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Bhuj Earthquake India

Jul 11, 2014

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Bhuj Earthquake India . Presented by - Abhishek R. Dangi M.Tech (DAM) MNIT, Jaipur. I. Gujarat : Disaster on a day of celebration. 51 st Republic Day on January 26, 2001. Earthquake: Gujarat, India. January 26, 2001. Gujarat 2001. 7.9 on the Richter scale.

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Bhuj Earthquake India Presented by - Abhishek R. Dangi M.Tech (DAM) MNIT, Jaipur

I. Gujarat : Disaster on a day of celebration 51st Republic Day on January 26, 2001

Earthquake: Gujarat, India January 26, 2001

Gujarat 2001 7.9 on the Richter scale. 8.46 AM January 26th 20,800 dead

Basic Facts Earthquake: 8:46am on January 26, 2001 Epicenter: Near Bhuj in Gujarat, India Magnitude: 7.9 on the Richter Scale

Geologic Setting Indian Plate Sub ducting beneath Eurasian Plate Continental Drift Convergent Boundary

Specifics of 2001 Quake Compression Stress between region’s faults Depth: 16km Probable Fault: Kachchh Mainland Fault Type: Reverse Dip-Slip (Thrust Fault)

Location The earthquake’s epicentre was 20km from Bhuj. A city with a population of 140,000 in 2001. The city is in the region known as the Kutch region. The effects of the earthquake were also felt on the north side of the Pakistan border, in Pakistan 18 people were killed.

Tectonic systems The earthquake was caused at the convergent plate boundary between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate boundary. These pushed together and caused the earthquake. However as Bhuj is in an intraplate zone, the earthquake was not expected, this is one of the reasons so many buildings were destroyed – because people did not build to earthquake resistant standards in an area earthquakes were not thought to occur. In addition the Gujarat earthquake is an excellent example of liquefaction, causing buildings to ‘sink’ into the ground which gains a consistency of a liquid due to the frequency of the earthquake. Bhuj

India : Vulnerability to earthquakes 56% of the total area of the Indian Republic is vulnerable to seismic activity. • 12% of the area comes under Zone V (A&N Islands, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, N.E.States, Uttaranchal) • 18% area in Zone IV (Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Lakshadweep, Maharashtra, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttaranchal, W. Bengal) • 26% area in Zone III (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, W. Bengal)

Gujarat: an advanced state on the west coast of India. • On 26 January 2001, an earthquake struck the Kutch district of Gujarat at 8.46 am. • Epicentre 20 km North East of Bhuj, the headquarter of Kutch. • The Indian Meteorological Department estimated the intensity of the earthquake at 6.9 Richter. According to the US Geological Survey, the intensity of the quake was 7.7 Richter. • The quake was the worst in India in the last 180 years.

What earthquakes do • Casualties: loss of life and injury. • Loss of housing. • Damage to infrastructure. • Disruption of transport and communications. • Panic • Looting. • Breakdown of social order. • Loss of industrial output. • Loss of business. • Disruption of marketing systems.

A summary • The earthquake devastated Kutch. Practically all buildings and structures of Kutch were brought down. • Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendaranagar and Patan were heavily damaged. • Nearly 19,000 people died. Kutch alone reported more than 17,000 deaths. • 1.66 lakh people were injured. Most were handicapped for the rest of their lives. • The dead included 7,065 children (0-14 years) and 9,110 women. • There were 348 orphans and 826 widows.

Loss classification • Deaths and injuries: demographics and labour markets • Effects on assets and GDP • Effects on fiscal accounts • Financial markets

Disaster loss • Initial estimate Rs. 200 billion. • Came down to Rs. 144 billion. • No inventory of buildings • Non-engineered buildings • Land and buildings • Stocks and flows • Reconstruction costs (Rs. 106 billion) and loss estimates (Rs. 99 billion) are different • Public good considerations

Human Impact: Tertiary effects • Affected 15.9 million people out of 37.8 in the region (in areas such as Bhuj, Bhachau, Anjar, Ganhidham, Rapar) • High demand for food, water, and medical care for survivors • Humanitarian intervention by groups such as Oxfam: focused on Immediate response and then rehabilitation • Of survivors, many require persistent medical attention • Region continues to require assistance long after quake has subsided • International aid vital to recovery

Social Impacts • However at the same time, looting and violence occurred following the quake, and this affected many people too. • On the other hand, the earthquake resulted in millions of USD in aid, which has since allowed the Bhuj region to rebuild itself and then grow in a way it wouldn’t have done otherwise. • The final major social effect was that around 400,000 Indian homes were destroyed resulting in around 2 million people being made homeless immediately following the quake. • 80% of water and food sources were destroyed. • The obvious social impacts are that around 20,000 people were killed and near 200,000 were injured.

