bibliography example harvard style

Harvard Citation Style: All Examples

• Introduction
• Books / E-Books
• Company Information
• Conference Proceedings
• Internet / Websites
• Journal Articles
• Lecture Notes
• Multi-Media Formats
• Patents and Standards
• All Examples
• Writing Support
• Citation Support

In-text citations

Two or more works cited at one point in the text

If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them:

(Larsen 2000; Malinowski 1999)

The authors should be listed in alphabetical order.

Two or three authors or authoring bodies

When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page:

(Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995) 

In-Text & Reference List Examples

• << Previous: Theses
• Next: Writing Support >>

• Last Updated: Jun 20, 2024 4:22 PM
• URL: https://guides.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/harvard_citation

• Himmelfarb Intranet
• Privacy Notice
• Terms of Use
• GW is committed to digital accessibility. If you experience a barrier that affects your ability to access content on this page, let us know via the Accessibility Feedback Form .
• Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library
• 2300 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20037
• Phone: (202) 994-2850
• [email protected]
• https://himmelfarb.gwu.edu

• Free Tools for Students
• Harvard Referencing Generator

Free Harvard Referencing Generator

Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

• It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
• It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

Here's how to use our reference generator:

• If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
• Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
• Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
• Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

• Cite Them Right
• Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
• University of the West of England (UWE)

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Harvard Style

• Position of the citation
• Secondary Referencing
• Date of Publication

Page numbers

• Paraphrasing and Summarising
• Examples of References in Harvard style
• Quick A-Z Examples of References
• Citation Tools and Software

• Journal Articles
• Web pages and Social media
• Newspaper articles

Dictionary or Encyclopaedia

Thesis or dissertation.

• Reports and Datasets
• Standards and Legal Publications
• Conferences
• Images, figures and tables

Exhibitions

• Audiovisual and Digital Media
• Lecture Notes and Presentations
• Generative AI
• Author/Editor (Surname, initials)
• (Year of publication)
• Title (in italics).
• Edition (other than first edition).

Place of publication: Publisher.

Clohessy, T. (2019) Blockchain: the business perspective . Galway: NovoRay Publishers.

An e-book retrieved from an academic database that does not have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is referenced as though it were the print version, as above. (A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works).

Books with a URL or a DOI can be referenced like this:

• Author/editor (Surname, initials)
• Title of book (in italics)
• Available at: URL (Accessed date) or DOI

Baker, M.J. and Saren, M. (eds.) (2010) Marketing theory: a student text . London: Sage Publications. Available at: https://sk.sagepub.com/books/marketing-theory (Accessed: 15 April 2021).

Dawson, P. (2020) Defending assessment security in a digital world: preventing e-cheating and supporting academic integrity in higher education . London: Routledge. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429324178

Book Chapter

• Author of chapter/section (Surname, initials)
• 'Title of chapter/section'. Edition (if a subsequent edition) .
• 'in:' followed by author/editor of book,
• Title of book (in italics).
• Place of publication: Publisher,

Page reference.

Galligan, Y. and Buckley, F. (2017) 'Women in politics', in J. Coakley and M. Gallagher (eds.) Politics in the Republic of Ireland . 6th edn. London: Routledge, pp. 216-239.

Journal article (print)

• Author(s) (Surname, initials)
• ' Title of article’
• Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)        
• Issue information (volume, issue, pages)

Walsh, T. (2018) 'Re-animating the past: an Irish animation history', Nordic Irish Studies , 17(2), pp. 133-150.

Journal article (online)

• Author(s) (Surname, Initials)
• (Year of publication).
• ‘Title of article’,
• Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the),
• Issue information (date, volume, issue no., pages).
• Available at: http://… (Date accessed).

Mullins, L. and Hodgins, M. (2019) '“The day is long you know?” Older people’s voices on their homecare experiences in Ireland', Journal of Social Care , 2(1), pp. 1-21. Available at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/jsoc/vol2/iss1/2 (Accessed: 18 December 2023).

Journal article (database without DOI)

Journal articles retrieved from databases without a DOI can be referenced like a print journal, as above.

Odio, M.A. (2021) ‘The role of time in building sport management theory’, Journal of Global Sport Management , 6(1), pp. 70-86.

Journal article (with DOI)

There is no need for an ‘Accessed date’ when using a DOI, since the link is permanent.

• Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)
• Available at: DOI

Whelan, E., Golden, W. and Tarafdar, M. (2022) 'How technostress and self-control of social networking sites affect academic achievement and wellbeing', Internet Research , 32(7), pp. 280-306. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-06-2021-0394

Journal article (pre-publication)

“Pre-print”, “In press” and “advanced online publication” usually refer to articles that have been accepted for publication, but may not yet have been assigned to a publication volume/issue. These articles can be cited using the year of online publication and the DOI.

• Issue information (date, volume, issue no., pages)
• Available at: URL and [Date viewed] or DOI

Owen, J., Cross, S., Mergia, V. and Fisher, P. (2022) ‘Stress, resilience and coping in psychological wellbeing practitioner trainees: a mixed methods study’, Cognitive Behaviour Therapist , 15, article number e38 [peer-reviewed accepted version]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X22000356

Journal Article (with article numbers, not page numbers)

If the journal article has an article number instead of a page range, include the words “article number” and then the article number instead of the page range.

• ‘Title of article’
• Journal Title  (in italics)
• article no: article number [no pagination]

Frias, J., Joyce, H., Brozzetti, L., Pagter, E., Švonja, M., Kavangh, F. and Nash, R. (2024) 'Spatial monitoring of microplastics in environmental matrices from Galway Bay, Ireland', Marine Pollution Bulletin , 200, article number 116153. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116153

Journal Article (Systematic Review)

• Database name  (in italics)
• Issue number,

Elfghi, M., Dunne, D., Jones, J., Gibson, I., Flaherty, G., McEvoy, J.W., Sultan, S., Jordan, F. and Tawfick, W. (2024) 'Mobile health technologies to improve walking distance in people with intermittent claudication', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews  (2), Article number CD014717. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014717.pub2

• Author (Surname, Initials or Organisation name)
• Title of webpage (in italics) .
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed date).

Health Service Executive (2021) Psoriasis . Available at: https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/psoriasis/psoriasis-symptoms-and-diagnosis.html (Accessed: 19 April 2021).

If no date can be established, use 'no date' to indicate no date in the citation and the reference.

Tourism Ireland (no date) Emerging Markets . Available at: https://www.tourismireland.com/Marketing/Emerging-Markets (Accessed: 19 April 2021).

• Author of message
• (Year that the site was published/last updated)
• ‘Title of blog post’ (in single quotation marks)
• Title of website (in italics)
• Day/month of posted message

Available at: URL (Accessed date)

Quinn, E. (2024) 'Donegal travel guide', Wilderness Ireland , 16 February. Available at: https://www.wildernessireland.com/blog/donegal-travel-guide/ (Accessed: 8 April 2024).

X (formerly known as Twitter)

• Author of post
• (Year posted)
• 'Title or description of post'
• Day/month posted

Connacht/City Tribune (2023) ‘Galway is seventh-worst city in Europe for car traffic congestion’ (X] 27 January. Available at: https://x.com/CTribune/status/1618860442457362432 (Accessed: 15 April 2024).

Webwise Ireland (2024) 'Interest in media literacy is on the rise as a result of the fight against disinformation' [Facebook] 2 April. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/Webwise (Accessed: 16 April 2024).

• Author (Instagram account holder/poster)
• 'Title of post' 
• [Instagram]
• Day/month 

Wild Atlantic Way (2024) 'Maghery, Donegal' [Instagram]. 15 April. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/discoverireland.ie/reel/C5yXF03sNkV/ (Accessed: 16 April 2024).

• Author 

Exam Revision (2022) 'Are you smarter than a Junior Certificate student?' [TikTok] 7 November. Available at: https://www.tiktok.com/@examrevision.ie/video/7163365981325184261 (Accessed: 16 April 2024).

• ‘Title of article’ (in single quotation marks)
• (Year that the entry was published/last updated)
• Title of wiki site (in italics)

'Edible seaweed' (2024) Wikipedia . Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_seaweed (Accessed: 16 April 2024).

Newspaper article (print)

Author (Surname, Initials) (if name of writer not given, start with the name of the Newspaper (in italics))

'Title of article' (you can include this in inverted commas),

Title of newspaper (in italics),

Date of publication (day and month)

Corrigan, S. (2023) 'Finding refuge in music', Connacht Tribune , 15 December, p. 18.

Newspaper article (online)

Available at: URL (Accessed date).

O'Connell, S. (2023) 'Why switching lanes can be the fastest route to career success', The Irish Times , 15 December. Available at: https://www.irishtimes.com/special-reports/2023/12/15/why-switching-lanes-can-be-the-fastest-route-to-career-success/ (Accessed: 18 December 2023).

Author or Editor (Surname, initials)

‘Title of entry’.

‘in’ followed by author/editor of book, (in direct order)

Title of book (in italics) .

Page number

Chapple, M. (2014) 'Capacitive reactance', in Dictionary of physics . London: Routledge, p. 27.

Vesper, D.J. (2019) 'Contamination of cave waters by heavy metals', in W.B. White, D.C. Culver and T. Pipan (eds.) Encyclopedia of Caves , 3rd edn. London: Academic Press, pp. 320-325. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128141243000352.

Online Reference works

There are many online-only dictionaries and thesauri.

• Author/editor (if available)

(Year of publication) 

• 'Title' (in single quotation marks)
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

'Creativity' (2024) Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/creativity (Accessed: 18 June 2024).

Author (Surname, Initials)

(Year of submission)

Title of thesis (in italics) .

Degree statement,

Degree awarding body

DOI or Available at: URL (Accessed date)  (if viewed online)

Shiel, J. (2023) To design and build a self-balancing hexapod controlled by Bluetooth . Unpublished B.Eng. Dissertation. Atlantic Technological University.

Kavanagh, E. (2022) The Irish war of independence (1919–1921) in County Galway: local histories, memories & post-conflict heritage initiatives . Ph.D. thesis. Atlantic Technological University. Available at: https://research.thea.ie/handle/20.500.12065/4374 (Accessed: 20 December 2023).

Market Research Report (Online Database)

Author (Name of Organisation)

Title of report . (in italics)

Reference number (if available)

• Place of Publication: Publisher

or Available at: URL (Accessed date) (if viewed online)

If the URL for the webpage where the report was found requires you to login with a username and password, use the homepage of the database in your reference (this will be the first page you view after you have logged into the database).

Mintel (2022) Car Insurance - Ireland - 2022 . Available at: https://clients.mintel.com/ (Accessed: 8 June 2022).

'Title of data' 

Type of work (i.e. dataset)

Available at: URL (Accessed date)

Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage (2021) 'Homelessness report February 2021' [Dataset]. Available at: https://data.gov.ie/dataset/homelessness-report-february-2021 (Accessed: 21 April 2021).

Government Publication

Name of Government or Institution

• Title (in italics)
• Place of publication: Publisher

OR : Available at: URL (Accessed date) (if viewed online)

Department of Transport (2024) National cycle network . Available at: https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/34846-national-cycle-network/ (Accessed: 10 January 2024).

Company Report

• Name of organisation

Gaelic Athletic Association (2023) Annual Report 2023 . Available at: https://www.gaa.ie/news/gaa-report-healthy-financial-year/ (Accessed: 15 January 2024).

Name of authority or organisation 

Number and title of standard (in italics) .

Or: Available from: URL (Accessed date)  (if accessed online)

International Organization for Standardization (2022) I.S. EN ISO/IEC 27002:2022: Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection - Information security controls . Available at: https://eu.i2.saiglobal.com (Accessed: 15 January 2024).

