supreme court case study 53 answers

Landmark Supreme Court Cases

Let's learn about some landmark Supreme Court cases and think about how they impacted American law and society!

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A case study collection to help students demonstrate understanding of the impact of landmark Supreme Court Cases on American law and society.

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A reading activity to help students demonstrate understanding of the impact of Marbury v. Madison (1803) on American law and society.

A reading activity to help students understand aspects of the state and federal trial process and its impact on American society.

A reading and graphic organizart activity to help students demonstrate understanding of Article III and the court system on American law and society.

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• The Power of Judicial Review

Article III of the U.S. Constitution describes the powers and duties of the judicial branch.  Nowhere does it mention the power of the courts to review actions of the other two branches, and possibly declare these actions unconstitutional.  This power, called Judicial Review , was established by the landmark decision in Marbury v. Madison , 1803.

“ It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is…If two laws conflict with each other, the Courts must decide on the operation of each.  So, if a law be in opposition to the Constitution… the Court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty .” Chief Justice Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803  

• Facts about Judicial Review
• Possible Subjects of Judicial Review
• No law or action can contradict the U.S. Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land.
• The court can only review a law that is brought before it through a law suit.
• State courts also have the power to review state laws or actions based upon their state constitutions.
• Legislative actions (laws made by congress)
• Executive actions (treaties, executive orders issued by the president, or regulations issued by a government agency)
• State and local laws

Case Studies

Marbury v. madison , 1803.

• Case History

When President John Adams did not win a second term in the 1801 election, he used the final days of his presidency to make a large number of political appointments.  When the new president (Thomas Jefferson) took office, he told his Secretary of State (James Madison), not to deliver the official paperwork to the government officials who had been appointed by Adams.  Thus the government officials, including William Marbury, were denied their new jobs.  William Marbury petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus , to force Madison to deliver the commission.

Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 (a law written by Congress), gave the Supreme Court the authority to issue writs of mandamus to settle disputes such as the one described here.  This power to force actions of government officials went above and beyond anything mentioned in Article III of the Constitution.

Therefore, in addition to deciding whether or not William Marbury had a right to his job, the U.S. Supreme Court also had to decide whether or not Section 13 of the Judiciary Act was in violation of the Constitution (the birth of Judicial Review ).

This case did not reach the U.S. Supreme Court the way most issues do.  Most cases reach the Supreme Court as the court of last resort, when the Justices are asked to review a decision of a lower court.  In this case, William Marbury petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court directly due to the provision in Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789.  Note:  The power to directly accept petitions such as these is not granted to the Supreme Court in the Constitution.

What Do You Think The U.S. Supreme Court Decided?

Though the Justices agreed that William Marbury had a right to his job, they also ruled that issuing the writ of mandamus to force that to happen did not fall under their jurisdiction as stated in the Constitution. The Supreme Court opinion explained that it is within their power and authority to review acts of Congress, such as the Judiciary Act of 1789, to determine whether or not the law is unconstitutional. By declaring Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, the U.S. Supreme Court established the doctrine of Judicial Review.

The Supreme Court said “ The Constitution is either a superior, paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and, like other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it. If the (first) part of the alternative be true, then a legislative act contrary to the Constitution is not law .” by author of opinion, Chief Justice John Marshall.

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• The opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court
• The official version of the opinion can be found in the U.S. Reports at your local law library. Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. 137 (1803)

Ladue v. Gilleo, 1994

In 1990, Margaret Gilleo placed a sign in the yard of her home in Ladue, Missouri. The sign said “Say No to War in the Persian Gulf, Call Congress Now.” The city of Ladue had a law against yard signs, and told Ms. Gilleo to take her signs down. Ms. Gilleo sued the city of Ladue for violating her 1 st Amendment rights.

Was Ladue’s law against signs unconstitutional?

Margaret Gilleo sued the city of Ladue in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. The court ruled in her favor and stopped Ladue from enforcing the law. Ladue appealed the decision, and the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals also found in Ms. Gilleo’s favor. The city of Ladue then asked the U.S. Supreme Court to review the case.

