mla cite encyclopedia article

MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Encyclopedias & Dictionaries

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On This Page: Encyclopedias & Dictionaries

Encyclopedia or dictionary from library database - known author, encyclopedia or dictionary from library database - unknown author, encyclopedia or dictionary from a website - known author, encyclopedia or dictionary from a website - unknown author, encyclopedia or dictionary entry in print - known author, encyclopedia or dictionary in print - unknown author, citing two authors, citing three or more authors, abbreviating months.

In your works cited list, abbreviate months as follows: 

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper. 

It can sometimes be difficult to find out who the author of a website is. Remember that an author can be a corporation or group, not only a specific person. Author information can sometimes be found under an "About" section on a website.

If there is no known author, start the citation with the title of the article instead.

Capitalize the first letter of every important word in the title. You do not need to capitalize words such as: in, of, or an. Do not use all-caps (except for words like USA where each letter stands for something), even if the words appear that way on the article.

If there is a colon (:) in the title, include what comes after the colon (also known as the subtitle).

The publisher or sponsoring organization can often be found in a copyright notice at the bottom of the home page or on a page that gives information about the site.  When the page is authored and published by the same corporation/group/organization, omit the author and begin your citation with the title. 

Publisher information may be omitted for:

• periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers)
• works published by an author or editor
• web sites whose title is the same as the name of the publisher
• a web site not involved in producing the work it makes (e.g. user-generated content sites like  YouTube )

The best date to use for a website is the date that the content was last updated. Otherwise look for a copyright or original publication date. Unfortunately this information may not be provided or may be hard to find. Often date information is put on the bottom of the pages of a website.

If you do not know the complete date, put as much information as you can find. For example you may have a year but no month or day.

Access Date

Date of access is optional in MLA 9th edition. When no publication date is included, we recommend including the date you last accessed the site.

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number if more than one volume, Publisher Name, Date of Publication,  pp. First Page-Last Page. Name of Database .  https://doi.org/DOI if there is one.

 Note : MLA 9th edition recommends including a DOI, stable link, or URL. We recommend that URLs be left out when citing a work found in a library database. Because library databases require a login most URLs will stop working after the session ends. If there is a DOI, include this as the last element, beginning with https://doi.org/.

If you do not have information such as an editor's name, a volume or page numbers leave those sections out of your citation.

 "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, pp. First Page-Last Page.  Name of Database .   https://doi.org/DOI if there is one.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , Publication or Update Date,   URL. Accessed  Day Month Year site was visited .  

"Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , Publisher if known, Copyright Date or Date Updated,   URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited .  

"Title of Entry." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia,  Wikimedia Foundation, Day Month Year entry was last modified, Time entry was last modified, URL of entry. Accessed Day Month Year Wikipedia entry was last viewed.

 Note : The date and time the article was last modified appears at the bottom of each Wikipedia article.

Keep in mind that Wikipedia may not be considered an acceptable source for a college or university assignment. Be sure to evaluate the content carefully and check with your instructor if you can use it as a source in your assignment.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, pp. First Page-Last Page.

 "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, pp. First Page-Last Page.

If there are two authors, cite the the authors as follows (list authors in the order they are given on the page, not alphabetically):

Last Name, First Name of First Author, and First Name Last Name of Second Author.

Example: Smith, James, and Sarah Johnston.

If there are three or more authors, cite only the name of the first author listed with their Last Name, First Name followed by a comma et al.

Example: Smith, James, et al.

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How to cite an encyclopedia/dictionary entry in a bibliography using MLA

The most basic entry for an encyclopedia/dictionary consists of the author’s name(s), entry title, encyclopedia/dictionary name, publisher name, date published, and location details (page number, website URL, etc.)

Place the full entry title within double quotation marks. Unless there is punctuation that ends the entry title, place a period after the title within the quotations. After the entry title, include the encyclopedia/dictionary name, capitalizing and italicizing it, followed by a period.

With an Author Name

Last Name, First Name. “Entry Title.” Encyclopedia/Dictionary Name, Publisher, Date Published, pp.#-#.

Smith, John. “Iron.” Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Pearson Publishing, 2009, pp. 40-55.

Reverse the first author’s name, with a comma after the last name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). Do not abbreviate the name and write it exactly as it appears in the encyclopedia/dictionary. Titles and affiliations associated with the author should generally be omitted. A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr. should appear after the author’s given name, preceded by a comma.

Two Authors

For an entry with two or more authors, list them in the order they appear in the encyclopedia/dictionary. Reverse only the first author’s name and write the other in normal order. Separate author names by a comma, and place the word “and” between the first author’s name and the second author’s name.

Smith, John, and Jane Doe. “Iron.” Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Pearson Publishing, 2009, pp. 40-55.

Three or More Authors

For entries with three or more author names, only include the first author’s name, followed by a comma and the abbreviation “et al.”

Smith, John, et al. “Iron.” Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Pearson Publishing, 2009, pp. 40-55.

Without an Author Name

If there are no authors for the article, begin the citation with the entry title instead.

“Entry Title.” Encyclopedia/Dictionary Name, Publisher, Date Published, pp.#-#.

“Iron.” Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Pearson Publishing, 2009, pp. 40-55.

If the book is a revised edition or an edition that includes substantial new content, include the number, name, or year of the edition and the abbreviation “ed.” (e.g., 9th ed.) after the reference book title and the period that follows that title. Abbreviate “Revised edition” as “Rev. ed.” and “Abridged edition” as “Abr. ed.” You will usually find edition details, including the date, on the title page or the copyright page.

Smith, John. “Internet.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 8th ed., Oxford UP, 2009.

Volume and Location

If the encyclopedia/dictionary arranges articles alphabetically, do not cite the page number(s) or the number of volumes. If articles are not arranged alphabetically, you may want to include the page number(s) and/or volume number, preceded by the abbreviation “vol.” Include the volume name or number after the encyclopedia/dictionary name (or edition), and before any publication information.

After the publication year, include the page numbers on which the article appears, along with a period. Cite all inclusive page numbers – if the article spans pages that are not consecutive, cite only the first page, followed by a plus sign. After the publication year, include the location details such as page(s) or website address information (DOI, permalink, URL).  Include “p.” before single pages and “pp.” before multiple page numbers. End with a period. Cite all inclusive page numbers – if the article spans pages that are not consecutive, cite only the first page, followed by a plus sign.

Smith, John. “BibMe.” Web Application Encyclopedia, 8th ed., vol. 15, Oxford UP, 2009, pp. 21-33.