Standard Operating Procedure

• Title of report (include full date of document and official number, if given)
• or URL and Access date 

Health Service Executive (2023) Authorisation scheme: Standard operating procedures (Home support services) (V.2, October). Dublin: Health Service Executive.

Fant, K. (2023) Standard operating procedure for thyroperoxidase activity assay with Amplex Ultrared (AUR-TPO), version 2.0, applied in Part 2 of the EURL ECVAM thyroid validation study (JRC133079) . Ispra: European Commission. Available at: https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/EURL-ECVAM/datasets/ThyroidMethods/2a/Method%202a_SOP_Assay_Part%202_JRC133079.pdf (Accessed: 13 May 2024).

Statute / Act

Title of Act including year, (in italics)

Number of Act   (in italics)

Part & Section (if applicable, in italics)

Health Insurance (Amendment) Act 2023, No. 36 . Available at: https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2023/act/36/enacted/en/pdf (Accessed: 15 January 2024).

Law Report (Case)

'Name of parties involved in the case' (in single quotation marks)

Court and Case number.

Database or Website (in italics)

‘Hogan v McLoughlin’ (2023) The High Court, case 704. The Courts Service of Ireland . Available at: https://www.courts.ie/acc/alfresco/1808c3c6-f2d2-4037-b7d1-80e712c4a641/2023_IEHC_704.pdf (Accessed: 16 January 2024).

EU Directive

‘Legislation type’ (in single quotation marks)

‘Number and title’ (in single quotation marks)

Official Journal (in italics)

‘Council Directive 2021/514/EU on administrative co-operation in field of taxation’ (2021) Official Journal L104, pp. 1-26.

Conference Paper

'Title of the contribution paper'

Title of conference (in Italics)

Location and date of conference.

Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed date) (if accessed online)

Deacon, L. and Ní Fhloinn, E. (2023) 'Online synchronous maths support attendance post-Covid', Ninth Conference on Research in Mathematics Education in Ireland MEI 9 , Dublin (Ireland), 13-14 October. Dublin: Dublin City University, pp. 124-131. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.10062556

Conference Paper (Journal)

Author of paper

‘Title of paper’ (from the Conference title, location, date, if included )

Title of Journal   (in italics)

Issue information (volume, issue, date)

Wolf, R.R. and Wolf, A.B. (2023) 'Using AI to evaluate a competency-based online writing course in Nursing' (from the OLC Innovate Conference, Nashville, TN, 4-6 April 2023), Online Learning , 27(3), pp. 41-69. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v27i3.3974

Conference Paper (Internet)

'Title of paper', (in single quotation marks)

Title of conference: subtitle,   (in italics)

Location and Date of conference,

Page references (if available)

Mason, R., Becker, B.A., Crick, T. and Davenport, J.H. (2024) 'A global survey of introductory programming courses'. SIGCSE 2024 - Proceedings of the 55th ACM technical symposium on computer science education . Portland, 20-23 March, pp. 799-805. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1145/3626252.3630761

Conference Presentation

Author (surname, initials)

‘Title of the paper or presentation’.

Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the conference , (in italics),

Organisation or company (if stated)

Location and date of  conference.

Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed date) 

Kavanagh, P. (2022) 'State of tobacco control in Ireland second report, 2022', Tobacco endgame: nobody left behind conference, Dublin, Ireland, 31 May. Available at: https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/tobaccocontrol/news/dr-paul-kavanagh-the-state-of-tobacco-control-in-ireland-2022.pdf (Accessed 29 May 2024).

Illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tables (print)

When referencing a figure, table, diagram, or illustration, begin with the original source. Use the terminology from the book or article (e.g., illus./fig./diagram/logo/table) to identify the illustration and provide the page number and any caption number in your in-text citation. The entire article or book will be included in the reference list entry.

Chaudhary (2020, p. 23, fig. 1.3) illustrates three groups of organisms- yeasts, molds and mushrooms. Olson and Ahluwalia (2021, p. 1031, fig. 1) investigate the likelihood of sharing favourable word of mouth...

References:

Chaudhary, K. (2020) Introduction to biotechnology and biostatistics . Oakville, ON: Delve Publishing.

Olson, N.J. and Ahluwalia, R. (2021) 'When sharing isn't caring: the influence of seeking the best on sharing favorable word of mouth about unsatisfactory purchases', Journal of Consumer Research , 47(6), pp. 1025-1046. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaa052.

Image, illustration, photo or table (online)

Photographer  (Surname, Initials)

Title of image, photograph, photograph collection, figure, illustration or table   (in italics)

Available at: ULR (accessed date)

Consorti, D. (2019) The beautiful Keem bay at Achill Island, Ireland . Available at: https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/the-beautiful-keem-bay-at-achill-island-ireland-gm1167906867-322260741 (Accessed: 14 June 2024).

Photographs (Online Collection)

Photographer (if available)

Title of photograph/video (or collection) (in italics)

• Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date)

whidom88 (2021) The Wild Atlantic Way . Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/102739648@N03/51273207115 (Accessed: 23 May 2022).

• Artist (surname followed by initials)
• (Year of production) 
• Title of work (in italics)
• Location of the work
• (Viewed: date)
• If accessed online: Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date)

Moynan, R.T. (1891) Castle on a River, Sunset [Oil on canvas]. The National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. Available at: http://onlinecollection.nationalgallery.ie/objects/716 (Accessed: 14 June 2024).

Ordnance Survey of Ireland was Ireland's official mapping agency. The OSI's mapping activity covered almost two centuries, beginning with the 6" (inch) maps sheets produced from 1837 - 1842. Since March 2023, Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSi) has amalgamated with the Property Registration Authority (PRA), and the Valuation Office (VO) to become a new state agency called Tailte Éireann (TE).

• Corporate author and publisher
• Sheet number, scale
• If online: Available at: URL (accessed date).

Ordnance Survey of Ireland (1998) Covering part of County Clare, Galway, Offaly and Tipperary , sheet 53, 1:50,000. Dublin: Ordnance Survey of Ireland. (Discovery Series).

Tailte Éireann (no date) Achill Island . Available at: https://webapps.geohive.ie/mapviewer/ (Accessed: 15 April 2024).

Google (2024) ATU Connemara . Available at: https://maps.google.com (Accessed: 15 April 2024).

• Title of exhibition (in italics)
• (Year) 
• [Exhibition]
• Location. Date(s) of exhibition
• If it is an online exhibition, add : Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Anne Madden Seven paintings (2023-2024) [Exhibition]. Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland. August 24, 2023–January 21, 2024.

Exhibition Catalogue

• Author of catalogue (Surname, Initials)
• Location and date of exhibition
• [Exhibition catalogue].
• Place of publication: Publisher. (if available)

Rooney, B. (ed.) (2015) Uniform: A collaboration with Jackie Nickerson Exhibition held at the National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin, 10 October 2015-10 January 2016 [Exhibition Catalogue].   Dublin: The National Gallery of Ireland.

• Title of film (in italics)
• (Year of distribution)
• Directed by ...
• [Feature film]
• Place of distribution: distribution company

The Banshees of Inisherin (2022) Directed by M. McDonagh [Feature film]. Century City, CA: Searchlight Pictures.

Riverdance: The Animated Adventure (2021) Directed by D. Rosenbaum. Available at: Netflix (Accessed: 17 January 2024).

Online Video

• Name of person/organisation posting video
• (Year video posted)
• Title of film or programme (in italics) .
• Date uploaded (if available) .
• Available at: DOI or name of streaming service/app or URL (Accessed: date)

Atlantic Technological University (2024) Exploring nature's pharmacy: ATU's cutting-edge research in marine microbiology . 13 March. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flQfcsxOqTI (Accessed: 29 April 2024).

TV Programme

• Title of programme (in italics)
• (Year of transmission)
• Transmission channel
• Date of transmission (day/month), time of transmission

Becoming Irish (2020) RTÉ One Television, 11 March, 19.00.

Episode of a TV Series

• ‘Title of episode’ (in single quotation marks, if known; if not, use series title)
• Title of programme or series (in italics)
• Series and episode numbers

'Sligeach, Eire' (2024) Téacs Taistil , series 2, episode 6. TG4. 03 April, 21.30.

Radio Programme (Online)

• Title of programme
• Year of transmission
• Name of channel,
• Day and month of original transmission.
• Available at: URL (accessed date).

Parkinsons Awareness Week (2024) RTE Radio 1, 6 April. Available at: https://www.rte.ie/radio/radio1/clips/22380955/ (Accessed: 8 April 2024).

• Author/presenter
• Year that the site was published/last updated
• Title of podcast (in italics)

Ó Móráin, C. (2024) That Great Business Show: No slacking in the classroom: episode 183: Emily Brick, Adrian Reynolds and Ian Hobbs [Podcast]. 14 March. Available at: https://feeds.acast.com/public/shows/5f6db0ab2dc2346e2dd1a808 (Accessed: 8 April 2024).

Lecture Notes (print)

• Lecturer (Surname, Initials)
• ‘Title of item’.
• Module code: Name of academic module (in italics) .
• Institution. Unpublished.

Murphy, C. (2023) 'Lines and Lamina'. 2079: Applied graphics . Atlantic Technological University. Unpublished.

Lecture Notes or Powerpoint Slides (online): Moodle

• Module code: Module title (in italics) . Institution.
• Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Byrne, S. (2024) 'Sources of law'. 3123: Early childhood law . Atlantic Technological University. Available at: https://vlegalwaymayo.atu.ie (Accessed: 9 January 2024).

Recorded Lectures (Virtual learning environments)

• ‘Title of lecture’
• [Medium] (recorded lecture) .
• Module code: Module title (in italics) .
• Institution.

Moynihan, L. (2023) 'Analysing the marketing environment' [Recorded lecture]. 2485: Introduction to marketing . Atlantic Technological University. 6 November. Available at: https://vlegalwaymayo.atu.ie (Accessed: 9 January 2024).

Massive Online Open Course (MOOC)

• Title of course (in italics)

University of London (2023) Finding your professional voice: confidence & impact [MOOC]. Available at: https://www.coursera.org/learn/finding-your-professional-voice (Accessed: 13 May 2024).

edX (2024) Generative AI for business leaders [MOOC]. Available at: https://www.edx.org/learn/computer-programming/edx-generative-ai-for-business-leaders (Accessed: 14 May 2024).

Music on CD or Vinyl

Artist/composer

'Title of song/track' (if required, in single quotation marks)

Title of album (in italics)

Place of distribution: Distribution company

R.E.M. (1992) 'Everybody hurts', Automatic for the People [CD]. New York: Warner Bros. Records Inc.

Music Streaming

• Artist name (individual, band, orchestra, etc.)
• (Year of release)
• ‘Title of song/track title’ (if required) ,
• Title of album (if required, in italics)
• Available at: Name of streaming service
• (Accessed: date)

The Killers (2004) 'Mr. Brightside', Hot Fuss . Available at: Spotify (Accessed: 27 April 2021).

Generative AI tools are pieces of software that generate information automatically based on questions or suggestions entered by the user. They include ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and Microsoft Copilot, among others. Tools can produce text, code, graphics, and other forms of information. Generative AI systems that deal with text are also known as Large Language Models, or LLMs, and they continually create a 'knowledge base' of information by using prior inquiries or prompts as a data source. Generative AI technologies can be interesting to use since they can quickly give or create content, but they have limitations when used in academic work because the outputs may not be completely accurate. 

Using generative AI tools to create something and then passing it off as your own violates academic integrity and is regarded as an unfair method of research. Your work should be created from your own research and learning.

However, if you do decide to go ahead and use GenAI tools to help you in your writing and research, you really need to indicate that you have done so and what methods did you use.

Digital Art

Generative AI content may be cited as an electronic version of an original work of art or article if it is made available online.