The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the lower courts. Ladue’s law against yard signs violated the 1 st Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The 1 st Amendment protects political speech, and banning yard signs takes away the main avenue by which people traditionally express their personal political views. The value of protecting personal political speech is more important than Ladue’s desire to keep the city free of clutter.

The Supreme Court said “ They may not afford the same opportunities for conveying complex ideas as do other media, but residential signs have long been an important and distinct medium of expression .” by author of opinion, Justice John Paul Stevens.

• The official version of the opinion can be found in the U.S. Reports at your local law library. Ladue v. Gilleo , 512 U.S. 43 (1994)

Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 1966

Annie Harper was not allowed to register to vote in Virginia because she wasn’t able to pay the state’s poll tax. Virginia law required voters to pay $1.50 tax to register, with the money collected going to public school funding. Ms. Harper sued the Virginia Board of Elections, claiming the poll tax violated her 14 th Amendment right to equal protection. Note: The 24 th Amendment to the Constitution already banned poll taxes in federal elections, but not in state elections.

Was the Virginia law requiring a tax to vote in a state election unconstitutional?

The U.S. District Court dismissed Ms. Harper’s suit in favor of the Board of Elections. She then asked the U.S. Supreme Court to review the case.

The Supreme Court declared the Virginia poll tax law unconstitutional. By making it more difficult for poor people to vote, the state was violating the 14 th Amendment guarantee of equal protection. Voting is a fundamental right, and should remain accessible to all citizens. The amount of wealth someone has should have no bearing on their ability to vote freely.

The Supreme Court said “ We conclude that a State violates the …(Constitution).. …whenever it makes the affluence of the voter or payment of any fee an electoral standard. Voter qualifications have no relation to wealth nor to paying or not paying this or any other tax …. Wealth or fee paying has, in our view, no relation to voting qualifications; the right to vote is too precious, too fundamental to be so burdened or conditioned. ” by author of opinion, Justice William O. Douglas

• The official version of the opinion can be found in the U.S. Reports at your local law library. Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections , 383 U.S. 663 (1966)

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3.14 Required Supreme Court Cases

15 min read • may 3, 2023

Akhilesh Shivaramakrishnan

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Some Background

AP US Government & Politics students should be thoroughly familiar with 15 Supreme Court Cases for the AP exam. 

Not only should you be familiar with the final decisions, you should be familiar with the reasons for the majority opinion and how they impacted American society. 

According to the College Board, these cases are essential content in college courses and in-depth analysis will help you gain the basis needed for future courses in politics. 

Why Do I Need to Know These?

On your AP exam in May, your FRQ #3 will be a SCOTUS comparison essay.

You will be asked to compare one of the required cases (for which no information will be provided) with a case that is presented to you on the exam.

These required cases tend to appear throughout the AP exam multiple choice.

It is essential that you analyze these cases in depth so you are prepared for the AP Exam!

What Are The Required Cases?

Marbury v. madison (1803), mcculloch v. maryland (1819).

Schenck v. the United States (1919)

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Engel v. vitale (1962), baker v. carr (1962), gideon v. wainwright (1963), tinker v. des moines independent community school district (1969).

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Shaw v. reno (1993), united states v. lopez (1995), mcdonald v. chicago (2010), citizens united v. federal election commission (2010), why these cases.

According to the College Board, these cases are essential to college courses in introductory history and politics. Many of these cases are controversial or were decided 5-4. 

These cases will help you further enhance your knowledge of the AP Government curriculum. You’ll be able to see how the content you learn about in class applies to real situations.

4 Key Points for Each Case

What context does the College Board want you to understand the case through? There is a reason why the College Board wants you to know each of the required Supreme Court cases for the AP exam. In their syllabus documents, they list out the exact reason why a particular case is relevant to government and politics. This can give you context on why each case is important, so make sure to read it!

A short summary of the case : Like an essay for your AP history class, you want to make sure that you provide context in your Supreme Court comparison FRQ. Therefore, it’s crucial that you understand the situation behind each of these cases. 

Might be helpful - the date : Although you will never be asked to recall the exact date of a Supreme Court case, knowing the date can help you put the case into context and can enhance your FRQ response.

Constitutional issues: What does the American government revolve around? You got it - the Constitution! Make sure you understand the constitutional issue that each case presents.