Smith, John. “BibMe.” Web Application Encyclopedia, 8th ed., vol. 15, Oxford UP, 2009, pp. 21+.

Online Sources

For online publications, include the website name and, if a publication or post date isn’t available, also include the date on which you accessed the entry. Capitalize and italicize the website name and follow it with the web address details. According to MLA’s 9th edition updated in 2021, you may usually leave out http:// or https:// from URLs unless you want to hyperlink them or unless instructed otherwise. When in doubt, ask your instructor. If a DOI is available, use that instead of the URL. For DOIs, use http:// or https:// before the DOI: https://doi.org/xx.xxxx/xxx.xxxx.xxxx. Use a period after the DOI.

If a publication or posting date isn’t available, include the accessed date after the location. Format the date using the international format of day-month-year. Follow the access date with a period. For an entry found in a database, cite it the same way you would an article published online: cite the location with the database name in italics, followed by a comma, a DOI or URL, and ending with a period.

Smith, John. “BibMe.” Web Application Encyclopedia, 8th ed., 2009. Proquest Database, www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/studies/docview/745668798. Accessed 21 Feb. 2009.

If you are citing a dictionary definition and need to specify a certain definition, place the abbreviation “Def.”, the definition number/letter, and a period between the entry title and the dictionary name.

“Scofflaw.” Def. 2. Webster’s English Dictionary, 5th ed., 2009.

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• Skill Guides
• Subject Guides

MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition): Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

• Understanding Core Elements
• Formatting Appendices and Works Cited List
• Writing an Annotated Bibliography
• Academic Honesty and Citation
• In-Text Citation
• Charts, Graphs, Images, and Tables
• Class Notes and Presentations
• Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
• Generative AI
• In Digital Assignments
• Interviews and Emails
• Journal and Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Social Media
• Special Collections
• Videos and DVDs
• When Information Is Missing
• Citation Software

When including URLs, use a DOI or permalink  if available. The  MLA Handbook  encourages writers to list the available URL if there is not a DOI or permalink.

 Note : If you do not have information such as an editor's name, a volume or page numbers, omit those elements from your citation.

"Title of Entry." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia,  Wikimedia Foundation, Day Month Year entry was last modified, Time entry was last modified, URL of entry. Accessed Day Month Year Wikipedia entry was last viewed.

"Body Image."  Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia,  Wikimedia  Foundation, 16 June 2016, 7:41 pm, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_image.

 Notes :

• Wikipedia may not be considered an acceptable source for assignments. Be sure to evaluate the content carefully and check your assignment
• The date and time the article was last modified appears at the bottom of each Wikipedia article. You may include an access date as an optional element if you think it will be useful to your readers.

Encyclopedia or Dictionary from Library Database

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, pp. First Page - Last Page. Name of Database,  permalink URL or DOI.

Selby, Christine. "Assessment."  Eating Disorders: An Encyclopedia of Causes, Treatment, and Prevention , edited by Justine J. Reel,  ABC-CLIO , 2014, pp. 35-43. ProQuest E-book Central,  https:// ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/knowledgecenter/detail.action?pq-origsite=primo&docID=1135401.

Encyclopedia or Dictionary From Database - Unknown Author

"Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, pp. First Page - Last Page.  Name of Database.  

"Shakespeare, William."  Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia , World Book, 2016.  Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, https://unr.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=funk&AN=SH093700&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

  Note: This example had no editor's name, edition, volume or page numbers, so these elements were left out of the citation.

Encyclopedia or Dictionary From a Website

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , Publication or Update Date , Name of Website. URL. Accessed Day Month Year of Access.  

McLean, Steve. "The Tragically Hip."  The Canadian Encyclopedia , 26 Mar. 2015,  Historica Canada . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/the-tragically-hip-emc. Accessed 27 Jun. 2016.

 Note : In this example the date of last edit is listed as publication or update date. List the full date if given in Day,  Month, Year format, abbreviating the month. Date of access is the day the website was visited.

Encyclopedia or Dictionary in Print

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary, edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, pp. First Page - Last Page.

Barber, Russell J. "Anthropological Ethics."  Ethics , edited by John K. Roth, Rev. ed., vol. 1, Salem Press, 2005, pp. 67-69.

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• Library Catalogue

Citing encyclopedias & dictionaries: MLA (9th) citation guide

This guide is based on the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 9th ed. and provides selected citation examples for common types of sources.

For more detailed information, please consult the full manual: available in print and online .

Print encyclopedias may have different versions: this can take the form of different editions, with many volumes. See page 157 (section 5.50) of the Handbook for information on how to correctly cite versions.

Citing an encyclopedia article or dictionary entry is similar to citing a chapter in a book or anthology : include the author's name (if available), the entry title, and the title of the entire reference work.

If there is no author, begin the citation with the title (and italicize or use quotation marks as necessary). If there is no author and the title of the work is quite long, you may shorten the title: see the in-text and works cited examples of "Philosophers and Religious Figures" on this page. For more information on shortening titles, please see page 237 (section 6.10) of the Handbook .

If the work was accessed online, include the database you used to find it, and the URL. You may also choose to include an access date if there is a good chance the entry may be altered or removed (211).

Parenthetical (in-text)

Martin Heidegger was a German existentialist philosopher living from 1889-1976 (“Philosophers and Religious Figures” 183). 

The meaning of the word inflammable is often misunderstood, but it means something is easily set on fire (“Inflammable, Adj . and N ”).

Works cited

Printed reference book entries.

“Philosophers and Religious Figures of the Past.” The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2022 . Edited by Sarah Janssen, Skyhorse Publishing, 2021.

Bergmann, Peter G. "Relativity." The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia . 15th ed. Britannica, 2002. 29 vols.

Online dictionary entry

“Inflammable, Adj . and N .” OED Online, Oxford University Press. Oxford English Dictionary , www.oed.com/view/Entry/95464. Accessed 18 Oct. 2022.

Still using MLA 8?

We've now updated our citation guides to MLA 9, but you can still use the printable version of our MLA 8 citation guide. 

Need more help? Check our Ask a Librarian services .

• Spartanburg Community College Library
• SCC Research Guides
• Citing an Encyclopedia

Encyclopedias are an example of a reference source and can be great to use for background information about a subject. Encyclopedias provide overviews of various topics to help their readers learn more about a subject. The SCC Library has access to many encyclopedias, both online in library databases and in print on the shelves in the library.

• From a Database
• From a Book (Print)
• Help Resources

Encyclopedia from Library Database 

Known author:.

Format:  Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia , edited by Editor's Name, Edition, vol. #, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, page number(s).  Database Name,  URL.

