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Harvard Referencing for Journal Articles | Templates & Examples

Published on 20 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style, to reference a journal article, you need the author name(s), the year, the article title, the journal name, the volume and issue numbers, and the page range on which the article appears.

If you accessed the article online, add a DOI (digital object identifier) if available.

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Table of contents

Online-only journal articles, articles with multiple authors, referencing a whole issue of a journal, referencing a preprint journal article, frequently asked questions about referencing journal articles in harvard style.

To reference an online journal article with no print version, always include the DOI if available. No access date is necessary with a DOI. Note that a page range may not be available for online-only articles; in this case, simply leave it out, as in this example.

Online-only article with no DOI

When you need to reference an online-only article which doesn’t have a DOI, use a URL instead – preferably the stable URL often listed with the article. In this case, you do need to include an access date.

Note that if an online article has no DOI but does have a print equivalent, you don’t need to include a URL. The details of the print journal should be enough for the reader to locate the article.

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Journal articles often have multiple authors. In both your in-text citations and reference list, list up to three authors in full. Use the first author’s name followed by ‘ et al. ’ when there are four or more.

When you want to reference an entire issue of a journal instead of an individual article, you list the issue editor(s) in the author position and give the title of the issue (if available) rather than of an individual article.

When you reference an article that’s been accepted for publication but not yet published, the format changes to acknowledge this.

If it’s unknown where or whether the article will be published, omit this information:

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In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style , when you quote directly from a source that includes page numbers, your in-text citation must include a page number. For example: (Smith, 2014, p. 33).

You can also include page numbers to point the reader towards a passage that you paraphrased . If you refer to the general ideas or findings of the source as a whole, you don’t need to include a page number.

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Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Referencing for Journal Articles | Templates & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 14 May 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-journal-article-reference/

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Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

Go to Author-Date: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, follow the Author-Date link above.

1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time   (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.

2. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

Shortened notes

3. Smith, Swing Time , 320.

4. Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind , 37.

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.

Smith, Zadie. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press, 2016.

For many more examples, covering virtually every type of book, see 14.100–163 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Shortened note

2. Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

Bibliography entry

Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

1. John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

2. D’Agata, American Essay , 182.

D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

For more examples, see 14.103–5 and 14.106–12 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

1. Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.

2. Lahiri, In Other Words , 184.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).

1. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3. Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.

4. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.

5. Melville, Moby-Dick , 722–23.

6. Kurland and Lerner, Founder s ’ Constitution , chap. 4, doc. 29.

7. Borel, Fact-Checking , 104–5.

8. Austen, Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

For more examples, see 14.1 59 –63 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Journal article

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum ,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

4. Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al .

7. Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

8. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

For more examples, see 14.1 68 – 87 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

1. Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker , April 17, 2017, 43.

2. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox , April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

5. Mead, “Dystopia,” 47.

6. Manjoo, “Snap.”

7. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

8. Pai, “History of Peeps.”

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

9. Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

For more examples, see 14.1 88 – 90 (magazines), 14.191–200 (newspapers), and 14.208 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

1. Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith, New York Times , November 7, 2016.

2. Kakutani, “Friendship.”

Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

1. Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

2. Stamper, interview.

Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

Thesis or dissertation

1. Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.

2. Rutz, “ King Lear ,” 158.

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date (as in example note 2).

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

3. Katie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

4. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

5. “Yale Facts.”

6. Bouman, “Black Hole.”

Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

For more examples, see 14. 20 5–10 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 14. 261–68 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

1. Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

3. Souza, “President Obama.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

Thursday, February 23: The Clark Library is closed today.

Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Journal Articles

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
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• Books & Ebooks
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• Secondary Sources
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• How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources
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Table of Contents

Journal article from library database with doi or a url, journal article from online source, journal article in print.

Bibliography:

All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

All citations should use first line indent, where the first line of the footnote should be indented by 0.5 inches; all subsequent lines are not indented.

Footnotes should be the same font size and style as the rest of your paper.

See instructions for how to insert footnotes in Microsoft Word.

If there is no known author, start the citation with the title of the article instead.

Access Date

Chicago style does not recommend including access dates in the citation, unless no date of publication for the source may be located.

When citing articles from online databases (such as ATLA Religion Database or JSTOR), include the DOI (preferred) or the URL to assist your reader in connecting to the article online.

Access dates are not necessary for articles from library databases. Access dates are only necessary if no date of publication for the source may be located.

Kilgallen, John J. “The Elder Son.” Expository Times 115, no. 6 (2004): 186-89. https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=1201293 5&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

1. John J. Kilgallen, “The Elder Son,” Expository Times 115, no. 6 (2004): 187, https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=12012935 &site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Two to Three Authors

Ritchie, Daniel E, and Jared Hedges. “Choosing Rest in Paradise Lost.”  Christianity and Literature  67, no. 2 (2018): 271–93. doi:10.1177/0148333117725606.

Daniel E. Ritchie and Jared Hedges, “Choosing Rest in Paradise Lost,”  Christianity and Literature  67, no. 2 (2018): 271–93, doi:10.1177/0148333117725606.

Four to Ten Authors

For sources with four to ten authors, list all authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author’s name followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for “and others”)

McCorkle, Brian H., Carole Bohn, Tricia Hughes, and David Kim. “‘Sacred Moments’: Social Anxiety in a Larger Perspective.”  Mental Health, Religion & Culture  8, no. 3 (September 2005): 227–38. doi:10.1080/13694670500138874.

1. Brian H. McCorkle et al., “Sacred Moments: Social Anxiety in a Larger Perspective,” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 8, no. 3 (2005): 230, doi:10.1080/13694670500138874.

Booij, Thijs. “Psalm 141: A Prayer for Discipline and Protection.” Biblica 86, no. 1 (2005): 97-106. http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-86-2005/Psalm141-A-Prayer-For-Discipline-AndProtection/130/.

1. Thijs Booij, “Psalm 141: A Prayer for Discipline and Protection,” Biblica 86, no. 1 (2005): 100, http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-86- 2005/Psalm-141-A-Prayer-For-Discipline-AndProtection/130/.

Fewell, Danna Nolan, and David M. Gunn. “Boaz, Pillar of Society: Measures of Worth in the Book of Ruth.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 45 (1993): 45-59.

1. Danna Nolan Fewell and David M. Gunn, “Boaz, Pillar of Society: Measures of Worth in the Book of Ruth,” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 45 (1993): 46.

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Periodicals

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Periodicals include print journals, electronic journals, magazines, and newspapers. Citations for these sources should include enough information for the reader to find them   in a library or a database, and as such, publication dates are essential. Magazines and newspapers are typically serialized by day, month, and year; journals include volume, year, month, or season and issue number.

One of the major differences between notes and bibliographic entries for periodicals is the way in which major elements are separated. In notes, the major elements are separated by commas. In the bibliography, the major elements are separated by periods.

Notes and bibliographic entries for a journal include the following: full name of the author(s), article title, journal title, and issue information. Issue information refers to volume, issue number, month, year, and page number(s). For online works, retrieval information and the date of access are also included. Author Name:

Notes include the author’s name as listed in the article. Bibliographic entries, however, invert the author’s name (last name, first name). Article Title: Both notes and bibliographies use quotation marks to set off the titles of articles within the journal. Journal Title: Journal titles may omit an initial “The” but should otherwise be given in full, capitalized (headline-style), and italicized. Issue Information: The volume number follows the journal title with no punctuation and is not italicized. The issue number (if it is given) is separated from the volume number with a comma and is preceded by “no.” The year appears in parentheses after the volume number (or issue number if given). The year may be preceded by a specific date, month, or season if given. Page information follows the year. For notes, page number(s) refer only to the cited material; the bibliography includes the first and last pages of the article.