Holding, Constitutional Principle & Majority Opinion: The holding of the case is based on something from the Constitution. Knowing the holding and constitutional principle that was used to decide the case is the most important part . These will help you answer FRQ #3, which will ask you to compare the holding in one of the 15 required cases to a case you will be presented with on the AP exam.

Cases Involving Federalism

College Board Context: “CON-2.B.2: The balance of power between the national and state governments has changed over time based on US Supreme Court interpretation of (these) cases.”

Short Summary : In 1816, the Second Bank of the United States was chartered; soon after, in 1818, however, Maryland decided to pass a law that imposed taxes on the bank. James McCulloch , who served as a cashier at the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank, decided not to pay the tax. The state court had ruled that the Bank was unconstitutional, to begin with, and that the federal government did not have the authority to charter a bank

Constitutional Issues: Two questions could be explored in this case. Did Congress have the implied power to create a bank? And secondly, could states tax a federal entity/bank?

Holdings and Constitutional Principles : Congress concluded based on the Necessary & Proper Clause that Congress is not limited by its expressed powers. It was decided that through Congress’ implied powers, they had the ability to create a bank. Congress also concluded based on the Supremacy Clause that because the national laws were superior to state laws, the states were not allowed to tax the federal government.

Implied Powers : implied powers expand upon the enumerated powers that are listed in the Constitution. Congress is allowed to borrow money, coin money, and tax expressly by the Constitution. The implied power of creating a national bank allows for the federal government to implement this expressed power.

Short Summary : Alfonzo Lopez was a Texas high school senior who took a concealed weapon inside his school. Federal charges were soon imposed because of his violation of the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990. The act stated that individuals could not possess firearms within school zones based on the premise of the Commerce Clause.

Constitutional Issue : This case explored a constitutional issue involving the commerce clause, and whether the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 exceeded the power allowed by the clause.

Holding and Constitutional Principles : In the ruling, the law was considered unconstitutional since having a gun in the school zone did not substantially affect interstate commerce , which is a clear provision in the commerce clause. This case also reaffirmed the Tenth Amendment, which protects states’ rights. It was clear through this case that the commerce clause did not grant Congress limitless power.

Straight from the AP US Government Course Description : this case “(introduced) a new phase of federalism that recognized the importance of state sovereignty and local control.”

Cases Involving the First Amendment

College Board Context: “LOR-2: Provisions of the US Constitution’s Bill of Rights are continually being interpreted to balance the power of the government and the civil liberties of individuals.”

TIP : Do you have trouble remembering the main points the First Amendment addresses? Remember the acronym FEE RAPPS !

F ree E xercise Clause

E stablishment Clause

P etition the Government

Short Summary : The New York Board of Regents had authorized that at the beginning of each day, a short but voluntary prayer would be recited. Several organizations filed suit against the Board of Regents, claiming that the prayer violated the Constitution. The New York Court of Appeals dismissed their arguments.

Constitutional Issue : This case was significant and interesting because this prayer was both voluntary and non-denominational. However, the organizations filed suit based on a violation of the Establishment Clause of the Constitution, which states that a law could not be made “respecting an establishment of religion.” 

Holding and Constitutional Principles : The court held that states could not hold prayers in public school EVEN IF it was voluntary and EVEN IF the prayer did not adhere to a specific religion. Because the act of prayer was considered a religious activity, having it occur in a public school (which is funded by the government) would go against the establishment clause of the first amendment.

Main Idea? School sponsorship of religious activities = violation of first amendment

Short Summary : Jonas Yoder, as well as other Amish parents, refused to send their children to school after the 8th grade. In accordance with their religion, they did not agree with high school attendance. They were later charged under a Wisconsin law that required students to attend school until age 16.

Constitutional Issue : This case relates to the other major religious clause of the 1st Amendment: the free exercise clause. By requiring Wisconsin parents to send their children to school, without a faith exception, did it violate the parents' rights to freely exercise their religion?

Holding and Constitutional Principles : The court held that the requirement to send children to school beyond the eighth grade was unconstitutional. It stated that an individual’s interest in the free exercise of religion was more powerful than a federal interest in sending children to school beyond the eighth grade. 