Example:  Moore, Leonard N. "Civil Rights Movement."  St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture , edited by Thomas Riggs, 2nd ed., vol. 1, St. James Press, 2013, pp. 608-611.  Gale eBooks,  pascal-scc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01PASCAL_SCC/1msufik/cdi_gale_incontextnref_ISN_ SFRNQP801853224.

*Note : You can usually omit the http:// unless needed to hyperlink.

*Note:  For URLs longer than 3 lines, you can shorten the URL. Always retain the host (main website) of the URL.

Unknown Author:

Format:  "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia , edited by Editor's Name, Edition, vol. #, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, page number(s).  Database Name , URL.

Example:  "Earthquakes."  Notable Natural Disasters , edited by Robert S. Carmichael, 2nd ed., vol. 1: Overviews, Salem Press Inc., 2017, pp. 40-56.  Gale eBooks , go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=spartechcl&v=2.1&it=etoc&id=GALE%7C9781682173336&sid=bookmark-GVRL.

Encyclopedia in Print

Format:  Author's Last Name, Author First Name.  " Title of Entry."   Title of Encyclopedia , edited by Editor's Name, Edition, vol. #, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, pp.  

Example:  Chapman, Russell L., and Debra A. Waters. "Algae."  Plant Sciences , edited by Richard Robinson, vol. 1, Gale, 2001, pp. 26- 31.

Format:  " Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia , edited by Editor's Name, Edition, vol. #, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, pp.

Example:  "A Streetcar Named Desire."  Drama for Students,  edited by David M. Galens and Lynn M. Spampinato, vol. 1, Gale, 1998, pp. 281-297.

• Where to Find Citation Information in a Book This guide will walk you through where to find citation information for a book source.
• Online MLA Handbook Information on Citing a Book This links you to the section in the MLA Handbook on citing a book.
• How to Cite Part of a Book in MLA Format This downloadable worksheet will break down how to cite a specific section (chapter, essay, poem, etc.) from a book. [Microsoft Word document]
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• Formatting the Author and Title
• Container Punctuation
• Citing a Book or Ebook
• Citing Part of a Book or Ebook
• Citing a Journal Article
• Citing an Article Written for a Database
• Citing a Magazine or Newspaper Article
• Citing an Interview/Podcast
• Citing a Website
• Citing a Video
• Citing Social Media
• Citing Images in a Project
• Citing Artistic Works/Performances
• Citing a Play
• Citing a Poem
• In-text Citations
• Formatting Your Word Document
• MLA Handouts
• MLA Workshop (video, Feb. 2022)
• MLA - Getting Started (Basic Tutorial)
• Annotated Bibliography

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MLA Citation Examples

• Volume and Issue Numbers
• Page Numbers
• Citing a Source within a Source
• DOIs and URLs
• In-Text Citations
• Academic Journals
• Encyclopedia Articles

Format for encyclopedia articles

Library database.

• Book, Film, and Product Reviews
• Online Classroom Materials
• Conference Papers
• Technical and Research Reports
• Dissertations and Theses
• Interviews and E-mail Messages
• AI: ChatGPT, etc.
• "Title of Article."
• Title of Encyclopedia ,
• Publication Date.
• Title of Database ,
• DOI or URL.

Author. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia , edited by Editor, #th ed., Publisher, date. Title of Database , DOI or URL.

See specific examples below. And see here for more information on DOIs and URLs .

Myers, Kathleen Ann. "Juana Inés de la Cruz, Sor." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History , edited by Bonnie G. Smith, Oxford UP, 2008. Oxford Reference , www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-541.

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Cite Your Sources in MLA 9th: Encyclopedia and Dictionary Entries

• Books and eBooks
• Encyclopedia and Dictionary Entries
• Government Documents
• Images, Artwork, Charts, Graphs and Tables
• Journal Articles
• Newspaper and Magazine Articles
• Social Media
• Videos and Other Multimedia
• Advertisements
• Book Reviews
• ChatGPT and Generative AI
• Emails, Interviews, and Personal Communications
• Religious Texts
• Formatting Your Paper
• How to Identify Source Types
• Other Styles

How to Cite Encyclopedia and Dictionary Entries

Online reference entries, print reference entries, reference entry from a library database.

Author(s) [if any]. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by Editor First Name Last Name [if any], Edition [if given], vol. Volume Number [if more than one volume], Publisher Name, Publication Date, pp. Page Numbers.  Name of Database , https://doi.org/DOI [if any].

Runggaldier, Astrid.  "Holmul."  Grove Art Online , Oxford University Press, 12 July 2021.  Oxford Art Online,  https://doi.org/10.1093/ oao/9781884446054.013.90000138574.

"Racism."  Encyclopedia of Race and Racism , edited by Patrick L. Mason, Gale, 2nd edition, 2013.  Credo Reference .

Reference Entry from a Website

Author(s) [if any]. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , Publication Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

McLean, Steve. "The Tragically Hip."  The Canadian Encyclopedia , 26 Mar. 2015, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/the-tragically-hip-emc. Accessed 27 Jun. 2016.

"Filibuster."  Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford University Press, 2019, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/70179?redirectedFrom=fillibuster. Accessed 27 July 2019.

"Title of Entry."  Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia,  Wikimedia Foundation, Day Month Year entry was last modified, Time entry was last modified, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

"Body Image."  Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia,  Wikimedia Foundation, 16 June 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_image. Accessed 28 June 2016.

Reference Entry in Print

Author(s) [if any]. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name [if any], Edition [if given], vol. Volume Number [if multiple volumes], Publisher, Publication Year, pp. Page Numbers.

Dupler, Douglas, et al. "Acupuncture."  The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine , edited by Laurie J. Fundukian, 4th ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014, pp. 24-29.

"Cacao."  Encyclopedia of the Ancient Maya , edited by Walter R. T. Witschey, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2015, pp. 49-51.  

How to Format Author Names

• Works Cited List
• In-Text Citation

Last Name, First Name or Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial (if provided in source)

Name Examples:

Anzaldúa, Gloria Kendi, Ibram X. Wallace, David Foster

Citation Example:

Anzaldúa, Gloria.  Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza . 4th ed., Aunt Lute Books, 2012. 

Two Authors

Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name

Wykes, Maggie, and Barrie Gunter.  The Media and Body Image: If Looks Could Kill.  Sage, 2005.

Three or More Authors

First Author's Last Name, First Name, et al.

Chan, Sabrina S., et al.  Learning Our Names: Asian American Christians on Identity, Relationships, and Vocation.  InterVarsity Press, 2022.

