OR
Conger (1979) has argued that...
OR
In 1979, Conger conducted a study which showed that...
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| ...(Davidson & Harrington, 2002) |
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| The first time cited: ...(Brown, Soo, & Jones, 1990). |
| Note: There is a full-stop (.) after al (see below). |
| .... (Girad-Perregaux et al., 2003). |
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| P. R. Smith (1923) to distinguish from S. Smith (1945) ... |
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| ...(Brown, Shimamura, et al., 1998) to distinguish from (Brown, Taylor, et al., 1998). |
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| ... (Stairs, 1992, 1993). |
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| Stairs (1992b)... later in the text ... (Stairs, 1992a). |
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| ... (Anonymous, 1997) |
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| ...the worst election loss in the party's history ("This is the end," 1968). |
|
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| ... (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2005) [AIHW] is in square brackets for the initial in-text citation and thereafter as |
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| ... (Burst, 1995; Nguyen, 1976; Turner & Hooch, 1982). |
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| As one writer put it "the darkest days were still ahead" (Weston, 1988, p. 45). |
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| ...(Chang, 2001, para. 2) |
| |
| ... (R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2002). |
| Note: APA 6th specifies that secondary citations should ONLY be used where the original is unavailable (for example, out-of-print). Wherever possible, read and cite the original source.
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| ... (Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988).
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The way you cite legislation or legal cases depends on whether you read the actual legislation or read about it in another source. If it is the latter, the legislation/case should be treated as a secondary source.
| (jurisdiction). Note: include the jurisdiction the first time the act is cited. The jurisdiction can be dropped with subsequent citations |
| The (Vic) states...... by virtue of s. 25.1 of the (Cth)..... ..."A restrictive intervention may only be used on a person....." ( (Vic), s. 105) as a .... (Vic) (as cited in Creighton & Rozen, 2007) |
| (year). Note: Include the year with the first citation. The year can be dropped in subsequent citations. |
| According to the case of (1992)..... as a (1988) (as cited in Forrester & Griffiths, 2010) |
Rule |
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Citation examples | Apple is one of the most visited consumer technology websites in the world (http://www.apple.com).
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Rule | Family name and year of publication. |
Citation examples | In a recent article on the role of quantitative analysts Loeper (2019) states… Or The role of quantitative analysts has been recently reviewed (Loeper, 2019) |
Rule | Organisation name and year of publication. |
Citation examples | A webpage regarding educational programs and discounts offered by Samsung (2019) states… Or Extensive information on education programs and discounts are offered by one of the world’s largest telecommunications companies (Samsung, 2019) |
Rule | Give the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article use double quotation marks. Also include the year of publication. |
Citation examples | An Australian government agency recommend checking rainwater tanks in Queensland (“Unsealed rainwater tanks”, 2019). |
Rule | Use the letters n.d. - an abbreviation of the words ‘no date’. |
Citation examples | In a self-published autobiographical article audiovisual organisation Bose (n.d) mention… Or The company’s history is outlined in a self-published autobiography (Bose, n.d.) |
Rule | Cite the database or Market Report publisher as author. |
Citation examples | An industry report on infrastructure construction in China by IBISWorld (2019) asserts… Or Infrastructure construction in China was summarised in a recent industry report (IBISWorld, 2019). |
Rule | Family name and year of publication. |
Citation examples | In an industry report on Australian accommodation Smith (2019) states… Or Australian accommodation options were recently reviewed (Smith, 2019). |
Use the author–date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In this system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry.
In-text citations may be parenthetical or narrative .
The author–date citation system is covered in Sections 8.10–8.36 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition
The format of the author element of the in-text citation changes depending on the number of authors and is abbreviated in some cases.
The following table shows the basic in-text citation styles:
One author | (Luna, 2020) | Luna (2020) |
---|---|---|
Two authors | (Salas & D’Agostino, 2020) | Salas and D’Agostino (2020) |
Three or more authors | (Martin et al., 2020) | Martin et al. (2020) |
Group author with abbreviation First citation Subsequent citations |
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020) (NIMH, 2020) |
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020) NIMH (2020) |
Group author without abbreviation | (Stanford University, 2020) | Stanford University (2020) |
a Define the abbreviation for a group author only once in the text, choosing either the parenthetical or the narrative format. Thereafter, use the abbreviation for all mentions of the group in the text.
When repeating a citation, show the entire citation; do not, for example, include only a page number (the abbreviation “ibid.” is not used in APA Style). Instead, use the following guidelines:
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An in-text citation is a reference made within the body of text of an academic essay. The in-text citation alerts the reader to a source that has informed your own writing.
The exact format of an in-text citation will depend on the style you need to use, for example, APA. Check with your academic institution to ensure you provide the in-text citations in the format they are expecting and use Cite This For Me’s citation generator to create them for you, automatically.
In most cases only the author’s last name, date of publication and page number from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken needs to be included, with the complete reference appearing in your bibliography (or works cited) page at the end of your essay.
The in-text citation should be presented in brackets directly after the text you have quoted or paraphrased so it’s easy for the reader to identify. In some cases, in-text citations are presented as a superscript number, with the corresponding number listed in your bibliography.
Looking for an easier option? Why not let Cite This For Me do the hard work for you by using our mobile app or free web tool. We’ve got over 7,000 styles in our books and are constantly adding new ones, so we’re sure to have the style you need.
In APA format, in-text citations can follow a direct quote or paraphrased information. For direct quotes, the in-text citation should immediately follow. If you’re citing a book, the in-text citation will usually include the author’s surname, the year of publication and the relevant page number or numbers, enclosed by parentheses.
Quote or paraphrase (Author’s surname, Year of publication, p.#).
For example:
“All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us,” said Gandalf (Tolkien, 1954, p. 20).
If you reference the author within the text, however, you don’t need to include it in the in-text citation.
In the first book in the Lord of the Rings trilogy, The Fellowship of the Ring, J.R.R. Tolkien writes, “All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us.” (1954, p. 20)
If you’re referencing paraphrased information then a page number is not always needed. It depends on whether you wish to direct your reader to a specific section.
The universal theme of The Lord of the Rings is the battle between good and evil (Tolkien, 1954).
When explaining the history of the ring to Frodo, Gandalf touches on themes of fate and having a pre-ordained purpose (Tolkien, 1954, p. 20).
Don’t forget to also add regular citations for the sources to your bibliography at the end of the paper.
