how to write a design report conclusion

Everything You Need to Know About Design Reports: A Comprehensive Guide

Design reports play a crucial role in the world of design, providing a detailed analysis and evaluation of various elements that contribute to a successful

June 28, 2023

Design reports play a crucial role in the world of design, providing a detailed analysis and evaluation of various elements that contribute to a successful design project. Whether you are a designer, a student, or simply interested in the field, understanding the ins and outs of design reports is essential for ensuring effective communication and achieving desired outcomes. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of design reports, exploring their purpose, structure, and how they can benefit both designers and clients alike.

First and foremost, let’s clarify what a design report actually is. Essentially, it is a comprehensive document that outlines the entire design process, from initial research and concept development to the final implementation and evaluation. It serves as a means of communication between designers, clients, and other stakeholders, providing valuable insights into the design rationale, decision-making processes, and overall project progress. By documenting every step of the design journey, design reports ensure transparency, accountability, and facilitate collaboration.

Table of Contents

The Importance of Design Reports

Understanding the significance of design reports is crucial for anyone involved in the design industry. Design reports act as a bridge between designers and clients, aiding in effective communication and ensuring that both parties are on the same page. By providing a comprehensive overview of the design process, design reports allow clients to understand the reasoning behind design decisions and provide feedback at every stage.

Furthermore, design reports play a vital role in decision-making. They provide a clear and structured approach to design, allowing designers and clients to evaluate different options, weigh the pros and cons, and make informed decisions based on evidence and research. This not only improves the quality of the final design but also enhances client satisfaction and project success.

Additionally, design reports are essential for project evaluation. By documenting the design process and outcomes, design reports enable designers and clients to assess the effectiveness of their strategies, identify areas for improvement, and learn from past experiences. This iterative approach fosters growth and development within the design industry, leading to continuous improvement and innovation.

Components of a Design Report

A well-structured design report consists of several key components, each playing a crucial role in conveying information and facilitating understanding. These components include:

1. Executive Summary

The executive summary is a concise overview of the entire design report. It provides a high-level summary of the design process, key findings, and recommendations. This section is particularly important for busy stakeholders who may not have the time to read the entire report but still need a comprehensive understanding of the project.

2. Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for the design report, providing background information and context for the project. It outlines the problem statement, project objectives, and the scope of work. This section helps readers understand the purpose and significance of the design report.

3. Research and Analysis

This section delves into the research conducted for the design project. It includes information on market research, user research, and any other relevant data collected. The analysis of this research helps inform the design decisions and provides a rationale for the chosen design direction.

4. Design Concepts

In this section, designers present their design concepts and explain the thinking behind each one. They may include sketches, wireframes, or prototypes to illustrate their ideas. Designers should highlight the strengths and unique features of each concept and how they address the project objectives and user needs.

5. Design Development

Design development is the stage where the chosen design concept is refined and developed further. This section outlines the iterative process of refining the design, incorporating feedback, and making necessary adjustments. It may also include information on materials, colors, and other design details.

6. Implementation Details

In the implementation details section, designers provide information on how the design will be brought to life. This includes specifications, technical details, and any considerations for production or manufacturing. Clear instructions and detailed explanations help ensure smooth execution of the design.

7. Evaluation and Results

This section focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of the design. It includes user testing results, feedback from stakeholders, and any other relevant metrics. The evaluation helps determine the success of the design and identifies areas for improvement in future iterations.

Writing an Effective Design Report

Creating a design report that effectively communicates your ideas, research findings, and design decisions is crucial for its success. Here are some tips to help you write an engaging and informative design report:

1. Structure your content

Organize your design report in a logical and coherent manner. Use headings and subheadings to break down the information into sections and ensure a smooth flow of ideas. This makes it easier for readers to navigate through the report and find the information they need.

2. Use clear and concise language

Avoid jargon and technical terms that may confuse readers. Use plain language and explain any complex concepts or terminology. Be concise and to the point, conveying information in a straightforward manner.

3. Incorporate visual aids

Visual aids such as diagrams, charts, and images can enhance the understanding of your design report. Use them to illustrate key concepts, present data, or showcase design iterations. Ensure that the visuals are clear, relevant, and add value to the overall report.

4. Provide context and rationale

When presenting design concepts or decisions, provide context and a rationale for your choices. Explain how each design decision aligns with the project objectives and user needs. This helps readers understand the reasoning behind your design and builds trust in your expertise.

5. Include supporting evidence

Back up your design decisions with evidence from research, user testing, or industry standards. This adds credibility to your design report and helps readers understand the basis for your choices. Include references or citations where necessary to acknowledge the sources of your information.

Design Report Templates and Tools

To streamline the design report creation process, many designers utilize templates and tools that can help organize and present information in a professional and visually appealing manner. Here are some popular design report templates and tools that you can consider:

1. Adobe InDesign

Adobe InDesign is a professional design software that offers a wide range of templates for creating reports. It provides a user-friendly interface and powerful design tools to create visually stunning reports.

Canva is a web-based design tool that offers a variety of pre-designed templates for reports. It is easy to use and allows for customization, making it suitable for designers of all skill levels.

3. Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word provides a range of templates specifically designed for reports. It is a widely accessible tool and offers various formatting options to create professional-looking reports.

4. Google Docs

Google Docs is a free online word processing tool that offers templates for reports. It allows for easy collaboration and sharing, making it ideal for team projects.

5. Lucidpress

Lucidpress is a cloud-based design tool that offers customizable templates for reports. It provides advanced design features and integration with other software tools for seamless workflow.

Case Studies: Exemplary Design Reports

Examining real-life design reports can provide valuable insights and inspiration for creating your own. Here are a few exemplary design reports from various industries:

1. Automotive Design Report

This case study showcases a design report for a new car model. It includes research findings, design concepts, and detailed implementation plans. The report highlights the integration of technological advancements and user-centric design principles.

2. Architecture Design Report

This case study presents a design report for a sustainable building project. It includes energy efficiency analysis, material selection, and construction details. The report focuses on the integration of sustainable design practices and the impact on the surrounding environment.