Group or Corporate Author

If the group author is different from publisher.

If the group author and the publisher are different entities, list the Group Name as the author. 

Calgary Educational Partnership Foundation.  Employability Skills: Creating My Future . Nelson, 1996.

If the Group Author and Publisher Are the Same

If the group author and the publisher are the same, skip the author and list the title first. Then, list the group author only as the publisher.

Fair Housing—Fair Lending . Aspen Law & Business, 1985.

If a source has no author, skip the author and start with the title. Do not use "Anonymous" as the author name.

"How to Teach Yourself Guitar."  eHow,  Demand Media, www.ehow.com/how_5298173_teach-yourself-guitar.html. Accessed 24 June 2016.

(Last Name Page Number)

(Anzaldúa 30)

(First Author's Last Name and Second Author's Last Name Page Number)

(Wykes and Gunter 53)

(First Author's Last Name et al. Page Number)

(Chan et al. 97)

(Group Name Page Number)

(Calgary Educational Partnership Foundation 230)

If your full citation for a group author starts with the title rather than the group's name, follow the "No Author" in-text citation rules instead.

( Title of Longer Work  or "Title of Shorter Work" Page Number)

( Fair Housing  15)

("How to Teach")

Frequently Asked Questions

How do i format dates.

Dates in your Works Cited list should be formatted like this: Day Month Year. Month names should be abbreviated using the list below.  Example:  17 Oct. 2021.

For publication dates, include as much information as the source provides. This may be a full date, only the month and year, a season (such as Spring 2019), or just a publication year.

Month Abbreviations

In your Works Cited list, abbreviate months as follows:

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper.

What is a DOI?

Digital Object Identifiers, or DOIs, are unique numbers or hyperlinks assigned to some online resources, such as journal articles, to make them easier to find.

If a DOI is provided for a source, include it at the end of your citation after any page numbers. In your Works Cited list, you should always format a DOI as a URL beginning with "https://doi.org/" followed immediately by the DOI number.

Example:  For DOI "10.5642/jhummath.20170120," the URL version would be: https://doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.20170120

If no DOI is provided but a permalink or stable link is present, you can use that instead.

What if some information is missing?

If a source is missing information that you need for your Works Cited citation, you can skip that element and move on to the next element in the citation.

Examples: Some sources don't have an author; in this case, we skip the author and start our citation with the title. Most academic journals are published in volumes and issues, but some only have volumes; in this case, we list the volume number and skip the issue number. 

What if I don't know which source type I'm citing?

If you're not sure what type of source you're working with, don't worry! This is a very common challenge. Check out our page on Identifying Source Types .

What if I need to cite multiple sources by the same author?

Works Cited List:  To cite two or more works by the same author, give the name in the first entry only. For subsequent works by the same author, replace the author's name with three hyphens followed by a period (---.), which signifies that the name is the same as the preceding entry. Alphabetize works with the same author by title. 

In-Text Citations: To distinguish multiple works by the same author, add a comma followed by a shortened version of the title (usually the first 2-4 words) between the author name and the page number. Example: (Anzaldúa,  Borderlands / La Frontera  38). Alternately, you can mention the author and title in the sentence, and then only include the page number. 

For page numbers, should I use p. or pp.?

If you are citing a single page, use "p." If you are citing multiple pages, use "pp."

Example: If an article runs from page 10 to page 15, your citation should say "pp. 10-15" because it covers multiple pages. If it's a short article that only appears on page 11, your citation should say "p. 11".

More Information on MLA 9th

• Pierce Library's MLA 9th Quick Citation Guide Downloadable PDF with sample citations (including in-text) for different types of sources and a sample Works Cited page.
• MLA Style Center Tips for working in MLA Style, answers to common questions, and more.
• Purdue OWL MLA 9 Formatting & Style Guide Very thorough overview of MLA 9th with examples for how to construct both in-text and Works Cited entries.

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Information

How to cite references using mla style.

• Getting Started
• Finding Help
• Periodical Articles
• Encyclopedia Articles
• Electronic Resources
• Miscellaneous & Unpublished
• Citing ChatGPT and Other AI Tools In MLA Style

MLA Examples - Encyclopedia Articles

"Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary . 3rd ed., 1997.

Allen, Anita L. “Privacy in Health Care.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics , edited by Stephen G Post, 3rd ed., vol. 4, 2004.

“United Farm Workers Union.” Encyclopedia of Race and Racism , McMillan Reference USA, 2009, pp. 184–185. Gale Virtual Reference Library ,  go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=lom_waynesu&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX2831200387&asid=81241f4f0615575faf9d963b337e173e.

MLA Style Guides

• Excelsior OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide This resource offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
• The Writer's Handbook: MLA Documentation Guide The University of Wisconsin - Madison provides a quick resource for citing references in papers using the style outlined by the 2009 MLA Handbook.
• Citing Primary Sources: MLA Library of Congress instructions for and examples of citations of primary source materials: Web Sites, Cartoons, Maps, Photographs, Films, and more.

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MLA Citation Guide (8th Edition): Wikipedia, Encyclopedias, & Dictionaries

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How do I cite...?

Encyclopedia or dictionary from library database - known author, encyclopedia or dictionary from library database - unknown author.

• Encyclopedia or Dictionary From a Website - Known Author
• Encyclopedia or Dictionary From a Website - Unknown Author
• Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entry In Print - Known Author

Note on Formatting

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, pp. First Page - Last Page. Name of Database,  permalink URL or DOI.

 "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, pp. First Page - Last Page.  Name of Database, Permalink URL or DOI. 

Encyclopedia or Dictionary From a Website

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , Publication or Update Date , Name of Website. URL. Accessed Day Month Year of Access.  

"Title of Entry." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia,  Wikimedia Foundation, Day Month Year entry was last modified, Time entry was last modified, URL of entry. Accessed Day Month Year Wikipedia entry was last viewed.

 Note : The date and time the article was last modified appears at the bottom of each Wikipedia article.

Wikipedia may not be considered an acceptable source for a college or university assignment. Be sure to evaluate the content carefully and check your assignment.

Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entry In Print

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, pp. First Page - Last Page.

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MLA Citation Guide (MLA 8th Edition): Encyclopedias & Dictionaries

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On This Page

Encyclopedia or dictionary from library database - known author, encyclopedia or dictionary from library database - unknown author, encyclopedia or dictionary from a website - known author, encyclopedia or dictionary from a website - unknown author, encyclopedia or dictionary entry in print - known author, encyclopedia or dictionary in print - unknown author.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, pp. First Page - Last Page. Name of Database.  