To keep you on your toes, the different formats follow different rules for in-text citations. For example, MLA format in-text citations don’t usually include a publication date and typically use the author’s last name or the first item included in the full citation if not the author’s name.
For example, let’s take the same in-text citation example from above and put it into MLA format.
“All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us,” said Gandalf (Tolkien 20).
In MLA format, in-text citations can either be included in the prose or as a parenthetical citation (or a combination of the two). Any information about the source that is included in the prose does not need to be included in the parenthetical citation. For example, using the above example, a citation in prose would be:
In Tolkien’s book, Gandalf says, “All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us,” (20).
In this case, if the source didn’t have page numbers or if it was not necessary to include the page number, you would not need to include the parenthetical citation.
Chicago style in-text citations can follow the (author, date, page number) in-text citation system, like APA format . Alternatively, some following the Chicago style prefer to use a notes and bibliography system, which does away with in-text citations completely, using numbered footnotes or endnotes instead.
You’ll also find variations of in-text citations within each format, depending on factors like the type of source and number of authors. For help understanding how to create in-text citations, you’ll find handy citation guides for APA, MLA and Chicago formats on the Cite This For Me website.
DO be consistent. One of the most important aspects of citation creation is to make sure you choose a citation style and stick with it throughout your paper. Be sure to check your chosen style’s rules for in-text citations, whether you’re using APA format or different style, before starting to write your paper. Use those rules from the beginning to end.
DON’T assume. It can be all too easy to say to yourself “the reader will know where this came from” when you include information from another source. This is not a good attitude to have about citations, as leaving out in-text references can lead to you being accused of plagiarism and receiving a poor grade on your assignment. Always choose to be super clear with where your research information has come from.
DO your in-text citations early on . One of the best ways to make sure you haven’t left out any in-text citations is to write them immediately after you’ve referenced a work as you are writing your paper. Waiting until the very end can lead to last-minute paper stress. Making them early can help you make the references for your bibliography, as they serve as a list of outside sources you have used in your work.
DON’T overuse. Contrary to popular belief, you do not need to include an individual in-text citation after each directly quoted sentence. If an entire paragraph or a group of sentences contains information all from the same source, a single in-text citation at the beginning or end of the paragraph will suffice.
DO double check . It is always a good idea to check your in-text citations after you have completed your paper and before you hand it in to your instructor. This is especially important if you have made in-text citations throughout the whole process of writing your paper, as it is unlikely you will remember that error you made two weeks ago. Give your in-text references one last look before turning in your paper for a grade.
DON’T forget to ask your teacher. If you are unsure of how to get started making your in-text citations for your paper, it is always a good idea to speak with your teacher. They can direct you to their preferred citation style, whether it’s MLA formatting , or a different style. It is likely that the assignment directions they provide contain details on how to make citations the way that they expect.
DO use Cite This For Me for your next writing assignment! Cite This For Me contains a bibliography builder as well as in-text citation formatting. Check out the site, and you will have access to thousands of styles, including a Harvard referencing generator , and many source types.
An in-text citation is a short version of a reference you have made in your work-cited list or bibliography, but is in your thesis or paper. The purpose of an in-text citation is to denote a source of information to the reader, at the point in your paper where this information is relevant. Readers can use your in-text citation to look up that reference in the works-cited list or bibliography at the end of your paper.
Whenever you have referred to, summarized, or quoted from any other source of information in your paper or work, you have to include an in-text citation.
Example In-Text Citation Entries:
Narrative Citation
Jonas observes in his paper that theoretically, all viruses can be contained in the long run with vaccines (2020).
Parenthetical Citation
Theoretically, all viruses can be contained in the long run with viruses (Jonas, 2020).
Per the 17 th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style , footnotes or endnotes are to be used when you have directly quoted, paraphrased, or summarized information from other sources. Any information used in your paper which is not common knowledge should be cited in a footnote of an endnote.
If you are unsure whether your source is common knowledge or not, it is better to cite it using a footnote or an endnote.
While APA style citation is mostly used in science and education, MLA style is mostly used in the humanities field.
The table below lists the differences between APA and MLA styles.
Point of Difference | APA Style | MLA Style |
In-Text Citations | (Last Name, Year, p. xx) | (Last Name xx) |
References Title | References | Works Cited |
Author Naming style in References | Last Name, Initial | Last Name, First Name |
Capitalizing Titles | Sentence case is followed (only words like the first word and proper nouns are capitalized) | Title case is followed (main words are capitalized, like nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and some conjunctions) |
Title Page | Needed | Not necessary unless specifically requested |
While writing in-text citations with multiple authors, the APA style uses the “&” symbol while the MLA style uses the word “and.”
As far as the academic community is concerned, the MLA and Chicago citation styles are two of the preferred citation and writing styles. While MLA is predominantly preferred in English, Language Arts, and the Humanities, the Chicago style is preferred in History and Humanities.
The table below lists some of the differences between Chicago and MLA styles.
Title Page | Needed | Not necessary |
In-text Citation Style | In-text citations are mentioned in the form of footnotes at the bottom of each page. | In-text citations are made in prose or in parentheses following the cited information. |
References Title | Bibliography | Works Cited |
Author Naming style in References | Last Name, First Name | Last Name, First Name |
Number of Styles | Two different styles: “Notes and Bibliography” and “Author-Date” | Single style |
The basic format for an in-text citation is: Title of the Book (Author Last Name, year).
One author: Where the Wild Things Are (Sendak, 1963) is a depiction of a child coping with his anger towards his mom.
Two authors (cite both names every time): Brabant and Mooney (1986) have used the comic strip to examine evidence of sex role stereotyping. OR The comic strip has been used to examine evidence of sex role stereotyping (Brabant & Mooney, 1986).
Three or more authors (cite the first author plus et al.): Tales from the Shadowhunter Academy (Clare et al., 2016) depicts a young man's experience at the Shadowhunter Academy, a place where being a former vampire is looked down upon.OR Clare et al. (2016) have crafted a unique story about a young man's journey to find himself.
No author: Cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report. Examples: From the book Study Guide (2000) ... or ("Reading," 1999).
Note: Titles of periodicals, books, brochures, or reports should be in italics and use normal title capitalization rules.
If you are citing multiple sources by multiple authors in-text, you can list all of them by the author's last name and year of publication within the same set of parentheses, separated by semicolons.
Example: (Adams, 1999; Jones & James, 2000; Miller, 1999)
For more information on how to cite books in-text and as a reference entry, see the APA Publication Manual (7th edition) Section 10.2 on pages 321-325 .