Electronic Journals

Citing electronic journals generally follows the same format for printed periodicals, which is explained in the Journals section. Additionally, entries include the DOI or URL (DOIs are preferred). The date accessed is not required by CMOS for citations of formally published electronic sources. If an access date is required for other reasons (i.e. by discipline, publisher, or instructor), the access date should be included immediately prior to the DOI or URL. If included, access dates should be separated by commas in notes or periods in bibliographical entries.

Even if weekly or monthly magazines are numbered by volume or issue, they are cited by date only. When following the CMOS Note and Bibliography style, the year is presented as shown in the examples below. When following the CMOS Author-Date style, the date is essential to the citation and it is not enclosed in parentheses.

Page Numbers: Citations for journal articles may include a specific page number. Inclusive page numbers for the entire article are often omitted in bibliographical entries, however, because the pages of the article are often separated by many pages of unrelated material. If page numbers are included, they should follow the date and be preceded by a colon.

Notes and bibliographic entries for magazines include the following information: author’s name, article title (enclosed by quotation marks), magazine title (italicized), and date. Page numbers are included in notes but are omitted in bibliographic entries. Regular departments (or regularly occurring subsections) in a magazine are capitalized but not put in quotation marks. For example, National Geographic is the magazine that regularly includes a department called Foods of the Region.  

Online Magazines

Notes and bibliographic entries for online magazines should follow the relevant examples for printed magazines. Additionally, online magazine entries should contain the URL at the end of the citation. If no stable URL exists, the name of the database can be substituted. Note:  In the examples below, Green Room is not placed in quotation marks because it is the department title rather than the article title. Access Date:

Access dates are not required by CMOS in citations of formally published electronic sources. If an access date is required for other reasons (i.e. by discipline, publisher, or instructor), the access date should be included immediately prior to the URL. In notes, access dates are surrounded by commas and in bibliographic entries they are surrounded by periods.

Notes and bibliographic entries for newspapers should include the following: name of the author (if listed), headline or column heading, newspaper name, month (often abbreviated), day, and year. Since issues may include several editions, page numbers are usually omitted. If an online edition of a newspaper is consulted, the URL should be added at the end of the citation. Time stamps may be appropriate to include when stories for unfolding events are modified. Names of Newspapers: If the name of a newspaper begins with “The,” this word is omitted. For American newspapers that are not well-known, a city name should be added along with the newspaper title (see below). Additionally, a state abbreviation may be added in parentheses after the city name. News Services: News services, such as the Associated Press or the United Press International, are capitalized but not italicized and often appear in the author position of the citation. Headlines: Headlines may be capitalized using “headline style,” in which all major words are capitalized. Although many major newspapers prefer sentence style, the CMOS recommends headline style for consistency among various types of cited sources. Headlines presented entirely in full capital letters in the original are usually converted to headline-style upper and lower case in the citation. Regular Columns: If a regular column is cited, the column name may be included with the article title.

Editorials, Letters to the Editor, and Readers’ Comments: Published editorials and letters to the editor should be treated generically, usually without headlines. Instead of a title, use “letter to the editor” [14.196]. Citing in Text: Newspapers are more often cited in notes or parenthetical references than in bibliographies. If newspaper sources are carefully documented in the text, they need not be cited in the bibliography.

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• Open access
• Published: 13 May 2024

Global research trend and hotspot in the low FODMAP diet: a bibliometric analysis

• Cheng Xu 1 , 2 ,
• Zhen Song 2 ,
• Jing-yi Hu 1 ,
• Chong-chao Li 2 &
• Hong Shen 1  

Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition volume  43 , Article number:  63 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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The low FODMAP diet is the most recommended dietary intervention for the clinical management of IBS symptoms.

Bibliometrics analysis provides a comprehensive perspective and direction on global research trend and hotspot in the low FODMAP diet research.

The restriction stage of the low FODMAP diet is superior to other dietary therapies for IBS in terms of symptom response, but it has a negative impact on the abundance of gut Bifidobacteria and diet quality.

Identification of biomarkers to predict response to the low FODMAP diet has become the current research hotspot.

Large, well-designed clinical research studies are needed in the future to investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of the low FODMAP diet, including FODMAP reintroduction and personalization stages.

According to national guidelines, a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) is a second-line therapy option for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and improves functional intestinal symptoms. Numerous noteworthy results have been published in this field over the past fifteen years. This study aims to analyze the global research trend and hotspot of the low FODMAP diet research, and provide a comprehensive perspective and direction for researchers.

The Science Citation Index-Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) was used to identify low FODMAP diet-related articles and reviews. Three bibliometric programs (CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Scimago Graphic) were utilized to analyze and visualize the annual publications, authors, countries, institutions, journals, citations, and keywords.

In total, 843 documents related to the low FODMAP diet research were published in 227 journals by 3,343 authors in 1,233 institutions from 59 countries. The United States, which was the most engaged nation in international collaboration, had the largest annual production and the fastest growth. The most productive organization was Monash University, and the most fruitful researcher was Gibson PR. Nutrients ranked first in terms of the number of published documents. The article “A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome” (Halmos EP, 2014) received the most co-citations. Keywords that appear frequently in the literature mainly involve two main aspects: the clinical efficacy evaluation and mechanism exploration of the low FODMAP diet. The term “gut microbiota” stands out as the most prominent keyword among the burst keywords that have remained prevalent till date.

The restriction stage of the low FODMAP diet is superior to other dietary therapies for IBS in terms of symptom response, but it has a negative impact on the abundance of gut Bifidobacteria and diet quality. Identification of biomarkers to predict response to the low FODMAP diet is of great interest and has become the current research hotspot.

Introduction

Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) are a category of possibly poorly digested and absorbed but fermentable carbohydrates that can cause gastrointestinal discomfort in some people. Professor Gibson PR initially introduced the concept of the low FODMAP diet in 2005 for the prevention and treatment of Crohn’s disease [ 1 ], but the main focus of research quickly shifted to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS is a functional bowel disorder, mainly manifested by abdominal pain and bloating, accompanied by changes in bowel habits and/or abnormal stool characteristics [ 2 ]. The low FODMAP diet caused a short-term clinical response in 50–80% of IBS patients [ 3 ], and meta-analyses revealed that the diet was superior to other dietary therapies in terms of improving abdominal pain, bloating or distension, and bowel habits [ 4 ]. The low FODMAP diet was recommended as second-line therapy by national guidelines in United States [ 5 , 6 ] and the United Kingdom [ 7 , 8 ], and was perhaps the most evidence-based dietary intervention for IBS [ 5 ]. The low FODMAP diet is a therapeutic approach that includes an initial phase of restricting high FODMAP foods, followed by a systematic reintroduction process to evaluate an individual’s tolerance to different FODMAP categories. This step-wise approach ultimately leads to the development of a personalized diet plan tailored to each individual’s specific needs and tolerances [ 9 ].

Over the past fifteen years, there has been a significant increase in published studies on the low FODMAP diet. With such rapid growth, it becomes essential to adopt new approaches to review and interpret research trends. Bibliometrics, which combines mathematics, statistics, and philology, provides a multidimensional quantitative analysis and evaluation of literature, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the current state, potential development trend, and hotspot in a research area [ 10 , 11 ]. To date, no bibliometric analysis has been conducted to assess the global research trend and hotspot in the low FODMAP diet. This study aims to address the following research questions by providing a comprehensive analysis through the examination of pertinent data collected from previous research related to low FODMAP diet research (Table ​ 1 ).