• Creator (name of AI)

Pixabay (2024) AI generated architecture building [Digital art]. Available at: https://pixabay.com/illustrations/ai-generated-architecture-building-8618143/ (Accessed: 8 April 2024).

Personal Communication

If the final output of the AI is only available to you (using ChatGPT in a chat, for instance), then treat it as a private correspondence and include a description of the AI-generated content in your in-text citation. Check with your lecturer if you must attach a copy of this as an appendix to your work.

• (Year of communication)
• Medium of communication
• Receiver of communication
• Day/month of communication

OpenAI ChatGPT (2024) ChatGPT response to Joan Bloggs, 8 April.

• << Previous: Reference List
• Next: Quick A-Z Examples of References >>
• Last Updated: Jul 10, 2024 9:55 AM
• URL: https://atlantictu.libguides.com/harvard

• MJC Library & Learning Center
• Research Guides

Format Your Paper & Cite Your Sources

• Harvard Style
• Citing Sources
• Avoid Plagiarism
• MLA Style (8th/9th ed.)
• APA Style, 7th Edition
• Chicago Style

What is Harvard Style?

What you need to know, harvard style tutorial.

• Other Styles
• Annotated Bibliographies
• How to Create an Attribution

Harvard Style

The Harvard referencing system is known as the Author-Date style . It emphasizes the name of the creator of a piece of information and the date of publication, with the list of references in alphabetical order at the end of your paper.

Unlike other citation styles, there is no single, definitive version of Harvard Style. Therefore, you may see a variation in features such as punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, and the use of italics. 

Always check with your instructor and follow the rules he or she gives you.

• Harvard Style Guidelines Your class handout
• Harvard Referencing Quick Guide From Staffordshire University

Harvard Style will affect your paper in two places:

• In-text citations in the body of your paper, and
• The reference list at the end of your paper
• All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end of your paper.
• Reference list entries need to contain all the information that someone reading your paper would need in order to find your source.
• Reference lists in Harvard Style are arranged alphabetically by first author.
• Begin your Reference list on a new page after your text and number it consecutively.

Sample References List:

Click on the Links Below to See Additional Examples:

• Sample Paper Paper provided by Kurt Olson
• Harvard Citation Examples Document created by The University of Western Australia

Click on the image below to launch this tutorial that was created by the University of Leeds. The section on Citing in Text is especially useful.

• << Previous: Chicago Style
• Next: Other Styles >>
• Last Updated: Jul 10, 2024 5:03 PM
• URL: https://libguides.mjc.edu/citeyoursources

Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 and CC BY-NC 4.0 Licenses .

• Utility Menu

fa3d988da6f218669ec27d6b6019a0cd

A publication of the harvard college writing program.

Harvard Guide to Using Sources 

• The Honor Code
• Sample Bibliography

Below you’ll find a Bibliography adapted from a research paper written by Aishani Aatresh for her Technology, Environment, and Society course.

• Citation Management Tools
• In-Text Citations
• Bibliography
• Examples of Commonly Cited Sources
• Frequently Asked Questions about Citing Sources in Chicago Format

PDFs for This Section

• Citing Sources
• Online Library and Citation Tools

Recommended pages

• Lecture timetables
• Campus maps
• Student digital services
• Staff Digital Services
• Student support
• Online registration
• Core systems
• Car parking
• Room bookings
• Staff development

Harvard: Reference List and Bibliography

A version of the Harvard (author-date) System of referencing has been adopted as the standard for the presentation of academic text at the University of Birmingham.  The examples on this page refer to this version, as found on the  Cite Them Right Online  website.  For detailed guides on how to reference and cite different sources see the right-hand side panel. 

How to list your references

In the Harvard (author-date) System the list of references is arranged alphabetically by author's surname, year (and letter, if necessary) and is placed at the end of the work.

A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work.   A bibliography is a detailed list of references cited in your work, plus the background readings or other material that you may have read, but not actually cited.  Different courses may require just a reference list, just a bibliography, or even both.  It is better to check with your tutor first.

Example of a reference list

Banerjee, A. and Watson, T.F. (2011)  Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry.  9th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

Davidson, A. (2013) ‘The Saudi Marathon Man’,  The New Yorker,  16 April. Available at: http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-saudi-marathon-man (Accessed: 22 June 2015).

Guy, J. (2001)  The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle against imperialism.  Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.

Hislop, V. (2014)  The sunrise.  Available at  http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindlestore  (Downloaded: 17 June 2015).

Homer (1997)  The Iliad.  Translated by J. Davies. Introduction and notes by D. Wright. London: Dover Publications.

Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’,  The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162.  EDUC 1028: E-learning.  Available at:  http://intranet.bir.ac.uk  (Accessed: 25 June 2015).

Lucas, G. (2004)  The wonders of the Universe.  2nd edn. Edited by Frederick Jones, James Smith and Tony Bradley. London: Smiths.

Medicine in old age  (1985) 2nd edn. London: British Medical Association.

‘Rush (band)’ (2015)  Wikipedia.  Available at  https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Rush_(band)  (Accessed: 18 June 2015).

Example of a bibliography

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (1994)  Epi Info  (Version 6) [Computer program]. Available at  http://www.cdcp.com/download.html  (Accessed: 23 June 2015).

Gregory, S. (1970)  English military intervention in the Dutch revolt.  B.A. Thesis. University of Birmingham. Available at:  http://findit.bham.ac.uk/  (Accessed: 18 June 2015).

Jones, B., (1997) Methods in tumour research.  National Agency for Tumour Research,  volume. 7.

Peart, N. (1976)  Something for Nothing.  Toronto: Toronto Sound Studios.

Rush (2015) [Bishopthorpe Social Club. 29 March].

The University of Birmingham (2010)  The University of Birmingham experience.  Available at:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA  (Accessed: 18 June 2015).

Style notes

• The date of publication always follows the author(s) name(s).
• All authors’/editors’ names are given in the reference list (not matter how many there are).
• If submitting a manuscript for publication, formatting conventions may be stipulated by the publisher. Always check with the publisher before submitting your work. 

Further help

• If in doubt, consult the  Cite Them Right Online  website.

 Style guides

• Harvard Referencing Quick Guide 
• Harvard Referencing Glossary 
• Harvard Hints and Tips 
• Harvard FAQs 
• College of Arts and Law
• College of Engineering and Physical Sciences
• College of Life and Environmental Sciences
• College of Medical and Dental Sciences
• College of Social Sciences

Professional Services

• Academic Services
• Campus Services
• Development and Alumni Relations
• Executive Support
• External Relations
• Human Resources
• IT Services
• Legal Services
• Research Strategy and Services

• Untitled Bibliography current
• Create new list

Bibcitation is a free citation generator that creates bibliographies, references and works cited. Automatically generate MLA, APA, Chicago and other citations and create an accurate bibliography in one click.

No citations yet

Our Complete Guide to Harvard Referencing Style

In this easy-to-follow guide, we're going to uncover the basics of the Harvard referencing style. You'll learn how to format in-text citations and create a complete reference list, just like the pros do. With our step-by-step examples, you'll quickly get the hang of including accurate Harvard citations in your work.

Find out how a Harvard citation generator can save you time and hassle. Learn how to nail the format of your citations and references every time. And see how building a Harvard bibliography isn't as scary as it seems.

Let's make Harvard citations easy!

Discover More Bibcitation Guides

Harvard format overview.

The Harvard Referencing Style , created by Harvard University, is an author-date citation style extensively adopted across numerous academic disciplines. This style, with its clear rules for crafting in-text citations and reference lists, ensures uniformity and coherence in scholarly writing. Following these guidelines amplifies the legibility of your work and simplifies the process for others to comprehend and reference your research.

In the Harvard Style, there are two primary elements of citations: in-text citations and the reference list.

In-text citations are concise references included within the main body of your paper, signifying the origin of your data. They typically consist of the author's surname and the year of publication, with page numbers included when a direct quote is used. For example: (Smith, 2022) or for direct quotes (Smith, 2022, p.15).

The reference list , appearing at the end of your work, provides complete details for all sources referenced in-text, arranged alphabetically by the surname of the first author. It offers detailed bibliographic information, allowing readers to locate each source.

A sample reference list entry might be: Smith, J., 2022. The Art of Referencing. 1st ed. Cambridge: University Press.

This guide aims to simplify your understanding and creation of both in-text and reference list citations using the Harvard Referencing Style, helping you adhere to best practices in academic writing.

At Bibcitation.com, we understand the intricacies of Harvard referencing can be daunting. That's why we've created an intuitive Harvard citation generator. Simply input the necessary details, and we'll produce a perfectly formatted citation!

Insert Harvard In-text Citations

In the Harvard Referencing Style, in-text citations are brief references within the text of your paper, leading readers to the full citation in the reference list. These references usually include the author's last name and the year of publication.

The following examples illustrate in-text citations in the Harvard style:

Basic in-text citation: The most common in-text citation includes the author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses, placed at the end of the sentence before the period. For example: (Smith, 2022) .

Multiple authors: If a source has two authors, include both last names in the citation, separated by 'and.' For example: (Smith and Johnson, 2022) . If a source has three or more authors, include the first author's last name followed by 'et al.' For example: (Smith et al., 2022) .

Multiple works by the same author: If citing multiple works by the same author in the same year, include a lowercase letter (a, b, c, etc.) after the year to differentiate between the sources. For example: (Smith, 2022a) and (Smith, 2022b) .

No author: If the source has no author, use the title (in italics) or a shortened version and the year. For example: (Anonymized Title, 2022) .

Citing multiple sources in one sentence: If referencing multiple sources in one sentence, separate each citation with a semicolon. For example: (Smith, 2022; Johnson, 2023) .

Direct quotations: When quoting directly from a source, include the page number where the quote was found. For example: (Smith, 2022, p.15) .

Secondary citations (quotations within a source): If citing a source that is itself citing another source, use 'cited in' before the indirect source. For example: (cited in Smith, 2022, p.15) .

Online sources without page numbers: When citing online sources without page numbers, use the author's last name and the year only. For example: (Smith, 2022) .

Audiovisual sources: If citing a film, television show, or other audiovisual source, use the title (italicized) and the year instead of a page number. For example: (Citizen Kane, 1941) .

For extended quotations , the Harvard style recommends using an indented paragraph without quotation marks. The in-text citation should come after the closing punctuation.

Smith (2022, p. 30) highlights the significance of accurate referencing:

Correct referencing is crucial in maintaining academic integrity and steering clear of plagiarism. By giving due credit to the original authors, you acknowledge their contribution to your work and enable your readers to trace the sources you have utilized.

Format Your Harvard Reference List

The reference list is a fundamental component of any academic paper or scholarly work using the Harvard citation style. It provides a detailed list of all the sources you've referred to in your paper, allowing your readers to locate and validate your research materials.

Here's how to format a reference list in the Harvard style:

• Title and placement: The reference list should start on a fresh page at the end of your work. Centre the heading "References" (without quotation marks) at the top of the page. Do not bold, italicize, or underline the heading.
• Spacing and margins: Employ double-spacing throughout the reference list. Keep 1-inch margins on all sides of the page. Each citation's first line should align with the left margin, while any subsequent lines should be indented by 0.5 inches, forming a hanging indent.
• Organize your citations: Arrange the list of sources in alphabetical order by the author's last name. If a source lacks an author, use the title to order the entry. Ignore definite and indefinite articles ("a," "the") when arranging entries by title.
• Formatting of entries: Follow the established format for each type of source (e.g., books, articles, websites) as prescribed by the Harvard style guide. Include pertinent information such as the author's name, the title of the work, the year of publication, and other relevant details like the publisher and the place of publication.
• Pay attention to punctuation and capitalization: Use title case for titles, capitalizing the first word and all other major words. Ensure punctuation marks are consistently applied, following the Harvard style guidelines.
• Check for accuracy: Always check each reference for correctness, including spelling, punctuation, and proper use of italics and capitalization.