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Creating quotations in Microsoft Word is straightforward. First, open your Word document and click where you want to place the quotation. Next, go to the "References" tab, select "Insert Citation," choose “Add New Source,” and fill in the necessary details. Once done, your quotation will appear in your document, formatted according to the style you’ve chosen.
Creating a properly formatted quotation in Microsoft Word involves just a few steps. Follow these instructions to add quotations with ease.
First, open the Word document where you want to insert your quotation.
Make sure your document is saved to avoid losing any information. If you’re starting from scratch, this is the time to set up your document.
Second, click on the location in your document where you want the quotation to appear.
Ensure the cursor is blinking in the exact spot you want your citation. This helps you avoid placing the quotation in the wrong section.
Next, navigate to the "References" tab at the top of Word.
The "References" tab contains all the tools needed for adding citations, footnotes, and more.
Under the "References" tab, click on "Insert Citation."
This will open a dropdown menu where you can choose to add a new source or select an existing one.
Click on “Add New Source” from the dropdown menu.
A new window will pop up asking for the details of your source. Fill in the required fields such as Author, Title, Year, etc.
Fill in all the necessary details for your source in the appropriate fields.
Make sure all information is accurate as this will be reflected in your citation.
After filling in the details, click "OK."
Your quotation will now appear in your document, formatted according to the style you’ve chosen (APA, MLA, etc.).
Once these steps are completed, your properly formatted quotation will be inserted into your document. This makes it easier for readers to see the sources you’ve used.
To ensure you get the most out of Microsoft Word’s citation feature, consider these tips:
How do i change the citation style.
Go to the "References" tab, find the "Style" dropdown menu, and select your desired citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
Yes, click "Manage Sources" under the "References" tab, select the source, and click "Edit."
After inserting one citation, simply repeat the process for additional sources. You can then group multiple citations together.
Click on the citation in your text, and press the "Delete" key. The citation will be removed, but the source will still remain in your list.
Double-check the details entered in the "Add New Source" window and ensure you’ve selected the correct citation style.
Adding quotations in Microsoft Word is a simple yet powerful feature that can significantly streamline your writing process. Knowing how to properly insert and manage citations not only improves the credibility of your work but also saves you a ton of time. So, give it a try next time you’re working on an essay, report, or any document where citations are required.
For further reading, consider checking out Microsoft’s official documentation on the "References" tab and citation management. Now that you’re equipped with this knowledge, there’s no reason not to make your documents look as professional and polished as possible.
Kermit Matthews is a freelance writer based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with more than a decade of experience writing technology guides. He has a Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in Computer Science and has spent much of his professional career in IT management.
He specializes in writing content about iPhones, Android devices, Microsoft Office, and many other popular applications and devices.
Read his full bio here .
'ZDNET Recommends': What exactly does it mean?
ZDNET's recommendations are based on many hours of testing, research, and comparison shopping. We gather data from the best available sources, including vendor and retailer listings as well as other relevant and independent reviews sites. And we pore over customer reviews to find out what matters to real people who already own and use the products and services we’re assessing.
When you click through from our site to a retailer and buy a product or service, we may earn affiliate commissions. This helps support our work, but does not affect what we cover or how, and it does not affect the price you pay. Neither ZDNET nor the author are compensated for these independent reviews. Indeed, we follow strict guidelines that ensure our editorial content is never influenced by advertisers.
ZDNET's editorial team writes on behalf of you, our reader. Our goal is to deliver the most accurate information and the most knowledgeable advice possible in order to help you make smarter buying decisions on tech gear and a wide array of products and services. Our editors thoroughly review and fact-check every article to ensure that our content meets the highest standards. If we have made an error or published misleading information, we will correct or clarify the article. If you see inaccuracies in our content, please report the mistake via this form .
One of the biggest complaints about ChatGPT is that it provides information that is difficult to check for accuracy. Those complaints exist because ChatGPT doesn't provide the sources, footnotes, or links from which it derived the information in its answers.
While that is true for the GPT-3.5 model, GPT-4 and GPT-4o provide more citation resources. While GPT-4 is only for paid subscribers, GPT-4o is available to both free and paid subscribers, although free users get fewer citations and less detail than users with a ChatGPT Plus subscription .
Also: 4 things Claude AI can do that ChatGPT can't
Here's how ChatGPT describes the approach: "GPT-4o in free mode provides basic and essential citations, focusing on quick and concise references to ensure information is traceable. In contrast, GPT-4o in paid mode offers enhanced, detailed, and frequent citations, including multiple sources and contextual annotations to provide comprehensive verification and understanding of the information. This ensures a robust and reliable experience, especially beneficial for users requiring in-depth information and thorough source verification."
Even with the provided citations in GPT-4o, there are ways to improve your results.
To start, you need to ask ChatGPT something that needs sources or citations. I've found it's better to ask a question with a longer answer, so there's more "meat" for ChatGPT to chew on.
Also: The best AI chatbots: ChatGPT and other interesting alternatives to try
Keep in mind that ChatGPT can't provide any information after January 2022 for GPT-3.5, April 2023 for GPT-4, and October 2023 for GPT-4o, and requests for information pre-internet (say, for a paper on Ronald Reagan's presidency) will have far fewer available sources.
Here's an example of a prompt I wrote on a topic that I worked on a lot when I was in grad school:
Describe the learning theories of cognitivism, behaviorism, and constructivism
This is where a bit of prompt engineering comes in. A good starting point is with this query:
Please provide sources for the previous answer
I've found that this prompt often provides offline sources, books, papers, etc. The problem with offline sources is you can't check their veracity. Still, it's a starting point. A better query is this:
Please provide URL sources
This prompt specifically tells ChatGPT that you want clickable links to sources. You can also tweak this prompt by asking for a specific quantity of sources, although your mileage might vary in terms of how many you get back:
Please provide 10 URL sources
Most large language models respond well to detail and specificity . So if you're asking for sources, you can push for higher-quality sources. You'll need to specify that you need reliable and accurate sources. While this approach won't necessarily work, it may remind the AI chatbot to give you more useful responses. For example:
Please provide me with reputable sources to support my argument on... (whatever the topic is you're looking at)
You can also tell ChatGPT the kinds of sources you want. If you're looking for scholarly articles, peer-reviewed journals, books, or authoritative websites, mention these preferences explicitly. For example:
Please recommend peer-reviewed journals that discuss... (and here, repeat what you discussed earlier in your conversation)
When dealing with abstract concepts or theories, request that ChatGPT provide a conceptual framework and real-world examples. Here's an example:
Can you describe the principles of Vygotsky's Social Development Theory and provide real-world examples where these principles were applied, including sources for these examples?