Data collection

The Science Citation Index-Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was utilized for the search. Two authors independently conducted and verified all searches on July 1, 2023, to ensure accuracy and eliminate bias resulting from database upgrades. The search strategy was as follows: TS= (“FODMAP*” OR “Fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates” OR “Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols”). Taking into account the constant updating of the database, we conducted a secondary search on April 13, 2024 to integrate the results of recently published studies that met the criteria. The search encompassed the entire time range from the establishment of the database to April 13, 2024, and was limited to publications written in English. Articles and review articles related to the low FODMAP diet that could be correctly identified using bibliometric tools were included in the bibliometric analysis. The detailed search plan and data filtering procedure are displayed in Fig.  1 .

Flowchart for data collection and bibliometric analysis

• Bibliometric analysis

The full record and cited references of all literature obtained from WoSCC were downloaded in TXT format [ 12 ]. The TXT files were then imported into CiteSpace (V6.3 R1 Advanced), VOSviewer (V1.6.19), and Scimago Graphica (V1.0.40) for further analysis [ 13 , 14 , 15 ].

CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica are commonly used bibliometric and visualization software platforms [ 16 ]. CiteSpace is a Java program created by Professor Chaomei Chen to analyze and visualize trends and patterns in scientific publications [ 17 ]. In this study, CiteSpace was used for dual-map overlap analysis of journals, document co-citation analysis, and keyword-related analysis and visualization. VOSviewer, a Java-based bibliometric mapping application developed by Leiden University, excelled in processing extensive bibliometric maps based on network data and presenting scientific information [ 18 ]. VOSviewer was utilized for co-occurrence analysis, identifying patterns among countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords. Scimago Graphica is an application designed to analyze and visualize data. Scimago Graphica was used to produce collaboration and geographic distribution maps of publications.

Annual growth trend of publications

A total of 843 publications related to the low FODMAP diet were identified through our search strategy, including 474 articles (56.23%) and 369 review articles (43.77%). The annual number of publications is displayed in Fig.  2 . The number of publications in the early stage (2007–2012) remained small, with less than 10 publications per year. The subsequent four-year period (2013–2016) exhibited a steady growth pattern, with the annual publication count consistently exceeding twenty. Between 2017 and 2022, there was a considerable increase in the number of publications in this area, indicating that research on the low FODMAP diet has gained worldwide attention. However, there was a slight decline in the number of articles published in 2023. In general, judging from the fitting curve, the number of publications in this field will continue to grow steadily in the future.

The number of annual research publications and growth trend related to low FODMAP diet research

Distribution of countries and institutions

In total, 1,233 institutions from 59 different countries participated in the research of the low FODMAP diet. Table  2 lists the top 10 productive countries for scientific research. Most publications were produced in the United States (210, 24.91%), followed by Australia (155, 18.39%), the United Kingdom (120, 14.23%), Italy (105, 12.46%), and Canada (53, 6.29%). The United States had the highest annual output and the fastest growth, gradually overtaking Australia, which once maintained its leading position in the field. The United States was the most active country in international cooperation (Fig.  3 A), and Australia and the United Kingdom had the most common cooperation with the United States (Fig.  3 B and C). The top 10 productive institutions are listed in Table  2 , with Monash University (99, 11.71%) in Australia ranking first, followed by King’s College London (39, 4.63%), La Trobe University (23, 2.73%), and Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust (21, 2.49%). The cooperation between institutions is depicted in Fig.  3 D, with Monash University serving as the center of inter-institutional cooperation.

( A ) Network map of the collaboration analysis of the low FODMAP diet research among countries, export of results from VOSviewer. Each node represents a country. The size of the node is proportional to the number of documents published. The lines between nodes represent cooperation between countries. ( B ) Visualization map of international collaboration generated by Scimago Graphica. The size of the node represents the number of publications, and the color and thickness of the line represents the strength of cooperation between countries. ( C ) Map of geographical distribution of publications generated by Scimago Graphica. The size of the node represents the number of publications, and the color and thickness of the line represents the strength of cooperation between countries. ( D ) Network map of the collaboration analysis of the low FODMAP diet research among institutions, export of results from VOSviewer. Each node represents an institution. The size of the node is proportional to the number of documents published. The lines between nodes represent cooperation between institutions

Core author’s distribution and co-authorship network

In all, 3,343 authors contributed to research on the low FODMAP diet. Table S1 lists the top 10 authors in terms of publications and co-citations. The top three authors based on the number of publications were Gibson PR (65, 7.71%), Muir JG (44, 5.22%), and Whelan K (29, 3.44%). The network visualization map offers vivid details of cooperative interactions, aiding in the identification of possible partnerships (Fig.  4 A). In terms of co-citations, Staudacher HM had the most citations, reaching 909, followed by Halmos EP (711), and Gibson PR (607). Co-citation relationships occur when two publications are jointly cited by a third citation publication [ 19 ]. The network visualization of the relationship between co-cited authors is displayed in Fig.  4 B. Four of the top 10 productive authors were among the top 10 co-cited authors (Gibson PR, Staudacher HM, Biesiekierski JR, and Barrett JS).

Analysis of journals and co-cited journals

Publications related to the low FODMAP diet research were found in 227 journals. The top 10 productive journals and co-cited journals related to the low FODMAP diet research are listed in Table  3 . As shown in Fig.  4 C, Nutrients had the greatest volume with 140 documents (14.61%), followed by Neurogastroenterology and Motility (32, 3.80%), Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (31, 3.68%), and Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (24, 2.85%). The frequency of co-citations, which indicates a journal’s substantial effect on a certain topic, is a key indicator of its influence. When ranked by co-citations, the top three journals were Gastroenterology (4174), American Journal of Gastroenterology (3166), and Gut (2642). The network visualization of co-cited journals is shown in Fig.  4 D. Among the top 10 co-cited journals, 40% were in the United Kingdom and 30% were in the United States. Additionally, 90% of these journals belonged to the Q1 or Q2 JCR division. The topical distribution of academic journals is depicted in the dual-map overlay of journals (Fig.  4 E). The colored paths show the citation relationships, with the citing journals on the left and the cited journals on the right. As shown, the low FODMAP diet research was mainly published in journals about “medicine, medical, clinical” subjects, and the documents cited by these studies were mostly published in journals related to “environmental, toxicology, nutrition”, “molecular, biology, genetics” or “health, nursing, medicine subjects”.

( A ) Network map of the collaboration analysis of low FODMAP diet research among core authors, export of results from VOSviewer. Each node represents an author. The size of the node is proportional to the number of documents published. ( B ) Network map of the co-cited authors related to low FODMAP diet research, export of results from VOSviewer. The size of the node is proportional to the number of citations. ( C ) Network map of the academic journals publishing low FODMAP diet research, export of results from VOSviewer. Each node represents a journal. The size of the node is proportional to the number of documents published. The colors represent the average year of publications (blue: earlier, yellow: later). ( D ) Network map of the co-cited journals publishing low FODMAP diet research, export of results from VOSviewer. The size of the node is proportional to the number of citations. ( E ) A dual-map overlap of journals publishing low FODMAP diet research, export of results from CiteSpace. The left side is the citing journal, the right side is the cited journal, and the longer transverse width of the ellipse indicates more documents in the relevant journal

Analysis of document co-citation

A total of 28,797 references were cited in the 843 included documents. Table  4 lists the top 10 highly co-cited documents related to research on the low FODMAP diet, all of which were clinical trials investigating the clinical efficacy of this therapy. The most highly co-cited document, authored by Halmos EP, received 217 citations. Among the top 10 highly co-cited documents, Halmos EP and Staudacher HM each had two documents. All of the top 10 highly co-cited documents were published in JCR Q1 or Q2 journals, with four of them published in Gastroenterology and two in Gut .