 Note : While MLA 8th edition recommends including URLs, Seneca Libraries recommends that URLs be left out when citing a work found in a library database. Because library databases require a login most URLs will stop working after the session ends.

If you do not have information such as an editor's name, a volume or page numbers leave those sections out of your citation.

 "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, pp. First Page - Last Page.  Name of Database.  

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , Publication or Update Date , Name of Website. URL. Accessed Day Month Year of Access.  

"Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , Publication or Update Date ,  Name of Website.  URL. Accessed Day Month Year of Access.  

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, pp. First Page - Last Page.

 "Title of Entry."  Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by   Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, pp. First Page - Last Page.

"Title of Entry." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia,  Wikimedia Foundation, Day Month Year entry was last modified, Time entry was last modified, URL of entry. Accessed Day Month Year Wikipedia entry was last viewed.

 Note : The date and time the article was last modified appears at the bottom of each Wikipedia article.

Wikipedia may not be considered an acceptable source for a college or university assignment. Be sure to evaluate the content carefully and check your assignment.

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• URL: https://research.moreheadstate.edu/mla8

© Morehead State University MSU is an affirmative action, equal opportunity, educational institution .

• Plagiarism and grammar
• School access

Cite an Encyclopedia in MLA

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Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
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Citation Help for MLA, 8th Edition: Encyclopedia

• Book Review
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Example with an author: Lustig, T. Gutenberg: First modern inkmaker? The inventor of movable type probably also created the first workable printing ink . Spiral, 2015.

If this article did not have an author it would be cited as: Gutenberg: First Modern Inkmaker? The Inventor of Movable Type Probably Also Created the First Workable Printing Ink . Spiral, 2015. Explanation: Start with the name of the article, book, or web page if no author is given.

Jones, Malcom. "Scatology." Medieval Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Myths, Legends,

     Tales, Beliefs, and Customs . Edited by Carl Lindahl, John McNamara, and John Lindow,

     2nd ed., vol. 3, ABC-CLIO, 2016. OR FULL-TEXT FROM AN ONLINE DATABASE LIKE CREDO:

Jones, Malcom. "Scatology."  Medieval Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Myths, Legends,

     Tales, Beliefs, and Customs . Edited by Carl Lindahl, John McNamara, and John Lindow,

     2nd ed., vol. 3, ABC-CLIO, 2016. Credo Reference , https://akin.css.edu/login?url=http://

     search.credoreference.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=AN=116756626&site=eds-live

     &scope=site. Accessed 19 Mar. 2017.

Explanation

Author of the article: Jones, Malcom. Last name of the author, then the complete spelling of the first and middle names. Avoid initials, if possible.If your article does not list an author, begin with the title of the article. End with a period.

Title & subtitle of the article: "Scatology." The title & subtitle are separated by a colon. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and subtitle, and all proper nouns and important words. Place article title & subtitle in quotations and end with a period. Title & subtitle of the encyclopedia: Medieval Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs . The title & subtitle are separated by a colon. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and subtitle, and all proper nouns and important words. Italicize encyclopedia title & subtitle and end with a period Editor or editors of the encyclopedia: Edited by Carl Lindahl, John McNamara, and John Lindow, Editor or editors are indicated by the words Edited by preceding their name or names. The name is presented with the first name followed by the last (this is the reverse of the traditional MLA form). End with a comma.. Edition of the encyclopedia: 2nd ed., If the encyclopedia is a 2nd edition, 3rd, etc., give the edition number followed by the abbreviation ed. and end with a comma. Volume number:  vol. 3, If the encyclopedia has more than one volume, give the volume number you used for this entry. Precede the number by the abbreviation vol. and then the number followed by a comma. Publisher: ABC-CLIO, Place a comma after the publisher's name to separate it from the year of publication. Place of publication is optional and if included would precede the publisher separated by a comma. Year of publication: 2016. List the year of publication which appears on the title page or the title page verso (back side of title page). End citation with a period. If you got the full-text from an online database like Credo, continue your citation with:

[Th e above information is based on   MLA Handbook   8th edition]

Example: Gibbs, Janet Trist.  Children of Color: Psychological Interventions With Minority Youth.  Edited by John C. Cowl, Jossey-Bass, 2015. Explanation: Place the words Edited by before the editor's name. Put a comma after the editor's name.

Example: Smith, Susan. Clinical Skills: Basic to Advanced Skills . 7th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, 2015. Explanation: Place the edition number after the book title. Follow by ed.,

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MLA Citation Guide (MLA 8th edition)

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• Quoting and Paraphrasing
• Works Cited and Sample Page
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Citations examples on this page:

• Encyclopedia or Dictionary From Library Database - Known Author
• Encyclopedia or Dictionary From Library Database - Unknown Author
• Encyclopedia or Dictionary From a Website - Known Author
• Encyclopedia or Dictionary From a Website - Unknown Author
• Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entry In Print - Known Author
• Encyclopedia or Dictionary In Print - Unknown Author

Note : All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

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Should I cite each entry from an encyclopedia separately?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

You should provide citations for each encyclopedia entry that you use in your essay. A good example is  Wikipedia , an online encyclopedia. You would cite each article from  Wikipedia separately, even though they come from the same source. A sentence in your essay might read as follows:

According to  Wikipedia , an encyclopedia “is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge from either all branches or from a particular field or discipline” (“Encyclopedia”).

“Encyclopedia.”  Wikipedia : The Free Encyclopedia , Wikimedia Foundation, 3 Dec. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia.

Cite an encyclopedia article in MLA style

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Use the following template or our MLA Citation Generator to cite an encyclopedia article. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

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• How to cite a Encyclopedia article in MLA style
• How to cite a Government publication in MLA style
• How to cite a Interview in MLA style
• How to cite a Legislation in MLA style
• How to cite a Magazine in MLA style
• How to cite a Music or recording in MLA style
• How to cite a Newspaper in MLA style
• How to cite a Patent in MLA style
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• How to cite a Presentation or lecture in MLA style
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MLA Citation Guide (8th Edition): Encyclopedias & Dictionaries

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On This Page: Encyclopedias & Dictionaries

Encyclopedia or dictionary from library database - known author, encyclopedia or dictionary from library database - unknown author, encyclopedia or dictionary from a website - known author, encyclopedia or dictionary from a website - unknown author, encyclopedia or dictionary entry in print - known author, encyclopedia or dictionary in print - group or unknown author, citing two authors, citing three or more authors, abbreviating months.

