citation 6 authors apa 7th edition

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Reference List: Author/Authors

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.).

Note:  Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we've highlighted a few important differences between APA 6 and APA 7 with underlined notes written in red.

Single Author

Last name first, followed by author initials.

Ahmed, S. (2012).  On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life . Duke University Press.

Two Authors

List by their last names and initials. Separate author names with a comma. Use the ampersand instead of "and."

Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 113 (1), 117-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096

Three to Twenty Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand.  This is a departure from APA 6, which only required listing the first six authors before an ellipsis and the final author's name.

Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117 (5), 879-899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166

More Than Twenty Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names. After the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author's name (do not place an ampersand before it). There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total.

Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . .  Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 100 (10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

Group Author

Group authors can include corporations, government agencies, organizations, etc; and a group may publish in coordination with individuals. Here, you simply treat the publishing organization the same way you'd treat the author's name and format the rest of the citation as normal. Be sure to give the full name of the group author in your reference list, although abbreviations may be used in your text.

Entries in reference works (  e.g. dictionaries, thesauruses, and encyclopedias) without credited authors are also considered works with group authors.

Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary . Merriam-Webster.

When a work has multiple layers of group authorship (e.g. The Office of the Historian, which is a part of the Department of State, publishes something), list the most specific agency as the author and the parent agency as the publisher.

Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to international organizations, 2017 [Annual report]. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-international-organizations/

Unknown Author

When the work does not have an author move the title of the work to the beginning of the references and follow with the date of publication. Only use “Anonymous ” if the author is the work is signed “Anonymous.” This is a new addition to APA 7.

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Merriam-Webster.

NOTE : When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the source above would appear as follows: ( Merriam-Webster's , 2003).

Two or More Works by the Same Author

Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first). List references with no dates before references with dates.

Urcuioli, P. J. (n.d.).

Urcuioli, P. J. (2011). 

Urcuioli, P. J.  (2015).

When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.

Agnew, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad . Cambridge University Press.

Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University Press.

References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same.

Arriaga, X. B., Capezza, N. M., Reed, J. T., Wesselman, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2014). With partners like you, who needs strangers?: Ostracism involving a romantic partner. Personal Relationships, 21(4) , 557-569.

Arriaga, X. B., Kumashiro, M., Finkel, E. J., VanderDrift, L. E., & Luchies, L. B. (2014). Filling the void: Bolstering attachment security in committed relationships. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5 (4), 398-405.

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If you are using more than one reference by the same author—or the same group of authors listed in the same order—published in the same year, first check to see if they have more specific dates ( this recommendation is new to APA 7) . Works with only a year should be listed before those with a more specific date. List specific dates chronologically.  If two works have the same publication date, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. If references with the same date are identified as parts of a series (e.g. Part 1 and Part 2), list them in order of their place in the series. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference list, e.g.: "Berndt (2004a) makes similar claims..."

Berndt, T. J. (2004a).  Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects.  Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 50 (3) , 206-223.

Berndt, T. J. (2004b).  Friendship and three A’s (aggression, adjustment, and attachment).  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88 (1) , 1-4.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

Cite the publishing information about a book as usual, but cite Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword (whatever title is applicable) as the chapter of the book.

Lang, J. M. (2018). Introduction. In Dujardin, G., Lang, J. M., & Staunton, J. A. (Eds.), Teaching the literature survey course (pp. 1-8). West Virginia University Press.

APA (7th Edition) Referencing Guide

• Information for EndNote Users

Number of authors

Format of authors, order of authors, when the author isn't a person, no author or anonymous, who's the author.

• In-Text Citations
• Reference List
• Books & eBooks
• Book chapters
• Journal Articles
• Conference Papers
• Newspaper Articles
• Web Pages & Documents
• Specialised Health Databases
• Using Visual Works in Assignments & Class Presentations
• Using Visual Works in Theses and Publications
• Using Tables in Assignments & Class Presentations
• Custom Textbooks & Books of Readings
• ABS AND AIHW
• Videos (YouTube), Podcasts & Webinars
• Blog Posts and Social Media
• First Nations Works
• Dictionary and Encyclopedia Entries
• Personal Communication
• Theses and Dissertations
• Film / TV / DVD
• Miscellaneous (Generic Reference)
• AI software
• APA Format for Assignments
• What If...?
• Other Guides
• How many authors do you have?
• 1-2 Authors
• 3-20 authors
• More than 20 authors

How many authors?

APA has strict rules for how to show the author's names in the text of your assignment and in your reference list. You need to check the number of authors you have for your work, and then format your references accordingly:

• 1-2 authors

See the tabs on this box for details.

Things to Note:

Pay attention to the use of commas, the ampersand (&), and the word "and".

• You use the word "and" when you are using the author's names as part of your sentence, but an "&" when the names are in the brackets or the reference list.
• In text, you will always use a comma after each author (except the last one) when you have more than two names. In your reference list, you put a comma after each author (except the last one).

You always put a full stop after the al. in et al., because it is short for "et alia" ("and others").

For one or two authors , always mention the names of all authors

Narrative citation: Zhang and Webb (2019) noted that students who read bilingual books performed better in vocabulary tests.

Parenthetical citation: Students who read bilingual books may perform better in vocabulary tests ( Zhang & Webb, 2019).

In Your Reference List:

Zhang, Z., & Webb, S. (2019). The effects of reading bilingual books on vocabulary learning. Reading in a Foreign Language, 31 (1), 109–139.  http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/April2019/April2019/articles/zhang.pdf

When you have 3 or more authors , you only use the first author's surname in text, and abbreviate the rest of the list with "et al." (Latin for "and others"). In your reference list, you list all of the authors (up to 20) .

Narrative citation: Boers et al.'s (2017) research i  nto the use of pictures in glosses found they may decrease the amount of attention given to the words.