3. User Experience Design Report

This case study demonstrates a design report for a mobile application. It includes user research, wireframes, and usability testing results. The report emphasizes the user-centered approach and the iterative design process.

Design Reports in Different Industries

Design reports are utilized across various industries, each with its own unique requirements and considerations. Here are a few examples of how design reports differ in different fields:

1. Industrial Design

In industrial design, design reports focus on the functionality and manufacturability of products. They often include technical drawings, material specifications, and production processes.

2. Graphic Design

In graphic design, design reports may include visual mock-ups, typography choices, and color palettes. They focus on conveying the brand identity and messaging through visual elements.

3. Interior Design

In interior design, design reports may include floor plans, furniture selections, and material samples. They emphasize the spatial layout and aesthetic considerations for creating functional and visually appealing spaces.

Challenges Faced in Design Reporting

While design reports are invaluable for effective communication, they also present certain challenges that need to be addressed. Here are some common obstacles facedwhen creating design reports and strategies for overcoming them:

1. Gathering Sufficient Data

One of the challenges in design reporting is gathering enough relevant data to support your design decisions. This can be overcome by conducting thorough research, utilizing user feedback, and leveraging industry best practices. By ensuring a robust data collection process, you can confidently present your design choices backed by evidence.

2. Presenting Complex Information Clearly

Design reports often involve complex information that needs to be presented in a clear and understandable manner. To address this challenge, use visual aids such as diagrams, charts, and infographics to simplify complex concepts. Break down information into smaller, digestible sections and provide explanations or definitions where necessary.

3. Balancing Detail and Conciseness

Design reports should strike a balance between providing sufficient detail and being concise. Avoid overwhelming readers with excessive information, but also ensure that you include enough specifics to support your design choices. Use headings and subheadings to structure your content and guide readers through the report, allowing them to easily find the information they need.

4. Addressing Stakeholder Expectations

Design reports often need to cater to the expectations and requirements of various stakeholders. This can include clients, team members, or industry experts. To address this challenge, engage in proactive communication with stakeholders to understand their specific needs and incorporate their feedback and suggestions into the design report.

5. Ensuring Consistency and Clarity

Consistency and clarity are key aspects of effective design reporting. Ensure that your design report follows a consistent structure, formatting, and language style. Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas, avoiding unnecessary jargon or technical terms. Proofread your report thoroughly to eliminate any grammatical errors or inconsistencies.

The Future of Design Reporting

As technology continues to advance and design practices evolve, the future of design reporting is bound to change as well. Here are some potential trends and technologies that may shape the future of design reporting:

1. Interactive and Dynamic Reports

With advancements in web and interactive design, future design reports may become more dynamic and engaging. Interactive elements such as embedded videos, animations, and interactive prototypes can enhance the reader’s experience and provide a more immersive understanding of the design process.

2. Real-Time Collaboration

Collaboration tools and platforms have already transformed the way teams work together. In the future, design reporting may involve real-time collaboration, allowing multiple stakeholders to contribute and provide feedback simultaneously. This can lead to more efficient and collaborative design processes.

3. Data Visualization and Analytics

As data-driven design becomes more prevalent, design reports may incorporate advanced data visualization and analytics. This can involve using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to analyze user feedback, predict design outcomes, and provide actionable insights for future design iterations.

4. Sustainability and Environmental Impact Assessment

In an increasingly environmentally conscious world, design reports may place greater emphasis on sustainability and environmental impact assessment. This can involve evaluating the carbon footprint of design choices, assessing the life cycle of products, and incorporating sustainable design practices into reporting frameworks.

5. Virtual and Augmented Reality Integration

Virtual and augmented reality technologies have the potential to revolutionize design reporting by allowing stakeholders to experience and interact with design concepts in a virtual space. Design reports may incorporate virtual reality simulations or augmented reality overlays to provide a more immersive and realistic understanding of the design.

In conclusion, design reports are vital tools that enable effective communication, decision-making, and project evaluation in the world of design. By providing a comprehensive overview of the design process, they ensure transparency, facilitate collaboration, and enhance overall project success. By following the guidelines and tips outlined in this article, designers can create informative and engaging design reports that effectively convey their ideas and contribute to the growth and development of the design industry. As the design industry continues to evolve, embracing emerging trends and technologies in design reporting can further enhance the value and impact of these reports.

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Design reports

Learn the features of an engineering design report.

What is a design report?

Design reports are frequently written by engineers to document the process and outcomes of a design task.

They communicate to your reader how well you’ve understood the problem, how you’ve evolved the design throughout your study, and what the next steps are.

Sections of a design report

Find tips on what to include in each section of your design report below.

Title of the project, client (if relevant), date, project team details

Tell your reader what they need to know without reading the full report. You should:

• set the problem in context
• summarise what you have done
• describe your design solution
• report on its performance
• provide key recommendations.

Tip: Your reader may be a busy senior engineer or executive, so keep it brief.

Table of contents

Outline each part of the report using numbered section headings and page numbers e.g.  4.2 Constraints to the design p20

Tip: For a consistent look, use your word processing software’s formatting tool.

Introduction

Introduce and define the problem and your objectives (or technical specifications) in context. Include any constraints and discuss any previous work (if relevant).

Analysis section/s

This section is the largest of your report and should be adapted to suit the problem you’ve been set.

You’ll most likely need to include:

• an overview of your design
• your prototype sequence (if relevant)
• your testing procedures and results (if relevant)
• an assessment of your final design and its performance.

For each section, write a specific title to help your reader locate the information they need.

Tip: Only include  key information, charts or equations - keep any detail for your appendix.

Conclusion (and recommendations)

Summarise what you have done and any recommendations for the future (e.g. proposed improvements). Consider expressing these using modal verbs such as ‘should’ or ‘must’.

Include all sources that you’ve used in your design report and follow a consistent referencing style.

Tip: Refer to the University's referencing site - re:cite - for modals of how to reference particular types of material.

Include any detailed processes, standards, risk registers, raw data or detailed diagrams. Your reader can then choose to access the information that’s most relevant to them.