This approach gives you a theoretical explanation and practical instances to trace the original sources or case studies.
Also: Two ways you can build custom AI assistants with GPT-4o
Another idea is to use sources that don't have link rot (that is, they're no longer online at the URL that ChatGPT might know). Be careful with this idea, though, because ChatGPT doesn't know about things after January 2022 for GPT-3.5, April 2023 for GPT-4, and October 2023 for GPT-4o. So, while you might be tempted to use a prompt like this:
Please provide me with sources published within the past five years.
Instead, consider using a prompt like this:
Please provide sources published from 2019 through April 2023.
And, as always, don't assume that whatever output ChatGPT gives you is accurate. It's still quite possible the AI will completely fabricate answers, even to the point of making up the names of what seem like academic journals. It's a sometimes helpful tool, but it's also a fibber .
Keep this golden rule in mind about ChatGPT-provided sources: ChatGPT is more often wrong than right .
Across the many times I've asked ChatGPT for URL sources, roughly half were just plain bad links. Another 25% or more of the links went to topics completely or somewhat unrelated to the one I was trying to source. GPT-4 and GPT-4o are slightly more reliable, but not by much.
Also: How to use ChatGPT: Everything you need to know
For example, I asked for sources on a backgrounder for the phrase "trust but verify," generally popularized by US President Ronald Reagan. I got a lot of sources back, but most didn't exist. I got some back that correctly took me to active pages on the Reagan Presidential Library site, but the page topic had nothing to do with the phrase.
I had better luck with my learning theory question from step 1. There, I got back offline texts from people I knew from my studies who had worked on those theories. I also got back URLs. Once again, only about two in 10 worked or were accurate.
Also: What does GPT stand for? Understanding GPT-3.5, GPT-4, GPT-4o, and more
Don't despair. The idea isn't to expect ChatGPT to provide sources that you can immediately use. If you instead think of ChatGPT as a research assistant, it will give you some great starting places. Use the names of the articles (which may be completely fake or just not accessible) and drop them into Google. That process will give you some interesting search queries that probably lead to interesting material that can legitimately go into your research.
Also, keep in mind that you're not limited to using ChatGPT. Don't forget all the tools available to researchers and students. Do your own web searches. Check with primary sources and subject-matter experts if they're available. If you're in school, you can even ask your friendly neighborhood librarian for help.
Also: How to use ChatGPT to create an app
Don't forget that there are many excellent traditional sources. For example, Google Scholar and JSTOR provide access to a wide range of academically acceptable resources you can cite with reasonable confidence.
One final point: if you merely cut and paste ChatGPT sources into your research, you're likely to get stung. Use the AI for clues, not as a way to avoid the real work of research.
APA style is a citation style that's often required in academic programs. APA stands for American Psychological Association. I've often thought they invented these style rules to get more customers. The definitive starting point for APA style is the Purdue OWL , which provides a wide range of style guidelines.
Also: GPT-3.5 vs GPT-4: Is ChatGPT Plus worth its subscription fee?
Be careful: online style formatters might not do a complete job, and you may get your work returned by your professor. It pays to do the work yourself -- and be careful doing it.
This is a good question. I have found that sometimes -- sometimes -- if you ask ChatGPT to give you more sources or re-ask for sources, it will give you new listings. If you tell ChatGPT the sources it provided were erroneous, it will sometimes give you better ones. The bot may also apologize and give excuses. Another approach is to re-ask your original question with a different focus or direction, and then ask for sources for the new answer.
Also: How to access, install, and use AI ChatGPT-4 plugins
Once again, my best advice is to avoid treating ChatGPT as a tool that writes for you and more as a writing assistant. Asking for sources to cut and paste a ChatGPT response is pretty much plagiarism. That said, using ChatGPT's responses, and any sources you can tease out, as clues for further research and writing is a legitimate way to use this tool.
For some links, it's just link rot. Some links may have changed, since many sources are more than three years old. Other sources are of indeterminate age. Since we don't have a full listing of ChatGPT's sources, it's impossible to tell how valid they are or were.
Also: How does ChatGPT actually work?
Since ChatGPT was trained mostly without human supervision , we know that most of its sources weren't vetted and could be wrong, made up, or completely non-existent.
Trust, but verify.
You can follow my day-to-day project updates on social media. Be sure to subscribe to my weekly update newsletter , and follow me on Twitter/X at @DavidGewirtz , on Facebook at Facebook.com/DavidGewirtz , on Instagram at Instagram.com/DavidGewirtz , and on YouTube at YouTube.com/DavidGewirtzTV .
If you want a career in ai, start with these 5 steps, 5 ways amazon can make an ai-powered alexa subscription worth the cost, how to add ai superpowers to your raspberry pi.
Microsoft 365 Life Hacks > Presentations > How to add citations to your presentation
When you craft a formal presentation, you often have to conduct research. Any books, journals, and other forms of media used should be properly cited for your personal reference as well as for your audience. Learn how to create citations in a presentation to appropriately credit different works.
Information referenced from another source must be clearly cited. Proper citations serve as a roadmap for research, help track ideas, and establish credibility. Citations give credit to the original works and provide transparency for readers and their audience regarding the source.
Readers can access your sources and develop a deeper understanding of your research. They can also explore research from your respective discipline or industry. Additionally, researchers utilize citations to align their work with established experts and bolster the validity of their claims. Without citations, audiences may assume your idea is original, resulting in plagiarism. Acknowledging the intellectual contributions of others with proper citation fosters academic integrity and supports the advancement of ideas amongst scholars and researchers.
Powerpoint empowers you to develop well-designed content across all your devices
To source citations effectively in presentations, consider the following:
Alternatively, you can also provide the references verbally throughout the presentation. This allows the audience to follow along with your presentation and directly reference sources as you present. If you are creating a presentation for a class, follow the instructions or preferences of your instructor. By doing so, you can ensure your citations are understood and appropriate for your audience.
Citations are a critical component of an effective presentation. Citations provide a roadmap for your research, credit the appropriate authors, and foster academic integrity. They’re easy to include in a presentation as in-text citations on your slides and as a reference list. Include citations to make sure you presentation credits the appropriate authors and strengthens its validity. For more help with preparing sources, research, and crafting presentations, learn more presentation tips .