In your Works Cited list, abbreviate months as follows: 

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper. 

It can sometimes be difficult to find out who the author of a website is. Remember that an author can be a corporation or group, not only a specific person. Author information can sometimes be found under an "About" section on a website.

If there is no known author, start the citation with the title of the website instead.

The best date to use for a website is the date that the content was last updated. Otherwise look for a copyright or original publication date. Unfortunately this information may not be provided or may be hard to find. Often date information is put on the bottom of the pages of a website.

If you do not know the complete date, put as much information as you can find. For example you may have a year but no month or day.

Access Date

Date of access is now optional in MLA 8th edition. If no publication date is included, we recommend including the date you last accessed the site.

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double-spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

 Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, pp. First Page-Last Page. Name of Database . 

"Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Date of Publication, pp. First Page-Last Page. Name of Database . 

  Note: While MLA 8th edition recommends including URLs, we recommend that URLs be left out when citing a work found in a library database. Because library databases require a login, most URLs will stop working after the session ends.

If you do not have information such as an editor's name, a volume or page numbers leave those sections out of your citation.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , Publication or Update Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited. 

"Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , Publisher if known, Copyright Date or Date Updated, URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited. 

"Title of Entry." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia,  Wikimedia Foundation, Day Month Year entry was last modified, Time entry was last modified, URL of entry. Accessed Day Month Year Wikipedia entry was last viewed.

 Note : The date and time the article was last modified appears at the bottom of each Wikipedia article.

Wikipedia  may not be considered an acceptable source for a college or university assignment. Be sure to check with your instructor and to evaluate the  Wikipedia  content carefully.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, pp. First Page-Last Page.

  "Title of Entry." Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary , edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, Edition if given and not first edition, vol. Volume Number, Publisher Name, Year of Publication, pp. First Page-Last Page.

If there are two authors, cite the the authors as follows (list authors in the order they are given on the page, not alphabetically):

Last Name, First Name of First Author, and First Name Last Name of Second Author.

Example: Smith, James, and Sarah Johnston.

 If there are three or more authors, begin your citation with the name of the first author listed followed by a comma and et al.

Works Cited List: Last Name, First name, et al.

Example: Johnson, Norine G., et al.

In-Text Citation: (Last Name, et al. page number)

Example: (Johnson, et al.172)

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Hancock County

Hancock County lies between the Oconee and Ogeechee rivers, in east central Georgia. It was founded December 17, 1793, and was named for John Hancock, signer of the Declaration of Independence. Sparta , established in 1795 and incorporated in 1805, is the county seat.

Hancock is steeped in history. Native Americans passed through the area via the Upper Trading Path, which extended from Augusta to connect with tribes all the way to the Mississippi River. The area attracted Revolutionary War (1775-83) veterans from Virginia, the Carolinas, and New England, who came to take advantage of the land lottery system . In 1825, on his American tour, the Marquis de Lafayette was hosted in Sparta by former Congressman William Terrell and others. By 1840 Hancock had given Georgia two governors, Nathaniel E. Harris and Charles McDonald , and had become well known for its strong educational institutions and religious affiliations.

In 1806  Georgia Methodists, as part of the South Carolina Conference of the Methodist Church , met in Sparta. Two prominent late-nineteenth-century Methodist bishops were Sparta residents: Bishop George Foster Pierce and his African American counterpart, Bishop Lucius Holsey . Presbyterians , Catholics , and Baptists also contributed to the early religious heritage of the county. Several male academies, at Powelton, Mount Zion, and Sparta, were nationally known; and the Sparta Female Model School attracted wealthy young girls from New England and the mid-Atlantic states. In 1862 Richard Malcolm Johnston ’s famous boys’ school at Rockby set an example as a progressive institute of learning unique for nineteenth-century schools.

Cotton cultivated by thousands of enslaved workers brought prosperity to Hancock County by 1830. An 1835 census counted 5,680 enslaved persons and 480 slaveowners in the county. Advanced farming practices were introduced by innovative planters like David Dickson, who designed a plow and began the practice of using bat guano for fertilizer. Dickson, along with other progressive planters, founded the Hancock County Planters Club in 1837 to encourage improved agricultural achievements. It had a statewide influence on planters who witnessed the club’s enthusiasm and successful yields, and it helped turn the tide of emigration to western lands after cotton farming had depleted the soil .

In January 1861, when the Georgia Secession Convention convened, the three Hancock County representatives, all staunch Unionists , voted against withdrawal. When Georgia seceded , however, they threw their fortunes in with the Confederacy, and the county supported four years of war by supplying soldiers and turning cotton fields to corn and grain fields to sustain an army. Two Confederate generals were born in Hancock County, and Linton Stephens, the half brother of Alexander Stephens , vice president of the Confederacy, lived in Sparta from 1852 to 1872. The town of Linton (near Sparta) was named for him in 1858.

War came to Hancock County in November 1864, when elements of General William T. Sherman’s Union forces left Milledgeville on the infamous March to the Sea . Cavalry under Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick raided the southern part of Hancock along the Ogeechee River, destroying farms and burning cotton. But the real devastation came in the war’s aftermath. Most of the wealthy citizens left Sparta and Hancock County in the years following the war, and the area’s prosperity declined considerably during Reconstruction . William J. Northen , who had moved to the county in the 1850s and helped establish the Hancock County Farmer’s Club, was elected governor of Georgia in 1890.

Hancock never recovered its antebellum reputation as one of the richest counties in the state. The twentieth century saw a small return to farming, especially cotton, but by the 1940s that was gone, in large part due to the arrival of the boll weevil and timber replaced cotton as the county’s main source of revenue . In 1921 writer Jean Toomer arrived in Sparta to work as the substitute principal at a Black industrial school. Toomer’s experiences in the community inspired his acclaimed novel Cane , which was published in 1923.

Sparta and Hancock County gained notoriety in the late 1960s and early 1970s when Black activist John McCown exerted his influence there. As executive director of the Georgia Council on Human Relations, a statewide civil rights organization affiliated with the Southern Regional Council , McCown made Hancock County the focus of his efforts to change the political power structure. He succeeded in bringing millions of dollars in federal grant money to the county and transforming it into a Black-controlled county but his successes were tainted by questionable business practices and charges of mismanagement of several projects. While some saw him as a force for racial change in politics, others viewed him as an opportunist who rather than improving race relations instead set them back.