Social security and insurance • Ex gratia payment: death relief and monetary benefits to the injured • Major and minor injuries • Cash doles • Government insurance fund • Group insurance schemes • Claim ratio

Demographics and labour market • Geographic pattern of ground motion, spatial array of population and properties at risk, and their risk vulnerabilities. • Low population density was a saving grace. • Holiday • Extra fatalities among women • Effect on dependency ratio • Farming and textiles

Economic Impacts • Total damage estimated at around $7 billion. However $18 billion of aid was invested in the Bhuj area. • Over 15km of tarmac road networks were completely destroyed. • In the economic capital of the Gujarat region, Ahmedabad, 58 multi storey buildings were destroyed, these buildings contained many of the businesses which were generating the wealth of the region. • Many schools were destroyed and the literacy rate of the Gujarat region is now the lowest outside southern India.

Impact on GDP • Applying ICOR • Rs. 99 billion – deduct a third as loss of current value added. • Get GDP loss as Rs. 23 billion • Adjust for heterogeneous capital, excess capacity, loss Rs. 20 billion. • Reconstruction efforts. • Likely to have been Rs. 15 billion.

Fiscal accounts • Differentiate among different taxes: sales tax, stamp duties and registration fees, motor vehicle tax, electricity duty, entertainment tax, profession tax, state excise and other taxes. Shortfall of Rs. 9 billion of which about Rs. 6 billion unconnected with earthquake. • Earthquake related other flows. • Expenditure:Rs. 8 billion on relief. Rs. 87 billion on rehabilitation.

Impact on Revenue • Sales tax losses for February and March 2001 were Rs 115 crore. For 2001-02, the losses were expected to be Rs 260 crore. • Only 10% of the estimated stamp duty and registration fees were expected to be realised in February and March 2001, . For 2001-02, collections were expected to fall by 50%. • Motor vehicle tax collections were expected to fall short of budgeted figures by almost Rs 600 crore. • Monthly losses of Rs 4 crore each were projected for electricity duty and entertainment tax. • Professional taxes were expected to be lower by Rs 5 crore in the current year.

Impact on Revenue (contd.) • The impact on total tax revenues was estimated at Rs 286 crore, Rs 345 crore, and Rs 436 crore, in 2000-01, 2001-02, and 2002-03 respectively. • Total own taxes (as % of SDP) were expected to fall from budgeted estimate of 8.56% (2000-01) to 7.85% and further to 7.46% in 2001-02. • Total tax revenue (as% of SDP) was expected to decline from budgeted estimate of nearly 10% (2000-01) to 9.27% and further to 8.76% in 2001-02

Impact on Expenditure • Total relief expenditure (food supplies, medical relief, debris removal, and cash compensation) was estimated at around Rs 840 crore. • Total rehabilitation expenses were figured at Rs 8665 crore. Housing accounted for the highest expenditure (Rs 5148 crore), followed by education (Rs 837 crore) and drinking water (Rs 614 crore). • Total (relief and rehabilitation) expenses amounted to Rs 9,345 crore.

Other Economic Impacts • Non-tax revenues : Interest receipts, irrigation receipts, and royalties were expected to remain largely unaffected. • Municipal finances: Almost 10% of municipal revenues were expected to be lost in a year. • Banking : 68 commercial bank branches were fully damaged and 80 branches were partially damaged. • Financial market: The wealth loss was expected to lead to reshuffling of peoples’ portfolios and affect asset market behaviour. • Employment: Nearly 5 lakh people were expected to become unemployed. Employment in salt, ceramic, and small-scale industries (including refractories, powerlooms, cotton ginning etc.) was worst affected.

Financial arrangements • Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) in each state. • The CRF allocation during the period 2000-05 has been increased to Rs 11007.56 crore as compared with Rs 6304.27 crore during 1995-2000. • The efforts are supplemented by provision of additional assistance from National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) during severe calamities.

Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) • Came into force from April 1990. • Set up by each state for financing natural calamity relief assistance (earthquake, cyclone, flood etc.). • Financial share of 3:1 between the Government of India and states. • The government of India’s share comes in as grant-in-aid. • A state-level committee headed by the Chief Secretary of the state administers the Fund.