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By Catherine E. Shoichet, Alicia Johnson, James Grant and Leah Abucayan, CNN
Published June 30, 2024
How do you pick which emoji to use? Do you worry when you see a period at the end of a text? Are you puzzled by messages from your parents, kids or coworkers?
One reason why: People in different generations often text differently. It’s not an exact science, but interesting theories and trends are emerging as researchers delve into the texts and messages we send.
Take our quiz to see what your texting style says about you, and how well you understand other generations. We’ll give you a few results along the way and a final score at the end.
Gen Z: This generation tends to use and interpret emojis more figuratively or ironically than older generations. A 2022 Adobe study found members of Gen Z were significantly more likely to agree they used emoji differently than their intended meanings.
Millennials: This generation is more likely to use emoji to convey emotions , but sometimes attaches more symbolic meanings to them.
Gen X: This generation is generally more practical in their use of technology, and less likely to use emoji .
Baby Boomers: University of Ottawa researchers found this generation was less likely to use emojis and struggled to interpret some emojis, such as 😳. Others found some Baby Boomers used emojis frequently, but were unaware of potential double meanings behind them.
Keep in mind: Researchers say emojis can add important meaning to text messages, which lack the gestures and facial cues you see when talking with someone in person. But the symbols can also be misunderstood. And age isn’t the only factor that can contribute to confusion; culture , gender and evolving emoji meanings also play a role.
When writing a text message, how do you use periods.
Gen Z: A recent analysis by undergraduates at UCLA found “a stronger preference in Gen Z for using messages that convey a stronger or louder tone” by using all-caps. Linguist Deborah Tannen of Georgetown University describes how her younger students use repeated letters in communication, like beginning a message “hiiiiiiiii,” to convey enthusiasm.
Millennials: Like their younger counterparts in Gen Z, this generation tends to avoid ending texts with periods. They’re also more likely to play with punctuation to convey what linguist Gretchen McCulloch calls “typographical tone of voice.”
Gen X: Texters in this oft-overlooked generation are more likely to apply traditional punctuation rules to their messages, as Miami University Management and Leadership Professor Megan Gerhardt noted in a recent LinkedIn post describing her surprise when her Gen Z students pointed out their feelings about seeing periods at the end of texts.
Baby Boomers: This group is more likely to apply the rules of formal letter-writing to their texts. Niki Tonks, a marketing expert who teaches at Weber State University in Utah, says her surveys found Baby Boomers prefer full sentences in text messages and are less likely to understand shifting nuances of punctuation.
Keep in mind: Many of us break rules we’ve learned about grammar and punctuation when we send text messages. Linguist John McWhorter argues that’s because texting is more akin to “written speech” than a formal piece of writing.
Gen Z: Why send one text when 10 will do? Researchers have found texters in this generation send and receive a greater volume of messages than those in older generations. They’re also likely to expect quicker responses and worry more about delays.
Millennials: Researchers have found this generation generally sends and receive fewer texts than their younger counterparts, but their phones still spend plenty of time buzzing. Millennials send and receive a high volume of messages, and generally expect quick responses .
Gen X: This generation sends a moderate volume of text messages. And unlike their younger counterparts, they worry less about response times. Maybe they’re busy watching the new Brat P ack documentary instead?
Baby Boomers: This generation is getting a lot more conversant in texting, but they’re not quite fluent. Baby Boomers generally send and receive a lower volume of text messages than those in younger generations, and they’re not as concerned about response times.
Keep in mind: Unwritten rules shape the way different generations text each other, and how they feel about the interactions, according to Niki Tonks, a marketing expert who teaches at Weber State University in Utah. But our texting style isn’t set in stone based on our birth year. In fact, we may code-switch when we text, just like many of us do when we speak, adopting tones and approaches that are similar to the person we’re texting with, and adapting our expectations accordingly.
The mom is just trying to be efficient and direct. This text exchange between marketing expert Niki Tonks and her son inspired her research . Her son later explained that he’d been worried she was mad because of her short replies.
These rankings of favorite emoji came from Adobe’s 2022 U.S. Emoji Trend Report. That survey also found that 74% of Gen Z emoji users say they use emoji differently than their intended meanings, compared to 65% of Millennials, 48% of Gen X respondents and 24% of Baby Boomers.
“Marketplace commentary and user sentiment towards GIFs on social media shows that they have fallen out of fashion as a content form, with younger users in particular describing GIFs as ‘for boomers’ and ‘cringe,’” Giphy said in an August 2022 filing .
A recent analysis from UK tech retailer Currys listed these translations. Here’s a quick glossary of the Gen Z terms:
DIFTP This acronym is short for “do it for the plot.” It gained steam on TikTok in 2022.
Slaps This term has its roots in hip-hop and became more mainstream in the late 2010s.
💀 This emoji has come to signify “I’m dead” and is used to convey laughter.
Tea Like many words now known as Gen Z slang, this phrase originated in Black drag culture .
We actually have Baby Boomer Scott Fahlman, an emeritus professor at Carnegie Mellon University, to thank for inventing the emoticon in 1982.
Edito r s’ Notes
How we did this: We spoke with researchers, read studies and drew upon our own personal experiences to shape the questions in this quiz. Some questions are based on research findings or echo survey questions used in studies. Others were inspired by expert interviews or anecdotal observations.
What's next: We hope this quiz sparks conversation and encourages more research into these important issues. We plan to analyze responses we receive to see how they compare with generational expectations.
The origin of user stories can be traced back to the late 1990s, when they were introduced as part of the Extreme Programming (XP) methodology to bridge the gap between customers and development teams. In the context of agile framework user stories, they fit into the larger scope of the Agile framework for project management and product development by decomposing large business requirements into user personas. This aids agile teams in achieving requirements iteratively.
To best understand the concept of user stories, let’s look at an example involving a popular tech product, such as Uber .
In the conventional approach, tasks might be outlined in a very technical and feature-specific manner. For instance, a task list for developing the ride-booking feature might include:
While this approach clearly specifies what needs to be done, it often misses the broader context and the user’s perspective. Developers may focus on completing tasks without fully understanding the end user’s experience, leading to features that are technically sound but lack usability and relevance.
In contrast, let’s look at the same functionalities in the form of user stories:
Each user story describes a narrative that captures the who, what, and why from the user’s viewpoint within the Agile framework.