Parenthetical citation: Using pictures to illustrate glosses may, in fact, decrease the amount of attention given to the words ( Boers et al. , 2017).

Boers, F., Warren, P., He, L., & Deconinck , J. (2017). Does adding pictures to glosses enhance vocabulary uptake from reading? System, 66, 113-129. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.system.2017.03.017

When you have more than 3 authors (regardless of how many) , you only use the first author's surname in text, and abbreviate the rest of the list with "et al.". In your reference list, you list the first 19 authors and the last one, using an ellipses (...) to show that some authors have been omitted (do not use an ampersand &).

Narrative citation: Tobler et al.'s (2017) research found genetic evidence that suggests Australian Aboriginal people have inhabited the Australian landmass for approximately 50,000 years.

Parenthetical citation: Genetic evidence suggests the Australian Aboriginal people have inhabited the Australian landmass for approximately 50,000 years ( Tobler et al. , 2017).

Always include no more than twenty names, the first 19 and the last one:

Tobler , R., Rohrlach , A., Soubrier , J., Bover , P., Llamas, B., Tuke , J., Bean, N., Abdullah-Highfold , A., Agius , S., O'Donoghue , A., O'Loughlin , I., Sutton, P., Zilio , F., Walshe , K., Williams, A. N., Turney , C. S. M., Williams, M., Richards, S. M., Mitchell, N., ... Cooper, A. (2017) . Aboriginal mitogenomes reveal 50,000 years of regionalism in Australia. Nature, 544 (7649), 180-184. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21416

• Use only initials of author's first or given names within the reference list
• If the author's first name is hyphenated then format as initial, full stop, hyphen and second initial. For example, Jean-Luc Picard is formatted as Picard, J.-L.
• For hyphenated surnames include both names and the hyphen in the reference list and the in text citation. For example: (Jones-Smith, 2015)
• For surnames with multiple parts that do not include a hyphen include both names separated by a space in the reference list and the in text citation. For example: Arce Arias, A. (2017).
• If the surname includes a particle (for example, van, der, den, la, von etc), include the particle before the surname in the reference list and the in text citation. Follow the authors example regarding capitalisation. For example: (van der Woodsen, 2021) (Del Castillo, 2017)
• If the authors name has a suffix, include the suffix after the second initial in the reference list. For example, Jones, H. W., Jr., & Jones, H. W., Sr. (1941) ... Do not include the suffix in the in-text citation

Some points to remember about authors:

• Do not alter the order of the authors within a citation (that is, the first, second, third etc authors of a work). You should leave them in the order they appear on the work.
• Your reference list will be placed in alphabetical order based on the name of the first author for each reference. See the page on Reference list structure for more information about the order of your references.
• (Corbin, 2015; James & Waterson, 2017; Smith et al., 2016).
• (Corbin, 2015; 2018)
• (Queensland Health, 2017a; 2017b)
• Use only the surnames of your authors in text (e.g., Smith & Brown, 2014) - however, if you have two authors with the same surname who have published in the same year, then you will need to use their initials to distinguish between the two of them (e.g., K. Smith, 2014; N. Smith, 2014). Otherwise, do not use initials in text .

Notes on et al.:

"Et al." is short for "et alia" - which means "and others". Note this is plural - "other s " - you only use it when there is more than one "other" (which is why you never use it for a work with two authors - always name both authors). Never use et al. to replace one person.

If you have the same first author and date for two works, but the other authors are not the same for both works, keep listing authors until the citations are clearly different, and then use et al. for the remaining authors.

For example:

Chan, G. C., Leung, J., Quinn, C., Kelly, A. B., Connor, J. P., Weier, M., & Hall, W. D. (2016). Rural and urban differences in adolescent alcohol use, alcohol supply, and parental drinking. The Journal of Rural Health, 32 (3), 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12151

Chan, G. C., Kelly, A. B., Connor, J. P., Hall, W., Young, R. M., Toumbourou, J. W., & Williams, J. (2016). Regional versus urban differences in teenage alcohol use: Does parental disapproval account for these differences? Australian Journal of Rural Health, 24 (1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12177

If you used both of these works for your paper you would cite them like this:

(Chan, Leung, et al., 2016)

(Chan, Kelly, et al., 2016)

If the first two or three (etc) authors are the same, keep adding authors until they are different.

(Chan, Kelly, Smith, et al., 2016)

(Chan, Kelly, White, et al., 2016)

Remember, you don't use et al. for only one person, so if there were only three authors and you needed to name the first two authors in your in-text citation, you would name all three authors. If you had only four authors, and you had to include the first three authors to make the citation clear, then you would include all four authors.

When this happens, use an & between your last two authors:

(Smith, Jones & Brown, 2016)

(Taylor, Brown, Gwyrdd & Schwarz, 2016)

There are circumstances where you cannot find a person to use as your author because the "author" is a group, a company or an organisation. Some times there is no author, in which case see " No author or anonymous " below.

Is the author a company or organisation?

• Government bodies (such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics or the Department of Education and Training) are often the official "author" of the works they publish.
• Companies are usually the authors of their web pages

Write the company's name in full, the first time you use them, in text, then you can use an acronym. Always write the name in full in the reference list.

For example :

In text, the first time:

Narrative: The American Psychological Association (APA, 2012) noted that...

Parenthetical: The consumer price index is collated by using around a million pricing structures (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2018).

In text, subsequent times:

Narrative: As noted by the APA (2012)...

Parenthetical: New weights were used to maximise transaction data (ABS, 2018).

In the reference list:

Do not use acronyms unless the acronym is the official name of the company/organisation - and even then try to find the full version (e.g. CSIRO is Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation). Check the legal information or copyright pages of the organisation's web site.