Analysis of keywords co-occurrence and topics trending

Keywords play a crucial role in revealing the primary themes of an academic publication. Fig.  5 A depicts the co-occurrence analysis of keywords, and Table S2 lists the top 20 keywords by frequency. Among the 459 keywords originating from the 843 included documents, the three most frequently used keywords were “irritable bowel syndrome” (529), “low FODMAP diet” (314), and “gastrointestinal symptoms” (216). The clustering visual analysis map delineates four principal research topics within the realm of low FODMAP diet, encompassing clinical trials, mechanisms, efficacy and safety, and efficacy comparison (Fig. 5 B).

The hierarchical cluster labeling method was employed to identify keywords most relevant to research on the low FODMAP diet. As shown in Fig.  5 C, these keywords were grouped into ten clusters, primarily focusing on evaluating the clinical efficacy (#0 irritable bowel syndrome, #3 ulcerative colitis, #4 quality of life, #6 symptoms, #7 inflammatory bowel disease) and exploring the mechanisms (#1 chronic pain, #2 nutrition, #9 gas production, #8 lactose malabsorption) of the low FODMAP diet. The clustering timeline view combines cluster analysis with time slice analysis to provide a clear depiction of the distribution and trend of keywords over time.

Keyword burst detection is a technique for detecting topics trending and current hotspot. The top 25 keywords with the strongest burst strength related to the low FODMAP diet research from 2007 to 2024 are presented in Fig.  5 D. Prior to 2012, there was a significant emergence of burst keywords such as “fructose malabsorption”, “lactose malabsorption”, and “common Australian vegetables”. Subsequently, from the period of 2013 to 2021, keywords like “gastrointestinal symptoms”, “placebo-controlled trial”, and “healthy subjects” exhibited a high burst strength. The recent burst in keywords such as “gut microbiota” (with a burst strength of 5.94), “mediterranean diet” (with a burst strength of 5.31), “disorders of gut brain interaction” (with a burst strength of 4.14), “carbohydrate diet” (with a burst strength of 4.05), and “scale” (with a burst strength of 3.16) reflects the emerging trends in the low FODMAP diet research. Among these keywords, “gut microbiota” stands out with the highest burst strength, signifying its position as the research hotspot in this field.

( A ) Temporal view of keywords co-occurrence generated by VOSviewer. Each node represents a keyword. The size of each node is proportional to the frequency of occurrence. The colors represent the average year of keyword occurrence (blue: earlier, yellow: later). ( B ) Clustering visual analysis map of keywords generated by VOSviewer. The size of each node is proportional to the frequency of occurrence. Nodes of different colors form separate clusters, each representing distinct research directions. ( C ) Timeline view of keywords co-occurrence generated by CiteSpace. Each node represents a keyword. The node size, indicative of occurrence frequency, correlates with the sum of their sizes along the yearly ring line. The links between keywords indicate co-occurrence, where deep blue signifies earlier appearances, deep red represents later ones, and overlapping colors denote occurrences in corresponding years. ( D ) Keywords with the strongest burst strength related to low FODMAP diet research during the period of 2007–2024. The burst period is represented by the red section on the blue timeline, export of results from CiteSpace

General information

The low FODMAP diet has gained significant attention in recent years within the scientific literature. This article presents the first study to utilize the bibliometric method for analyzing documents related to low FODMAP diet research, employing mathematical statistics and visual analysis to identify development trend and research hotspot based on data information.

Over the past fifteen years, there has been an increase in research related to the low FODMAP diet. Dietary therapy has become an important part of multidisciplinary intestinal disease management, evolving from a virtually non-existent position in the mid-20th century to one oriented on patient care and now plays an essential role in providing treatment [ 20 , 21 ]. Furthermore, the increasing research on the low FODMAP diet can be attributed to its value in controlling functional gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly in IBS. It is currently considered the most evidence-based dietary intervention for IBS [ 5 ], and has been recommended as a second-line herapy option for IBS [ 8 , 22 , 23 ]. The increase in studies demonstrates the prospective future for the low FODMAP diet research and requires greater focus and in-depth investigation.

The United States has emerged as the leading country in terms of publications in the field of low FODMAP diet research. This is unsurprising considering its academic funding and economic growth [ 24 ]. In addition to the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom have published more than 100 documents related to the low FODMAP diet research, reflecting the fact that current studies are based on western dietary patterns. Among institutions, Monash University in Australia had the most publications worldwide. The study team from Monash University, a pioneer in this field, was the first to propose and develop the low FODMAP diet [ 1 ]. The United States and Australia exhibit the highest level of cooperation, which is unsurprising considering the United States’ significant output and Australia’s role as the initiator of low FODMAP diet research. The cooperation between the European region, represented by the United Kingdom, and the United States or Australia should not be ignored. In general, the research on the low FODMAP diet is a domain of global cooperation, so it is very important to strengthen institutional and international collaboration to promote the sustainable development of this field.

The number of publications represents the author’s contribution to the research field, and the number of citations reflects the author’s influence. Among the authors who contributed to the research of the low FODMAP diet from 2007 to 2024, Gibson PR from Monash University published the most documents. Gibson PR’s research team has been at the forefront of investigating the mechanisms and clinical aspects of this therapy. Staudacher HM from Deakin University is the most co-cited author in this field, focusing on researching the impact of the low FODMAP diet on gut microbiota, and relevant research literature has been widely cited [ 25 , 26 ]. Gibson PR, Staudacher HM, Biesiekierski JR, and Barrett JS are among the top 10 authors in terms of both published documents and citations, indicating their extensive scientific output and significant influence.

Analysis of journal publishing volume and journal co-citations can demonstrate their contributions to the field, and researchers can utilize these results to identify appropriate journals for submission. Among the 227 journals that have published low FODMAP diet research, Nutrients stands out with the highest number of publications, totaling 140. Nutrients is an international journal focused on nutrition and human health, and its considerable influence in the low FODMAP diet research field is noteworthy. It has emerged as a prominent platform for the dissemination of the latest and most extensive research in this area. Besides, documents published in Gastroenterology occupied the highest citation. As the official journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, Gastroenterology holds a prestigious position within the field of gastrointestinal diseases, demonstrating that some high-level and influential journals value the low FODMAP diet research. The results of the dual-map overlap of journals revealed that the majority of low FODMAP diet research was published in “medicine, medical, clinical” journals, and the cited literature was mostly published in “environmental, toxicology, nutrition”, “molecular, biology, genetics” or “health, nursing, medicine” journals, indicating that the research in this field was mainly focused on clinical trials and translational medicine research.

Knowledge base

Highly cited publications serve as indicators of the research hotspot within the field, and analyzing the cited references provides insights into the knowledge base of the field. Notably, the top 10 highly co-cited documents are all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the low FODMAP diet, serving as reliable reference resources for future research in this area. The first RCT of the low FODMAP diet found that after 4 weeks of restriction of fermentable carbohydrates, it significantly relieved the symptoms of IBS compared to a habitual diet [ 25 ]. Subsequent studies have consistently confirmed the efficacy of the low FODMAP diet. Most of these studies demonstrated that the low FODMAP diet had a positive effect on IBS symptoms compared to habitual diets [ 27 ], typical diets [ 28 , 29 ], a high FODMAP diet [ 30 ], or a sham diet [ 26 ], and several studies found its equivalent treatment efficacy to standard dietary advice [ 31 ] or general dietary guidelines [ 32 ]. However, the quality of evidence was rated as low due to potential bias stemming from a lack of double-blinding and inadequate reporting of suboptimal adverse events [ 4 ]. It is important to note that while the efficacy of the low FODMAP diet is considered “low quality evidence” according to GRADE criteria, it is recognized that dietary interventions rarely meet the criteria for “high quality evidence” used to evaluate pharmaceutical trials [ 33 ]. Several management guidelines have still recommended the use of this diet as a primary or secondary treatment for IBS [ 6 , 34 ].