Tip: Begin each appendix on a separate page and give it a specific title e.g. Appendix D – Requirements.

Final tip(s)

Your design report is evidence of the extended work you’ve done to reach your final design and convince your reader of its merits. Don’t be tempted to overwhelm your reader with detail in the body of your design report– instead, focus on the most useful and relevant information for your audience.

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Figure A-1. Hardware schematic for the temperature measurement circuit designed for this lab. In an actual report, all the connections, pin numbers, and pin labels should be shown.

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Conclusions

Students often have difficulty writing the Conclusion of a paper because of concerns with redundancy and about introducing new ideas at the end of the paper. While both are valid concerns, summary and looking forward (or showing future directions for the work done in the paper) are actually functions of the conclusion. The problems then become:

• How to summarize without being completely redundant
• How to look beyond the paper without jumping completely in a different direction

1. Summary: Since the conclusion’s job is to summarize the paper, some redundancy is necessary. However, you are summarizing the paper for a reader who had read the introduction and the body of the report already, and should already have a strong sense of key concepts. Your conclusion, then, is for a more informed reader and should look quite different than the introduction.

In a report on bone tissue engineering, your introduction (see Online Handbook / Components of Documents / Introductions ) and literature reviews (see Online Handbook / Components of Documents / Literature Reviews ) might discuss osteoporosis, along with current methods of treatment and their limitations at length, since this involves developing context and establishing the gap for your paper. It would even likely form a large part of the literature review. Your conclusion, however, might summarize all of this in one sentence, while identifying itself as summary (by virtue of the “as mentioned previously”):

As mentioned previously, current treatments for osteoporosis that attempt to stimulate re-growth of bone are limited because of problems delivering appropriate signaling mechanisms.

A sentence like this in the introduction would create difficulty for most readers – who would not initially know what signaling mechanisms are or what role the play in process for bone growth. But by time they reach the conclusion, the audience should know what they are, as well as the problems with current mechanisms. The above sentence might not work anywhere else in the paper – since it relies on knowledge developed throughout the paper.

Similarly, since you”ve probably spent a fair amount of time and evaluating the solution in the body of the report, a simple reference to the technology is sufficient.

Techniques involving injecting nanoparticles containing bone growth factors at the relevant areas have been shown to be effective, safe, and stable [1,2, 8-10].

This sentence relies on the audience knowing that “effectiveness,” “safety,” and “stability” are the three criteria for a successful delivery method, and also what the terms mean.

These two sentences could form the basis of your conclusion: they review the key elements of an engineering paper (see Accurate Documentation / Conducting and Understanding Research in Engineering ) by going over the situation-problem-solution-evaluation structure very briefly.

The summary could be longer. It might, for example, acknowledge the limitations of this method in current research:

However, research on the use of nanoparticles has yet to be conduct in vivo (in any applications) and bone tissue engineering is still in its infancy as a field of science.

Or, the conclusion might develop any of the above aspects in greater detail. The level of detail you engage in your summary is up to you – a conclusion can be as short as a few sentences and as long as several pages – depending on the length of the paper and the complexity of the subject matter. Prescribing a length for the conclusion is difficult, but it should not exceed 10% of the document itself, and in many cases is significant shorter.

One final note on summarizing your own writing: avoid copying and pasting sentences from the introduction or other parts of your paper into the conclusion. They won’t fit together appropriately because they were taken from a different context, and readers have a knack for spotting duplicated sentences.

2. Looking Forward: The other role of the conclusion in a scientific paper is, in fact, to introduce new avenues of potential study or to explain the potential impacts of your conclusions. This is almost an expectation in scientific papers. It should not, however, be seen as an opportunity to develop these avenues in significant detail, and should be clearly linked to the work described in your paper. In the above example, one might conclude with the following statement:

As researchers conduct more research into nanoparticles for use in drug delivery systems and bone tissue engineering matures as a field, the potential for finding a cure for osteoporosis increases. Specifically, work on matching growth factors with types of nanoparticle compounds and ways of controlling the release of these factors over time should, in the near future, turn bone tissue engineering from a field of research to an actual treatment method.

The final sentence should provide a strong take away statement that allows the audience to remember the main point of the paper – in the above example, the potential for a cure for bone disease and the work that needs to be done to achieve it.

Conclusion: In summary, the two main problems students encounter in writing conclusions are related to the two main functions of that component of a document. In summarizing the paper, the conclusion will exhibit some redundancy: the key is to aim this summary at readers who have read your report. In developing other avenues of study or application, the conclusion may have to introduce new ideas: the key here is to clearly relate these new applications or directions to the content of your report.

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As a professional engineer, you have myriad experiences solving problems. Your reports, both formal and informal, help your client, supervisor, or other stakeholders make actionable decisions about those problems. Explore these resources to learn how to write more effective reports for greater project and career success:

• How do I write an effective report?

How do I use Microsoft Word to my advantage?

• Where can I find more information about writing reports?

Whether formal or informal, interim or final, your report is an essential part of the problem-solving process. Begin by analyzing your communication situation (note: link to Communication Situation) and reviewing communication basics?? (note: link to Communication Basics), then find out how to structure and format your report as effectively as possible:

What elements should my report contain?

What is the best way to present those elements.

Whether you’re writing for a client, your supervisor, or some other project stakeholder, your audience will likely want to know [adapted from P.V. Anderson’s Technical Communication (1)]:

• What will we gain?
• Are your facts reliable?
• What do you know that is useful to us?
• How do you interpret those facts from our point of view?
• How are those facts significant to us?
• What do you think we should do?

An effective report will be structured to answer these questions clearly and specifically. Depending on its level of formality, your report structure will include all or some of these elements [adapted from the Purdue Online Writing Lab (2)]:

• Front matter This report element includes the title or cover page, letter of transmittal, acknowledgments, table of contents, and lists of figures and tables.
• Executive summary and abstract These report elements provide an overview of what you’ll discuss in the body of the report.
• Body This report element includes the introduction, summary/background, methods/procedures, results, discussion of results, conclusion, and recommendations.
• Back matter This report element includes references, appendices, and attachments.

