department's website to find out what tutors are looking for in applications for the course you are interested in.

About your studies

Where, how and by whom will you be taught at Oxford?

Your academic year

How long are the terms? When will you have exams? Find out about the structure of an Oxford student's year.

What it costs

Make sure you know how much your course will cost and about the support available to help you pay for it.

Be inspired!

• Discover Oxplore: the home of big questions
• Reading beyond your schoolwork - some suggestions
• Oxford research is changing your world

Which colleges offer my course?

Check which colleges offer the course you are interested in.

Astrophoria Foundation Year

Find out more about Oxford's foundation year for talented students who have experienced disadvantage and educational disruption.

Choosing your course

Top tips that will inspire you and help set you up for future success

Our 2024 undergraduate open days will be held on 26 and 27 June and 20 September.

Register to find out more about our upcoming open days.

Read our step by step

Guide for applicants.

• UCAS application
• Admissions tests
• Written work

Follow us on X  @OxOutreach or on Instagram @studyatOxford for the latest news about events and Open Days. Got an Open Days question? Get in touch using #OxOpenDay!

Can't find what you're looking for?

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FAQs - Courses

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