They provide a common language that both technical and non-technical members can understand, reducing the risk of miscommunication and ensuring everyone is on the same page.
By framing tasks from the user’s perspective, user stories ensure that development efforts are directly aligned with delivering value to the user. It also makes it easier to plan development cycles and allocate resources effectively, ensuring that the most impactful features are delivered first.
At the same time, user stories are flexible and can be easily adapted as new insights are gained or user needs to evolve. They allow the development teams the freedom to innovate and solve real customer problems.
This iterative approach allows for continuous improvement and refinement of features, leading to a more responsive and user-friendly product.
Step 2: identify user personas, step 3: gather requirements and insights, b. user story statement: role, goal, benefit, c. description, d. acceptance criteria, step 5: prioritizing user stories, new ways of working, concluding tips💡 for success, getting started with user stories.
Imagine you’re building a house. You wouldn’t start by picking up a hammer and nails without a blueprint, right?
This step-by-step tutorial will guide you through the essential stages of crafting effective agile user stories within an Agile framework, using an example of a task management and team collaboration product. We will introduce the concept of a user story template to help you understand the standard format for writing user stories. We will cover the creation and management of user stories, including the composition of user stories, responsibilities for writing them, and the importance of writing user stories from the user persona’s point of view to avoid potential issues.
Before writing user stories, it’s crucial to clearly understand your product’s vision and strategy.
The vision is the ultimate goal or purpose of the product, while the strategy outlines the approach and tactics to achieve the vision. Having these in place ensures that every user story aligns with the broader objectives of the product.
User personas are fictional characters that represent different segments of your user base. Each user persona should have specific characteristics, needs, and goals. By incorporating user personas into the user story format, you can better understand the user’s needs, goals, and behaviors.
By identifying and understanding your top 3-5 user personas, you can create user stories tailored to their unique perspectives and requirements.
By leveraging user personas, teams can ensure that every feature developed aligns directly with what users truly want and need.
Gathering requirements and insights is a critical step in creating user stories, as it forms the foundation upon which the stories are built. This process involves collecting detailed information from various sources to understand your users’ needs, pain points, and desires.
User interviews and surveys are two of the most direct methods to gather insights about a user’s experiences, challenges, and specific needs. Design your questions to capture both measurable data and detailed feedback by including a mix of multiple-choice questions and open-ended questions.
Example Interview Question: “Can you walk me through your typical day and how what you currently use to accomplish your tasks?”
Example Survey Question: “On a scale of 1-10, how satisfied are you with our product’s current collaboration features?”
In addition, usage data can provide valuable insights into how users interact with your product.
Tools like Usersnap can streamline the process of collecting and managing user feedback in the form of bugs, new feature requests and micro surveys.
Such tools allow users to easily submit their feedback directly from the product, capturing screenshots, doing annotations, and comments that provide a rich context for their issues and suggestions.
This type of feedback provides product teams additional context to easily identify issues and be able to pinpoint areas for improvement.
Integrating these tools into your workflow can help you efficiently gather real-time, actionable insights.
The requirements are then broken down into user stories using a specific user story format within the Agile framework. This format includes the decomposition of business requirements into user personas, the use of 3Cs (card, conversation, confirmation) for creating user stories, and the visual representation of user stories using templates such as index cards and PowerPoint. A PowerPoint user story example can be particularly useful for illustrating complex scenarios. Each user story covers a shippable functionality that can be designed, developed, tested, and released to the users in isolation.
Writing user stories involves crafting a clear and concise narrative that outlines a specific feature or functionality from the user’s perspective. The structured approach covered in this section ensures clarity, facilitates communication, and helps maintain a user-centric focus throughout the development process.
The title of a user story should be a brief summary of its functionality. It should clearly indicate what the story is about at a glance.
Example: “Creating a new task”
One of the most popular templates for writing the main statement of a user story follows the format: “As a [type of user], I want [some goal] so that [some reason/benefit].”
This format helps to clarify who the user is, what they want to achieve, and why it is important.
Example: “As a product owner, I want to create and assign tasks so that my team knows what to work on and when.”
It is a common misconception that a user story only includes the statement.
The description provides additional context or details about the user story. This section can include relevant information that helps the development team understand the user’s needs and how to implement the functionality.
It is where all the specific details captured during discovery would come in to help. Tools like Usersnap can help enrich the feedback requests by allowing users to attach screenshots with annotations, as well as automatically capturing details about the user’s browser, device, location and other specifications.
Example: “The task creation interface should allow the product owner to add task details such as title, description, due date, and assignee. There should also be options to set priorities and add tags for better organization.”
Acceptance criteria define the conditions that must be met for the user story to be considered complete. These criteria provide clear and testable requirements, ensuring that the feature delivers the intended value and functions as expected.
Once the development is complete for a given user story, Product Owners or QA can also use the Usersnap widget to check the functionality against the predefined acceptance criteria. The widget allows to specify discrepancies easily using screenshots, annotations and comments.
By including these components, each user story becomes a comprehensive and actionable item that guides the development team in creating features aligned with user needs and expectations.
This structured approach ensures clarity, facilitates communication, and helps maintain a user-centric focus throughout development.
Not all user stories are created equal. Therefore, they need to be ranked.
As a Product Owner, your primary responsibility is to ensure that the development teams focus on the items that create the most impact on your product.
To help prioritize, you need some measure of the impact that each user story will bring. This could be a combination of factors such as reach, impact, and alignment with strategic goals. Understanding the potential business value helps you focus on features that will benefit users and the organization most.
Additionally, it’s essential to estimate the development effort required for each user story. This is often done using story points, a relative estimation technique considering the complexity, risk, and effort needed to complete the task. Story points are generally preferred over man-hours because they encourage teams to think about the overall scope and complexity rather than just the time it might take.
Product teams can hold estimation sessions where they discuss each user story and come to a consensus on the number of story points it should be assigned. This collaborative approach, called Planning Poker , ensures that everyone has a shared understanding of the work involved.
Once you have estimates for business value and the development effort, you can use any prioritization framework (like RICE) that uses a combination of Effort vs Impact to help prioritize your user stories.
This structured approach to prioritization helps maintain a clear direction for the product, facilitates better resource allocation, and ultimately leads to a more successful and user-centric product.
As technology evolves, so too do our tools.
New tools and technologies offer innovative ways to enhance and streamline the user story writing process.