Front matter refers to the preliminary, supporting components of a report. It appears where you might expect: at the front of the report. You will typically attend to this element last and in conjunction with back matter, after you have written the body and executive summary and abstract.

Your report’s front matter includes [adapted from the Purdue Online Writing Lab (3)]:

• Title or cover page Include a title, the name of the person authorizing the report, your name, your company’s name and contact information, and the date you submit the report.
• Letter of transmittal Describe the problem you’re solving for, the purpose of the work you’ve done, the time period for the work, and your results and recommendations.
• Acknowledgments Credit anyone who contributed substantially to the project, and include any permissions for copyrighted materials use.
• Table of contents Provide a guide that includes every report element and the page on which it occurs. Page number front matter with lower-case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.); page number the rest of the report with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.). You can use Word to automatically generate your table of contents.
• Lists of figures and tables Provide a separate guide, like a secondary table of contents, that includes the name and page location of every figure in your report, and another for tables.

Formal reports include every component listed above; an informal report may only include some of them. In some cases, your company may specify which of these components to use and how.

Executive summary and abstract

Your engineering report may include both an executive summary and an abstract, or it may only include one or the other. These elements appear between the front matter and the report body. Write these after you have written and revised the report body.

What is an executive summary?

An executive summary is an overview of the key points in your report. It should summarize the purpose and scope of your work, the methods you used, and your key findings, conclusions, and recommendations [4].

What is an abstract?

An abstract is a short but specific summary of the details you cover in the report’s body. It should briefly mention the purpose and scope of your work, the methods you used, and your key findings, conclusions, and recommendations [5].

What’s the difference between the two?

The difference lies primarily in their purpose and length. The abstract provides a preview of the report’s content meant to entice readers to read the entire report. It is typically less than a page long. The executive summary, on the other hand, provides enough information to allow stakeholders to make a decision without reading the full report. It is typically as long as 10% of the full report [6].

The body of your report is where you provide the details of your work. It is the longest part of your report and falls after the front matter and executive summary and abstract. You will produce the body before any other element of your report, with the possible exception of graphics, like figures and tables.

Your report’s body includes [1] [7]:

• Introduction Summarize your major conclusions and recommendations. Also describe the organization of your report and its scope.
• Summary/background Describe the existing research or activity you relied on to guide your work.
• Methods/procedures Describe what you did and how you did it. Include the equipment you used.
• Results Reveal your research findings. This report component may be combined with the discussion of results.
• Discussion of results Describe what your results demonstrate and why that is important to your audience. Highlight notable trends the results reveal, as well as the limitations and assumptions in your work. This report component may be combined with the results.
• Conclusion Make meaningful statements based on the discussion of results. This report component may be combined with the recommendations.
• Recommendations Provide actionable recommendations based on your conclusions. This report component may be combined with the conclusion.

Back matter

The back matter of a report is its succeeding, supporting components. As its name implies, it appears at the back of the report. You will typically attend to this element last and in conjunction with front matter , after you have written the body and executive summary and abstract .

Your report’s back matter includes [1]:

• References List the references you cited throughout your report. Use your company’s or engineering field’s style guide (note: link to What is a style guide? Which one should I use?) to determine the appropriate format for your reference list.
• Appendices Present detailed information related, but not essential, to your report in the appendices. Some examples of materials appropriate for the appendices, includes data, analysis methods, and equipment details [3]. In some cases, you’ll include all your tables and figures here rather than in the body of the report. Put the appendices in order by their mention in the body of the report.
• Attachments Attach materials appropriate for the appendices that are too large in size to fit the report format. For instance, you may have oversize blueprints that would be unreadable if reduced to the typical 8.5×11 size of a report.

According to Paul Anderson in his book Technical Communication: A Reader-Centered Approach , “Good [formatting] helps readers understand your information, locate information, and notice highly important content” [8]. A successful report is formatted well.

What components should I consider while formatting?

When formatting your report, pay attention to these common components [8]:

• Body text Sentences and paragraphs
• Headings Titles, headings, subheadings
• Headers and footers Recurring components at the top and/or bottom of every page, like page numbers and report title
• Graphics Tables, figures, photos
• Space Empty areas between headers, paragraphs, graphics, and captions

How do I format those components?

Consider these basic principles adapted from graphic design theory when formatting your report [9]. Scroll to the bottom of this page for a rough example of these principles applied to the above components:

• Contrast Use contrasting size, weight, and typeface to establish focus and hierarchy on your pages. For instance, set your top-level headings in a bold, sans-serif, 14 point typeface like Arial; set your body text in a regular weight, serif, 10 to 12 point typeface like Times New Roman.
• Repetition Use the same formatting for every page and similar components on that page. For instance, include page numbers in the same place, with the same formatting on every page (10 point, bold, Arial, at the bottom, center of the pages, for example). Style your body text and headings the same throughout the report (Microsoft Word styles can help you do this easily).
• Alignment Connect every component on a page with a strong visual alignment. For instance, place graphics, like tables or figures, on the left side of the page in alignment with the left edge of the text. Align headings to the left like the body text.
• Proximity Use space to group related items together and separate unrelated items. For instance, place graphics near their mention in the body text. Put less space between a subhead and its related body text; put more space between the bottom of body text and the next, unrelated subhead.

Reference Report examples

Your company likely has numerous examples of reports that include some or all of these elements and their individual components. In addition, examples of formal reports abound in professional journals in your field.

Microsoft Word includes numerous tools and functions that will save you time and hassle, and allow you to consistently format your reports. Visit the links from Where can I find more information about writing effective reports? to learn how to use these time-saving tools and functions:

• Styles Rather than manually styling text, use styles to change the formatting of the same type of text (body, headings, captions, etc.) from one formatting dialog at one time.
• Page numbering and sectioning Instead of manually numbering your pages one at a time, use automatic page numbering and sectioning to organize your report.
• Table of contents creation Instead of manually creating and numbering your report’s table of contents, use automatic table of contents creation to provide access to the organization and contents of your report.
• Graphics Place and resize graphics from programs like Excel or from other text documents to fit your report’s format.