Short Summary : A group of students decided to wear black armbands in order to protest the Vietnam War. Mary Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt decided that they would wear their armbands to school despite warnings from school administration. After wearing the armbands to school, they were sent home. The students decided to sue their school district for violating the freedom of expression.

Constitutional Issue : The main question that was addressed here was whether the prohibition against wearing these armbands (and in general - symbolic protest) violated the freedom of speech clause of the First Amendment.

Holding and Constitutional Principle : The Supreme Court held that students still have free speech rights at school, and in order to justify the suppression of speech, the speech must substantially interfere with school operations (explore the case Bethel School District v. Fraser - it’s interesting). As referenced earlier, this case relates directly to the First Amendment, and the ruling confirmed that students’ right of symbolic speech was more powerful than the potential disorder that it could cause.

Majority Opinion : A common phrase you might hear is: “students don’t shed their rights at the schoolhouse gate.” This quote comes from the majority opinion in this case!

New York Times Co v. United States (1971)

Short Summary : This case, also known as the Pentagon Papers case had to do with the First Amendment. The Nixon Administration tried to prevent the New York Times from publishing material that belonged to a Defense Department study about US intervention in Vietnam. President Nixon stated that it was necessary to national security to prohibit it before publication, also known as prior restraint.

Constitutional Issue : The Constitutional issue that revolved around this case was whether the Nixon administration’s prior restraint was constitutional and if preventing the publication of “classified material” was a violation of the First Amendment’s freedom of the press.

Holding and Constitutional Principle : The Supreme Court, in this case, bolstered the freedom of the press guaranteed by the First Amendment. In a 6-3 vote, the Court established that there was a “heavy presumption against prior restraint” even for national security purposes. This is a key case to know for freedom of the press!

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Short Summary : During World War I, a pair of socialists, including Charles Schenck distributed leaflets that stated the draft violated the 13th Amendment - which prohibits involuntary servitude. The leaflet wanted people to disobey the draft. Schenck was charged with violating the Espionage Act of 1917. They appealed on the grounds of the First Amendment.

Constitutional Issue : This was a First Amendment case and the question was whether the Espionage Act violated the First Amendment and if it was an appropriate way that Congress exercised its wartime authority. 

Holding and Constitutional Principle : The Supreme Court held that the Espionage Act did not violate the First Amendment and it was an appropriate exercise of Congress’ wartime authority. This was a key limitation on the First Amendment as the free speech clause does not allow for advocacy of unlawful behavior.

Cases Involving Selective Incorporation

College Board Context: “LOR-3: Protections of the Bill of Rights have been selectively incorporated by way of the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause to prevent state infringement of basic liberties.”

Short Summary: Clarence Earl Gideon was charged in Florida state court on a felony - breaking and entering charge. During his trial, Gideon requested that he receive a court-appointed lawyer; however, in accordance with Florida State law, an indigent defendant could only have an attorney be appointed in capital crimes/cases. Gideon then filed a habeas corpus suit, stating that the court’s decision violated his rights to be represented.

Constitutional Issue : The constitutional issue in this case involved the Sixth Amendment and whether the right to counsel guaranteed in this amendment also applied to felony defendants in state court.

Holding and Constitutional Principle : The holding was that the Sixth Amendment’s right to counsel applies to state court defendants via the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court stated that because the right of counsel is fundamental, it should be incorporated into the states. 

Roe v. Wade (1973)

*This case is no longer required on the AP Government exam, starting in 2023. However, due to its importance, we would like students to understand the case and its implications.*

Short Summary: Norma McCorvey (Jane Roe) wanted an abortion but could not legally have one in the state of Texas, because of a state law that prohibited abortions except in cases where the mother’s life was in danger. She questioned the legality of this law.

Constitutional Issue : The Constitutional issue in this case was whether a woman’s right to have an abortion was permitted by the Constitution, and whether it fit into the broad right of privacy.

Holding and Constitutional Principle : The Supreme Court held that a woman’s right to an abortion fell within the right of privacy that was clarified in Griswold v. Connecticut, and therefore was protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. Laws in 46 states were affected by this ruling. This ruling expanded the definition of privacy .