National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) • Came into force from 2000-01. • Aims to assist natural calamities (earthquake, flood, drought etc.) when the magnitude of the disasters require more support than what the state can provide. • The initial corpus of NCCF was Rs 500 crore. • The National Centre for Calamity Management (NCCM) under the M/o Home Affairs administers the Fund. • Assistance provided by the Centre to States from NCCF is financed by levy of special surcharge on Central taxes for a limited period.

Expenditure norms under NCCF and CRF • Ex-gratia payment to families of deceased persons: Rs 50,000/- per person. • Ex-gratia payment for loss of limbs/eyes: Rs 25,000/- per person. • Injury leading to hospitalisation for more than one week: Rs 5,000/ per person. • Relief for old, infirm and destitute children: Adults- Rs 20/- per day; children- Rs 10/- per day. • Repair/restoration of damaged houses: Fully damaged – Rs 10,000/- (Rs 6,000/- for kuccha); severely damaged – Rs 2,000/- (Rs. 1,000/- for kuccha) • Assistance to artisans (as subsidy) for repair/replacement of damaged equipment : Traditional craft – Rs 1,000/- per person; Handloom weavers – Rs 1,000/- per loom.

Gujarat : Assistance provided • Immediate relief of Rs 500 crore from the NCCF. • NCCF augmented by imposing a 2% surcharge on personal and corporate income tax in Union Budget (2001-02) for assisting Gujarat. • Rs 110 crore provided from PM’s Relief Fund. • Assistance was provided under various centrally sponsored schemes for reconstruction of social and physical infrastructure. • Arrangements were tied up with ADB and World Bank for credit worth US $800 million. • NHB and HUDCO set apart adequate funds for housing reconstruction. • RBI instructed banks to freeze recoveries and extend liberal loans. • Gujarat government was enabled to float tax-free earthquake bonds.

Environmental Impacts • 80% of water and food sources were destroyed. • Over a million structures were damaged, as a result local resources were used on a very high scale in order to repair and rebuild the region. • The area was once India's most visited region (by tourists) outside the central cities. However after many of the old, historic buildings were destroyed this element of the economy was destroyed. As a result the money no longer exists to maintain the environment to the same standard.

‘Dewatering’ This was the major cause of the percentage of crops which were destroyed. Groundwater was brought to the surface by the frequency of the quake…the groundwater then flowed away in the Indian ocean, as such even months and years later the water table in the region has a reduced quantity and crop yields are still less plentiful then pre-quake years. The purple spots represent this water.

Disaster loss, reconstruction cost and output loss • ADB and World Bank’s Gujarat Earthquake Assessment Mission visited Gujarat during February 11-22, 2001 for assessing the economic impact of the earthquake. • The disaster loss was estimated at Rs 99 billion. • Reconstruction costs were estimated at Rs 106 billion. • The annual loss of state domestic product was estimated at around Rs 20 billion (assuming an ICOR of 4) for the first 12 months.

Relief functions: Primary and Secondary Primary: • Operate warning systems. • Restore and maintain uninterrupted communication. • Maintain transportation for evacuation & movement of essential commodities. • Ensure availability of drugs & medicines. • Mobilise financial resources. Secondary : • Rehabilitation through military aid to civil authorities • Coordinating activities of state and voluntary agencies • Preparing contingency plans for crops, cattle preservation, nutrition and health measures. • Providing technical and technological inputs for drinking water.

Challenges Transportation System: • Airports closed • City in gridlock as traffic lights were out • Cars were used to transport injured due to run out of ambulances

Telecommunication System: • Telecommunication system was disrupted initially • People were requested to use messaging service instead of calling, so that emergency services can use the phone lines. • Telephone companies established emergency lines and free call facilities after few hours.

Response & Rescue opertion Search and rescue operations International Community – Response Response within the country First impressions of shelters Health initiatives

Search and rescue operations • All sizes and hues, relief equipment, personnel and rescue teams with their equipment. • Transportation trucks at times were not available and there was difficulty in finding labour for loading and unloading material which caused avoidable and critical delays.

International Community - Response • 17 Search and Rescue (SAR) teams made up of 399 rescuers and 26 rescue dogs equipped with technical and rescue equipment assisted in the search and rescue operation. • Teams from Switzerland, Scotland, Mexico, France, Spain, Poland, Turkey, Japan were most active in this task. • More than 300 persons were rescued alive in the first 5 days. • CARE Canada & Norway arrived in Bhuj with 2650 tents. • 40 persons relief team were engaged in relief work. • The medical teams with medicines arrived from France, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, and other countries. • 66 countries, 24 other international donors/various international organisations sent rescue teams including sniffer dogs, relief materials and mobile hospitals.