Remember, user stories are living documents. They evolve as you learn more about your users through testing and feedback.
Technical user story examples illustrate how user stories create a connection between strategic planning and iteration planning. This connection helps keep track of organizational goals and achievements in Agile methodologies.
Modern tools like Usersnap facilitate collaboration with your customers by automating the process of collecting post-production insights that are crucial to iterating your user stories. Additionally, some teams still prefer using a Word Doc user story format for its simplicity and ease of sharing.
Usersnap integrates seamlessly with product development platforms such as Jira and Azure DevOps, and can capture and organize all types of issues, feedback, and new feature requests neatly within your product backlog.
By receiving a prioritized list of feedback in your backlog, you’re already halfway to success.
Customers can influence the prioritization of roadmap items through community upvotes, ensuring development teams always focus on the highest impact features, and making sure their efforts are directed towards what truly matters.
Another significant advancement in the last couple of years has been with User Story writing through Generative AI .
AI tools can help process feedback, validate assumptions, and facilitate user story writing by providing templates and examples tailored to user personas and needs. This not only speeds up the process but also ensures that the stories are data-driven and highly relevant.
👉 Want to learn more about using Generative AI to write user stories? Check out my video where I demonstrate the process using ChatGPT.
And if you’re ready to try out a visual bug tracking and feedback solution, Usersnap offers a free trial. Sign up today or book a demo with our feedback specialists.
10 best customer feedback examples 2024 [updated].
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Do you wear glasses or know someone who does? Read on to learn about important updates to your rights under the Eyeglass Rule .
Getting a copy of your eyeglass prescription immediately after your exam, at no extra charge, and without you having to ask your prescriber for it, lets you shop around for glasses. This has always been a main focus of the Rule. Prescriptions can be provided either on paper or electronically. Now, to keep up with changes in how prescribers — ophthalmologists or optometrists — deliver prescriptions, the updated Rule says
If you suspect a prescriber is violating the Eyeglass Rule , report it to the FTC at ReportFraud.ftc.gov . For more information, check out Buying Prescription Glasses or Contact Lenses: Your Rights .
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That’s great because hindsight is 20:20 ; legally blind deficit in the right eye more- great news
All local eye doctors are now charging ~$100 to give you a copy of your contact lens prescription, which now need to be a year old to fill. I am wearing the same script I got 45 years ago. No reason for this charge. All doctors in the area are doing it. One is even requiring a full "contact lens fitting" the first time you go to them. Clearly also not needed.
In reply to All local eye doctors are… by pam summers
Haven't heard about the $100 charge but the way I see it you pay for the service to get your eyes checked after the examination you should get the results. Which is your RX telling you what vision is, if you don't get that just don't pay. For contacts that's a bunch of s.... I go thru this every year they want to charge me for fitting fee but without the service. And I know that because the first time I got contacts the doctor showed me how to put contacts in and out how to clean them gave me contacts to try, following week checked how I liked them, gave me a different pair, another week I got my RX. For that I didn't mind a fitting fee which back then I wasn't charged it was all included in my eye exam and then to correct my vision. Yes I bought my contacts from my eye doctor but he didn't triple the price on it like the rest of them do. I got glasses and contacts which my insurance paid. Now I'm lucky if I can get the contacts without paying some on top of it. Also their isn't a place close to me to fill my RX so I have to drive like 50 miles roundtrip. Why can I not just get the contacts where I want to as long as I stay with the given amount their shouldn't be a problem. I don't know hows worse insurance or doctors
Hard to believe that a law had to be written to enforce what should have just been provided as a courtesy all along, but here we are, folks. Glad that they did what was necessary, though, to make sure we get that to which we are entitled. So, bravo and thank you.
In the past eye doctors used to give you a prescription good for two (2) years. Now the same prescription is only good for one (1) year. Did this rule changed? Thnaks
In reply to In the past eye doctors used… by Jose
The time limit is usually set by the state laws. Plus, as you get older, your vision can change in less than a year. Medical problems can exacerbate the vision changes.
I am taking 20 mg Lutein with Zeaxanthin with breakfast to prevent eye problems and it can improve cataract vision loss.
In all commercial matters, ideally, but particularly in all health care services and products, THE PRESCRIBERS should be prohibited from even BEING PROVIDERS. Thus, patients could avoid the conflicts of interest INHERENT in telling a patient what she needs, that, of course, he can "best" provide. Call it the "PARTITIONED" (conflict of interest free) Heath Care System. A Dr. can specialize in diagnosis and even testing and diagnosis, but only some other Dr. with no financial interest in common with the prescribing Dr., can then provide, following the prescription.
I have been wearing glasses since I was two years old in 1956. Today at 71 I have finally moved from glasses that were as thick as old fashion pop bottle bottoms to paper thin lenses due to cataract surgery. This entire lifetime my parents and myself have always received a copy of my prescription without even asking. When I was young I just thought because in case I broke them. As I got older I just decided it was just in case. Now I know there was a more important rule for the eye doctors and it has never been violated
Thank you! These are good rules. In the past, I've had doctors react negatively when I've asked for the prescription. Shopping around saves money.
In reply to Thank you! These are good… by Jen Helgren
Please ask the FTC to consider regulating how long the prescription is valid for, ie: Eyeglasses prescriptions are valid for up to 5 years from the date written, contact prescriptions are valid for up to 3 years from date written, etc. With this new legal guidelines for free copies, some eyewear providers will try and use the Expires in 6 months or some arbitrary short period to circumvent the free copy rule. Charging fees for additional copies or extending the date, etc. If it is important to have different standards for Children under 18, to have shorter prescription guidelines, then add more details with regards to age recommendations.
My major complaint is that the prescriber insists on doing an eye exam every year when I do not want to , especially when I want to just use the same prescription! Something should be done about that.
The ACA was supposed to give free eye exams & a pair of glasses for children. Good luck with that. It is always a major chore to get it from the VSP which the insurance companies use to send the customers to. This has been a shell game from day one.
In reply to The ACA was supposed to give… by Greg Paige
Hello and it's a pleasure to meet you all. Reading all the comments and seeing different experiences I can tell you Eye tests are free in boots. You don't have to pay for anything apart from your choice of glasses. But if you are claiming any benefits you can have your glasses upto £40 for free. Then it's £15 pounds for insurance. And you have a written copy. I hope this helps you.
Fantastic! How does this affect the comment below???
I get the prescription with no problem but they won’t put my PD on it. I have to figure that out myself where I can order glasses online
Finally... I am loving this new rule.