We hope that these guidelines will help you craft a meticulously organized and easily navigable Harvard style reference list.

Cite Books in Harvard

In Harvard style, when citing a book in the reference list, you generally need the following elements: author(s), year of publication, title, edition (if not the first), place of publication, and publisher.

For example:

For multiple authors, list the authors in the order they appear in the book, and separate the authors by a comma:

Remember, in the in-text citation, include the author(s) surname and year of publication. If directly quoting, include the page number as well.

Example: (Rowling, 1997, p.7) or (Martin and Garcia, 2014, p.85) .

Cite an edited book in Harvard: For an edited book, put the editor's name, followed by '(ed.)' after the title of the book.

Cite a book with multiple volumes: When citing from a multi-volume work, you need to include the volume number after the title.

Cite a translated book: For a translated book, list the translator(s) after the title. Use the abbreviation 'trans.' before the translator's name.

Cite a book edition: If the book is a different edition other than the first, you need to include that information in the citation.

Remember to always follow the general structure and adapt it according to these rules when such exceptions come into play while citing different types of books.

Cite Journal Articles in Harvard

When citing a journal article in Harvard format, follow this template:

In your text, you would then cite the work as (Smith, 2020).

When creating a Harvard citation for a journal article without issue or volume number , you can omit this information from the citation.

If you accessed the journal online , you should add the URL or DOI at the end of the citation.

If the journal article you're citing has multiple authors , list them in the order they appear in the article and separate them with commas:

Always tailor the general structure according to these rules when special cases arise while citing different types of journal articles. With this guide in hand, you're well equipped to cite journal articles in Harvard style effectively and accurately!

Cite Websites in Harvard

Citing websites is essential in the digital age, so let's dive into the nuances of citing websites using the Harvard referencing style.

In your text, you would then cite the work as (OpenAI, 2021) .

To cite a website with no publication date , use n.d. ('no date') in place of the year:

When citing a website without a known author , you can use the organization or website name:

To create a Harvard citation where no publisher is identified , use [no publisher] in the reference:

Remember to follow the general structure and adapt it according to these rules when exceptions come into play. With this guide, citing websites in the Harvard style is no longer a perplexing task but an exciting journey into the world of digital academia!

Cite Book Chapters in Harvard

When citing a chapter from a book in Harvard style, the required elements include: author(s) of the chapter, year of publication, title of chapter, in: editor(s) (Ed(s).), title of the book, edition (if not the first), publisher, and pages.

To create a Harvard in-text citation, you would then reference the work as (Johnson, 2017) .

Cite Newspapers & Magazine Articles in Harvard

This section aims to provide an overview on how to cite newspaper and magazine articles in Harvard style, featuring practical examples, as well as various exceptions you might come across.

Your in-text citation would look like: (Patterson, 2021) .

When citing a magazine or newspaper article available online , make sure to include the link to the source at the end of your Harvard citation:

If no page number or issue number is given , you can omit them from the citation:

We hope that our tips should give you the knowledge you need to confidently cite newspaper and magazine articles in the Harvard style, with a clear understanding of how to handle any exceptions that might arise.

Cite Conference Papers in Harvard

To cite a conference paper, you'll need to put together several key elements in the following format:

Then, your in-text citation will simply be (Doe & Roe, 2023) .

To cite conference proceedings published in a book , you will have to follow a slightly different format:

When referencing a keynote speech in the Harvard style , include the term 'keynote speech' in the citation:

Citing conference papers in the Harvard style may feel like navigating an intricate labyrinth, but fear not! With the right guide, it can become a smooth and satisfying journey. We hope that with Bibcitation, you are fully equipped to venture forth and tackle any conference paper citation, confidently navigating the rich and varied landscape of Harvard style referencing.

Cite Movies in Harvard

Movies, documentaries, and TV series often serve as substantial resources in various academic disciplines, including film studies, cultural studies, or history. In Harvard style, when citing films or DVDs, you would use the following format:

The in-text citation would look like this: (The Grand Budapest Hotel, 2014) .

To cite a specific scene in the movie , you can include a time stamp in your in-text citation: (The Grand Budapest Hotel, 2014: 00:32:45) .

When referencing TV series in Harvard , the format alters slightly. You would need to include the episode title and season and episode number:

To cite movies available on Netflix, Amazon Prime , and other streaming platforms, include the platform name:

We hope that these guidelines and examples will help you cite films and other audio-visual material in your research.

Cite Audio Materials in Harvard

Your in-text citation will be short and simple: (Radiohead, 1997) .

To cite a song accessed through an online music streaming service like Spotify or Apple Music, include the name of the platform in the citation:

When referencing podcasts in Harvard , the format slightly changes. Include the host, episode title, and the platform:

Similar to citing movies, if you need to reference a specific moment in the song, you can indicate the timestamp in your in-text citation: (Radiohead, 1997: 03:12) .

Cite Social Media Posts in Harvard

Social media has evolved to become an essential platform for communication, idea exchange, and knowledge sharing. From tweets to Facebook updates to Instagram posts, these forms of content often provide valuable insights for research, especially in areas like sociology, marketing, and digital humanities.

Here's how to correctly cite them in the Harvard referencing style, ensuring your research acknowledges these dynamic, virtual sources.

Your in-text citation will reference the account name: (NASA, 2022) .

To cite a Twitter post in Harvard , you would normally include the tweet itself as the title. The citation becomes:

For Facebook posts , the format remains mostly the same, but it is common to abbreviate Facebook to 'FB':

Remember, due to the ever-changing nature of social media, these citations might require adaptation based on the platform's current layout and available information.

Cite Artwork in Harvard

Artworks, from paintings to sculptures, represent the pinnacle of human creativity and aesthetics, often used as primary sources in art history, cultural studies, and humanities research. Properly referencing these artistic expressions in the Harvard style not only respects the artists' intellectual property but also provides a clear path for your readers to admire the masterpieces you're discussing.

The basic structure for citing artwork in Harvard style is:

The in-text citation would look like this: (Van Gogh, 1889) .

If you viewed the artwork online , your citation will need to include the URL and the date you accessed the image:

To reference a painting where the artist is unknown , begin with the title. If the year of the artwork is unknown, use the abbreviation 'n.d.' (no date):

Remember, the goal is to ensure anyone can locate the artwork you're referencing. With these guidelines, you're ready to illustrate your research with art citations in Harvard style!

Cite Theses & Dissertations in Harvard

Theses and dissertations serve as a treasure trove of knowledge and original research. These academic works are often used as resources in many fields of study. Therefore, it's crucial to understand how to cite these works correctly in the Harvard style. Buckle up as we dive into the intricacies of this citation journey.

The general structure for citing a thesis or dissertation in Harvard style is:

The in-text citation would look like this: (Smith, 2020) .

If you are looking to cite a thesis or dissertation that you accessed online , include the URL and the date you accessed it:

If the thesis or dissertation was accessed through a specific database or archive , make sure to mention it in the citation:

We hope that by following these guidelines, you'll be well-equipped to cite theses and dissertations in the Harvard style, adding valuable breadth and depth to your research.

Cite Databases & Data Sets in Harvard

In today's data-driven world, databases and data sets serve as valuable reservoirs of information, providing the cornerstone for numerous academic and scientific research endeavors.

This guide is specifically designed to aid you in citing databases and data sets effectively in Harvard style.

Typically, the structure for citing databases and data sets includes the author, year, title, type of data, version (if applicable), place of publication, and publisher, followed by the web address and accessed date. Here's how you do it:

The in-text citation would look like this: (World Bank, 2020) .

If you are citing a specific data point within a larger data set , it's recommended to indicate the relevant information in your citation:

When you can't identify the author of the dataset , which is usually the case with such sources, you can begin your citation with the name of the organization that published the document:

By adhering to these guidelines, you can appropriately reference databases and data sets in Harvard style.

Cite Course Materials & Lectures in Harvard

In academia, referencing course materials and lectures is a common practice. From lecture slides to course handouts, these resources offer a wealth of information that can be crucial for academic works. Citing them appropriately in the Harvard style is essential for giving due credit and allowing readers to track down the original resources if needed.

Below you will find the general structure for citing course materials:

The in-text citation would look like this: (Smith, 2023) .

To cite a lecture in the Harvard style , the citation could look like this:

For a printed course pack , the reference structure slightly changes:

Remember, when in doubt, the primary goal is to provide enough information for others to locate the same material you referenced. By following these guidelines, you can correctly reference course materials and lectures in the Harvard style, thereby strengthening the credibility of your academic work.

Cite YouTube Videos & TED Talks in Harvard

In the era of digital information, YouTube videos often become the source of information in academic and professional research. Whether it's a TED talk, a documentary snippet, or a lecture, the content on YouTube is rich and varied. But just like books, articles, and interviews, these resources also need to be cited correctly to acknowledge the creators and to maintain the credibility of your work.

The general structure for citing a YouTube video in Harvard style is as follows:

If you want to reference a specific point in the video, include a timestamp in your in-text citation, but not in the reference list entry: (Vsauce, 2021, 0:15) .

Cite Dictionaries and Encyclopedias in Harvard

Dictionaries and encyclopedias are often the unsung heroes of academic research. These repositories of knowledge provide researchers with key definitions and detailed explanations that lay the foundation for more complex arguments. Yet, correctly citing such sources following the Harvard style is paramount to maintain the integrity of your work and give credit where it's due.

Here's the basic structure for citing an entry from a dictionary or an encyclopedia:

In many cases, dictionary entries do not have identifiable authors. In such situations, you begin the citation with the title of the entry:

To cite an online dictionary or encyclopedia , the citation will follow this format:

When citing dictionaries and encyclopedias, be attentive to these specific cases. The aim is to provide enough accurate information for readers to locate the same sources you have used, thus ensuring the integrity of your academic work.

Cite Personal Communications in Harvard

When you're conducting research, not all information comes from books, articles, or websites. Sometimes, valuable insights are gained through personal communications - emails, interviews, conversations, or lectures that aren't recorded. The Harvard referencing style has a specific way to cite these sources to acknowledge these individual contributions.

Personal communications are cited slightly differently from most other sources. In Harvard style, they are cited within the text of your work, but do not appear in the reference list at the end, since they are untraceable and can't be accessed by others. The format is as follows:

(Author's initials. Author's surname, personal communication, Day Month Year)

If the communication is available in a recoverable format, such as emails that have been published, interviews available in an archive, or publicly accessible lecture notes, it should be cited according to the format of the source they are retrievable from.

For example, a published interview would be cited similarly to a book or an article, while accessible lecture notes would be cited as course materials.

It's important to get permission before citing personal communications to respect the privacy and rights of the individuals involved. Always make sure to cite accurately to maintain the integrity and reliability of your work.

Cite Secondary Sources in Harvard

In Harvard style, a secondary citation is indicated by citing both the original author and the source author in your text, but only including the source author in your reference list.

Here's the format for citing a secondary source within the text:

For instance, if you read about Einstein's work in a book written by Hawkins, the in-text citation would look like this:

Einstein's theory of relativity (Einstein, 1915, cited in Hawkins, 2001) revolutionized physics...

While secondary citations can be useful in some circumstances, they should be used sparingly. This is because secondary referencing can lead to the propagation of misinterpretations, as you are relying on one author's interpretation of another's work.

It is always best to find and cite the original source of information whenever possible.