Response within the country • Several CSOs/NGOs/philanthropists and rescue teams rushed to Gujarat from all over the country. • Gujaratis and residents of different states set up community kitchens. One such was set up in Adesar by an organisation called ‘Jain Sasan’ of Mumbai in which more than 3500 persons were served food per day. • Air force was bringing airmen everyday for Ahmedabad in which a large number of ex-servicemen came forward to work for the rescue and relief . • Transportation facilities were extended for relief material abroad With free handling facilities to charter flights bringing in relief materials. • By 5th February 2001 – financial assistance of IRS 500.00 Crores equaling USD 1 billion by Central govt. was commited. • In addition, 95,000 MT of food, other materials like clothing and tents, medical supplies and personnel, fuel and communication equipment were made available.

Health initiatives • The army colonel whose unit was airlifted for emergency medical operations due to their experience of handling the cyclone in Orissa and earthquake in Latur stated that he hadn’t had a bath for 4 days. • He could predict a pattern in the inflow of patients in disasters who start trickling in after the first 24 hrs and the flow becoming a deluge after 48 hrs and tapering off after nearly 7 days. • Indian doctors worked as a team with foreign health teams. • Foreign mobile hospitals were operationalised within 24 hrs of their arrival.

Rescue Operations Involved Personas: • firefighters • paramedics • rescue specialists • emergency room physicians • structural engineers, • heavy equipment specialists, • hazardous materials technicians, • communications specialists • logistics specialists.

A Participatory Approach • Disaster management is primarily responsibility of State Governments. • The Government of India supplements state through policy and administrative response. • Policy response comprises of activating administrative machinery for assisting relief measures and monitoring progress. • Administrative response comprises of primary and secondary relief functions.

Reconstruction Activities • The reconstruction process involves a wide range of activities. For the • purpose of this paper, these activities have been grouped under the following titles. • The next sections analyze the mitigation aspect of each of these activities. • Key activities: • Mapping and property database • Preparation of a city-level development plan • The development of urban infrastructure • Town planning schemes to redevelop the walled city • Experiments in community planning, institution building and supporting civil society initiatives.

Disaster waste disposal • Recycling all debris after a disaster was costly and disruptive • Choosing 100 per cent recycling would be great for the environment, but cost more and take a lot longer.

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Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018 Case Study

The causes, effects, and responses to the Lombok earthquake

Lombok is one of the 17508 islands that make up Indonesia. The island is approximately 4,500 sq km (1,700 sq miles) and is located to the east of Bali and west of Sumbawa part of the Lesser Sunda Island chain. It’s known for beaches and surfing spots, particularly at Kuta and Banko Banko (in south Lombok).

In the first in the series, on 29 July, a 6.4 magnitude quake triggered landslides in the mountain region of the island and killed at least 16 people. Following this a shallow, magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck Lombok and Bali on August 5th, 2018, killing over 555 people, injuring 1300 and leaving at least 353000 homeless.  The most severe damage was in North Lombok close to the epicentre.

Location of the August 5th 2018 Lombok earthquake

The main quake struck at 19:46 local time (11:46 GMT) on Sunday, August 5th at a fairly shallow depth of 31km (19 miles).

Earthquakes are common in Indonesia because it lies on the Ring of Fire – the line of frequent quakes and volcanic eruptions that circles virtually the entire Pacific Rim.

More than half of the world’s active volcanoes above sea level are part of the ring.

The recent earthquakes have occurred along a specific zone where the Australian tectonic plate meets the Indonesian island plate, Sunda.

Tectonic plates are slabs of the Earth’s crust that move very slowly over our planet’s surface. Indonesia sits along the “Pacific Ring of Fire” where several tectonic plates collide and many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur.

The Earth’s tectonic plates

Some of these earthquakes are very large, such as the magnitude 9.1 earthquake off the west coast of Sumatra that generated the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . This earthquake occurred along the Java-Sumatra subduction zone , where the Australian tectonic plate moves underneath Indonesia’s Sunda plate.

Both earthquakes occurred along faults in an area where tectonic plates are colliding, with one diving beneath the other.

The Sunda Plate

In this area, there’s subduction, so the Australian plate is moving under the Sunda plate, and the Australian plate is moving to the north underneath the Sunda plate.

The earthquake destroyed tens of thousands of homes, mosques and businesses across Lombok on August 5 2018. More than 1,300 people were injured and nearly 353,000 have been internally displaced.