Where can I find more information about writing effective reports?

The IEEE Professional Communication Society’s site provides you with a basic understanding of writing effective reports. Explore other resources to gain more knowledge about this topic.

• Writing an executive summary for engineering reports (vidcast) Watch this 6-minute video that demonstrates how to write an effective executive summary for an engineering report.
• Writing a title page for engineering reports (vidcast) Watch this 4-minute video that demonstrates how to put together an effective title page for engineering reports.
• Report checklist Use this checklist to make sure you’ve addressed every element in your engineering report.
• How to use styles in Microsoft Word to save a lot of work Read this resource that teaches you how to use styles in Word to make your report formatting consistent and efficient.
• Create an automatic table of contents in Word (video) Watch this 4-minute video to learn how to generate an automatic table of contents using styles in Word.
• How to create a table of contents in Microsoft Word Read this thorough resource that shows you how to automatically create a table of contents in Word.
• Table of Contents tips Consult this source that points out some fine points of creating and modifying tables of contents in Word.
• Add page numbers to documents in Word 2007 and 2010 Read this resource that shows you how to add page numbers in both Word 2007 and 2010.
• Word 2003 page numbers Watch this 3-minute video to learn how to insert page numbers in Word 2003.
• How to insert page numbers in Microsoft Word 2003 Read this quick set of instructions for inserting page numbers in Word 2003.
• How to restart page numbers in a Word document section Read this quick set of instructions for sectioning Word documents and page numbering each section differently.
• How to copy a chart from Excel into a Word document Consult this resource to learn how to place and modify Excel charts in Word documents.
• Move Excel graph to Word tutorial (video) Watch this 13-minute tutorial to learn how to place and modify Excel charts in Word documents.
• How to crop and resize an image in Word 2010 (video) Watch this 2-minute video to learn how to crop and resize images in Word.
• Insert and position graphics in Word documents Read this resource to learn how to insert and position graphics in Word.

[1] P.V. Anderson, “Writing reader-centered reports,” in Technical Communication: A Reader-Centered Approach. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007, pp. 539-556.

[2] E. Cember, A. Heavilon, M. Seip, L. Shi, and A. Brizee. Sections of reports. Purdue Online Writing Lab. [Online]. Available: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/726/05

[3] E. Cember, A. Heavilon, M. Seip, L. Shi, and A. Brizee. Mechanical elements of reports.  Purdue Online Writing Lab.  [Online]. Available: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/726/0 8

[4] Processes for writing an executive summary.  Writing at Colorado State University.  [Online]. Available: http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/page.cfm?pageid=1508

[5] E. Cember, A. Heavilon, M. Seip, L. Shi, and A. Brizee. The report abstract and executive summary.  Purdue Online Writing Lab . [Online]. Available: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/726/07

[6] K. Khan. (2008, Sept. 19). Difference between executive summary, abstract and synopsis. University of Balochistan. [Online]. Available: http://www.scribd.com/doc/55954574/Difference-Between-Executive-Summary-Abstract-and-Synopsis

[7] E. Cember, A. Heavilon, M. Seip, L. Shi, and A. Brizee. The report body.  Purdue Online Writing Lab.  [Online]. Available: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/726/06

[8] P.V. Anderson, “Designing reader-centered pages and documents,” in  Technical Communication: A Reader-Centered Approach.  Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007, pp. 372-398.

[9] R. Williams,  The Non-Designer’s Design Book.  Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press, 2004.

How to Write a Design Report

Akeia dixon.

Design reports are used in scientific and engineering designs such as objects that require temperature control or should display images a particular way. Researchers generally create them at the end of the planning and design phase of a project. The design report summarizes the problem to be solved, the theory behind the design, any tests used throughout the design process and the outcome of the design. It has two audiences: one at the management level, which wants to know about the effectiveness of the design as well as the design’s application. The other audience includes other engineers interested in how effective the design is and how it works.

Write the summary of the design report with the assumption that the reader has some knowledge of the subject in question but has not yet read the report. The summary is also referred to as an executive summary or an abstract. You are to communicate your motivation behind having the design as well as the effectiveness of the design. The summary should provide enough background information about the design so that it can stand by itself.

Target a management audience in the summary label is as an executive summary. If the summary label is an abstract, make your target audience a technical audience.

Write a table of contents page so the reader can clearly understand where each part of the report begins and ends.

Identify the exact design problem in the introduction of the report. You should also discuss the objectives and assumptions of the design as well as design alternatives and the design you are reporting on.

Map the entire report at the end of the introduction for transition into the actual report.

Detail the exact process of the entire design in the discussion portion of the report. You should present the design and theory behind the design. You should also outline the problems that arose while you were producing the design and how to overcome those problems as well as any test results used on the design.

Divide the discussion into main headings. You should separate the extremely detailed discussion into three or four main headings that are logical for the particular design.

Summarize the design and design testing in the conclusion. This is also the section where you discuss whether you met the objectives discussed in the introduction. If you did not meet the objectives, explain why and analyze what you can do in the future for a successful design.

Create an appendix with any graphs and test results used in the design process.

• 1 Pennsylvania State University: Design Reports

About the Author

Akeia Dixon is a freelance writer who began her professional writing career in 2009 for various websites. She enjoys writing about natural health topics but also loves to research and write about her findings on any subject. She is currently in school studying psychology and sociology.

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How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)

The conclusion of a research paper is a crucial section that plays a significant role in the overall impact and effectiveness of your research paper. However, this is also the section that typically receives less attention compared to the introduction and the body of the paper. The conclusion serves to provide a concise summary of the key findings, their significance, their implications, and a sense of closure to the study. Discussing how can the findings be applied in real-world scenarios or inform policy, practice, or decision-making is especially valuable to practitioners and policymakers. The research paper conclusion also provides researchers with clear insights and valuable information for their own work, which they can then build on and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

The research paper conclusion should explain the significance of your findings within the broader context of your field. It restates how your results contribute to the existing body of knowledge and whether they confirm or challenge existing theories or hypotheses. Also, by identifying unanswered questions or areas requiring further investigation, your awareness of the broader research landscape can be demonstrated.