Harvard Style: Final Notes

Having studied the ins and outs of the Harvard referencing format, it's clear that citations are a meticulous but vital part of any scholarly work. They ensure transparency, respect original authors' contributions, and lend credibility to your academic endeavor. In this comprehensive guide, we've aimed to illuminate the intricacies of Harvard referencing, covering everything from books to YouTube videos, and even those elusive secondary citations.

Navigating the citation universe can seem daunting, but remember, you're not alone. The team at Bibcitation, your trusted citation generator, is committed to streamlining the referencing process for you. We hope this guide has demystified Harvard referencing, and we're always here to help you in your quest for citation mastery. Here's to impeccable research papers, dissertations, and essays.

Keep writing, keep citing, and keep shining!

• Formatting Guides
• Harvard Style & Format: A 5-Minute Guide + Samples
• Speech Topics
• Basics of Essay Writing
• Essay Topics
• Other Essays
• Main Academic Essays
• Research Paper Topics
• Basics of Research Paper Writing
• Miscellaneous
• Chicago/ Turabian
• Data & Statistics
• Methodology
• Admission Writing Tips
• Admission Advice
• Other Guides
• Student Life
• Studying Tips
• Understanding Plagiarism
• Academic Writing Tips
• Basics of Dissertation & Thesis Writing

• Essay Guides
• Research Paper Guides
• Basics of Research Process
• Admission Guides
• Dissertation & Thesis Guides

Harvard Style & Format: A 5-Minute Guide + Samples

Table of contents

Use our free Readability checker

The Harvard referencing style is a widely used system for citing and referencing sources in academic writing. It provides a consistent and standardized format for acknowledging the works of others that you have used in your research.

Struggling to remember tricky peculiarities of Harvard style referencing and formatting? Don’t worry, you have come across a helpful material. In this article, you will find the basics of Harvard style formatting which would be useful for your academic progress. This easy but detailed Harvard style guide contains all format requirements for a paper and some structural tips. Besides, it covers general rules on how to cite your sources properly in your text. Feel free to use these guidelines for your academic endeavors. Let us go through details of Harvard style referencing and formatting together!  

Reference Harvard Style: Basics

Harvard style is an author-date system of referencing. It’s similar to an  APA paper format  in terms of general formatting of pages and text. But this style follows its own rules for bibliography and in-text citations formatting. Harvard style is typically used for essays in such academic disciplines:  

• Behavioral Sciences
• Philosophy.

But this doesn’t mean you can’t use this paper format in other areas of study. The general rule is to put references to your sources in round brackets. Specify author’s name and publication year. These references should come after your quotes (direct or indirect) in the end of a respective sentence or paragraph. Full details about all sources you have used should be provided at the end of your work. This section should be named ‘Reference List’. Buy coursework or any other type of research paper that will be referenced for you by our experts. 

Harvard Format: General Requirements

Let us explore some general rules for Harvard formatting:

• Font: Times New Roman or Arial
• Size: 12 pt
• Text: double-spaced and left-aligned
• Indent: first line of a paragraph has indent of 0.5 inch
• Margins: 1 inch from each side

A Harvard style citation  must have a Title page, header (or running head), headings and Reference list. We will take a closer look at formatting each section down below.  

Harvard Style Title Page

What are the requirements for a Harvard style cover page? Title page is otherwise known as front page. This is the first page of your paper to be observed by your reader, i.e. your teacher first of all. Therefore, it is highly important to format it properly. Formatting rules for Harvard Title page:  

• Paper title is fully capitalised and centered. Should be placed at approximately 33% of your page counting from its top.
• Your name as an author, centered and placed at the middle of your page.
• Course name at approximately 66% of the page.
• Instructor’s name on a new line.
• University’s name.
• Submission date.

See the sample of a Harvard title page down below.

Formatting a Header in Harvard

An important detail: you are required to use a header in  Harvard referencing  format. This section is repeatedly shown on all pages of your paper except the title page. You have to configure it once. Then, headers will get automatically added on each new page. Headers in Harvard referencing format contains such information:  

• Page number, right aligned
• Shortened title of your paper, not capitalized, right-aligned, to the left of page number.

It is important to use shortened title because there is not too much space in any header. Also, another requirement is putting exactly 5 spaces between your title and a page number in headers.

Harvard Style Heading

Now let us explore some rules of using subheadings in Harvard style, in detail. Typically there are 2 levels of section headings recommended for use in such papers. They have different formatting. This helps to tell one from another, without using different font sizes for them.

• Level-1 subheadings for a bigger section. They must be centered, capitalized, but at the same time not indented, not bold, not underscored, not italicized.
• Level-2 subheading for any subsection, typically 1-2 paragraphs. They must be capitalized, left-aligned, not indented. Besides, they should be italicized.

The plain text of any paragraph should go on a new line after subheadings in Harvard style, be it Level-1 or Level-2 subheading.

Harvard Reference List

Listing all sources you have used for your research in a proper order is a core element of Harvard style. Reference list should be the last part of your paper but absolutely not the least. Now let us explore some critical rules for a reference list formatting. The Harvard-style reference list section has its own subtitle, namely ‘Reference List’. Similarly to a Level-1 subheading, it should be capitalized and centered. The rest of your content in this section goes from a new line after your title. No extra empty lines are to be added. Your references in this list are numbered and sorted alphabetically. No lines are indented. Each item in this list starts from a new line. Below we will describe a format for referencing in detail.  

Harvard Style Bibliography

Sometimes your professor or instructor might ask you to create a Bibliography section instead of a common Reference list. So what is the Harvard Bibliography format? Harvard style bibliography includes not only those sources you have cited in your text but also. It also includes materials which you have read to get ideas for your research and to better understand the context of a selected problem. So, such section would contain more items than a Reference list. Apart of that, the general Harvard Bibliography format is the same:  

• Heading, ‘Bibliography’ is formatted the same way as a Level-1 subheading
• Sources are put into alphabetical order
• List is double-spaced
• Lines do not have any indent
• Each item of this list starts from a new line.

Harvard Style Citations: General Rules

Another crucial element of Harvard style is referring to your sources inside your essay. That’s why you should know how to cite in Harvard style. Keep in mind that the main purpose of a proper format is to ensure your paper is plagiarizm-free. Sometimes, you should cite ideas from books, magazines or newspapers. But you can only refer to such ideas, otherwise it will be considered a form of plagiarism. Below we will show you how to cite in Harvard style, providing general information about published sources. So let us proceed and learn more about shortened quotes and full references.  

How to Quote in Harvard Style

Here are the rules of Harvard format in-text citation:

• Add them in parentheses, usually at the end of quotes.
• Put an author’s last name and a publication year into round brackets, add page number if needed.

• When quoting a web page, give a paragraph number instead of a page since many websites don’t divide text into pages.
• Direct citation requires quotation marks and a page number is mandatory in parenthesis
• If you have mentioned an author’s name in your quote, do not include it into brackets, just leave a year and a page numbers there.

• Sometimes you might need to quote two different sources at once. In such case include both into the same parenthesis and divide them by a semicolon.

Creating References in Harvard Style

And this is how you should be referencing in Harvard style, providing full descriptions of the sources you have used. Let us start with the general book format:

• Last name of the author followed by comma and initials
• If there are multiple authors, their names are separated with comma, except the last one which must be separated by ‘&’
• Year of publication follows, without a comma
• A full title of the book is given, italicized
• Publisher name
• City and country where this book was published are the last to be provided.

Here are several Harvarvard referencing rules for other source types:

• Refer to an edited book by putting ‘(ed.)’ or ‘(eds)’ after the editor name(s)
• If a book was translated, add ‘trans. I Lastname’
• Refer to an article in any book or journal by adding an article name in quotation marks but not italicized
• Refer to a website by adding ‘viewed’ and the date when you’ve opened it, followed by the URL in angle brackets.

Bottom Line

In this article we have explored the Harvard referencing guide, one of the most popular ones for students in the UK. Feel free to use these tips and proceed to writing a winning essay with flawless formatting! Just keep in mind the following key concepts of the Harvard style:

• Title or cover page
• Headers and their contents
• Subheadings of two levels with different formatting
• Reference list with full-detailed description of sources
• In-text citations with lots of different forms for various quote types.

In conclusion, consider our  custom term paper writing solution if you lack the time or got into writer's block.

If you have questions, please visit our FAQ section or contact our expert writers. They will gladly help you create references in line with all requirements. On top of that, our writers are highly experienced in academic writing and can assist you with any type of formatting.  

FAQ About Harvard Format

1. is harvard reference style used in colleges.

The Harvard style can be used in colleges as well as in other educational institutions and even by professional researchers. While it is relatively popular in many countries for research paper referencing, Harvard style is most widespread in universities of the UK nowadays. Other styles (APA, MLA and Chicago) dominate the US educational institutions.

2. What is the difference between Harvard and Oxford referencing styles?

The Harvard style format is a typical example of an author-date system as it requires using author’s names and publication dates for in-text referencing. You should create a complete reference list as a separate section in the end of your research paper. The Oxford style on the contrary uses numbered footnotes for citing sources used on your page. In-text citations on this page consist just from numbers of respective notes.  

Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.

You may also like

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Citing sources

Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles

Published on June 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 7, 2022.

A citation style is a set of guidelines on how to cite sources in your academic writing . You always need a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize a source to avoid plagiarism . How you present these citations depends on the style you follow. Scribbr’s citation generator can help!

Different styles are set by different universities, academic associations, and publishers, often published in an official handbook with in-depth instructions and examples.

There are many different citation styles, but they typically use one of three basic approaches: parenthetical citations , numerical citations, or note citations.

Parenthetical citations

• Chicago (Turabian) author-date

CSE name-year

Numerical citations

CSE citation-name or citation-sequence

Note citations

• Chicago (Turabian) notes and bibliography

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

Table of contents

Types of citation: parenthetical, note, numerical, which citation style should i use, parenthetical citation styles, numerical citation styles, note citation styles, frequently asked questions about citation styles.

The clearest identifying characteristic of any citation style is how the citations in the text are presented. There are three main approaches:

• Parenthetical citations: You include identifying details of the source in parentheses in the text—usually the author’s last name and the publication date, plus a page number if relevant ( author-date ). Sometimes the publication date is omitted ( author-page ).
• Numerical citations: You include a number in brackets or in superscript, which corresponds to an entry in your numbered reference list.
• Note citations: You include a full citation in a footnote or endnote, which is indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.

Citation styles also differ in terms of how you format the reference list or bibliography entries themselves (e.g., capitalization, order of information, use of italics). And many style guides also provide guidance on more general issues like text formatting, punctuation, and numbers.

Don't submit your assignments before you do this

The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students. Free citation check included.

Try for free

In most cases, your university, department, or instructor will tell you which citation style you need to follow in your writing. If you’re not sure, it’s best to consult your institution’s guidelines or ask someone. If you’re submitting to a journal, they will usually require a specific style.

Sometimes, the choice of citation style may be left up to you. In those cases, you can base your decision on which citation styles are commonly used in your field. Try reading other articles from your discipline to see how they cite their sources, or consult the table below.

The American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommends citing your sources using Chicago author-date style . AAA style doesn’t have its own separate rules. This style is used in the field of anthropology.

APA Style is defined by the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . It was designed for use in psychology, but today it’s widely used across various disciplines, especially in the social sciences.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

The citation style of the American Political Science Association (APSA) is used mainly in the field of political science.

The citation style of the American Sociological Association (ASA) is used primarily in the discipline of sociology.

Chicago author-date

Chicago author-date style is one of the two citation styles presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). It’s used mainly in the sciences and social sciences.

The citation style of the Council of Science Editors (CSE) is used in various scientific disciplines. It includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the name-year system.

Harvard style is often used in the field of economics. It is also very widely used across disciplines in UK universities. There are various versions of Harvard style defined by different universities—it’s not a style with one definitive style guide.