Diet exerts a significant influence on the human gut microbiota [ 35 , 36 ], and the low FODMAP diet is no exception. Several studies among the top 10 highly co-cited documents have reported a relative reduction in total bacterial abundance due to FODMAP restriction, including a decrease in gut microbes typically linked with health, such as Bifidobacterium [ 25 , 26 , 37 ]. The first RCT of the low FODMAP diet showed a decrease in the proportion and concentration of luminal Bifidobacteria compared to a habitual diet [ 25 ]. Similarly, two other RCTs demonstrated a lower absolute abundance of Bifidobacteria in the low FODMAP diet compared to a placebo diet [ 26 , 37 ]. In contrast, another RCT did not observe a decrease in Bifidobacteria with the low FODMAP diet, but rather found an increase in the Bifidobacteriaceae family and certain species within the family Lachnospiraceae when following a high FODMAP diet [ 30 ]. The consistent finding of reduced Bifidobacteria abundance due to the low FODMAP diet raises concerns about potential adverse consequences, although the health effects of lower Bifidobacteria resulting from this diet remain unknown. In the long term, the adverse effects on luminal Bifidobacteria levels caused by FODMAP restriction can be effectively restored through FODMAP personalization [ 38 ], emphasizing the essential role played by the reintroduction and personalization stages in the low FODMAP diet [ 39 ]. However, further rigorous clinical trials are still necessary to establish the long-term efficacy and safety of the low FODMAP diet.

Research trend and hotpot

Visualized analysis of keywords reveals the evolution of high-frequency keywords and shows the development path of the low FODMAP diet. After clustering, we obtained 10 clustering labels that encompassed two primary aspects: the evaluation of clinical efficacy (#0 irritable bowel syndrome, #2 ulcerative colitis, #4 functional dyspepsia, #5 children, #6 celiac disease, #7 dietary interventions, #8 diet quality) and the exploration of mechanisms (#0 gas production, #2 colonic fermentation, #9 bifidobacteria) related to the low FODMAP diet.

Clinical research on the low FODMAP diet has mostly focused on its efficacy in IBS, which has been discussed in the previous sections. However, it is exciting to explore the potential efficacy of the low FODMAP diet for diseases other than IBS. More and more research data supported the use of the low FODMAP diet in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease [ 40 , 41 ], functional dyspepsia [ 42 , 43 , 44 ], and celiac disease [ 45 ], etc. The low FOAMAP diet can assist in symptom management of a variety of diseases, which is thought to be related to the underlying pathological mechanism of FODMAP’s involvement in visceral hypersensitivity [ 46 ]. While encouraging, larger and more rigorously designed clinical trials evaluating the long-term effects of the low FODMAP diet are needed to evaluate its efficacy and safety in clinical practice.

The low FODMAP diet is the most recommended dietary intervention for managing of IBS symptoms, but faces challenges in dietary therapy development. In addition to its impact on gut microbiota mentioned above, the low FODMAP diet may also affect nutrition intake and diet quality. Patients with IBS were reported to have lower calcium intakes than those who followed a regular diet after following the low FODMAP diet for 4 weeks [ 25 ], as well as lower calorie, carbohydrate, and fiber intakes when compared to those following the diet recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [ 32 ]. While the implementation of the low FODMAP diet was observed to reduce several micronutrients, most of these reductions were not significant after adjusting for energy intake, except for riboflavin [ 47 ]. An RCT of 130 individuals revealed that the low FODMAP diet had higher intakes of vitamin B 12 and selenium than the sham diet and more intakes of vitamin B 12 than a habitual diet, but decreased diet quality compared with the habitual control diet [ 48 ]. The reintroduction and personalization of FODMAP can be a solution to the nutritional deficiency that can occur with FODMAP restriction [ 49 ]. Besides, several attempts have been made to include dietary supplements to enhance the nutritional value of the diet, with specific supplements showing additional symptomatic benefits compared to FODMAP restriction alone [ 50 , 51 ]. Clinicians and dietitians should provide guidance to optimize nutrient intake, maintain diet quality and enhance patient adherence [ 52 , 53 ].

The low FODMAP diet may improve gastrointestinal symptoms through various mechanisms, and further research on mechanisms may broader its clinical application. FODMAP malabsorption leads to intestinal fermentation, gas production, and an increase in osmotic pressure, which stimulate mechano- and chemoreceptors, resulting in pain, decreased gastrointestinal motility, flatulence, and bloating [ 43 ]. However, a study using MRI showed that after consuming fermentable carbohydrates, IBS patients and healthy controls had comparable levels of gas and bowel distension, which suggested that the colonic hypersensitivity to distension, rather than the excess of gas, was the underlying cause of symptoms in IBS patients [ 54 ]. A recent finding has revealed that the low FODMAP diet can alter visceral hypersensitivity by increasing colon microcirculation perfusion and decreasing the expression of vascular endothelial-derived growth factor [ 55 ]. Another hypothesized mechanism by which FODMAPs cause gastrointestinal symptoms is related to increased histamine. It has been reported that IBS patients have increased urinary histamine levels and the low FODMAP diet can decrease histamine levels [ 30 ]. The cause of the histamine elevation has not been identified, as it may derive from dietary sources, or be produced by colonic mast cells or intestinal microbiota [ 56 ]. In addition, a decrease in the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 have been reported in IBS patients following the low FODMAP diet [ 57 ]. Therefore, the low FODMAP diet may improve gastrointestinal symptoms by regulating mucosal barrier and proinflammatory factors.

Keyword burst is regarded as a key indicator of trend and hotspot in a research field. The period prior to 2012 witnessed the burst of keywords such as “fructose malabsorption”, “lactose malabsorption”, and “common Australian vegetables”, which served as markers of the formulation and development of new concept within the field. Subsequently, spanning from 2013 to 2021, burst keywords like “gastrointestinal symptoms”, “placebo controlled trial”, and “healthy subjects” indicated a substantial surge in clinical trials performed during this timeframe to assess the effects of the low FODMAP diet. Burst keyword that has persisted until now can be regarded as the forefront of the low FODMAP diet research. The low FODMAP diet can improve the clinical condition in 50-80% of IBS patients [ 3 ]. In other words, 20–50% of individuals do not respond to the low FODMAP diet. Therefore, research on identifying biomarkers to predict response to the low FODMAP diet has become a prominent topic. Predicting responses to the low FODMAP diet based on fecal bacteria profiles is an emerging research field. The fecal microbiota has been analyzed by a “GA-map Dysbiosis Test” to create a “Dysbiosis Index” score, which provides a numerical score indicating how an individual’s bacterial composition compares to a healthy reference population, with some bacteria having higher abundance than others, including Bacteroides stercoris , Acinetobacter , Pseudomonas , and genus Desulfitispora [ 58 ]. Children with IBS who responded to the low FODMAP diet had a higher abundance of certain bacteria at baseline, such as Bacteroides , Ruminococcaceae , and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , which are known to have great saccharolytic metabolic capacity [ 29 , 59 ]. Moreover, a recent study stratified IBS patients based on gut microbiota species and metabolic genetic characteristics, identifying two distinct microbiota profiles for IBS pathogenic-like and IBS health-like subtypes [ 60 ]. Patients with IBS pathogenic-like subtypes had a greater clinical response to the low FODMAP diet than those with IBS health-like subtypes [ 60 ]. However, a recent finding showed that the fecal microbiota did not predict response to the low FODMAP diet, and supported the distinction between the low FODMAP diet responders and non-responders based on fecal metabolites [ 61 ]. A previous study also used fecal volatile organic compounds at baseline to predict the response of IBS patients to the low FODMAP diet with 97% accuracy [ 62 ]. As a low-cost and non-invasive method, fecal volatile organic compounds profiling can be used to predict whether IBS patients would respond to the low FODMAP diet, but it still has to be verified by a large prospective cohort. The research on predictors of response to the low FODMAP diet is currently a hotspot, with preliminary evidence supporting the use of fecal microbiota or fecal metabolites. However, these methods need to be tested in larger external validation populations.