It is estimated that 80% of the region had been damaged by the earthquake. Lombok suffered more than 5 trillion rupiah ($342 million; £268 million) in damage following the 5 August earthquake, authorities said.

Hundreds of tourists were stranded on the island and hotels were filled to capacity.  No tourists were reported killed, but the earthquake was felt as far away as the neighbouring island of Bali, where two people died.  The quake was followed by more than a dozen aftershocks, with one registering magnitude 5.4 on the Richter Scale.

According to scientists from NASA and the California Institute of Technology’s rapid-imaging project, the earthquake lifted the island as much as 25 centimetres in some areas. In other places, the ground dropped five-15cm.

Emergency teams in East and North Lombok reported that in some villages 75% of homes were damaged.

More than 500 hikers, most of whom were foreigners, were stranded on Indonesia’s Mt Rinjani when a deadly quake triggered landslides. The earthquake triggered landslides around Mount Rinjani, cutting off escape routes. The volcano , which rises 3,726m (12,224ft) above sea level and is the second-highest one in Indonesia, is a favourite among sightseers.

The region was hit by more than 350 aftershocks. Some measured up to 6.2 on the Richter Scale and brought down some buildings.

The area around Mount Rinjani increasingly relies on tourism , the earthquake and aftershocks led to the closure of mountain to hikers leading to many hotel cancellations by international tourists.

Hundreds of British citizens and European citizens were stuck in Lombok airport before flights could resume.

Aftershocks killed at least a further 13 people as the region recovered from the main event.

The Indonesia Government declared a three-week long state of emergency. “The most important thing is the emergency response, after that rehabilitation and reconstruction,” said Indonesia’s second-in-command, Vice President Jusuf Kalla. The government mobilised the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) and the national military, directly deploying personnel in response to the earthquake.

Two helicopters were deployed to assist in emergency operations and the military sent troops and medical personnel, as well as medical supplies and communications equipment. Five planes carrying food, medicine, blankets, field tents and water tankers left the capital, Jakarta, for the island early on Wednesday 8th August.

Supplies for those made homeless were distributed with about 30,000 tents and 100 wheelchairs sent to affected areas.

As hospitals and clinics were affected by the earthquake many of the injured were treated in the open air or in makeshift clinics.

Rescue efforts were hampered by power outages, a lack of phone reception in some areas and limited evacuation options. A lack of heavy lifting equipment also affected the relief effort, with some rescuers forced to dig by hand. Other obstacles in the mountainous north and east of Lombok included collapsed bridges and electricity and communication blackouts. Debris blocked damaged roads.

In Sembalun the community pulled together to repair damaged buildings, including the town’s only health clinic. Electricity and clean water had to be being restored to villages in Sambalia that were cut off.

Emergency workers gradually reached more remote areas of Lombok having focussed their initial efforts in urban areas.

More than 500 hikers who were stranded on a mountain on the Indonesian island of Lombok after the earthquake were safely evacuated. Most of the hikers and guides were able to walk down after a safe route was found for them but some were flown out by helicopter.

The UK Foreign Office worked with the Indonesian authorities to provide assistance to British people caught up in the earthquake. Extra flights were added to help people who want to leave Lombok. Airport authorities requested that additional flights be added on Monday 6th August 2018 , to accommodate the influx of tourists trying to leave the island.

Charity, Plan International, provided counselling for children and supported those who were unable to go to school, by distributing emergency school kits and helping teachers continue educating while schools remain closed. The charity also provided humanitarian assistance to 2,500 families in six villages in Lombok. The organisation dispatched 500 emergency shelter kits, containing 1,000 tarpaulins, 1,000 sleeping mats and 2,000 blankets.

The Salvation Army in Indonesia also provided medical and other assistance to people who were affected by the earthquake on Lombok. The team immediately distributed a small supply of rice, noodles, sugar and bottled water to the affected population.

The Indonesian Red Cross (Palang Merah Indonesia) disaster responders provided first aid and assessed immediate needs in remote villages, arranging for bottled water and rice to be delivered by motorbike.

British-based charity Oxfam said it was providing clean drinking water and tarpaulin shelter sheets to 5,000 people and planned to intensify aid delivery.

A French military transport plane delivered 25 tonnes of humanitarian aid to the earthquake-hit island of Lombok on behalf of the Indonesian government.