Hobbled by a legacy of political unrest and a weak economy, Hancock County’s population consistently declined during much of the twentieth century. Once one of the richest counties in the state and now one of the poorest, Hancock ranks at the bottom of the state’s counties in education and economic welfare. There have been efforts to capitalize on Hancock’s rich history, including plans for heritage tourism with a museum and historical tours. Several National Register historic districts and sites are located around the county and in Sparta. In 2003 several roads in Hancock County became part of the Historic Piedmont Scenic Byway, a route that is intended to promote the historical and cultural features of the county.

In 2014 the historic Hancock County courthouse, constructed from 1881-1883 was consumed by a fire that raged for three weeks. The flames reportedly became so hot that the 800-pound clock tower bell melted. An important civic center for residents, the courthouse was rebuild and recommissioned in 2016–an effort that resulted in $7.5 million in costs.

According to the 2020 U.S. census, the population of Hancock County is 8,735, a decrease from the 2010 population of 9,429. A 2021 census found the population of Hancock County was 73 percent Black or African American.

Cite this Article

Joslyn, Mauriel. "Hancock County." New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified Jul 7, 2022. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/counties-cities-neighborhoods/hancock-county-clone/

Joslyn, M. P. (2024). Hancock County. In New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved Jul 7, 2022, from https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/counties-cities-neighborhoods/hancock-county-clone/

Joslyn, Mauriel. "Hancock County." New Georgia Encyclopedia , 21 May 2024, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/counties-cities-neighborhoods/hancock-county-clone/.

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Hancock County lies between the Oconee and Ogeechee rivers, in east central Georgia. It was founded December 17, 1793, and was named for John Hancock,…

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The Hancock County courthouse, in Sparta, was built 1881-83. The architectural style of the courthouse is called Second Empire; it was designed by the firm of Parkins and Bruce.

Courtesy of Don Bowman

The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder.

Millmore Gristmill

The Millmore gristmill in Hancock County was the site of Georgia's 1786 peace treaty with the Creek Indians.

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Probably photographed at a Hancock County fair about 1898, this is believed to be the plow invented by the planter David Dickson. He also first used commercial fertilizer in Hancock County.

Courtesy of Georgia Archives , Vanishing Georgia, # han016.

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The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the Georgia Archives .

Linton Stephens Home

The Sparta home of Linton Stephens, pictured in 1911. Stephens served as a Georgia state supreme court justice from 1859 to 1860 and was a delegate to the Georgia secession convention in 1861.

Courtesy of Georgia Archives , Vanishing Georgia, # han001.

Glen Mary, an outstanding example of a Greek revival-style raised cottage, was built in 1848 about seven miles south of Sparta.

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MLA Works Cited Page: Books

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When you are gathering book sources, be sure to make note of the following bibliographic items: the author name(s), other contributors such as translators or editors, the book’s title, editions of the book, the publication date, the publisher, and the pagination.

The 8 th  edition of the MLA handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any source regardless of whether it’s included in this list.

Please note these changes in the new edition:

• Commas are used instead of periods between Publisher, Publication Date, and Pagination.
• Medium is no longer necessary.
• Containers are now a part of the MLA process. Commas should be used after container titles.
• DOIs should be used instead of URLS when available.
• Use the term “Accessed” instead of listing the date or the abbreviation, “n.d."

Below is the general format for any citation:

Author. Title. Title of container (do not list container for standalone books, e.g. novels), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs URL or DOI). 2 nd  container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).

Basic Book Format

The author’s name or a book with a single author's name appears in last name, first name format. The basic form for a book citation is:

Last Name, First Name. Title of Book . City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.

* Note: the City of Publication should only be used if the book was published before 1900, if the publisher has offices in more than one country, or if the publisher is unknown in North America.

Book with One Author

Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science . Penguin, 1987.

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House . MacMurray, 1999.

Book with More Than One Author

When a book has two authors, order the authors in the same way they are presented in the book. Start by listing the first name that appears on the book in last name, first name format; subsequent author names appear in normal order (first name last name format).

Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring . Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

If there are three or more authors, list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for "and others") in place of the subsequent authors' names. (Note that there is a period after “al” in “et al.” Also note that there is never a period after the “et” in “et al.”).

Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition . Utah State UP, 2004.

Two or More Books by the Same Author

List works alphabetically by title. (Remember to ignore articles like A, An, and The.) Provide the author’s name in last name, first name format for the first entry only. For each subsequent entry by the same author, use three hyphens and a period.

Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism . St. Martin's, 1997.

---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History . Southern Illinois UP, 1993.

Book by a Corporate Author or Organization

A corporate author may include a commission, a committee, a government agency, or a group that does not identify individual members on the title page.

List the names of corporate authors in the place where an author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry.

American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children . Random House, 1998.

When the author and publisher are the same, skip the author, and list the title first. Then, list the corporate author only as the publisher.

Fair Housing—Fair Lending. Aspen Law & Business, 1985.

Book with No Author

List by title of the book. Incorporate these entries alphabetically just as you would with works that include an author name. For example, the following entry might appear between entries of works written by Dean, Shaun and Forsythe, Jonathan.

Encyclopedia of Indiana . Somerset, 1993.

Remember that for an in-text (parenthetical) citation of a book with no author, you should provide the name of the work in the signal phrase and the page number in parentheses. You may also use a shortened version of the title of the book accompanied by the page number. For more information see the In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author section of In-text Citations: The Basics .

A Translated Book

If you want to emphasize the work rather than the translator, cite as you would any other book. Add “translated by” and follow with the name(s) of the translator(s).

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason . Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.

If you want to focus on the translation, list the translator as the author. In place of the author’s name, the translator’s name appears. His or her name is followed by the label, “translator.” If the author of the book does not appear in the title of the book, include the name, with a “By” after the title of the book and before the publisher. Note that this type of citation is less common and should only be used for papers or writing in which translation plays a central role.

Howard, Richard, translator. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason . By Michel Foucault, Vintage-Random House, 1988.

Republished Book

Books may be republished due to popularity without becoming a new edition. New editions are typically revisions of the original work. For books that originally appeared at an earlier date and that have been republished at a later one, insert the original publication date before the publication information.

For books that are new editions (i.e. different from the first or other editions of the book), see An Edition of a Book below.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble . 1990. Routledge, 1999.

Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine . 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.

An Edition of a Book

There are two types of editions in book publishing: a book that has been published more than once in different editions and a book that is prepared by someone other than the author (typically an editor).

A Subsequent Edition

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the number of the edition after the title.

Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students . 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.

A Work Prepared by an Editor

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the editor after the title with the label "edited by."

Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre,  edited by Margaret Smith, Oxford UP, 1998.