Remember to tailor the research paper conclusion to the specific needs and interests of your intended audience, which may include researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or a combination of these.

Table of Contents

What is a conclusion in a research paper, summarizing conclusion, editorial conclusion, externalizing conclusion, importance of a good research paper conclusion, how to write a conclusion for your research paper, research paper conclusion examples.

• How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal? 

Frequently Asked Questions

A conclusion in a research paper is the final section where you summarize and wrap up your research, presenting the key findings and insights derived from your study. The research paper conclusion is not the place to introduce new information or data that was not discussed in the main body of the paper. When working on how to conclude a research paper, remember to stick to summarizing and interpreting existing content. The research paper conclusion serves the following purposes: 1

• Warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
• Recommend specific course(s) of action.
• Restate key ideas to drive home the ultimate point of your research paper.
• Provide a “take-home” message that you want the readers to remember about your study.

Types of conclusions for research papers

In research papers, the conclusion provides closure to the reader. The type of research paper conclusion you choose depends on the nature of your study, your goals, and your target audience. I provide you with three common types of conclusions:

A summarizing conclusion is the most common type of conclusion in research papers. It involves summarizing the main points, reiterating the research question, and restating the significance of the findings. This common type of research paper conclusion is used across different disciplines.

An editorial conclusion is less common but can be used in research papers that are focused on proposing or advocating for a particular viewpoint or policy. It involves presenting a strong editorial or opinion based on the research findings and offering recommendations or calls to action.

An externalizing conclusion is a type of conclusion that extends the research beyond the scope of the paper by suggesting potential future research directions or discussing the broader implications of the findings. This type of conclusion is often used in more theoretical or exploratory research papers.

Align your conclusion’s tone with the rest of your research paper. Start Writing with Paperpal Now!  

The conclusion in a research paper serves several important purposes:

• Offers Implications and Recommendations : Your research paper conclusion is an excellent place to discuss the broader implications of your research and suggest potential areas for further study. It’s also an opportunity to offer practical recommendations based on your findings.
• Provides Closure : A good research paper conclusion provides a sense of closure to your paper. It should leave the reader with a feeling that they have reached the end of a well-structured and thought-provoking research project.
• Leaves a Lasting Impression : Writing a well-crafted research paper conclusion leaves a lasting impression on your readers. It’s your final opportunity to leave them with a new idea, a call to action, or a memorable quote.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper is essential to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here’s a step-by-step process to help you create and know what to put in the conclusion of a research paper: 2

• Research Statement : Begin your research paper conclusion by restating your research statement. This reminds the reader of the main point you’ve been trying to prove throughout your paper. Keep it concise and clear.
• Key Points : Summarize the main arguments and key points you’ve made in your paper. Avoid introducing new information in the research paper conclusion. Instead, provide a concise overview of what you’ve discussed in the body of your paper.
• Address the Research Questions : If your research paper is based on specific research questions or hypotheses, briefly address whether you’ve answered them or achieved your research goals. Discuss the significance of your findings in this context.
• Significance : Highlight the importance of your research and its relevance in the broader context. Explain why your findings matter and how they contribute to the existing knowledge in your field.
• Implications : Explore the practical or theoretical implications of your research. How might your findings impact future research, policy, or real-world applications? Consider the “so what?” question.
• Future Research : Offer suggestions for future research in your area. What questions or aspects remain unanswered or warrant further investigation? This shows that your work opens the door for future exploration.
• Closing Thought : Conclude your research paper conclusion with a thought-provoking or memorable statement. This can leave a lasting impression on your readers and wrap up your paper effectively. Avoid introducing new information or arguments here.
• Proofread and Revise : Carefully proofread your conclusion for grammar, spelling, and clarity. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and that your conclusion is coherent and well-structured.

Write your research paper conclusion 2x faster with Paperpal. Try it now!

Remember that a well-crafted research paper conclusion is a reflection of the strength of your research and your ability to communicate its significance effectively. It should leave a lasting impression on your readers and tie together all the threads of your paper. Now you know how to start the conclusion of a research paper and what elements to include to make it impactful, let’s look at a research paper conclusion sample.

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

A research paper conclusion is not just a summary of your study, but a synthesis of the key findings that ties the research together and places it in a broader context. A research paper conclusion should be concise, typically around one paragraph in length. However, some complex topics may require a longer conclusion to ensure the reader is left with a clear understanding of the study’s significance. Paperpal, an AI writing assistant trusted by over 800,000 academics globally, can help you write a well-structured conclusion for your research paper. 

• Sign Up or Log In: Create a new Paperpal account or login with your details.  
• Navigate to Features : Once logged in, head over to the features’ side navigation pane. Click on Templates and you’ll find a suite of generative AI features to help you write better, faster.  
• Generate an outline: Under Templates, select ‘Outlines’. Choose ‘Research article’ as your document type.  
• Select your section: Since you’re focusing on the conclusion, select this section when prompted.  
• Choose your field of study: Identifying your field of study allows Paperpal to provide more targeted suggestions, ensuring the relevance of your conclusion to your specific area of research. 
• Provide a brief description of your study: Enter details about your research topic and findings. This information helps Paperpal generate a tailored outline that aligns with your paper’s content. 
• Generate the conclusion outline: After entering all necessary details, click on ‘generate’. Paperpal will then create a structured outline for your conclusion, to help you start writing and build upon the outline.  
• Write your conclusion: Use the generated outline to build your conclusion. The outline serves as a guide, ensuring you cover all critical aspects of a strong conclusion, from summarizing key findings to highlighting the research’s implications. 
• Refine and enhance: Paperpal’s ‘Make Academic’ feature can be particularly useful in the final stages. Select any paragraph of your conclusion and use this feature to elevate the academic tone, ensuring your writing is aligned to the academic journal standards. 

By following these steps, Paperpal not only simplifies the process of writing a research paper conclusion but also ensures it is impactful, concise, and aligned with academic standards. Sign up with Paperpal today and write your research paper conclusion 2x faster .  