On the 14th August 2018, The EU announced a further €500 000 to step up its emergency response to meet the most pressing needs of those affected by the devastating earthquakes that struck the Indonesian island of Lombok in late July and early August. The allocation came in addition to the initial €150 000 delivered earlier in August, thus bringing the EU’s contribution to €650 000. The EU humanitarian funding complemented the Indonesian government response and focussed on the most vulnerable groups and communities in the affected area. The EU aid supported the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in providing relief assistance and protection to the most vulnerable among the affected population. It is estimated that the aid directly benefited 80 000 vulnerable people in some of the worst hit localities in the northeast and west Lombok districts. The aid was also used to assist the IFRC in reuniting families that were separated by the earthquakes. Aid was also offered by other countries including Australia.

Allegedly, authorities on Lombok were demanding money from tourists before they would let them onto rescue boats. However, around 5000 tourists who wanted to be evacuated from three outlying holiday islands had left by boat.

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Gujarat Earthquake 2001: Case Study

Introduction

Gujarat is a state in the north western part of India. Beneath India, the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian Plate are moving towards each other at about 2cm per year. Both plates are continental, so this is a compressional boundary where both the plates are pushed up to form fold mountains The Himalayas are the most obvious result of this collision. Along with the creation of fold mountains, the movement of the plates creates stress within the rocks. When the stress is suddenly released by rocks slipping past each other, we experience an earthquake.

The epicentre of the Gujarat earthquake was a small town called Bhuj. At 08:46 local time, on Friday 26th January 2001 it was struck by an earthquake that measured 7.9 on the Richter Scale It turned out to be one of the two most deadly earthquakes in the recorded history of India, with almost 20,000 people confirmed as dead, and another 166,000 injured. Add to that a further 600,000 left homeless, almost 350,000 homes destroyed and another 844,000 damaged and it becomes obvious that this was a major humanitarian disaster. The Indian government has calculated that in one way or another, the ‘quake had an effect on 15.9 million people – nearly half the population of India!

The cost of the damage varies depending upon who’s figures you use, but it was between 1.3 billion and 5 billion US dollars. In built up areas modern buildings were shaken but mostly survived. Others, however, including several multistory concrete buildings collapsed. Because only some of the new buildings collapsed, the government suspected that dodgy building methods may have been the cause. Investigations led to a number of builders, architects and engineers being charged with culpable murder and criminal conspiracy.

Before the quake this was a rather dry area often affected by drought. After the quake there were many reports of the water table rising, sometimes to surface level. In a number of places new springs appeared, some with fresh water and others, more surprisingly, with salt water. Some desert rivers, that had been dry for over a century, began to flow again, and there was evidence of liquefaction in many places.

Transport and Communications

Access to the sites of earthquakes is always likely to be restricted by the damage caused by the quake, because ground movements damage roads and railways. Damage to roads affected the transportation of goods to the 40 or so ports along the Gujarat coastline.

Bhuj was no exception and suffered from very limited transport after the earthquake. Even days after the quake, the rescue services had not managed to gain access to all the remote villages that suffered during the earthquake. Roads were cracked, lifted and warped, but most obstructions in built up areas were caused by debris that fell onto roads. Where there was a possibility of survivors under the debris, it was out of the question to just bulldoze the rubble out of the way; it had to be carefully and slowly removed, leaving roads blocked until there was no hope of finding survivors.

Telephone lines were broken, exchanges damaged and power lost to the telephone system. In many remote areas mobile telephones don’t work, so all forms of communication with ‘difficult to reach’ places were out of order. Repairing phone lines took time, and the process wasn’t helped by blocked roads, damaged buildings and the loss of workers killed or injured in the event.

Gujarat was the second most industrialised state in India, with well developed diamond, pharmaceutical, chemical, textile and steel industries. Although most survived the quake with little or no major structural damage, they were disrupted by the destruction of communications, transportation and electricity / gas supplies. Immediately after the quake, industry was losing about 200 million dollars every day.

The huge loss of life also had an impact on industry because many of the dead were workers in local businesses.

” The lives lost would impact the (businesses) as many employees would have been a victim of the tragedy,” the Confederation of Indian Industry said in a statement.

General Services

As with many large earthquakes, services like water, gas, electricity and sewerage provided through a network of underground pipes and cables were damaged when the ground flexed and moved. Broken pipes and cables led to loss of fresh water, sewerage discharges and no power in many areas. At the epicentre, in Bhuj, 95 percent of the town was left uninhabitable, with no water, electricity or shelter.

Bhuj Earthquake India 2001 – A Complete Study

Bhuj earthquake india.