Check out Scribbr’s Harvard Reference Generator

MLA style is the official style of the Modern Language Association, defined in the MLA Handbook (9th edition). It’s widely used across various humanities disciplines. Unlike most parenthetical citation styles, it’s author-page rather than author-date.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

The American Chemical Society (ACS) provides guidelines for a citation style using numbers in superscript or italics in the text, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list at the end. It is used in chemistry.

The American Medical Association ( AMA ) provides guidelines for a numerical citation style using superscript numbers in the text, which correspond to entries in a numbered reference list. It is used in the field of medicine.

CSE style includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the citation-name and citation-sequence systems. Your references are listed alphabetically in the citation-name system; in the citation-sequence system, they appear in the order in which you cited them.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) provides guidelines for citing your sources with IEEE in-text citations that consist of numbers enclosed in brackets, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list. This style is used in various engineering and IT disciplines.

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) citation style is defined in Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (2nd edition).

Vancouver style is also used in various medical disciplines. As with Harvard style, a lot of institutions and publications have their own versions of Vancouver—it doesn’t have one fixed style guide.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is the main style guide for legal citations in the US. It’s widely used in law, and also when legal materials need to be cited in other disciplines.

Chicago notes and bibliography

Chicago notes and bibliography is one of the two citation styles presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). It’s used mainly in the humanities.

The Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities ( OSCOLA ) is the main legal citation style in the UK (similar to Bluebook for the US).

There are many different citation styles used across different academic disciplines, but they fall into three basic approaches to citation:

• Parenthetical citations : Including identifying details of the source in parentheses —usually the author’s last name and the publication date, plus a page number if available ( author-date ). The publication date is occasionally omitted ( author-page ).
• Numerical citations: Including a number in brackets or superscript, corresponding to an entry in your numbered reference list.
• Note citations: Including a full citation in a footnote or endnote , which is indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

• APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
• MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
• Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
• Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

A scientific citation style is a system of source citation that is used in scientific disciplines. Some commonly used scientific citation styles are:

• Chicago author-date , CSE , and Harvard , used across various sciences
• ACS , used in chemistry
• AMA , NLM , and Vancouver , used in medicine and related disciplines
• AAA , APA , and ASA , commonly used in the social sciences

APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.

Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.

MLA Style  is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles. Scribbr. Retrieved July 10, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/citation-styles/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, apa vs. mla | the key differences in format & citation, the basics of in-text citation | apa & mla examples, how to avoid plagiarism | tips on citing sources, scribbr apa citation checker.

An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, automatically generate references for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Referencing
• Harvard In-Text Citation | A Complete Guide & Examples

Harvard In-Text Citation | A Complete Guide & Examples

Published on 30 April 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 5 May 2022.

An in-text citation should appear wherever you quote or paraphrase a source in your writing, pointing your reader to the full reference .

In Harvard style , citations appear in brackets in the text. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author,  the year of publication, and a page number if relevant.

Up to three authors are included in Harvard in-text citations. If there are four or more authors, the citation is shortened with et al .

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Be assured that you'll submit flawless writing. Upload your document to correct all your mistakes.

Table of contents

Including page numbers in citations, where to place harvard in-text citations, citing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard in-text citations.

When you quote directly from a source or paraphrase a specific passage, your in-text citation must include a page number to specify where the relevant passage is located.

Use ‘p.’ for a single page and ‘pp.’ for a page range:

• Meanwhile, another commentator asserts that the economy is ‘on the downturn’ (Singh, 2015, p. 13 ).
• Wilson (2015, pp. 12–14 ) makes an argument for the efficacy of the technique.

If you are summarising the general argument of a source or paraphrasing ideas that recur throughout the text, no page number is needed.

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

When incorporating citations into your text, you can either name the author directly in the text or only include the author’s name in brackets.

Naming the author in the text

When you name the author in the sentence itself, the year and (if relevant) page number are typically given in brackets straight after the name:

Naming the author directly in your sentence is the best approach when you want to critique or comment on the source.

Naming the author in brackets

When you  you haven’t mentioned the author’s name in your sentence, include it inside the brackets. The citation is generally placed after the relevant quote or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence, before the full stop:

Multiple citations can be included in one place, listed in order of publication year and separated by semicolons:

This type of citation is useful when you want to support a claim or summarise the overall findings of sources.

Common mistakes with in-text citations

In-text citations in brackets should not appear as the subject of your sentences. Anything that’s essential to the meaning of a sentence should be written outside the brackets:

• (Smith, 2019) argues that…
• Smith (2019) argues that…

Similarly, don’t repeat the author’s name in the bracketed citation and in the sentence itself:

• As Caulfield (Caulfield, 2020) writes…
• As Caulfield (2020) writes…

Sometimes you won’t have access to all the source information you need for an in-text citation. Here’s what to do if you’re missing the publication date, author’s name, or page numbers for a source.

If a source doesn’t list a clear publication date, as is sometimes the case with online sources or historical documents, replace the date with the words ‘no date’:

When it’s not clear who the author of a source is, you’ll sometimes be able to substitute a corporate author – the group or organisation responsible for the publication:

When there’s no corporate author to cite, you can use the title of the source in place of the author’s name:

No page numbers

If you quote from a source without page numbers, such as a website, you can just omit this information if it’s a short text – it should be easy enough to find the quote without it.

If you quote from a longer source without page numbers, it’s best to find an alternate location marker, such as a paragraph number or subheading, and include that:

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style , when you quote directly from a source that includes page numbers, your in-text citation must include a page number. For example: (Smith, 2014, p. 33).

You can also include page numbers to point the reader towards a passage that you paraphrased . If you refer to the general ideas or findings of the source as a whole, you don’t need to include a page number.

When you want to use a quote but can’t access the original source, you can cite it indirectly. In the in-text citation , first mention the source you want to refer to, and then the source in which you found it. For example:

It’s advisable to avoid indirect citations wherever possible, because they suggest you don’t have full knowledge of the sources you’re citing. Only use an indirect citation if you can’t reasonably gain access to the original source.

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

• (Smith, 2019a)
• (Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, May 05). Harvard In-Text Citation | A Complete Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 10 July 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-in-text-citation/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, a quick guide to harvard referencing | citation examples, harvard style bibliography | format & examples, referencing books in harvard style | templates & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.

An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples / Harvard Referencing In-text Citations

In-text Citations in Harvard Referencing Style

When you incorporate quotes or ideas of other authors in your work, you must provide an in-text citation in order to credit those authors properly. For in-text citations, Harvard referencing style uses author-date format. In other words, Harvard style uses parenthetical and narrative citations that show the name of the author and the publication year of the source.  

Harvard style does not use footnotes or endnotes.  

For details about the in-text citation format for different types of sources, see these Harvard referencing examples .

In-text citations and references

Every Harvard style in-text citation has a corresponding reference in a reference list.  

In-text citations only refer to the author surname, publication year, and sometimes the page numbers.  Less information is included here so as not to interrupt the flow of the reader. This guide on formatting page numbers in Harvard style provides more details on how to include page numbers in your citations.

References include additional information about a source, such as its title, publisher name, location, etc. More information is given here, so the reader can track down the source, should they want to read more details. All references are consolidated into a single reference list that is placed at the end of the work.

Narrative and parenthetical citations

As mentioned above, there are two types of in-text citation: narrative and parenthetical. Both have the following source details:

• Author surname
• Publication year
• Page numbers; only needed if you are using a direct quotation AND there are page numbers available

A parenthetical citation includes all of the information within round brackets in the sentence that contains the borrowed information.

(Author Surname, Publication Year)  

(Author, Year, p. nn)  

(Author, Year, pp. nn-nn)

A narrative citation includes the author’s name in the text of the sentence and the other information within round brackets.

Author Surname (Publication Year)  

(Year, p. nn)  

(Year, pp. nn-nn)

Let’s look at several examples of these citations below.

One author/company  

When you are providing a Harvard style in-text citation for a work that has only one author or one company accredited to its name, the following format is used:

Basic citation structures:  

(Author Surname or Company Name, Publication Year, p. nn)

Author Surname or Company Name (Publication Year, p. nn)

Only include a page number if you are using a direct quotation and if page numbers exist in the source.

Examples:  

“Miss Maudie had known Uncle Jack Finch, Atticus’s brother, since they were children.” (Lee, 1960, p. 48)

In the online report, Smith postulated that the cause was due to vasodilation (2019).

When including a direct or paraphrased quote that spans multiple pages, use ‘pp.’ instead of ‘p.’ to denote a range of pages.

The author talks about ‘the events of a summer in the countryside while the British army prepared for the Second World War’ (Henderson, 1955, pp. 11-21).

Two authors

Sometimes the work that you are referring to has two or three authors. In such cases, the following format is used for in-text citation in Harvard style:

Citation structure (two authors) :  

(Author 1 Surname and Author 2 Surname, Publication Year, p. nn)

Author 1 and Author 2 (Year, p. nn)

Examples :  

The stock market predictions were right, based on their educated theories (Holland and Smithson, 2011).

Holland and Smithson (2011) stated in their work that…

“The president’s predictions were right on target” (Holland and Smithson, 2011, p. 55).

Three authors

Citation structure (three authors):

(Author 1 Surname, Author 2 Surname and Author 3 Surname, Publication Year, p. nn)

Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3 (Year, p. nn)

A closer examination of the study demonstrated that researcher biases had influenced the data (Bolton, Lopez and Dawson, 2018).

Bolton, Lopez and Dawson stated that “the data was biased towards local businesses” (2018, p. 11).

More than four authors

When the work that you are citing has more than four authors, you only show the first author listed, then use the Latin term ‘ et al.’ in italics. This helps you succinctly show that the source has four or more authors.

Citation structure (four or more authors):

(Author 1 Surname et al. , Publication Year, p. nn)

Author 1 et al. (Year, p. nn)

Watson et al. found that “nothing more could be gained from continued experimentation” (1999, p. 271).

Research began because of urgings by the local ethics board (Watson et al. , 1999).

No author or editor

When the work that you are citing does not have a known author or editor, first consider that the name of the publishing company could be used in place of the author. This is often the case with reports or white papers put out by associations and organizations.

The online report showed that lychee demand increased internationally by 50 percent (Lychee Growers Association, 2002).

According to the Lychee Growers Association, international demand for lychee grew by 50 percent (2002).

If it does not make sense to use a company name, use the title of the source instead of the author’s name.

“Music is a universal language” ( Music Theory for Dummies , 2012, p. 13).

If you cannot find the date of publication of the document or paper that you are citing, then [n.d.] should be used in place of the date.

Example :  

“Nothing they said would convince them otherwise” (Cristosomo, [n.d.], p. 32).

Footnotes are used to reference quotes or paraphrases of a text used in another work. The Harvard style referencing does not use footnotes . The citation of the sources is provided in the text instead of in footnotes.

The Harvard author-date style is often used by both writers and readers of academic texts, as it does not interrupt the flow of reading. It saves time and keeps the attention focused on the text, whereas, in the styles that incorporate footnotes, the attention of the reader is constantly diverted to the footnotes.  

Published October 29, 2020.

Harvard Formatting Guide

Harvard Formatting

• et al Usage
• Direct Quotes
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Page Numbers
• Writing an Outline
• View Harvard Guide

Reference Examples

• View all Harvard Examples

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

Harvard Referencing Examples

Writing Tools

Citation Generators

Other Citation Styles

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

Free Harvard Citation Generator

Powered by chegg.

• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

What is the Harvard Referencing System?

The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other people’s quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws. The popular format is typically used in assignments and publications for humanities as well as natural, social and behavioural sciences.