The research paper conclusion is a crucial part of your paper as it provides the final opportunity to leave a strong impression on your readers. In the research paper conclusion, summarize the main points of your research paper by restating your research statement, highlighting the most important findings, addressing the research questions or objectives, explaining the broader context of the study, discussing the significance of your findings, providing recommendations if applicable, and emphasizing the takeaway message. The main purpose of the conclusion is to remind the reader of the main point or argument of your paper and to provide a clear and concise summary of the key findings and their implications. All these elements should feature on your list of what to put in the conclusion of a research paper to create a strong final statement for your work.

A strong conclusion is a critical component of a research paper, as it provides an opportunity to wrap up your arguments, reiterate your main points, and leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here are the key elements of a strong research paper conclusion: 1. Conciseness : A research paper conclusion should be concise and to the point. It should not introduce new information or ideas that were not discussed in the body of the paper. 2. Summarization : The research paper conclusion should be comprehensive enough to give the reader a clear understanding of the research’s main contributions. 3 . Relevance : Ensure that the information included in the research paper conclusion is directly relevant to the research paper’s main topic and objectives; avoid unnecessary details. 4 . Connection to the Introduction : A well-structured research paper conclusion often revisits the key points made in the introduction and shows how the research has addressed the initial questions or objectives. 5. Emphasis : Highlight the significance and implications of your research. Why is your study important? What are the broader implications or applications of your findings? 6 . Call to Action : Include a call to action or a recommendation for future research or action based on your findings.

The length of a research paper conclusion can vary depending on several factors, including the overall length of the paper, the complexity of the research, and the specific journal requirements. While there is no strict rule for the length of a conclusion, but it’s generally advisable to keep it relatively short. A typical research paper conclusion might be around 5-10% of the paper’s total length. For example, if your paper is 10 pages long, the conclusion might be roughly half a page to one page in length.

In general, you do not need to include citations in the research paper conclusion. Citations are typically reserved for the body of the paper to support your arguments and provide evidence for your claims. However, there may be some exceptions to this rule: 1. If you are drawing a direct quote or paraphrasing a specific source in your research paper conclusion, you should include a citation to give proper credit to the original author. 2. If your conclusion refers to or discusses specific research, data, or sources that are crucial to the overall argument, citations can be included to reinforce your conclusion’s validity.

The conclusion of a research paper serves several important purposes: 1. Summarize the Key Points 2. Reinforce the Main Argument 3. Provide Closure 4. Offer Insights or Implications 5. Engage the Reader. 6. Reflect on Limitations

Remember that the primary purpose of the research paper conclusion is to leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the key points and providing closure to your research. It’s often the last part of the paper that the reader will see, so it should be strong and well-crafted.

• Makar, G., Foltz, C., Lendner, M., & Vaccaro, A. R. (2018). How to write effective discussion and conclusion sections. Clinical spine surgery, 31(8), 345-346.
• Bunton, D. (2005). The structure of PhD conclusion chapters.  Journal of English for academic purposes ,  4 (3), 207-224.

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How to Write the Perfect Conclusion to Your UX Case Study

If you nail your case study’s conclusion, you’re much likelier to get called to an interview, because employers tend to recall the last parts of a case study the most. Let’s see how you can craft the perfect ending to your UX case study.

So, you’ve written a great introductory hook to your UX case study, where you defined your problem statement , your approach to solving it and your role in the project. You then brought your reader through your design process and highlighted the decisions and challenges that led to your final result. One question remains: how do you end your UX case study with a bang? As it turns out, you need to include 3 things in your UX case study’s ending to make it truly satisfying: the final product, its impacts and your reflections.

What’s the Purpose of Your UX Case Study’s Conclusion?

To wrap your story up satisfactorily.

The conclusion of your UX case study serves as your story’s resolution. It’s where you tie up loose ends and close your story’s arc by answering the main question you asked in your introduction. When done right, your case study’s ending will create immense satisfaction and a lasting impression on a recruiter.

In the last part of your UX case study’s 5-part story arc, create a nice resolution to your story. The conclusion is where you bring everything together to leave your reader satisfied, if not wowed, with what you did and the outcome. Author / Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and the Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and license: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.

To Create a Great Last Impression

The lasting impression you create through your UX case study’s conclusion is absolutely vital. This is because of the serial-position effect , discovered by the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus, where people tend to remember the first and last parts of a series best and forget the middle parts the most.

For instance, do you remember your most recent stay at a hotel? Chances are, you can recall how your stay ended when you checked out and how it began when you checked in—but nothing much of the middle. That’s the serial-position effect.

In 1913, Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered that we tend to remember only the beginnings and endings of things, and largely forget the middle parts. This means your UX case study’s introduction and conclusion are crucial parts! Author / copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and the Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and license: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.

In particular, the serial-position effect is found to be strongest in the last items of a list. People tend to recall the last parts of an experience the most —that’s how vital your UX case study’s ending is! That isn’t to say you can afford to neglect any part of your case study’s middle part, though—it’s merely a scientific observation as to how recruiters will remember you. In other words, if you nail your case study’s conclusion, you’re much likelier to get called to an interview.

How Long Should Your UX Case Study’s Conclusion Be?

Your conclusion should ideally be as short as your introduction, or 4–5 sentences long . However, unlike in an introduction, you’ve got room for flexibility in your conclusion. That’s because while your introduction’s role is to quickly provide the needed information to move on to the main story, your conclusion has a different purpose—to make a great last impression. So, if you think a slightly longer conclusion can impress a recruiter more, you should go for it.

For instance, if you’ve got interesting lessons learnt or incredible results, you can afford to make your conclusion slightly longer, at around 3–4 paragraphs. Generally, the longer your case study’s middle portion is, the longer you can make your conclusion. But just like any other part of your case study, include only the essential and remove the rest. Every word counts!

3 Things You Should Include in Your UX Case Study’s Conclusion

A great UX case study’s ending contains these 3 things:

The final product;

Results and impact of the final product; and

Reflections and lessons learnt.