Gujarat : Disaster on a day of celebration : 51st Republic Day on January 26, 2001

• 7.9 on the Richter scale.
• 8.46 AM January 26th 2001
• 20,800 dead

Basic Facts

• Earthquake: 8:46am on January 26, 2001
• Epicenter: Near Bhuj in Gujarat, India
• Magnitude: 7.9 on the Richter Scale

Geologic Setting

• Indian Plate Sub ducting beneath Eurasian Plate
• Continental Drift
• Convergent Boundary

Specifics of 2001 Quake

Compression Stress between region’s faults

Depth: 16km

Probable Fault: Kachchh Mainland

Fault Type: Reverse Dip-Slip (Thrust Fault)

The earthquake’s epicentre was 20km from Bhuj. A city with a population of 140,000 in 2001. The city is in the region known as the Kutch region. The effects of the earthquake were also felt on the north side of the Pakistan border, in Pakistan 18 people were killed.

Tectonic systems

The earthquake was caused at the convergent plate boundary between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate boundary. These pushed together and caused the earthquake. However as Bhuj is in an intraplate zone, the earthquake was not expected, this is one of the reasons so many buildings were destroyed – because people did not build to earthquake resistant standards in an area earthquakes were not thought to occur. In addition the Gujarat earthquake is an excellent example of liquefaction, causing buildings to ‘sink’ into the ground which gains a consistency of a liquid due to the frequency of the earthquake.

India : Vulnerability to earthquakes

• 56% of the total area of the Indian Republic is vulnerable to seismic activity .
• 12% of the area comes under Zone V (A&N Islands, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, N.E.States, Uttaranchal)
• 18% area in Zone IV (Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Lakshadweep, Maharashtra, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttaranchal, W. Bengal)
• 26% area in Zone III (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, W. Bengal)
• Gujarat: an advanced state on the west coast of India.
• On 26 January 2001, an earthquake struck the Kutch district of Gujarat at 8.46 am.
• Epicentre 20 km North East of Bhuj, the headquarter of Kutch.
• The Indian Meteorological Department estimated the intensity of the earthquake at 6.9 Richter. According to the US Geological Survey, the intensity of the quake was 7.7 Richter.
• The quake was the worst in India in the last 180 years.

What earthquakes do

• Casualties: loss of life and injury.
• Loss of housing.
• Damage to infrastructure.
• Disruption of transport and communications.
• Breakdown of social order.
• Loss of industrial output.
• Loss of business.
• Disruption of marketing systems.
• The earthquake devastated Kutch. Practically all buildings and structures of Kutch were brought down.
• Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendaranagar and Patan were heavily damaged.
• Nearly 19,000 people died. Kutch alone reported more than 17,000 deaths.
• 1.66 lakh people were injured. Most were handicapped for the rest of their lives.
• The dead included 7,065 children (0-14 years) and 9,110 women.
• There were 348 orphans and 826 widows.

Loss classification

Deaths and injuries: demographics and labour markets

Effects on assets and GDP

Effects on fiscal accounts

Financial markets

Disaster loss

• Initial estimate Rs. 200 billion.
• Came down to Rs. 144 billion.
• No inventory of buildings
• Non-engineered buildings
• Land and buildings
• Stocks and flows
• Reconstruction costs (Rs. 106 billion) and loss estimates (Rs. 99 billion) are different
• Public good considerations

Human Impact: Tertiary effects

• Affected 15.9 million people out of 37.8 in the region (in areas such as Bhuj, Bhachau, Anjar, Ganhidham, Rapar)
• High demand for food, water, and medical care for survivors
• Humanitarian intervention by groups such as Oxfam: focused on Immediate response and then rehabilitation
• Of survivors, many require persistent medical attention
• Region continues to require assistance long after quake has subsided
• International aid vital to recovery

Social Impacts

• 80% of water and food sources were destroyed.
• The obvious social impacts are that around 20,000 people were killed and near 200,000 were injured.
• However at the same time, looting and violence occurred following the quake, and this affected many people too.
• On the other hand, the earthquake resulted in millions of USD in aid, which has since allowed the Bhuj region to rebuild itself and then grow in a way it wouldn’t have done otherwise.
• The final major social effect was that around 400,000 Indian homes were destroyed resulting in around 2 million people being made homeless immediately following the quake.