American Psychiatric Association. (2012). How to write an APA style reference when information is missing . http://blog.apastyle.org/files/missing-pieces---apa-style-reference-table.pdf

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Consumer price index, Australia, Dec 2017 (No. 6410.0). http://www.abs.gov.au

N.B. Write author names "as is" to the best of your ability. Use their capitalisation, spacing and punctuation. If they use an "and" or and "&" in their name (e.g. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) retain the version of "and/&" they have used.

Is there a corporate body (like a government department or a company) who is responsible for the work? They're probably your author. Take a look at " When the Author isn't a person " above.

Is the work anonymous, or without a byline?

• Sometimes newspaper articles and dictionary or encyclopedia entries don't have an author attributed. Editorials in peer reviewed journals may not have a byline. These works are unattributed, but they are not "anonymous".
• Only list the author as "anonymous" if the article/work has been attributed to "Anonymous" or "Anon". If there is no attribution, follow the advice below.

When there is no attributed author, move the title of the article (or encyclopedia entry, etc) to the first position in the reference list. In text, use the title of the document in "quotation marks" where you would use the author's name. For long titles, it is okay to use only the first few words.

Narrative: In the Nature editorial, "On the March" (2017), it was suggested that crowds might be "painted as hostile" (p. 137) by the media.

Parenthetical: During the 2017 presidential inauguration, there were some moments of awkwardness ("Mrs. Obama Says ‘Lovely Frame’", 2018).

Please note: In text, the title of the article is given title case - that is, major words are capitalised. You do not use title case in the reference list.

On the march. (2017). Nature, 554 , 137. https://www.nature.com/articles/544137a.pdf

Mrs. Obama says ‘lovely frame’ in box during awkward handoff. (2018, February 1). AP News . https://www.apnews.com/31f3520500c94a6ebfdbd2a0db5f4b60

• << Previous: Information for EndNote Users
• Next: Dates >>
• Last Updated: May 2, 2024 9:43 AM
• URL: https://libguides.jcu.edu.au/apa

APA 7th Edition Citation Guide

• APA 7th Edition Home
• Formatting the Paper Itself
• When and What to Cite

In-Text: Multiple Authors

• In-Text: First and Subsequent Citations
• In-Text: Authors and Dates Matching
• In-Text: Direct Quotations
• In-Text: Secondary Sources
• Reference Examples: Print
• Reference Examples: Electronic
• Reference Examples: Audiovisual Media
• Step 1: Author (Names)
• Step 2: Date
• Step 3: Titles
• Step 4: Source
• Help and Training
• Related Guides

This citation guide is based on The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed., 2020). The contents are accurate to the best of our knowledge.

Content in this guide was copied with permission from Bethel University (TN) Library .

How to Use This Guide

Citations in APA style include two parts: (1) in-text citations, which are connected to (2) reference list citations.

This guide will help you create in-text citations that correlate with the corresponding reference list citations. Please see Reference Examples  for more details on the reference list.

Note: All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper except for Personal Communications and similar unrecoverable sources.

Multiple Authors

If you are citing a source that has multiple authors, follow these basic steps.

Two Authors

Always cite both authors' names in-text every time you reference them.

Johnson and Smith (2009) found...

Three or More Authors

If a document has three or more authors, simply provide the last name of the first author with "et al." from the first citation to the last.

Thomas et al. (2007) likened abnormal psychology to...

... distractions (Thomas et al., 2007).

• << Previous: In-Text Citations
• Next: In-Text: First and Subsequent Citations >>
• Last Updated: Feb 16, 2024 4:01 PM
• URL: https://utsouthwestern.libguides.com/APA7

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / The 7th edition of APA style has arrived!

The 7th edition of APA style has arrived!

In the Fall of 2019, the American Psychological Association released the 7th edition of its popular citation format, often referred to as “ APA style.” This format is commonly used in science and research based courses and is one of the most popular citation styles available on EasyBib.com!

At EasyBib, we are working on making updates to our citation style offerings to make APA 7 available. In the meantime, you’re probably wondering what’s new in this edition. Read on for details on some of the most important changes made to APA format:

Paper formatting and word choice guideline changes: 

• The words “Running head” no longer need to be included on the title page. Instead, the title page only requires the page number and the abbreviated version of the paper title at the top.
• The new style version endorses the use of the singular “they” as an option for a gender neutral pronoun.

Citation and reference page guideline changes: 

• The label “DOI:” is no longer required in online resource/website citations, and DOIs can now be represented as URLS (htttps://doi.org)

• Example: (Johnson et al., 2019)

• The label “Retrieved from” no longer needs to come before URLs in an APA website citation .

• Example: “Atlanta: Random House” would just become “Random House.”

• The format of an ebook (e.g., Kindle, Nook, etc.) is no longer needed in citations.

For more information of what has been updated in the 7th edition, check out the official announcement from the American Psychological Association here .

Find EasyBib resources on more than just APA! Grab a plagiarism and grammar check , read up on what is MLA format , learn about irregular verbs , and more at EasyBib.com .

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Parenthetical Citations
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all APA Examples

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

The major differences between APA7 and APA6 are found in in-text citations and the reference list. A few differences are listed below.

In-text citation for more than two authors

In APA6 style, for sources with 3 to 5 authors, all author names are included in the first occurrence. Only sources with more than 5 authors are cited with the first author’s name and et al. In APA7, sources having more than two authors are cited with the first author’s name and et al. beginning with the first occurrence.

For example, here’s what the in-text citation for a source with 4 authors in APA6 and APA7 styles would look like:

APA6: (Robert, Fox, Will, & Robert, 2009)

APA7: (Robert et al., 2009)

Number of authors in the reference list

APA6 includes all author names for sources having up to 7 authors, whereas the count is 20 for APA7. If the number of authors is more than 7, APA6 lists the names of the first six authors and then the last author’s name (with an ellipsis separating the sixth author from the last author). APA7 has extended the count of authors to 19 before introducing an ellipsis.