Strengths and limitations

To our knowledge, this study is the first to comprehensively summarize and analyze the knowledge base, research trend and current hotspot of the low FODMAP diet research using bibliometrics. Compared with traditional literature reviews, a bibliometric analysis based on bibliometrics tools (CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Scimago Graphic) can provide a relatively comprehensive and objective presentation of the data to better describe and visualize the research trend and hotspot. However, it is important to acknowledge that this study has inherent limitations due to the use of bibliometric analysis. First, the WOSCC database is still being updated, and some of the updated documents were not included in our study, so the results could not fully reflect the situation of the documents published in 2024. Second, the documents included in our study may not be complete. On the one hand, we only focused on data from the WoSCC database since CiteSpace can only analyze and visualize co-citation maps of data retrieved from this database. This selection was made due to the unavailability of co-citation analysis support on other significant search engines such as PubMed, Embase, and Ovid. On the other hand, due to the uniformity of data extraction, only published English literature was searched, and some bias was introduced. Nevertheless, considering the authority of the WoSCC database and the widespread use of English as the predominant international language, we consider this study still effectively portrays the overall situation in this field. Third, since citations to documents take time to accumulate, their amount does not accurately reflect the influence of the documents. Early published literature may receive more citations, while newer high-quality publications may require more time to accumulate citations.

This research is the first bibliometric analysis to summarize and visualize the development of the low FODMAP diet research, and explore the research trend and hotspot in this field. The gradual increase in published documents over the past fifteen years suggests that this field is receiving more attention from researchers. The research in this area has mainly focused on the evaluation of clinical efficacy and exploration of the mechanism of the low FODMAP diet in the treatment of IBS. The restriction stage of the low FODMAP diet is superior to other dietary therapies for IBS in terms of symptom response, but it has a detrimental influence on the abundance of gut Bifidobacteria and diet quality. Identification of biomarkers to predict response to the low FODMAP diet is of great interest and has become the current research hotspot. To provide higher levels of clinical evidence, large, well-designed clinical research studies are needed in the future to investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of the low FODMAP diet, including FODMAP reintroduction and personalization stages. We hope that this study will aid researchers in better comprehending the general trends in this field and can offer direction for further study.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols

• Irritable bowel syndrome

Web of Science Core Collection

Randomized controlled trials

Interleukin

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The study was supported by the project of Jiangsu Province Traditional Chinese medicine digestive disease medical innovation center [grant number CXZX202208].

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Cheng Xu and Hong Shen conceived and designed the study. Zhen Song and Jing-yi Hu contributed to data collection. Cheng Xu, Zhen Song and Jing-yi Hu conducted the data analysis and interpretation. Cheng Xu and Zhen Song drafted the initial manuscript. Chong-chao Li and Hong Shen revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

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Xu, C., Song, Z., Hu, Jy. et al. Global research trend and hotspot in the low FODMAP diet: a bibliometric analysis. J Health Popul Nutr 43 , 63 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-024-00567-7

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Volume 30, Number 6—June 2024

Antibodies to Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Hunting Dogs Retrieving Wild Fowl, Washington, USA

Suggested citation for this article

We detected antibodies to H5 and N1 subtype influenza A viruses in 4/194 (2%) dogs from Washington, USA, that hunted or engaged in hunt tests and training with wild birds. Historical data provided by dog owners showed seropositive dogs had high levels of exposure to waterfowl.

Since 1996, goose/Guangdong lineage H5 highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (HPIAV) have caused an unprecedented panzootic. In 2020, subclade 2.3.4.4b HPIAV H5N1 emerged and spread to multiple continents causing substantial death in poultry and wild birds. Recently, increased detection in mammals has stimulated concern that the virus might be adapting to mammal hosts.

Despite the prolonged global epizootic of HPIAV H5N1, reported infections in dogs have been rare. During an HPIAV H5N1 outbreak in Thailand, a fatal canine infection in 2004 associated with a dog eating a duck carcass was reported ( 1 ). A follow-up serosurvey of outwardly healthy stray dogs in Thailand detected HPIAV H5N1 antibodies in 25.4% (160/629) of sampled dogs ( 2 ). During April 2023, another fatal HPIAV H5N1 infection was identified in Ontario, Canada, in a dog that developed severe respiratory and systemic signs shortly after chewing on a dead wild goose ( 3 ). In experiments, beagles were susceptible to HPIAV H5N1 infections, during which some infected dogs excreted high concentrations of virus through the respiratory tract and experienced severe disease ( 4 ). In contrast, previous studies in beagles reported susceptibility to HPIAV H5N1 infection that manifested with moderate to no clinical signs ( 5 , 6 ). Existing field and experimental data collectively suggest dogs are susceptible to HPIAV H5N1 infection but clinical outcomes vary. However, infection appears to be restricted to dogs with high virus exposure. To investigate this further, we tested for antibodies to influenza A(H5N1) virus in bird hunting dogs, a category of dogs at high risk for contact with HPIAV H5N1–infected wild birds, and compared serologic results to reported hunting or training activities.

Dog owners completed a questionnaire providing details about their dogs’ retrieving activities, canine influenza virus (CIV) vaccination status, and clinical history. Methods used in this research were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Penn State University (#202302394).

Figure . Flow diagram of participation in a serosurvey for antibodies to IAV in hunters and their hunting dogs, Washington, USA. CIV, canine influenza virus; ELLA, enzyme-linked lectin assay; HI, hemagglutination inhibition;...

During March–June 2023 in Washington, USA, we collected blood samples from 194 dogs identified by owners as having engaged in bird hunting or bird hunt tests and training over the previous 12 months ( Figure ). Waterfowl hunting season in Washington extends from mid-October through February; consequently, we collected samples 1–4 months after season closure. We collected blood from the jugular vein, immediately centrifuged it, and stored it at 4ºC in the field, then stored serum at –20°C until testing was performed.

We screened serum samples for antibodies to influenza A virus (IAV) nucleoprotein using an MultiS-Screen Ab blocking ELISA (bELISA; IDEXX, https://www.idexx.com ), according to manufacturer instructions. We subsequently tested all bELISA-positive samples for antibodies to H5 using a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and virus neutralization (VN), and to N1 with an enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) using published protocols ( 7 , 8 ). In addition, we ran 11 bELISA-negative samples as negative field controls. In both the HI and VN assays, we used 2 reverse genetics antigens to detect antibodies to clade 2.3.4.4b H5 and North American H5 low pathogenic IAV. Antigens included IDCDC-RG71A containing Eurasia hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) from A/Astrakhan/3212/2020(H5N8) on an A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)(PR8) backbone and LP-RGBWT/TX that included North America HA and NA from A/blue-winged teal/AI12–4150/Texas/2012(H5N2) on a PR8 backbone. The HA of IDCDC-RG71A has a modified protease cleavage site consistent with a low pathogenic IAV phenotype. For the ELLA, we used A/ruddy turnstone/New Jersey/AI13-2948/2013(H10N1) as the antigen.

We used conservative positive threshold titers: H5 HI, >1:32; H5 VN, >1:20; and N1 ELLA, >1:80. We considered samples H5 seropositive if positive for H5 using HI assay or VN and N1 seropositive if positive for N1 using ELLA. We also tested all bELISA-positive serum samples for antibodies to H3N2 and H3N8 CIV by HI assay (positive threshold ≥1:8) ( 9 ). We calculated seroprevalence using R ( 10 ).