It is a parenthetical referencing system that is made up of two main components:

• In-text citations including the author’s surname and the year of publication should be shown in brackets wherever another source has contributed to your work
• A reference list outlining all of the sources directly cited in your work

While in-text citations are used to briefly indicate where you have directly quoted or paraphrased a source, your reference list is an alphabetized list of complete Harvard citations that enables your reader to locate each source with ease. Each entry should be keyed to a corresponding parenthetical citation in the main body of your work, so that a reader can take an in-text citation and quickly retrieve the source from your reference list.

Note that some universities, and certain disciplines, may also require you to provide a bibliography. This is a detailed list of all of the material you have consulted throughout your research and preparation, and it will demonstrate the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.

‘Harvard referencing’ is an umbrella term for any referencing style that uses the author name and year of publication within the text to indicate where you have inserted a source. This author-date system appeals to both authors and readers of academic work. Scholars find the format an economical way of writing, and it is generally more accessible to the reader as there are no footnotes crowding the page. Only the name of the author, the publication date of the source and, if necessary, the page numbers are included in the parenthetical citations, for example: (Joyce, 2008).

Use the Cite This For Me Harvard style referencing generator to create your fully-formatted in-text references and reference list in the blink of an eye. Stop giving yourself extra pain and work for no reason and sign up to Cite This For Me today – your only regret will be that you didn’t use our citation generator sooner!

Popular Harvard Referencing Examples

• Chapter of a book
• Conference proceedings 
• Court case 
• Dissertation 
• Encyclopedia article 
• Image online or video
• Presentation or lecture
• Video, film, or DVD

Cite This For Me Harvard Referencing Guide

The following guide provides you with everything you need to know to do justice to all your hard work and get a mark that reflects those sleepless nights. If you’re not sure how to format your Harvard style citations, what citations are, or are simply curious about the Cite This For Me citation generator, our guide will answer all of your questions while offering you a comprehensive introduction to the style. Keep reading to find out why you need to use a referencing system, how to add citations in the body of your assignment, and how to compile a reference list.

Sometimes, students do not encounter citing until they embark on to degree-level studies, yet it is a crucial academic skill that will propel you towards establishing yourself in the academic community. It’s a common mistake to leave citing and creating a complete and accurate bibliography until the very last minute, but with the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator you can cite-as-you-go.

So, if you need a helping hand with your referencing then why not try Cite This For Me’s automated citation generator ? The generator accesses knowledge from across the web, assembling all of the relevant information into a fully-formatted reference list that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work. Using this Harvard reference generator to cite your sources enables you to cross the finishing line in style.

It is important to bear in mind that there is a plethora of different citation styles out there – the use of any particular one depends on the preference of your college, subject, professor or the publication you are submitting the work to. If you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your tutor and follow their guidelines. If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use a particular style, we recommend using the Harvard referencing system because it is simple to use and easy to learn.

The powerful citation generator above can auto-generate citations in 7,000+ styles. So, whether your professor prefers that you use the MLA format , or your discipline requires you to adopt the APA citation or Chicago citation style , we have the style you need. Cite This For Me also provides citation generators and handy style guides for styles such as ASA , AMA or IEEE . To accurately create citations in a specific format, simply sign up to Cite This For Me for free and select your chosen style.

Are you struggling with citing an unfamiliar source type? Or feeling confused about whether to cite a piece of common knowledge? This guide will tell you everything you need to know to get both your parenthetical Harvard citations and reference list completed quickly and accurately.

Why Do I Need to Cite?

Harvard referencing can be a confusing task, especially if you are new to the concept, but it’s absolutely essential. In fact, accurate and complete referencing can mean the difference between reaching your academic goals and damaging your reputation amongst scholars. Simply put – referencing is the citing of sources you have utilised to support your essay, research, conference or article, etc.

Even if you are using our Harvard style citation generator, understanding why you need to cite will go a long way in helping you to naturally integrate the process into your research and writing routine.

Firstly, whenever another source contributes to your work you must give the original author the appropriate credit in order to avoid plagiarism, even when you have completely reworded the information. The only exception to this rule is common knowledge – e.g., Brazil is a country in South America. While plagiarism is not always intentional, it is easy to accidentally plagiarize your work when you are under pressure from imminent deadlines, you have managed your time ineffectively, or if you lack confidence when putting ideas into your own words. The consequences can be severe; deduction of marks at best, expulsion from college or legal action from the original author at worst. Find out more here.

This may sound overwhelming, but using our Harvard citation generator can help you avoid plagiarism and carry out your research and written work thoughtfully and responsibly. We have compiled a handy checklist to follow while you are working on an assignment.

How to avoid plagiarism:

• Formulate a detailed plan – carefully outline both the relevant content you need to include, as well as how you plan on structuring your work
• Keep track of your sources – record all of the relevant publication information as you go (e.g., If you are citing a book you should note the author or editor’s name(s), year of publication, title, edition number, city of publication and name of publisher). Carefully save each quote, word-for-word, and place it in inverted commas to differentiate it from your own words. Tired of interrupting your workflow to cite? Use our Harvard referencing generator to automate the process.
• Manage your time effectively – make use of time plans and targets, and give yourself enough time to read, write and proofread
• When you are paraphrasing information, make sure that you use only your own words and a sentence structure that differs from the original text
• Every quote or paraphrase should have a corresponding reference in the text. In addition, a full reference is needed on the final page of the project.
• Save all of your research and citations in a safe place – organise and manage your Harvard style citations

If you carefully check your college or publisher’s advice and guidelines on citing and stick to this checklist, you should be confident that you will not be accused of plagiarism.

Secondly, proving that your writing is informed by appropriate academic reading will enhance your work’s authenticity. Academic writing values original thought that analyzes and builds upon the ideas of other scholars. It is therefore important to use Harvard style referencing to accurately signpost where you have used someone else’s ideas in order to show that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading. Citing your sources will demonstrate to your reader that you have delved deeply into your chosen topic and supported your thesis with expert opinions.

Here at Cite This For Me we understand how precious your time is, which is why we created our Harvard citation generator and guide to help relieve the unnecessary stress of citing. Escape assignment-hell and give yourself more time to focus on the content of your work by using the Cite This For Me citation management tool.

Harvard Referencing Guidelines by School

• Anglia University Harvard Referencing
• Anglia Ruskin University
• Bath University
• Bournemouth University Harvard Referencing
• Cape Peninsula University of Technology
• Cardiff University Harvard Referencing
• City University London
• Coventry University Harvard Referencing
• Cranfield Harvard
• DMU Harvard Referencing
• Durham University Business School
• Edge Hill University Harvard Referencing
• European Archaeology
• Imperial College University Harvard Referencing
• Institute of Physics
• Leeds University Harvard Referencing
• King’s College London
• LSBU Harvard Referencing
• Manchester Business School
• MMU Harvard Referencing
• Newcastle University
• Northwest University
• Oxford Brookes University
• Oxford Centre for Mission Studies
• SHU Harvard Referencing
• Staffordshire University Harvard Referencing
• Swinburne University of Technology
• The Open University
• UCA Harvard Referencing
• University of Abertay Dundee
• University of Birmingham
• University of Cape Town
• University of Gloucestershire
• University of Greenwich Harvard
• University of Hull
• University of Kent – Harvard
• University of Limerick
• University of Melbourne
• University of Northampton
• University of Sunderland
• University of Technology, Sydney
• University of West London
• UWE Harvard Referencing
• UWS Harvard Referencing
• Wolverhampton University Harvard Referencing
• York University

How Do I Create and Format In-text Harvard Style Citations?

In-text citations are the perfect way to seamlessly integrate sources into your work, allowing you to strengthen the connection between your own ideas, and the source material that you have found, with ease. It is worth noting that in-text citations must be included in your assignment’s final word count.

When adopting Harvard style referencing in your work, if you are inserting a quote, statement, statistic or any other kind of source information into the main body of your essay you should:

• Provide the author’s surname and date of publication in parentheses right after the taken information or at the end of the sentence

There are many assumptions when it comes to the information processing approach to cognition… (Lutz and Huitt, 2004).

• If you have already mentioned the author in the sentence, Harvard referencing guidelines require you to only enter the year of publication in parentheses, directly after where the author’s surname is mentioned.

In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004) suggest that…

• If you are quoting a particular section of the source (rather than the entire work), you should also include a page number, or page range, after the date, within the parenthetical Harvard citation

“…the development of meaning is more important than the acquisition of a large set of knowledge or skills …” (Lutz and Huitt, 2004, p.8), which means that …

• Note that if the source has four or more authors, you do not need to write out all of their surnames; simply use the first author’s surname followed by the abbreviation ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’).

The results showed that respondents needed to reach out to multiple health agencies in order to cover the costs of their services (Wolbeck Minke et al., 2007).

• If you are reading a source by one author and they cite work by another author, you may cite that original work as a secondary reference. You are encouraged to track down the original source – usually this is possible to do by consulting the author’s reference list – but if you are unable to access it, the Harvard referencing guidelines state that you must only cite the source you did consult as you did not actually read the original document. Include the words ‘cited in’ in the in-text citation to indicate this.

Fong’s 1987 study (cited in Bertram 1997) found that older students’ memory can be as good as that of young people…

(Fong, cited in Bertram 1997)

Why use a Harvard referencing tool? As well as saving you valuable time, the Cite This For Me generator can help you easily avoid common errors when formatting your in-text citations. So, if you’re looking for an easy way to credit your source material, simply login to your Cite This For Me account to copy, save and export each in-text Harvard citation.

How Do I Format My Reference List?

Utilizing and building on a wide range of relevant sources is one way of impressing your reader, and a comprehensive list of the source material you have used is the perfect platform to exhibit your research efforts. A reference list is always required when you cite other people’s work within your assignment, and the brief in-text Harvard style citations in your work should directly link to your reference list.

As a general rule a reference list includes every source that you have cited in your work, while a bibliography also contains any relevant background reading which you have consulted to familiarise yourself with the topic (even those sources that are never mentioned in the narrative). Your Harvard referencing bibliography should start on its own page, with the same formatting as the rest of the paper and aligned to the left with the sources listed alphabetically. Certain fields ask you to provide an annotated bibliography that includes your full citations with the addition of notes. These notes are added to further analyze the source, and can be of any length.

Many people use the terms ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’ interchangeably, and if you are using the Harvard reference style you may be required to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, so be sure to check this with your tutor.

Follow these guidelines when compiling your reference list:

• Start your reference list on a new page at the end of your document
• General formatting should be in keeping with the rest of your work
• Use ‘Reference List’ as the heading
• Copy each of your full-length Harvard citations into a list
• Arrange the list in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (titles with no author are alphabetized by the work’s title, and if you are citing two or more sources by the same author they should be listed in chronological order of the year of publication)
• When there are several works from one author or source, they should be listed together but in date order – with the earliest work listed first
• Italicize titles of books, reports, conference proceedings etc. For journal articles, the title of the journal should be printed in italics, rather than the title of the journal article
• Capitalize the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all main words in the title of a journal, and all first letters of a place name and publisher

Creating and managing your reference list with the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator will help improve the way you reference and conduct research.

Reference list / bibliography examples:

• Book, one author:

Bell, J. (2010) Doing your research project . 5th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

• One author, book, multiple editions:

Hawking, S.W. (1998) A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes . 10th edn. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.

• Chapter in an edited book:

Jewsiewicki, B. (2010). ‘Historical Memory and Representation of New Nations in Africa’, in Diawara, M., Lategan, B., and Rusen, J. (eds.) Historical memory in Africa: Dealing with the past, reaching for the future in an intercultural context . New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 53-66.

If all information resembles a book, use the template for a book reference

If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the book was downloaded at the end of the Harvard citation:

Available at: URL (Downloaded: DD Month YYYY)

• More than three authors, journal article*:

Shakoor, J., et al. (2011) ‘A prospective longitudinal study of children’s theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 53(3), pp. 254–261. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x.