Publisher location

APA6 includes the location of the publisher in book-type references. This is no longer required for APA7.

APA6 includes a DOI label before the DOI number, whereas APA7 lists DOIs the same way as URLs (beginning with “https://”).

“Retrieved from” phrase

APA6 uses the phrase “Retrieved from” before the URL in website citations, but APA7 drops the phrase.

There is no restriction in using APA 6 or APA 7. If you want to learn from the manual, then APA 7 is ideal, as many updates have been made in the seventh edition. A few relaxations from the previous edition (APA 6) have been provided to make your work simpler. Additional examples for different elements are included in APA 7 to enhance your familiarity.

However, if you want to cite references in your paper, you can choose any of these editions. As APA 7 was introduced in October 2019, it would be good to use the latest version to keep you updated. The following are new changes or updates made in the seventh edition of the APA manual:

Different types of papers and best practices are given in detail in Chapter 1.

How to format a student title page is explained in Chapter 2. Examples of a professional paper and a student paper are included.

Chapter 3 provides additional information on qualitative and mixed methods of research.

An update on writing style is included in Chapter 4.

In chapter 5, some best practices for writing with bias-free language are included.

Chapter 6 gives some updates on style elements including using a single space after a period, including a citation with an abbreviation, the treatment of numbers in abstracts, treatment for different types of lists, and the formatting of gene and protein names.

In Chapter 7, additional examples are given for tables and figures for different types of publications.

In Chapter 8, how to format quotations and how to paraphrase text are covered with additional examples. A simplified version of in-text citations is clearly illustrated.

Chapter 9 has many updates: listing all author names up to 20 authors, standardizing DOIs and URLs, and the formatting of an annotated bibliography.

Chapter 10 includes many examples with templates for all reference types. New rules covering the inclusion of the issue number for journals and the omission of publisher location from book references are provided. Explanations of how to cite YouTube videos, power point slides, and TED talks are included.

Chapter 11 includes many legal references for easy understanding.

Chapter 12 provides advice for authors on how to promote their papers.

APA Citation Examples

Writing Tools

Citation Generators

Other Citation Styles

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

APA 7th referencing style

• About APA 7th
• Printing this guide
• In-text references
• Direct quotations
• Reference list

Two authors

Three to twenty authors, 21 or more authors, anonymous designated as author, group authors with known abbreviation, groups authors with no abbreviation, group authors - 3 or more, no author(s) or editor(s), authors with same last name, three or more authors with same last name & same year, authors with same last name and first initial, authors included as "with".

• Additional referencing information
• Using headings
• Book chapter
• Brochure and pamphlets
• ChatGPT and other generative AI tools
• Conferences
• Dictionary or encyclopaedia
• Government legislation
• Journal article
• Lecture notes and slides
• Legal sources
• Newspaper or magazine article
• Other web sources
• Patents and standards
• Personal communication
• Press (media) release
• Secondary source (indirect citation)
• Social media
• Software and mobile apps
• Specialised health information
• Television program
• Works in non-English languages
• Works in non-English scripts, such as Arabic or Chinese

In-text reference

Reference list.

Only ever use Anonymous when it is the listed author.

If no author is listed, use the title. See Work with no author(s) or editor(s) .

Use double quotation marks "....." and title case  (capitalise each word) for title of article, chapter or web page with no author.

Italicise   title of journal, book, brochure or report with no author. Use title case.

Use title case for in-text references only. 

Include each first author’s initial(s) in all citations. Do this for the first author only when there are multiple authors in a single reference. 

Initial(s) are included even if year of publication differs.

• << Previous: Reference list
• Next: Additional referencing information >>
• Last Updated: May 8, 2024 1:31 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing/apa7

APA Citation Style, 7th edition: Three to Five Authors or Editors

• General Style Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two Authors or Editors
• Three to Five Authors or Editors
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
• Article in a Reference Book
• Edition other than the First
• Translation
• Government Publication
• Journal Article with 1 Author
• Journal Article with 2 Authors
• Journal Article with 3–20 Authors
• Journal Article 21 or more Authors
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Basic Web Page
• Web page from a University site
• Web Page with No Author
• Entry in a Reference Work
• Government Document
• Film and Television
• Youtube Video
• Audio Podcast
• Electronic Image
• Twitter/Instagram
• Lecture/PPT
• Conferences
• Secondary Sources
• Citation Support
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Formatting Your Paper

About Citing Books

For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and an example will be provided.

The following format will be used:

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) - entry that appears in the body of your paper when you express the ideas of a researcher or author using your own words.  For more tips on paraphrasing check out The OWL at Purdue .

In-Text Citation (Quotation) - entry that appears in the body of your paper after a direct quote.

References - entry that appears at the end of your paper.

Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

Book with Three to Five Authors or Editors

The general format below refers to a book with three or more authors.

If you are dealing with a book that has three to five editors instead of authors, you would simply insert the names of the editors into the place where the authors' names are now, followed by "(Eds.)" without the quotation marks (as per the example). The rest of the format would remain the same.

General Format

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Author Surname et al., Year)

NOTE: The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is shortened to the first author's name followed by et al. and the year.

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Author Surname et al., Year, page number)

References:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle . Publisher.

(Johnson et al., 1999)

(Johnson  et al., 1999, p. 72)

Johnson, N. G., Roberts, M. C., & Worell, J. (Eds.). (1999). Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls . American Psychological Association.