Modern Connections : This case is one of the most controversial cases to appear before the Supreme Court. Political candidates are often split along party lines - Democrats often agree with this holding and Republicans often disagree.

Short Summary: Chicago passed a handgun ban law, and several suits were filed against the city challenging the ban after another case ( District of Columbia v. Heller ). In that case, the Court had held that a DC handgun ban violated the Second Amendment. There, since the law was enacted by the federal government, the Second Amendment was applicable. 

Constitutional Issue : In this case, the applicability of the Second Amendment to the states was argued, and if the 2nd Amendment’s right to bear arms (interpreted as an individual right) also applied to the states. This involves selective incorporation!

Holding and Constitutional Principle : In its decision, the Court stated that the handgun ban was unconstitutional in a 5-4 decision. Because the right to self-defense was fundamental , the 2nd Amendment was incorporated to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause.

Cases Involving the Equal Protection Clause

College Board Context: “PRD-1: The Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause as well as other constitutional provisions have often been used to support the advancement of equality.”

Short Summary: This is one of the most famous cases in US history. Relating to the racial segregation of schools, African American students had been denied admittance to public schools because of these segregation laws, and many argued that this was in violation of the Constitution.

Constitutional Issue : This was an issue in terms of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. A previous case, Plessy v. Ferguson, held that segregated facilities were legal as long as the facilities were equal (called “separate but equal doctrine.”) In this case, racial segregation in public school education was argued against based on the Equal Protection Clause.

Holding and Constitutional Principle : The Court held that “separate but equal is inherently unequal,” and therefore racial segregation of public schools is unconstitutional. The segregated schools allowed by the previous Plessy case were declared unconstitutional. This had a MAJOR IMPACT on the US and required desegregation of all public schools

Judicial Review : The Supreme Court is allowed to reverse previous rulings based on the premise of judicial review. See the Marbury v. Madison case for more info about this!

Stare Decisis : The case established that this principle, which states that current courts should look to previous decisions for interpretation, will not always be upheld.

Enforced? : The Court required states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed," and when schools had not desegregated after 10 years, the Court issued another opinion requiring immediate desegregation. This is an example of how judicial decisions may not be enforced by the federal or state executive departments.

Cases Involving Federal Policy

College Board Context: “PRD-2: The impact of federal policies on campaigning and electoral rules continues to be contested by both sides of the political spectrum.”

Short Summary: The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 had previously banned corporations from independent political spending and direct contributions to campaigns or political parties. In 2008, Citizens United was not allowed to show an anti-Hillary Clinton movie.

Constitutional Issue : The issue here was whether the BCRA applied to nonprofits, or if the First Amendment’s free speech clause protected such political speech.

Holding and Constitutional Principle : The holding in this case was that corporations should be considered people and therefore their funding of “independent political expenditures cannot be limited.” This is considered a form of political speech , which is protected by the free speech portion of the First Amendment. 

Further Impact : This led to the development of Super PACS and a significant increase in the amount of money contributed to political campaigns.

Note : In my opinion, this is one of the hardest cases to get straight! This is one I would definitely recommend studying early-on before the exam!

Cases Involving Districting & Representation

College Board Context: “CON-3: The republican ideal in the U.S. is manifested in the structure and operation of the legislative branch.”

Short Summary: Charles Baker stated that an old law (1901) that detailed the apportionment for Tennessee’s General Assembly had been ignored, and stated that reapportionment did not take into account the significant change that the state had gone through.

Constitutional Issue : The issue here was unique, and was regarding whether the Supreme Court as a unit had the authority to hear cases that related to legislative apportionment. 

Holding and Constitutional Principle : The chief justice and the Court concluded that because of the Fourteenth Amendment issues (through equal protection) that the case seemed to address, the Supreme Court did have the authority to hear this case. 

Impact : This case opened the door to more challenges to unfair redistricting by way of the Equal Protection Clause. Eventually, it also led to the development of the one person, one vote doctrine.

Short Summary: Several North Carolina residents challenged a proposed, unusually shaped district. They believed that the only purpose of the district was that it would definitely elect African-American representatives.

Constitutional Issue : The constitutional issue here was whether racial gerrymandering took place with this district (it was very narrow) and if the district raised an Equal Protection Clause question.