Most dogs retrieved waterfowl (86%), and many (69%) retrieved both waterfowl and upland game birds ( Appendix Tables 1, 2). Dogs most commonly contacted dabbling ducks (81% of dogs), which are notable reservoirs for HPIAV H5N1. Dogs also frequently contacted birds from other categories considered high risk for HPIAV H5N1, including geese (32% of dogs) and diving ducks (23% of dogs) ( Appendix Table 3). Most dogs had retrieved or trained multiple times during the previous 12 months; 38% were reported to have been in the field during ≥15 hunts and 78% reported to have trained with live or dead birds ≥15 times ( Appendix Table 2). Reportedly 11% of dogs retrieved dead or clinically ill waterfowl that showed no evidence of having been shot or hunted.

Antibodies to IAV were detected by bELISA in 18/194 (9.3%, 95% CI 5.6%–14.3%) dogs not displaying overt disease. Of the 18 bELISA-positive samples, 14 (77.8%, 95% CI 52.4%–93.6%) were seropositive for H3N2 and 13 (72.2%, 95% CI 46.5%–90.3%) for H3N8 CIV. The closeness of those results might have resulted from cross-reactivity between H3N2 and H3N8 CIV. Of the 18 bELISA-positive dogs, 12 (66.7%, 95% CI 41.0%–86.7%) had reportedly been vaccinated for CIV. Four (22%, 95% CI 6.4%–47.6%) of the 18 were seropositive for H5 antibodies when tested using HI or VN and for N1 antibodies when tested using ELLA ( Table ). Two dogs were seropositive for H5 by HI and 3 dogs by VN, both using the IDCDC-RG71A antigen. No dogs had antibodies detectable above the positive threshold for H5 using the North America LP-RGBWT/TX antigen. Despite using an unmatched N1, all 4 H5-seropositive dogs tested positive for N1 antibodies using ELLA. Three of the H5- and N1-seropositive dogs had not been vaccinated for CIV and were negative for H3N2 and H3N8 antibodies. One H5- and N1-seropositive dog reportedly had been vaccinated in 2021 and had a low antibody titer to H3N2 CIV (1:8). All 11 bELISA-negative serum samples (i.e., negative controls) tested negative on HI and VN for antibodies to H5; however, 3 were seropositive for N1. The cause of the N1 seropositivity is unknown; however, serologic evidence of pandemic H1N1 infections in dogs has been previously reported, and additional testing is warranted ( 11 ).

Over the previous 12 months, all 4 H5- and N1-seropositive dogs reportedly had hunted waterfowl extensively in areas affected by H5N1 HPIAV outbreaks in wild waterfowl. Three H5- and N1-seropositive dogs reportedly had retrieved waterfowl that were either dead or had neurologic symptoms but that showed no evidence of having been shot or hunted. Two H5- and N1-seropositive dogs were from households that owned multiple hunting dogs included in this study; 1 seropositive dog was 1 of 2 dogs included in the study and the other was 1 of 3. None of the other tested dogs from those multidog households were seropositive for IAV.

Conclusions

We detected antibodies to H5 and N1 only in hunting dogs with high levels of bird hunting and waterfowl retrieval. Although that finding suggests transmission of HPIAV H5N1 from waterfowl to dogs can occur, low seroprevalence, lack of reported disease in seropositive dogs, and lack of evidence for dog-to-dog transmission among dogs sharing households collectively indicate that the subclade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPIAV strains that circulated in North America during 2022–2023 were poorly adapted to dogs. Those results suggest that effective risk communication with hunting dog owners could be an inexpensive and effective strategy to reduce the potential for spillover to dogs, and monitoring hunting dogs for IAV could be a useful addition to existing surveillance efforts.

Dr. Brown is an assistant teaching professor in the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences in the College of Agricultural Sciences at Pennsylvania State University. His research focuses on defining the impacts of infectious diseases on wildlife populations.

Acknowledgments

We thank the sportsmen and sportswomen who collaborated on this project for allowing their dogs to be sampled for this research. We thank the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Daniel Perez, University of Georgia, for the reverse genetic H5 antigens used in this study.

This research was funded by Ducks Unlimited and a Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences Undergraduate Research Grant. Laboratory work was also funded in part by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under contract 75N93021C00016.

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• Figure . Flow diagram of participation in a serosurvey for antibodies to IAV in hunters and their hunting dogs, Washington, USA. CIV, canine influenza virus; ELLA, enzyme-linked lectin assay; HI, hemagglutination...
• Table . Data for individual hunting dogs that tested positive for antibodies to H5 and N1 influenza A virus, Washington, USA

Suggested citation for this article : Brown JD, Black A, Haman KH, Diel DG, Ramirez VE, Ziejka RS, et al. Antibodies to influenza A(H5N1) virus in hunting dogs retrieving wild fowl, Washington, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024 Jun [ date cited ]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3006.231459

DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.231459

Original Publication Date: May 15, 2024

Table of Contents – Volume 30, Number 6—June 2024

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / Chicago Style Journal Article Citation

How to Cite a Journal in Chicago/Turabian

Journal citations in Chicago/Turabian style generally include the author name, article title, journal title, publication date, and volume/issue information. If the journal article was accessed online, the URL or DOI is required. This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations using the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style .

Guide Overview

• Cite a journal article found online
• Cite a journal article found in print
• Cite a journal article with four or more authors
• Cite just the abstract of a journal article
• What you need

How to Cite a Journal Article Found Online

Chicago style online journal citation structure:.

1. First name Last name, “Article Title,” Journal Title volume number, issue number (Month year of publication): Page-page, DOI or URL.

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Title volume number, issue number (Month year of publication): Page-page. DOI or URL.

Note: If no DOI is available, use a stable URL.

Chicago Style Online Journal Citation E xample:

1. James Trier, “‘Cool’ Engagements with YouTube: Part 2,” Media Literacy 50, no. 7 (November 2007): 599, https://doi.org/10.1598/JAAL.50.7.8.

Trier, James. “‘Cool’ Engagements with YouTube: Part 2.” Media Literacy 50, no. 7 (November 2007): 598-603. https://doi.org/10.1598/JAAL.50.7.8.

How to Cite a Journal Article Found in Print

Chicago style journal citation structure:.

1. First name Last Name, “Article Title,” Journal Title volume, no. issue (Month year of publication): Page-page.

Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Title volume, no. issue (Month year of publication): Page-page.

Chicago Style Journal Citation E xample:

1. Meng-Fen Grace Lin, Ellen S. Hoffman, and Claire Borengasser, “Is Social Media Too Social for Class? A Case Study of Twitter Use,” TechTrends 57, no. 2 (February 2013): 39-40.

Lin, Meng-Fen Grace, Ellen S. Hoffman, and Claire Borengasser. “Is Social Media Too Social for Class? A Case Study of Twitter Use.” TechTrends 57, no. 2 (February 2013): 39-40.

How to Cite a Journal With Four or More Authors

If you need to cite a journal article that has four or more authors, include up to ten names in the bibliography entry, and in the note, include just the first author’s name followed by the phrase “et al.”. If the article has more than ten authors, include only the first seven followed by “et al.” in the bibliography entry, and in the note, include just the first author’s name followed by “et al.”.

1. First name Last name et al., “Article Title,” Journal Title volume number, issue number (Month year of publication): Page-page, DOI or URL.

Last name 1, First name 1, First name 2 Last name 2, First name 3 Last name 3, First name 4 Last name 4. “Article Title.” Journal Title volume number, issue number (Month year of publication): Page-page. DOI or URL.

Chicago Style Journal Citation Example:

1. Tamara Hafner et al., “Defining Pharmaceutical Systems Strengthening: Concepts to Enable Measurement,” Health Policy and Planning 32, no. 4 (May 2017): 572–84, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48509358.