Subject Guide

• << Previous: Two Authors or Editors
• Next: Article or Chapter in an Edited Book >>

• Last Updated: Feb 6, 2024 11:45 AM
• URL: https://guides.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/APA

• Himmelfarb Intranet
• Privacy Notice
• Terms of Use
• GW is committed to digital accessibility. If you experience a barrier that affects your ability to access content on this page, let us know via the Accessibility Feedback Form .
• Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library
• 2300 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20037
• Phone: (202) 994-2850
• [email protected]
• https://himmelfarb.gwu.edu

APA 7th Edition Citation Examples

Two authors, three or more authors, group author, no authors listed, two or more works by the same author in the same year.

• Volume and Issue Numbers
• Page Numbers
• Undated Sources
• Citing a Source Within a Source
• In-Text Citations
• Academic Journals
• Encyclopedia Articles
• Book, Film, and Product Reviews
• Online Classroom Materials
• Conference Papers
• Technical + Research Reports
• Court Decisions
• Treaties and Other International Agreements
• Federal Regulations: I. The Code of Federal Regulations
• Federal Regulations: II. The Federal Register
• Executive Orders
• Charter of the United Nations
• Federal Statutes
• Dissertations and Theses
• Interviews, E-mail Messages + Other Personal Communications
• Social Media
• Business Sources
• PowerPoints
• AI: ChatGPT, etc.

Reference list citation

Courtois, C. A. (2004).

In-text citation

(Courtois, 2004)

Kelley, P. C., & Chang, P. L. (2007).

(Kelley & Chang, 2007)

Hughes, J. C., Brestan, E. V., & Valle, L. A. (2004).

*When there are more than 20 authors, include the first 19 authors' names followed by an ellipsis (. . .) and the final author's name.

(Hughes et al., 2004)

When a work has three or more authors, in-text citations consist of the first author's name followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the date.

American Dietetic Association. (1999).

First citation: (American Dietetic Association [ADA], 1999)

Subsequent citations: (ADA, 1999)

None to claim their bones: Relics of an old Brooklyn graveyard. (1888, April 12). New York Times , pp. 3-4.

List the source by title in your reference list. Alphabetize reference list entries beginning with a title using the primary word of the title (excluding a , an , and the ).

("None to Claim Their Bones," 1888)

In cases where the title contains a colon, use only the text before the colon in your in-text citation.

Koriat, A. (2008a). Easy comes, easy goes? The link between learning and remembering and its exploitation in metacognition. Memory & Cognition, 36 , 416–428. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.36.2.416

Koriat, A. (2008b). Subjective confidence in one’s answers: The consensuality principle. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34 , 945–959. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.945

When works have the same author and were published in the same year, alphabetize the references by title (disregarding the words A , An , and The  at the beginning of a title) and then add a lowercase a , b , c , etc. after the year in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry.

(Koriat, 2008a).

(Koriat, 2008b).

For sources without a date, use a dash (-) to connect the additional letters. Example:  (Smith, n.d.-a) and (Smith, n.d.-b)

See  Publication Manual , pp. 289-291.

• << Previous: General Rules
• Next: Titles >>
• Last Updated: Mar 18, 2024 12:55 PM
• URL: https://libguides.umgc.edu/apa-examples

Thursday, February 23: The Clark Library is closed today.

APA Style (7th Edition) Citation Guide: Books & Ebooks

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Biblical Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Films/Videos/TV Shows
• How to Cite: Other
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Book In Print With One Author

Book in Print More Than One Author

Chapters, Short Stories, Essays, or Articles From a Book (Anthology or Collection)

Article in an online reference book (e.g. encyclopedias, dictionaries).

Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

This Microsoft support page contains instructions about how to format a hanging indent in a paper.

Authors/Editors

An author won't necessarily be a person's name. It may be an organization or company, for example Health Canada. These are called group or corporate authors.

If a book has no author or editor, begin the citation with the book title, followed by the year of publication in round brackets.

If an author is also the publisher, omit the publisher from the reference. This happens most often with corporate or group authors.

When a book has one to 20 authors or editors, all authors' names are cited in the Reference List entry. When a book has 21 or more authors or editors, list the first 19 authors followed by three spaced ellipse points (. . .) , and then the last author's name. Rules are different for in-text citations; please see the examples provided.

Cite author names in the order in which they appear on the source, not in alphabetical order (the first author is usually the person who contributed the most work to the publication).

Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title. If there is a colon (:) in the title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

Capitalize the first letter of proper names in titles, such as names of places or people. 

Italicize titles of journals, magazines, newspapers, and books. Do not italicize the titles of articles or book chapters.

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the article title. If there is a colon in the article title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

Place of Publication

Do not include the publisher location in the reference. Only for works associated with a specific location, like conference presentations, include the location. For cities in the US and Canada list the city name and the province or state code. For other countries, list the city name and the country. Examples: Toronto, ON ; Tokyo, Japan

Electronic Books

Don't include the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) in the reference. Include the publisher name. For audiobooks, include the narrator and audiobook notation.

Ebooks from Websites (not from library databases)

If an ebook from a website was originally published in print, give the author, year, title, edition (if given) and the url. If it was never published in print, treat it like a multi-page website.

Book In Print With One Author or Editor

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication).  Title of book: Subtitle if given  (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name.

Note: If the named person is an editor, place "(Ed.)." after the name.

Mulholland, K. (2003). Class, gender and the family business . Palgrave McMillan. 

In-Text Paraphrase:

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Example: (Mulholland, 2003)

In-Text Quote:

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Example: (Mulholland, 2003, p. 70)

Book in Print More Than One Author or Editor

Last Name of First Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given, & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication).  Title of book: Subtitle if given  (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name.

Note: Authors' names are separated by commas. Put a comma and an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author cited.

Note : For works with three or more authors, the first in-text citation is shortened to include the first author's surname followed by "et al."