• Conference papers:

Drogen, E. (2014) ‘Changing how we think about war: The role of psychology’, The British Psychological Society 2014 Annual Conference . The ICC, Birmingham British Psychological Society, 07-09 May 2014.

• Web page, by an individual:

Moon, M. (2019) Ubisoft put an official video game design course inside a video game . Available at https://www.engadget.com/2019/09/25/ubisoft-video-game-design-course/ (Accessed 19 November 2019).

• Web page, by a company or organization:

RotoBaller (2019) NFL player news . Available at https://www.rotoballer.com/player-news?sport=nfl (Accessed 17 September 2019).

For both types of web page references, the date the page was published or updated is placed in parentheses immediately following the author information. If a date is missing from the source, place (no date) next to the author’s name and make sure to include an accessed date at the end of the reference.

Are you struggling to find all of the publication information to complete a reference? Did you know that our Harvard citation generator can help you?

Time is of the essence when you’re finishing a paper, but there’s no need to panic because you can compile your reference list in a matter of seconds using the Cite This For Me Harvard style citation generator. Sign in to your Cite This For Me account to save and export your reference list.

Harvard Referencing Formatting Guidelines

Accurate referencing doesn’t only protect your work from plagiarism – presenting your source material in a consistent and clear way also enhances the readability of your work. Closely follow the style’s formatting rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Before submitting your work check that you have formatted your whole paper – including your reference list – according to the style’s formatting guidelines.

How to format in Harvard referencing:

• Margins: 2.5cm on all sides
• Shortened title followed by the page number in the header, aligned to the right
• Double-space the entirety of the paper
• ½ inch indentation for every new paragraph (press tab bar)
• Suggested fonts: Times New Roman, Arial and Courier New for Windows; Times New Roman, Helvetica and Courier for Mac, 12pt size. Ensure that all Harvard citations are in the same font as the rest of the work
• Reference list on a separate page at the end of the body of your work

Even when using a Harvard citation generator, always check with your professor for specified guidelines – there is no unified style for the formatting of a paper. Make sure that you apply the recommended formatting rules consistently throughout your work.

A Brief History of the Harvard Reference Style

The author-date system is attributed to eminent zoologist Edward Laurens Mark (1847-1946), Hersey professor of anatomy and director of Harvard’s zoological laboratory. It is widely agreed that the first evidence of Harvard referencing can be traced back to Mark’s landmark cytological paper (Chernin, 1988). The paper breaks away from previous uses of inconsistent and makeshift footnotes through its use of a parenthetical author-date citation accompanied by an explanatory footnote.

• Parenthetic author-year citation, page 194 of Mark’s 1881 paper:

[…] The appearance may be due solely to reflection from the body itself. (Comp. Flemming, ‘78b, p. 310.*)

• Mark’s rationale for his Harvard citational scheme:

*The numbers immediately following an author’s name serve the double purpose of referring the reader to the list (p. 591) where the titles of papers are given, and of informing him at once of the approximate date of the paper in question.

A tribute dedicated to Mark in 1903 by 140 students credits Mark’s paper with having ‘introduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliography’ (Parker, 1903). Today Harvard referencing is widely considered one of the most accessible styles and, although it originated in biology, these days it is used across most subjects – particularly in the humanities, history and social science.

The Evolution of the Harvard Referencing Style

Due to its simplicity and ease of use, the format has become one of the most widely used citation styles in the world. Unlike many citing styles there is no official manual, but institutions such as colleges offer their own unique Harvard reference style guide, and each has its own nuances when it comes to punctuation, order of information and formatting rules. Simply go to the Cite This For Me website to login to your Cite This For Me account and search for the version you need. Make sure you apply consistency throughout your work.

It is increasingly easy for writers to access information and knowledge via the internet, and in turn both the style’s guidelines and our citation generator are continually updated to include developments in electronic publishing. The Cite This For Me Harvard style citation generator currently uses the Cite Them Right 10th Edition, which has evolved in recent years to match the rapidly advancing digital age. In order to avoid plagiarism, you must be cautious about pulling information from the internet, and ensure that you accurately cite all source material used in your written work – including all online sources that have contributed to your research.

Key differences from previous Harvard referencing Cite Them Right editions:

• Previous editions required printed books and eBooks to be referenced differently – in the 10th edition, both are now referenced using the same template (if all the necessary information is available). An Ebook is considered to be the digital format of a published book (or a book that is only published in digital format) that is meant for reading on an electronic device.
• URLs are no longer a requirement for digital media if the information provided in the Harvard citation is sufficient to find the source without it. They should be included if the source is difficult to find, or pieces of source information – such as an author name – are missing.
• When a source has more than 3 authors, use the abbreviation “et al.” instead of listing each out.

These days students draw on a diverse range of digital sources to support their written work. Whether you are citing a hashtag on Instagram , a podcast or a mobile app, the Cite This For Me generator will take care of your Harvard citations, regardless of the type of source you want to cite. So don’t be held back by sources that are difficult to cite – locating unusual source material will help your work to stand out from the crowd.

How Do I Create Accurate Harvard Citations?

Creating complete and correctly formatted citations can be a challenge for many writers, especially when documenting multiple source types. Our primary goal at Cite This For Me is to offer support to students and researchers across the globe by transforming the way in which they perceive citing. We hope that after using our citation generator and reading this Harvard referencing guide, what was once considered an arduous process, will be viewed as a highly-valued skill that enhances the quality of your work.

Disheartened by the stressful process of citing? Got a fast-approaching deadline? Using the Cite This For Me fast, accessible and free generator makes creating accurate citations easier than ever, leaving more time for you to focus on achieving your academic goals.

Create a free account to add and edit each Harvard citation on the spot, import and export full projects or individual entries. Things get even easier with Cite This For Me for Chrome – an intuitive, handy browser extension that allows you to create and edit a citation while you browse the web. Use the extension on any webpage that you want to cite, and add it to your chosen project without interrupting your workflow.

The Cite This For Me citation management tool is here to help you, so what are you waiting for? Accurate Harvard citations are just a click away!

Reference List

Chernin, E. (1988) The ‘Harvard System’: A mystery dispelled. Available at: http://www.uefap.com/writing/referenc/harvard.pdf (Accessed: 4 July 2016).

Parker, G. (ed.) (1903) Mark anniversary volume. New York: Henry Holt.

Manage all your citations in one place

Create projects, add notes, and cite directly from your browser. Sign up for Cite This For Me today!

Detrital Garnet Petrology: Inclusions as a main source of information

• Schönig, Jan

Documenting metamorphic conditions through the geologic record is a key for understanding the evolution of plate tectonics on Earth. Minerals characteristic for deep subduction processes (i.e. modern-style plate tectonics) like glaucophane, coesite, and diamond are commonly replaced by their low-pressure polymorphs during exhumation. However, when entrapped as inclusions in resistant host minerals like garnet, these mineral phases are shielded from external metamorphic fluids and may be preserved. Finding evidence for deep subduction processes in host garnets of large volumes of (partially) re-equilibrated crystalline rocks is challenging, time consuming, and often hampered by poor outcrop conditions due to weathering and soil formation. In contrast, by analyzing detrital garnet, natural processes such as erosion and sedimentary transport can sample garnet grains sourced from fresh as well as altered crystalline rocks located in the drainage area, enabling large crustal volumes to be screened using a comparatively low number of samples. Case-studies from Norway (Schönig et al. 2018, Sci. Rep.), Germany (Schönig et al. 2019, Geology; Schönig et al. 2020 Gondwana Res.), Austria, Papua New Guinea (Baldwin et al. 2021, PNAS), and Greenland (Schönig et al. 2023, Eur. J. Mineral.) demonstrate mineral inclusion analysis of detrital garnet integrated with major-element chemistry (Schönig et al. 2021, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.) to be an efficient tool for screening tectonometamorphic units on the presence or absence of rocks related to modern-style plate tectonic processes (Schönig et al. 2022, Earth-Sci. Rev.). This contribution gives a synopsis of the main findings from the five spatially, chronologically, and tectonically distinct localities.

No Sources Found

• English  
• español  
• Português  

Login | Register

• Editorial Team
• Start Submission
• Become a Reviewer
• Harvard Citation Style
• Vancouver Citation Style
• APA Citation Style
• Download RIS
• Download BibTeX

Propuestas didácticas para la revitalización del mapudungun desde los componentes de la oralidad y la literatura

En este trabajo se da a conocer una experiencia de revitalización lingüística de la lengua mapuche desarrollada a través de un diplomado entre dirigentes territoriales de la Comuna de Galvarino, Región de la Araucanía y académicos del CIIR. Se analiza de manera específica los elementos expuestos en el curso de oralidad y literatura, de cuyos resultados emergen propuestas didácticas para abordar la enseñanza del mapudungun en las escuelas. La muestra de este estudio la componen 53 estudiantes que trabajan como educadores tradicionales y tres profesores, en un curso de 24 horas de clases presenciales. La metodología de esta investigación es de tipo cualitativo y se sitúa en el marco de los estudios de caso, concretamente en el paradigma de la investigación acción. Las fases del estudio contemplaron diálogos con dirigentes territoriales, observación de prácticas pedagógicas, análisis de la información y propuestas de acción. Cabe destacar que las propuestas emergen de un trabajo colaborativo, cuya base contempla los enfoques de la oralidad y literatura desde la visión mapuche y cómo estos pueden transferirse al espacio del aula escolar chileno, sin perder identidad y a la vez crear metodologías y didácticas para abordar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje en ese contexto.

This work presents an experience of linguistic revitalization of the Mapuche language developed through a diploma course between territorial leaders of the Galvarino Community, Araucanía Region, and CIIR academics. It specifically analyzes the elements of oracy and literature exposed in the course and the results from which didactic proposals emerge to approach the teaching of Mapudungun in schools. The sample of the study is made up of 53 students who work as traditional educators and three teachers in a 24-hour classroom course. The methodology corresponds to a qualitative type and is situated within the framework of the case studies, specifically in the action research paradigm. The study’s phases included dialogues with territorial leaders, class observation, information analyses, and action proposals. It should be noted that such proposals emerge form collaborative work, which includes oracy and literature approaches from the Mapuche vision; and how these can be transferred to the Chilean classroom scenario without losing identity and at the same time creating methodologies and didactics to address the teaching and learning in that context.

Keywords: Lengua, mapuche, oralidad, literatura

Lara, M., (2024) “Propuestas didácticas para la revitalización del mapudungun desde los componentes de la oralidad y la literatura”, Living Languages 3(2), 1–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.7275/livinglanguages.2101

Downloads: Download Final version (numbered sections) View PDF

4 Downloads

Published on 10 jul 2024, peer reviewed, creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0, harvard-style citation.

Lara, M. (2024) 'Propuestas didácticas para la revitalización del mapudungun desde los componentes de la oralidad y la literatura', Living Languages . 3(2) :1–17. doi: 10.7275/livinglanguages.2101

Show: Vancouver Citation Style | APA Citation Style

Vancouver-Style Citation

Lara, M. Propuestas didácticas para la revitalización del mapudungun desde los componentes de la oralidad y la literatura. Living Languages. 2024 7; 3(2) :1–17. doi: 10.7275/livinglanguages.2101

Show: Harvard Citation Style | APA Citation Style

APA-Style Citation

Lara, M. (2024, 7 9). Propuestas didácticas para la revitalización del mapudungun desde los componentes de la oralidad y la literatura. Living Languages 3(2) :1–17. doi: 10.7275/livinglanguages.2101

Show: Harvard Citation Style | {% trans 'Vancouver Citation Style' %}

Non Specialist Summary

This article has no summary