Hafner, Tamara, Helena Walkowiak, David Lee, and Francis Aboagye-Nyame. “Defining Pharmaceutical Systems Strengthening: Concepts to Enable Measurement.” Health Policy and Planning 32, no. 4 (May 2017): 572–84. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48509358.

How to Cite Just the Abstract of a Journal Article

It is generally not recommended to cite only the abstract of a journal article, since you may be missing important context contained within the rest of the article. However, there may be an instance where an abstract contains standalone/verifiable information or phrasing that you want to include in your paper, but you cannot access the rest of the article. In that case, the abstract can be cited like a regular journal article, with the addition of the word “abstract.”

Chicago Style Journal Abstract Citation Structure:

1. First name Last name, “Article Title,” abstract, Journal Title volume number, issue number (Month year of publication): Page-page, DOI or URL.

Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Abstract. Journal Title volume number, issue number (Month year of publication): Page-page. DOI or URL.

Chicago Style Journal Abstract Citation Example:

1. Sylvia Sierra, “Playing out Loud: Videogame References as Resources in Friend Interaction for Managing Frames, Epistemics, and Group Identity,” abstract, Language in Society 45, no. 2 (April 2016): 217–45, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43904730.

Sierra, Sylvia. “Playing out Loud: Videogame References as Resources in Friend Interaction for Managing Frames, Epistemics, and Group Identity.” Abstract. Language in Society 45, no. 2 (April 2016): 217–45. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43904730.

What You Need

A citation for a journal article usually includes the following:

• Author name(s)
• Article title
• Journal title
• Volume number
• Issue number
• Month (or season) and year of publication
• Page numbers
• URL or DOI (if accessed online)

The name of the article should be in headline case and enclosed in quotation marks, and the name of the journal should be italicized. When citing on online journal article, using the DOI is preferred and it should be formatted with the “https://” in front of the DOI number. If there is no DOI, include a stable URL if possible.

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Musical Recording

Citation Examples

• Thesis or Dissertation
• Encyclopedia
• Sheet Music
• YouTube Video

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Former JCPS officer arrested for second time in 2 weeks, faces new charges

A former Jefferson County Public Schools resource officer was arrested on suspicion of driving drunk on the University of Louisville's campus, nearly two weeks after he was accused by police of drinking alcohol in a government-issued vehicle.

Christopher Minniear, 51, faces charges of reckless driving and possessing an open alcohol container, according to the arrest citation. A third charge, third-degree criminal mischief, was dismissed by a judge during an arraignment hearing Saturday.

Minniear has been released from the Louisville Metro Department of Metro Corrections on his own recognizance.

A University of Louisville police officer said Minniear drove into the interior of campus near Ekstrom Library around 5:16 p.m., where he was unauthorized to drive. The officer reported seeing a open alcohol container in the center console and an empty container in the front passenger seat, according to the arrest citation.

A day before he resigned from his position with JCPS on May 7, Louisville Metro Police officers alleged Minniear passed out from drinking alcohol in the drive-thru of a McDonald's in the Auburndale neighborhood while he was off-duty, The Courier Journal previously reported. In that incident, Minniear was also charged with tampering with physical evidence, possession of a controlled substance and having prescription medications not in their original containers. When searching the vehicle, officers found a large bottle of dark liquor, as well as prescription medication inside a McDonald's box.

Minniear has a preliminary hearing for the charges from the earlier incident June 6 at 9 a.m. and a pretrial conference for the charges from the later incident at the same date and time, according to court documents.

More: No body cam footage of Scottie Scheffler's arrest, Mayor Greenberg says

Reporter Krista Johnson contributed reporting.

Reach reporter Leo Bertucci at [email protected] or @leober2chee on X, formerly known as Twitter

Is a taco a sandwich? Indiana judge issues a ruling after yearslong restaurant debate

An Indiana judge ended a yearslong debate between a restauranteur and the county commission that ultimately ruled, “tacos and burritos are Mexican-style sandwiches.”

Starting in 2019, Martin Quintana, the owner of Famous Taco , a Mexican-style restaurant that serves made-to-order burritos, tacos and other food items located about 125 miles north of Indianapolis, sought zoning approvals from the Fort Wayne Plan Commission . Quintana’s request was to upgrade the space from a single family designation to a limited commercial occupancy for his business, according to the court documents published by local news outlet WISH.

In order to be approved, he would have to agree to a written commitment that highlighted specific restrictions for his business. To be compliant, Quintana’s restaurant had to be a “sandwich bar-style” facility that sold “made-to-order” or “Subway-style” sandwiches. In addition, the commitment excluded fast food restaurant chains like Arby’s, McDonald's and Wendy’s, the court documents said.

“It kind of became an argument of... is a taco a sandwich or not. So, we thought it's easier to agree that it fits within the character and scope of what we had anticipated. And so we have an amendment,” Quintana’s representatives said in 2022, according to the court documents.

After years of legal proceedings, Judge Craig Bobay of the Allen Superior Court ruled on Monday that Famous Taco was eligible to open and operate its business under the terms of the original written commitment created in 2019. Bobay said that the restaurant was compliant according to the commitment, the court documents said.

“The Court agrees with Quintana that tacos and burritos are Mexican style-sandwiches, and the original written agreement does not restrict potential restaurants to only American cuisine-styled sandwiches,” Bobay’s decision said.

National BBQ Day: See if your favorite barbecue spot made it on Yelp's top 100 list

The judge also said that other culturally authentic restaurants would have the opportunity to operate its business under the terms of the written commitment as well.

“The original written commitment would also permit a restaurant that serves made-to-order Greek gyros, Indian naan wraps, or Vietnamese banh mi if these restaurants complied with the other enumerated conditions,” the judge ruled.

USA TODAY reached out to both Famous Taco and the Fort Wayne Plan Commission attorneys for comment.

Ahjané Forbes is a reporter on the National Trending Team at USA TODAY. Ahjané covers breaking news, car recalls, crime, health, lottery and public policy stories. Email her at  [email protected] . Follow her on  Instagram ,  Threads  and  X (Twitter) .

Energy & Environmental Science

Rational rock-salt phase engineering of nickel-rich layered cathode interface for enhanced rate and cycling stability.

Ni-rich layered cathodes promise high energy density, yet suffer from dramatic rate and capacity decay on cycling, which is originated from chemo-mechanical failures with fast growth of electrical and ionic insulating rock-salt phase on the surface. Apart from general approaches of applying inert coating layers, here we regulate chemistry and structure of the inevitable rock-salt phase, and construct a robust and coherent interface with high electrical and ionic conductivity. Co-doping of non-metallic N with Al has been introduced into the interlayer rock-salt phase and the near-surface layered structure. Using atomic-level imaging, spectroscopic analysis, and density-functional-theory calculation, we reveal that Al-N co-doped in the rock-salt phase not only preserves fast Li-transfer pathways, but also increases electron density at the Fermi energy, enhancing Li-ion diffusion and electron transfer across the rock-salt phase. More importantly, Al-N co-doping stabilizes lattice oxygen (O2−) and reduces interfacial lattice strain, restricting the accelerated accumulation of rock-salt phase and thereby inhibiting intergranular cracking along cycles. This delicate interface engineering endows LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2 with a superior rate capacity of 172.3 mAh g−1 at 3C and a high capacity retention of 96.5% after 200 cycles at 1C. Our findings demonstrate a general principle with practical significance in mitigating degradation of Ni-rich layered cathodes.

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W. Wang, Y. Shi, P. Li, R. Wang, F. Ye, X. Zhang, W. Li, Z. Wang, C. Xu, D. Xu, Q. Xu and X. Cui, Energy Environ. Sci. , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D3EE04110G

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