Note: If the listed names are editors rather than authors, include "(Eds.)." at the end of the list of names. The below example shows a list of editors.

Reference List Example:

Kaakinen, J., Coehlo, D., Steele, R., Tabacco, L., & Hanson, H. (Eds.). (2015). Family health care nursing: Theory, practice, and research (5th ed.). F.A. Davis Company.

In-text Citation

Two Authors/Editors

(Kaakinen & Coehlo, 2015)

Direct quote: (Kaakinen & Coehlo, 2015, p. 57)

Three or more Authors/Editors

(Kaakinen et al., 2015)

Direct quote: (Kaakinen et al., 2015, p. 57)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication).  Title of book: Subtitle if given  (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name. URL

Example from Website:

Rhode, D. L. (2002). Divorce, American style . University of California Press. http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=kt9z09q84w;brand=ucpress

Example: (Rhode, 2002)

Example: (Rhode, 2002, p. 101)

If no author or creator is provided, start the citation with the title/name of the item you are citing instead. Follow the title/name of the item with the date of publication, and the continue with other citation details.

Remember: an author/creator may be an organization or corporation, for example Health Canada. If you don't have a person's name as the author, but do have the name of an organization or corporation, put that organization/corporation's name as the author.

If and only if an item is signed as being created by Anonymous, use "Anonymous" where you'd normally put the author's name.

When you have no author, use a shortened version of the title where you'd normally put the author's name.

If you're citing something which is part of a bigger work, like an article from a magazine, newspaper, journal, encyclopedia, or chapter/short story from a book, put the shortened title in quotation marks in your in-text citation:

Example, paraphrase: ("A few words," 2014)

If you're citing an entire work, like a book, website, video, etc., italicize the shortened title in your in-text citation:

Example, paraphrase: ( A few words , 2014)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of chapter, article, essay or short story. In Editor's First Initial. Second Initial if Given. Editor's Last Name (Ed.),  Title of book: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition, pp. first page number-last page number). Publisher Name.

Note:  If you have more than one editor list their name(s) after the first editor listed in the book, giving their initials and last name. Put an ampersand (&) before the last editor's name.

When you have one editor the short form (Ed.) is used after the editor's name. If you have more than one editor use (Eds.) instead.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: A metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). Springer. 

Note: If there is no editor given you may leave out that part of the citation.

(Author's Last Name, Year) 

Example (2 authors): (O'Neil & Egan, 1992)

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number) 

Example (2 authors): (O'Neil & Egan, 1992, p. 998)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article. In Editor's First Initial. Second Initial if Given. Editor's Last Name (Ed.),  Title of book: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name. URL or DOI

Caviness, L. B. (2008). Brain-relevant education. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of educational psychology . Sage Publications. https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageedpsyc/brain_relevant_education/0?institutionId=5407

Example (1 author): (Caviness, 2008)

Example (1 author): (Caviness, 2008, Focus on the brain section, para. 2)

Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from.

• << Previous: Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Next: Government & Legal Documents >>
• Last Updated: Apr 30, 2024 1:29 PM
• URL: https://libguides.up.edu/apa

• Joyner Library
• Laupus Health Sciences Library
• Music Library
• Digital Collections
• Special Collections
• North Carolina Collection
• Teaching Resources
• The ScholarShip Institutional Repository
• Country Doctor Museum

APA Citation Style, 6th Edition: Journal Article with Three to Six Authors

• One Author/Editor
• Two Authors/Editors
• Three to Five Authors/Editors
• Chapter in a Book
• Edition Other Than the First
• Electronic Books
• Journal Article with One Author
• Journal Article with Two Authors
• Journal Article with Three to Six Authors
• Journal Article with Seven or More Authors
• Government Publication
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Article
• Reference List

Journal Article- Three to Six Authors & DOI (Electronic or Print)

(this libguide is for apa 6th edition, click   here   to visit our new   apa 7th edition libguide ).

General Format:

NOTE:  If your reference has three to six authors, cite them all  the first time mentioned in your paper. After that, use the first author's last name, followed by et al. and the year).

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Author's Last Name, Author's Last Name, & Author's Last name, year)

(Author's Last Name et al., year)

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Author's Last Name, Author's Last Name, & Author's Last Name, year, page number)

(Author's Last Name et al., year, page number)

References:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial . (repeat for all author's unless more than six).  (Year).  Article title: Subtitle . Journal Title ,  Volume (issue), page range. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx

In-text Citation (Paraphrase):

First time mentioned: (Bass, Enochs, & DiBrezzo, 2002)

Written all subsequent times as (Bass et al., 2002)

In-text Citation (Direct Quote):

If first time mentioned: (Bass, Enochs, & DiBrezzo, 2002, p. 52)

If referenced prior: (Bass et al., 2002, p.52)

Bass, M. A., Enochs, W. K., & DiBrezzo, R. (2002). Comparison of two exercise programs on general well-being of college students.   Psychological Reports ,   91 (3), 1195-1201. doi:10.2466/PR0.91.8.1195-1201

Journal Article- Three to Six Authors & No DOI ( Print Format)

NOTE: If your reference has three to six authors, cite them all the first time mentioned in your paper. After that, use the first author's last name, followed by et al. and the year).

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial . (repeat for all author's unless more than six).  (Year).  Article title: Subtitle . Journal Title ,   Volume (issue), page range.

First time mentioned:  ( Bergström ,  Jayatissa ,  Thykjær,  &  Wibo rg , 2007)

Written all subsequent times as  ( Bergström  et al. , 2007)

If first time mentioned: ( Bergström , Jayatissa , Thykjær,  & Wibo rg , 2007, p. 202)

If referenced prior: ( Bergström et al., 2007, p.202)

Bergström, A., Jayatissa, M. N., Thykjær, T., & Wiborg, O. (2007). Molecular pathways associated with stress resilience and drug resistance in the chronic mild stress rat model of depression--a gene expression study.  Journal of Molecular Neuroscience ,   33 (2), 201-15. 