I requested my script digitally last year from Eye Express(vision for less) they sent me a piece of paper with numbers on it but it wasn't my eye script, when I inquired about it, they told me I couldn't use my script online for my glasses. Needless to say, I didn't use them again this year for my exam or glasses.
Eye Express(vision for less) told me they had my script available online last year, but then they told me I couldn't use my script online for my glasses but I never did get an explanation as to why, even though I emailed them a few times trying to find out. Obviously, I didn't use them this year. Found a much better provider!
Wonder if there is an eye exam rule. One doc examines and just says OK. Replaced him with one that tells me the exam. IE, no glaucoma, slight cataract - too early to correct, no diabetes, no macula......
Insurance paid for exam. 2 months later I get a bill for $50 for the prescription. Scam of the year
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APA Citation Basics. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found. Example: Quote with APA Style in-text citation. Evolution is a gradual process that "can act only by very short and slow steps" (Darwin, 1859, p. 510).
If you cite several sources by the same author or group of authors, you'll distinguish between them in your APA in-text citations using the year of publication. If you cite multiple sources by the same author(s) at the same point, you can just write the author name(s) once and separate the different years with commas, e.g., (Smith, 2020, 2021).
In-text citations: Author-page style. MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number (s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the ...
In-text citations are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 8 and the Concise Guide Chapter 8. Date created: September 2019. APA Style provides guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism. We also provide specific guidance for ...
Revised on March 5, 2024. An MLA in-text citation provides the author's last name and a page number in parentheses. If a source has two authors, name both. If a source has more than two authors, name only the first author, followed by " et al. ". If the part you're citing spans multiple pages, include the full page range.
29) Parenthetical citations: If an in-text citation has the authors' names in brackets use "&" between the authors' names : (Jones & Smith, 2020, p. 29). Note: Some lecturers want page numbers for all citations, while some only want page numbers with direct quotes. Check with your lecturer to see what you need to do for your assignment.
In-Text Citations: An Overview. In-text citations are brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited. An in-text citation begins with the shortest piece of information that directs your reader to the entry in the ...
In APA, in-text citations are inserted in the text of your research paper to briefly document the source of your information. Brief in-text citations point the reader to more complete information in the Reference list. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. In the author-date method, the writer includes the ...
The following are guidelines to follow when writing in-text citations: Ensure that the spelling of author names and the publication dates in reference list entries match those in the corresponding in-text citations. Cite only works that you have read and ideas that you have incorporated into your writing. The works you cite may provide key ...
APA follows an author and date of publication model for citing sources in your research paper and are presented as either narrative or parenthetical citations. The formatting does not vary due to format type, however it may deviate from the norm due to factors such as: number of authors, organization instead of individual author, lack of author, or lack of date.
Using In-text Citation. Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005).
Including page numbers in citations. When you quote directly from a source or paraphrase a specific passage, your in-text citation must include a page number to specify where the relevant passage is located.. Use 'p.' for a single page and 'pp.' for a page range: Meanwhile, another commentator asserts that the economy is 'on the downturn' (Singh, 2015, p. 13).
When you start a paragraph, the first time you add a sentence that has been paraphrased from a reference -> that's when you need to add an in-text citation. Continue writing your paragraph, you do NOT need to add another in-text citation until: 1) You are paraphrasing from a NEW source, which means you need to cite NEW information OR 2) You ...
In cases where the title contains a colon, use only the text before the colon in your in-text citation. Audio and video sources (Jackson, 2015, 2:12) You have the option to use an audio or video time stamp in an in-text citation to indicate the exact source of a quote or paraphrase. ... Writing Center; Student Support;
Note: In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001).In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. Organization as an Author. If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source, just as you would an ...
To cite more than one source when you are paraphrasing, separate the in-text citations with a semi-colon. Format: (Author's Last Name Page Number; Author's Last Name Page Number). Examples: (Smith 42; Bennett 71). (It Takes Two; Brock 43). Note: In MLA style, the sources within the in-text citation do not need to be in alphabetical order.
when you paraphrase someone else's work. The in-text citation consists of author surname (s)/family name (s), in the order that they appear on the actual publication, followed by the year of publication of the source that you are citing. For direct quotes, make sure to include page or paragraph number. eg. (Weston, 1988, p. 45).
Use the author-date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In this system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry. In-text citations may be parenthetical or narrative. In parenthetical citations, use an ampersand (&) between names for a work with two authors ...
An in-text citation is a reference made within the body of text of an academic essay. The in-text citation alerts the reader to a source that has informed your own writing. The exact format of an in-text citation will depend on the style you need to use, for example, APA. Check with your academic institution to ensure you provide the in-text ...
The most basic type of APA in-text citation includes the author name followed by a comma and the resource publication date. If you are citing a specific part of the text (e.g., a quotation), include the page number ("p.") or page range ("pp."). When citing a page range, an en dash (-) should be used (e.g., "pp. 14-19).
The basic format for an in-text citation is: Title of the Book (Author Last Name, year). Examples. One author: Where the Wild Things Are (Sendak, 1963) is a depiction of a child coping with his anger towards his mom. Two authors (cite both names every time): Brabant and Mooney (1986) have used the comic strip to examine evidence of sex role stereotyping.
Ensure the cursor is blinking in the exact spot you want your citation. This helps you avoid placing the quotation in the wrong section. Step 3: Go to the "References" Tab. Next, navigate to the "References" tab at the top of Word. The "References" tab contains all the tools needed for adding citations, footnotes, and more.
Also: 4 things Claude AI can do that ChatGPT can't Here's how ChatGPT describes the approach: "GPT-4o in free mode provides basic and essential citations, focusing on quick and concise references ...
Citations provide a roadmap for your research, credit the appropriate authors, and foster academic integrity. They're easy to include in a presentation as in-text citations on your slides and as a reference list. Include citations to make sure you presentation credits the appropriate authors and strengthens its validity.
When writing a text message, how do you use periods? At the end of every sentence, just as I would in a letter or an email. At the end of every sentence, but people keep telling me not to.
The description field supports rich text formatting. The priority field includes predefined options: High, Medium, Low. The due date can be selected from a date picker and must be a future date. The assignee field should allow selecting of one or more team members from a dropdown list.
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A general view of the U.S. Supreme Court as justices issue rulings in pending cases on the final day of the court's term in Washington, U.S., July 1, 2024.