1. Show the Final Product

If you haven’t already showcased your final product in the middle part of your UX case study, now is the time to show it. Your final product will differ from project to project. For instance, a design thinking project will likely have a high-fidelity prototype as the final product. In a user research project, however, the final deliverable might be a set of user personas or a research report that contains recommendations.

If your final product is visual in nature—for example, an app—show it in a visual way. Screenshots, videos and interactive embedded prototypes are great ways to impress a recruiter. At the same time, practice restraint so that you don’t dump 100 photos of your entire project. Use only the most impactful ones.

If you’ve revamped an existing design, then this is a great time to showcase a before-and-after comparison. Include some screenshots of the problems in the old design in your introduction—and show and point out where you’ve improved it in your conclusion.

Even if your role is specialized and you therefore didn’t contribute directly to the final design of a product, you can still show the final product. This helps recruiters understand how your work shaped the final results. For example, if you specialize in visual design and have created an icon library, feel free to show how the icons are used throughout the product. If you do so, remember to make it clear what you worked on and what your colleagues created.

2. Demonstrate the Impacts of Your Project

Results are a must-have in your case study’s conclusion. Recruiters hire you to bring value to their organization, so they want to see the impact your work has generated.

Show results that are linked to the problem statement you introduced at the beginning of your case study. Since your problem statement should involve a business need, your results should also be business-oriented . For instance, show how your work has improved conversion rates or decreased drop-off rates. If you’ve created an app, show the app download or user rating metrics.

We encourage you to show numerical results, because they easily show your impact on a business. However, you can also show qualitative results—for instance, you can quote positive feedback and anecdotes from users and stakeholders .

Product designer Simon Pan’s UX case study is a great example of how to show the business results of your project. In his case study on his work for the ridesharing app Uber, Simon clearly shows how his work positively impacted the business. Author / copyright holder: Simon Pan. Copyright terms and license: Fair use.

3. Reflect on What You’ve Learnt

It’s vital that you reflect on your work in your conclusion. That’s how you create a sense of resolution and end in a satisfying way.

Furthermore, recruiters like to see designers who reflect on what they’ve learnt. According to Anett Illés from the UX design portfolio site UX Folio:

“UX recruiters and UX leads search for problem solvers motivated to explore and learn new things. So don’t hide your thirst for knowledge. On the contrary, highlight it!”

—Anett Illés, UX Folio

If you’re stuck at coming up with reflections, here are some questions you can ask yourself:

What is your main challenge in the project, and how have you handled it? For example, it could be the first time you’ve ever led a project. Or the project could’ve required you to step out of your comfort zone. Ideally, you should include a challenge that you have overcome, although sometimes a failure can make for an effective reflection, too.

What are some lessons you’ve learnt through the project? We are bound to make mistakes in our projects—and while we shouldn’t dwell on them in our UX case studies , we can turn them into learning points. Demonstrate how you’ve grown through your project.

Has the project changed your outlook as a designer? For instance, you could’ve learnt that a designer’s job is not only to delight users but also to bring value to the business.

What are your next steps for the project? Remember that design is an iterative process, so there’s no clear end point. If you could, how would you continue your work and take your project to the next level?

Download Our Template to Guide You

We’ve created a PDF guide to help you write your UX case study’s conclusion. Download your copy now:

An Example of a UX Case Study Conclusion

Let’s end with a sample conclusion we’ve created. This hypothetical UX case study is a design thinking project where we redesigned the home page of an ecommerce site. In this case study, we’ll assume that we’ve already introduced the final product in our middle portion.

We start with a long, first draft of our conclusion. We’ve included headings so you can clearly see its different components:

Results and impact: Compared with the previous version of the home page, our newly designed home page increased the conversion rate by 20%. Our admin team also reported a marked drop in the number of enquiries about how the platform works, which demonstrates an increase in ease of understanding. Main challenge and lesson learnt: This was the first time I led a project. Although I was nervous at the beginning, I soon learnt to trust my team-mates. I also learnt that active communication and short daily stand-up meetings were key to ensuring the project’s success. Next steps: This home page redesign validated our hypothesis that the most effective value proposition is one that is centered around a person’s core motivation . I’m looking forward to applying the same approach to other key pages of the platform.

Now that we’ve got all the main points, we can focus on shortening it to fit 4–5 sentences. Don’t skip this step, because it will make your conclusion drastically better!

Here’s our shortened and final conclusion:

Our redesigned home page had a 20% higher conversion rate. We also received fewer enquiries about how the platform works, which shows the new design is easier to understand. This was the first time I led a project. While I was nervous initially, I learnt to trust my team-mates and that daily stand-up meetings were key to the project’s success. This project validated the value of using copy that is centered around a person’s core motivation, and I look forward to applying the same approach to the rest of the site.

If you’ve revamped an existing design, you should also point out the specific areas you’ve improved in the design.

The Take Away

A well-written conclusion to a UX case study ensures that a recruiter leaves with a great last impression. This is extremely valuable because we tend to remember the last parts of an experience best, due to what’s called the serial-position effect.

Your conclusion should be 4–5 sentences long, although a longer middle portion or more elaborate reflections and results can justify a lengthier conclusion. To create a satisfying end to your project’s story and deliver a great last impression, you should include the following in your UX case study’s conclusion:

The final product (if you’ve not already shown it in your case study’s middle portion);

Business-oriented results and impacts of your project; and

Reflections on your work.

References and Where to Learn More

Our UX case study writing guides take inspiration from Gustav Freytag’s 5-part story structure, also called Freytag’s Pyramid. The pyramid was first written in Freytag’s 1863 book Die Technik des Dramas , or “Technique of the Drama”.

Hermann Ebbinghaus first published about the serial-position effect in 1913 in his paper titled “On memory: A contribution to experimental psychology” .

You can check out Simon Pan’s UX design portfolio for inspiration:

Your use of English can make or break your UX case study. Check out our guide, which contains 8 tips to write effectively

Anett Illés writes about how to follow UX recruiters’ logic in your UX case study in her article in UX Folio

Hero image: Author / Copyright holder: Matt Botsford. Copyright terms and license: Unsplash License.

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