Journal Article- Three to Six Authors & No DOI (Retrieved Electronically)

NOTE: If your reference has three to six authors, cite them all the first time mentioned in your paper. After that, use the first author's last name, followed by et al. and the yea r).

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial . (repeat for all author's unless more than six).  (Year).  Article title: Subtitle . Journal Title ,   Volume (issue), page range. Retrieved from URL of homepage of journal

If first time mentioned: ( Bergström ,  Jayatissa ,  Thykjær,  &  Wibo rg , 2007, p. 202)

If referenced prior: ( Bergström  et al., 2007, p.202)

Bergström, A., Jayatissa, M. N., Thykjær, T., & Wiborg, O. (2007). Molecular pathways associated with stress resilience and drug resistance in the chronic mild stress rat model of depression--a gene expression study.  Journal of Molecular Neuroscience ,   33 (2), 201-15. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/journal/12031

Carrie Forbes, MLS

Page References

Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (6th Edition). Please refer to pages 198-199 of the APA Manual (6th Edition) for more information.

Helpful Tips

-Include the DOI in the reference if one is assigned.

-If no DOI is assigned and you retrieved the content online, use the home page URL for the journal in the reference.

-If a reference has up to seven authors, include all the author's names in the reference list. 

Chat with a librarian is only available 9-5 Monday-Saturday.

Need to contact a librarian? Click here!

Or call us:

1-888-820-0522 (toll free)

252-744-2230

• << Previous: Journal Article with Two Authors
• Next: Journal Article with Seven or More Authors >>
• Last Updated: Jun 22, 2020 8:29 AM
• URL: https://libguides.ecu.edu/apa

• Free Tools for Students
• APA Citation Generator

Free APA Citation Generator

Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?

An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?

College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

• Save a considerable amount of time
• Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
• Be rewarded with a higher grade

In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?

Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

• Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
• MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
• Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
• Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

APA Style 7th edition: Introduction

• Introduction
• Avoiding Bias
• Citation Tools

APA (American Psychological Association) style is commonly used in academic writing within the disciplines of science, psychology, nursing, and education.  The manual does not just provide information on how to cite sources, but also includes a stylistic writing component.  Consistency is important in academic writing.  This research guide will attempt to address some of the common errors writers make when trying to write in APA style.  

In 2022, APA published the revised 7th edition of the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 

Apa 7th Edition Format & Citations (Word) -- 2023 . (2021). YouTube . Retrieved January 6, 2023, from https://youtu.be/-V-zLpTxIWA =2s

APA Style Manual 7th ed.

Sample Student Paper

Examples & Setup guide for an annotated student paper shown in the APA 7th Edition format..

• Annotated Student Sample Paper (PDF)

Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF)

Connect with the Library on Social Media

👍🏼🩷 F ollow us on Instagram and Facebook   🩷👍🏼

Click or scan the QR codes below

APA Style Citation Format Guide

• APA Citation Style Guide Click link for pdf of Citation Guide

Remember:  These examples are single spaced for the purpose of saving space. All sources on your reference page will need to be doubled spaced, Times New Romans, 12 font.

• Next: Avoiding Bias >>
• Last Updated: Apr 14, 2024 6:29 PM
• URL: https://ptc.libguides.com/apa_7ed

Citation Help for APA, 7th Edition: Course Resources (PowerPoint, Handouts, etc.)

• Books & Ebooks
• Book Chapter & Ebook Chapter
• Conference Presentations
• Course Resources (PowerPoint, Handouts, etc.)
• Encyclopedia
• Journal Article
• Legal Materials
• Magazine Article
• Master's Thesis, Dissertation, or Capstone Project
• Movies & Streaming Video
• Newspaper Article
• Personal Communication (email, interviews, lectures, course materials, etc.)
• Webpages & Websites
• Formatting Your Paper
• In-text Citations
• Ethically Use Sources

Introduction

In APA 6th edition, it was advised to cite materials in courses that were not formally published, whether in the face-to-face environment or an online course, as personal communication. Examples of these types of materials include PowerPoints, Google Slides, recorded lectures, handouts, lecture notes, etc. 

The APA 7th edition provides guidance and advice for citing course materials. First and foremost, the writer should consider the audience. The audience for an assignment within a course is the course instructor and, possibly, the students enrolled within the course. In this case, APA advises that because the assignment will not be formally published, then the writer may use the examples in Chapter 10 to create references.  Students should consult with their instructors to determine each instructor's preferences. 

In the event any course materials that are not formally published are used within a formally published work, the writer should revise the content with either different sources with similar content, or the writer should update the unpublished sources within the paper and cite them as personal communication. 

Variation - No Date?

No Date of Publication?

Fellows, S. (n.d.). Seeing the moon rise . Paulson.

Explanation

For sources where the publication date is unknown or cannot be determined, use the abbreviation "n.d." which stands for no date. Use small letters and place a period after each letter. There should be no space between the letters.  

More Information

For more information about sources with no date, see Section 9.17 on page 291 of the APA Manual, 7th edition.

Variation - Date Format?

When the reference is a book or journal article, use the year of publication only. However, for all other sources, if a more specific date is provided, add the more specific date to the reference. 

Date Format Examples

• Year only - (2020)
• Year, month, and day - (2020, January 21)
• Year and month - (2020)
• Year and season - (2020, Spring)

For more information about the format of dates, see Sections 9.13 & 9.14 on pages 289-290 of the APA Manual, 7th edition. 