Social security and insurance

• Ex gratia payment: death relief and monetary benefits to the injured
• Major and minor injuries
•  Cash doles
• Government insurance fund
• Group insurance schemes
• Claim ratio

Demographics and labour market

• Geographic pattern of ground motion, spatial array of population and properties at risk, and their risk vulnerabilities.
• Low population density was a saving grace.
• Extra fatalities among women
• Effect on dependency ratio
• Farming and textiles

Economic  Impacts

• Total damage estimated at around $7 billion. However $18 billion of aid was invested in the Bhuj area.
• Over 15km of tarmac road networks were completely destroyed.
• In the economic capital of the Gujarat region, Ahmedabad, 58 multi storey buildings were destroyed, these buildings contained many of the businesses which were generating the wealth of the region.
• Many schools were destroyed and the literacy rate of the Gujarat region is now the lowest outside southern India.

Impact on GDP

• Applying ICOR
• Rs. 99 billion – deduct a third as loss of current value added.
• Get GDP loss as Rs. 23 billion
• Adjust for heterogeneous capital, excess capacity, loss Rs. 20 billion.
• Reconstruction efforts.
• Likely to have been Rs. 15 billion.

Fiscal accounts

• Differentiate among different taxes: sales tax, stamp duties and registration fees, motor vehicle tax, electricity duty, entertainment tax, profession tax, state excise and other taxes. Shortfall of Rs. 9 billion of which about Rs. 6 billion unconnected with earthquake.
• Earthquake related other flows.
• Expenditure:Rs. 8 billion on relief. Rs. 87 billion on rehabilitation.

Impact on Revenue Continue Reading

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• Age: 14-16 MYP Individuals and Societies
• Age: 14-16 GCSE / IGCSE Geography
• Natural Environments
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• IGCSE Geography Revision Question Bank
• 2.1 Earthquakes and volcanoes
• 2.4 Weather
• 2.5 Climate and natural vegetation
• Distribution
• Plate Tectonics
• Plate Boundaries | Plate Margins
• Volcano case study - Mount Etna (2002-2003), Italy
• Volcano case study - Mount Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo
• Volcanic hazard management - Mount Rainier, USA
• Earthquakes

Earthquake case study - 2005 Kashmir

• Earthquake case study - Chuetsu Offshore Earthquake - 2007
• Why was the Haitian Earthquake so deadly?
• Earthquakes - Managing the hazard

You need to have a case study of the causes and impacts of an earthquake in a developing country:

Use the resources and links that can be found on this page to produce a detailed case study of the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake. You should use the 'Five W's" subheadings to give your case study structure.

What happened?

This section of your case study should be a one-paragraph overview/summary of the whole case study and should be written after you have finished the other four sections below.

When did it happen?

Wikipedia - 2005 Kashmir earthquake

Where did it happen?

Why did it happen?

Who was affected by it happening?

BBC News - Overview: Quake aftermath [2 November 2005]

BBC News - South Asia earthquake: One year on [4 October 2006]

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Case study: The 2023 Türkiye–Syria earthquake

Case study: The effects of climate change in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam

The 2023 türkiye– syria earthquake.

As a GCSE geographer you will learn about a range of natural hazards, their causes, impacts and how we can prepare for and respond to them. This article provides a case study of the massive and tragic earthquake that occurred in Türkiye, and the bordering country of Syria, in February 2023.

• Volume 35, 2023/ 2024
• Tectonic hazards
• Natural disasters
• (Global) Physical Geography

Michelle Minton

Earthquakes are not uncommon in this part of the world. However, the one that happened on 6 February 2023 had a magnitude of 7.8 and was the deadliest and strongest recorded in Türkiye since 1939, and was the world’s deadliest since the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

The earthquake’s epicentre was 34 km west of the city of Gaziantep in southern Türkiye, near the northern border of Syria (see back page). Türkiye is vulnerable to earthquakes as it sits on the Anatolian plate, between the large tectonic plates of Eurasia, Arabia and Africa. Within the Anatolian tectonic plate there are two major faults — the North Anatolian fault and the East Anatolian fault, and it is on the latter that the 2023 earthquake occurred.

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Practitioner Community

Case Study Earthquakes in Turkey

• The first objective is to identify key stakeholders both governmental and non-governmental institutions and organizations.
• The second objective is to evaluate lessons learnt from previous disasters, good practices of community participation, and hindering factors related to this participation based on an examination of research findings and grey literature as well as the findings of the pre-workshop in-depth interviews with stakeholders and the first workshop in this case study. This includes also cross-border issues, when meaningful.
• The third objective is to evaluate the facilitating and hindering factors which affect community preparedness for multiple hazards.
• The fourth and final objective of this case study is to provide a case through which to develop, test and validate the community preparedness audit (i.e., self-assessment tool) (WP2), the communication and education material and practices (WP3), and the overall long-term learning framework (including evaluation) (WP8). 

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