Note that the format for citing sources with important contributors with editor-like roles follows the same basic template:

...adapted by John Doe...

Finally, in the event that the source features a contributor that cannot be described with a past-tense verb and the word "by" (e.g., "edited by"), you may instead use a noun followed by a comma, like so:

...guest editor, Jane Smith...

Anthology or Collection (e.g. Collection of Essays)

To cite the entire anthology or collection, list by editor(s) followed by a comma and "editor" or, for multiple editors, "editors." This sort of entry is somewhat rare. If you are citing a particular piece within an anthology or collection (more common), see A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection below.

Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, editors. Defining Visual Rhetorics . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.

Peterson, Nancy J., editor. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches . Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.

A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection

Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows:

Last name, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection , edited by Editor's Name(s), Publisher, Year, Page range of entry.

Some examples:

Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One , edited by Ben Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24-34.

Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer , edited by Steven Heller, Allworth Press, 1998, pp. 13-24.

Note on Cross-referencing Several Items from One Anthology: If you cite more than one essay from the same edited collection, MLA indicates you may cross-reference within your works cited list in order to avoid writing out the publishing information for each separate essay. You should consider this option if you have several references from a single text. To do so, include a separate entry for the entire collection listed by the editor's name as below:

Rose, Shirley K, and Irwin Weiser, editors. The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher . Heinemann, 1999.

Then, for each individual essay from the collection, list the author's name in last name, first name format, the title of the essay, the editor's last name, and the page range:

L'Eplattenier, Barbara. "Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for Historical Work on WPAs." Rose and Weiser, pp. 131-40.

Peeples, Tim. "'Seeing' the WPA With/Through Postmodern Mapping." Rose and Weiser, pp. 153-67.

Please note: When cross-referencing items in the works cited list, alphabetical order should be maintained for the entire list.

Poem or Short Story Examples :

Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems, edited by Philip Smith, Dover, 1995, p. 26.

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories , edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.

If the specific literary work is part of the author's own collection (all of the works have the same author), then there will be no editor to reference:

Whitman, Walt. "I Sing the Body Electric." Selected Poems, Dover, 1991, pp. 12-19.

Carter, Angela. "The Tiger's Bride." Burning Your Boats: The Collected Stories, Penguin, 1995, pp. 154-69.

Article in a Reference Book (e.g. Encyclopedias, Dictionaries)

For entries in encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, cite the entry name as you would any other work in a collection but do not include the publisher information. Also, if the reference book is organized alphabetically, as most are, do not list the volume or the page number of the article or item.

"Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary.  3rd ed. 1997. 

A Multivolume Work

When citing only one volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the work's title, or after the work's editor or translator.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria . Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.

When citing more than one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work. Also, be sure in your in-text citation to provide both the volume number and page number(s) ( see "Citing Multivolume Works" on our in-text citations resource .)

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria . Translated by H. E. Butler, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980. 4 vols.

If the volume you are using has its own title, cite the book without referring to the other volumes as if it were an independent publication.

Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution . Dodd, 1957.

An Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword

When citing an introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword, write the name of the author(s) of the piece you are citing. Then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be italicized or enclosed in quotation marks; in italics, provide the name of the work and the name of the author of the introduction/preface/foreword/afterword. Finish the citation with the details of publication and page range.

Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture , by Farrell, Yale UP, 1993, pp. 1-13.

If the writer of the piece is different from the author of the complete work , then write the full name of the principal work's author after the word "By." For example, if you were to cite Hugh Dalziel Duncan’s introduction of Kenneth Burke’s book Permanence and Change, you would write the entry as follows:

Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose, by Kenneth Burke, 1935, 3rd ed., U of California P, 1984, pp. xiii-xliv.

Book Published Before 1900

Original copies of books published before 1900 are usually defined by their place of publication rather than the publisher. Unless you are using a newer edition, cite the city of publication where you would normally cite the publisher.

Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions . Boston, 1863.

Italicize “The Bible” and follow it with the version you are using. Remember that your in-text (parenthetical citation) should include the name of the specific edition of the Bible, followed by an abbreviation of the book, the chapter and verse(s). (See Citing the Bible at In-Text Citations: The Basics .)

The Bible. Authorized King James Version , Oxford UP, 1998.

The Bible. The New Oxford Annotated Version , 3rd ed., Oxford UP, 2001.

The New Jerusalem Bible. Edited by Susan Jones, Doubleday, 1985.

A Government Publication

Cite the author of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise, start with the name of the national government, followed by the agency (including any subdivisions or agencies) that serves as the organizational author. For congressional documents, be sure to include the number of the Congress and the session when the hearing was held or resolution passed as well as the report number. US government documents are typically published by the Government Printing Office.

United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing on the Geopolitics of Oil . Government Printing Office, 2007. 110th Congress, 1st session, Senate Report 111-8.

United States, Government Accountability Office. Climate Change: EPA and DOE Should Do More to Encourage Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs . Government Printing Office, 2006.

Cite the title and publication information for the pamphlet just as you would a book without an author. Pamphlets and promotional materials commonly feature corporate authors (commissions, committees, or other groups that does not provide individual group member names). If the pamphlet you are citing has no author, cite as directed below. If your pamphlet has an author or a corporate author, put the name of the author (last name, first name format) or corporate author in the place where the author name typically appears at the beginning of the entry. (See also Books by a Corporate Author or Organization above.)

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System . American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.

Your Rights Under California Welfare Programs . California Department of Social Services, 2007.

Dissertations and Master's Theses

Dissertations and master's theses may be used as sources whether published or not. Unlike previous editions, MLA 8 specifies no difference in style for published/unpublished works.

The main elements of a dissertation citation are the same as those for a book: author name(s), title (italicized) , and publication date. Conclude with an indication of the document type (e.g., "PhD dissertation"). The degree-granting institution may be included before the document type (though this is not required). If the dissertation was accessed through an online repository, include it as the second container after all the other elements.

Bishop, Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing in the IUPUI Comprehensive Campaign . 2002. Purdue University, PhD dissertation.

Bile, Jeffrey. Ecology, Feminism, and a Revised Critical Rhetoric: Toward a Dialectical Partnership . 2005. Ohio University, PhD dissertation.

Mitchell, Mark. The Impact of Product Quality Reducing Events on the Value of Brand-Name Capital: Evidence from Airline Crashes and the 1982 Tylenol Poisonings.  1987. PhD dissertation.  ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

List the names of corporate authors in the place where an author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry if the author and publisher are not the same.

Fair Housing—Fair Lending. Aspen Law & Business, 1985.