Lecture in a Face-to-Face Course

Lectures in a face-to-face course, live workshop, or unrecorded webinar are not recoverable. In other words, the reader cannot locate and access the source or hear the lecture. In these cases, treat the lecture as personal communication .

Recorded Lecture in Brightspace Uploaded to YouTube

Recorded course lectures in a Brightspace course uploaded to YouTube should be referenced as a streaming video from YouTube . 

Recorded Lecture in a Brightspace Course

Example of narrated powerpoint.

​Rustad, J. (2018, July 15). Research methodologies [Narrated PowerPoint slides]. Brightspace@CSS. https://my.css.edu/

Author or Creator: Rustad, J. 

Begin with the course instructor or whoever created the video. The author may also be an alias or a group author. List the instructor's last name followed by a comma. Then, add the first and middle initials (if there is a middle initial). After each initial, add a period. If there is a middle initial, add a space between the initials.   

Date of Publication: (2018). 

Next, add the date the narrated PowerPoint was published. It should be in parentheses and a period should be added after the parentheses. If there is no date listed for when the video was published, then use the abbreviation for no date, which is "n.d." Be sure to add a period after each letter of the abbreviation.   

Title & Subtitle of the Video: Research methodologies  [Narrated PowerPoint slides].

After the date, add the title of the narrated PowerPoint. The title should follow the general capitalization rule that says to capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle as well as proper nouns. The title should be italicized. After the title, add "Narrated PowerPoint slides" in brackets. Add a period after the brackets.   

Source Information:  Brightspace@CSS. https://my.css.edu/

Complete the reference by listing the name of the College's Learning Management System (LMS). In this case, it is Brightspace@CSS. Add a period after Brightspace@CSS. Then, add the URL of the login page for Brightspace, which is https://my.css.edu/ .  Do not add a period after the URL!

More Information:

For more information about course and intranet resources, see Section 8.8 on page 259 and ex. 102 on page 347 of the APA Manual, 7th edition.  

Parenthetical & Narrative Citation Examples

Parenthetical citation:.

(Rustad, 2018)

Narrative Citation:

Rustad (2018) discussed .....  

For more information about author format within parenthetical and narrative citations, see Section 8.17 and Table 8.1 on page 266 of the APA Manual, 7th edition. 

PowerPoint or Google Slides in a Brightspace Course

Google slides example.

Rustad, J. (n.d.). Importance of scholarly voice  [Google slides]. Brightspace@CSS. https://my.css.edu/

Author: Rustad, J. 

Begin with the course instructor or whoever created the PowerPoint or Google Slides. The author may also be a person, an alias, or a group author. List the instructor's last name followed by a comma. Then, add the first and middle initials (if there is a middle initial). After each initial, add a period. If there is a middle initial, add a space between the initials.   

Date of Publication: (n.d.).

Next, add the date the PowerPoint or Google Slides was published. If there is no date listed for when the PowerPoint or Google Slides was published, then use the abbreviation for no date, which is "n.d." Be sure to add a period after each letter of the abbreviation. The date should be in parentheses with a period after the parentheses.   

Title & Subtitle of the video: Importance of scholarly voice  [Google slides].

After the date, add the title of the PowerPoint or Google Slides. The title should follow the general capitalization rule that says to capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle as well as proper nouns. The title should be italicized. After the title, add "Google slides" in brackets. If the format is PowerPoint instead of Google slides, put "PowerPoint slides" in the brackets. Add a period after the brackets.   

​Complete the reference by listing the name of the College's Learning Management System (LMS). In this case, it is Brightspace@CSS. Add a period after Brightspace@CSS. Then, add the URL of the login page for Brightspace, which is https://my.css.edu/ .  Use the URL to login page of Brightspace because each course within Brightspace is limited to those enrolled in the course. 

For more information about course and intranet resources, see Section 8.8 on page 259 and ex. 102 on page 347 ff the APA Manual, 7th edition.  

(Rustad, n.d.)

Rustad (n.d.) illustrated .....  

More Information: 

Handouts or lecture notes.

The College of St. Scholastica Library. (2017). Open educational resources  [Handout]. Brightspace@CSS.  https://my.css.edu

Author:  The College of St. Scholastica Library. 

Begin with the creator of the handout. The author may also be a person. For a personal name, list the last name of the creator followed by a comma. Then, add the first and middle initials (if there is a middle initial). After each initial, add a period. If there is a middle initial, add a space between the initials.   

Date of Publication: (2017). 

Next, add the date the handout was created. If there is no date listed for when the handout was created or was last updated, then use the abbreviation for no date, which is "n.d." Be sure to add a period after each letter of the abbreviation. The date should be in parentheses with a period after the parentheses.   

Title & Subtitle of the video: Open educational resources [Handout].

After the date, add the title of the handout. The title should follow the general capitalization rule that says to capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle as well as proper nouns. The title should be italicized. After the title, add "Handout" in brackets. Add a period after the brackets.   

​Complete the reference by listing the name of the College's Learning Management System (LMS). In this case, it is Brightspace@CSS. Add a period after Brightspace@CSS. Then, add the URL of the login page for Brightspace, which is https://my.css.edu/ .  Use the URL to the login page of Brightspace because each course within Brightspace is limited to those enrolled in the course. 

For more information about course and intranet resources, see Section 8.8 on page 259 and ex. 102 on page 347 of the APA Manual, 7th edition.  Also, see Section 10.4 on page 329 of the APA Manual, 7th edition.

(The College of St. Scholastica Library, 2017)

The College of St. Scholastical Library (2017) shared .....  

• << Previous: Conference Presentations
• Next: Dictionary >>
• Last Updated: Feb 19, 2024 2:51 PM
• URL: https://libguides.css.edu/APA7thEd