Holding and Constitutional Principle : The Supreme Court held, in a majority opinion authored by Sandra Day O’Connor, that because the district was shaped in such a clearly odd way, it was enough to prove that there was a very apparent effort to separate voters racially.

Further Impact : A key fact about this case is that majority-minority districts can be constitutionally challenged if race was the sole factor in their creation.

Cases Involving Judicial Review

College Board Context: “CON-5: The design of the judicial branch protects the Supreme Court’s independence as a branch of government, and the emergence and use of judicial review remains a powerful judicial practice.”

Short Summary: The 1800 election ended in a defeat for John Adams to Thomas Jefferson. Before Adams’ term ended, Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 (creating new courts, adding new judges). It was an effort by John Adams to keep his own influence in federal courts even though he was leaving office (still occurs today.) His appointments to these courts, however, were not valid until the appointed judges were delivered their commissions by Jefferson’s Secretary of State. Marbury was one of the judges appointed; however, his commission was not delivered. 

Constitutional Issue : A key issue was whether the Court had the authority to order the delivery of commission, and if a federal judge could even bring the case to court.

Holding and Constitutional Principle : The Court held that although legally, the commission should have been delivered, the clause of the Judiciary Act of 1789 which enabled Marbury to bring the case to court was unconstitutional. By declaring a law made by Congress unconstitutional, the practice of judicial review was established.

How to study the required court cases?

We suggest making sure to create a study plan and set up your study space with a good environment. Then, go over each court case and quiz yourself on the details. To help with your productivity, especially during the last few days before the exam, you should use a pomodoro study timer to break up your sessions into intervals and make time for breaks. It is also hugely beneficial to study with friends so that you can motivate one another and crush the AP Gov exam together! 🙌🏾

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1. marbury v. madison (1803), 2. mcculloch v. maryland (1819), 3. schenck v. u.s (1919), 4. brown v. board of education (1954), 5. baker v. carr (1962), 6. engel v. vitale (1962), 7. gideon v. wainwright (1963), 8. tinker v. des moines (1969), 9. new york times v. u.s (1969), 10. wisconsin v. yoder (1972), 11. roe v. wade (1973), 12. shaw v. reno (1993), 13. u.s. v. lopez (1995), 14. mcdonald v. chicago (2010), 15. citizens united v. fec (2010), final thoughts.

Published March 13, 2024

15 Supreme Court Cases You HAVE To Know For the AP Government Exam

High School Sophomore from West Virginia, Avid Classics Enthusiast, Marketing Intern and Blog Writer at Knowt :)

Preparing for your AP Government exam can be a daunting task, but with the right AP resources and study strategies, you can conquer it with confidence. Whether you're diving into AP test prep a few months in advance or looking for AP study guides to streamline your review sessions, understanding landmark Supreme Court cases is crucial. But don't worry, we're here to help! In this AP guide, we'll navigate through 15 Supreme Court cases crucial for your AP exam study guides. Each case discussed in this article has been carefully selected to enhance your understanding of U.S. history and government, making them indispensable for your AP test review.

To support your last-minute AP test prep, we've compiled essential AP resources and AP study notes. These tools are designed to help streamline your studying process, offering clear, concise, and relevant information that aligns with your AP test study guides.

The ULTIMATE AP Government Study Guide : A comprehensive review tool covering key topics and cases, perfect for anyone looking for effective AP study guides.

AP Government Flashcards : Handy for memorizing key facts, dates, and legal principles, these flashcards are an essential part of any AP resources kit.

Our Favorite YouTube channel for all things AP Gov - Heimler’s : complements online AP notes and AP study guides.

As you delve into each Supreme Court case, from Marbury v. Madison to Citizens United v. FEC, consider utilizing AP flashcards to remember crucial dates and outcomes. Engage with online AP notes to reinforce your understanding and participate in AP test review sessions to discuss these cases' implications. By incorporating these strategies into your AP test study guides, you'll be better prepared to tackle the AP government exam with confidence.

Remember, the key to AP test prep success is utilizing a variety of AP resources, including AP study guides, AP flashcards, and AP exam study guides. By doing so, you'll ensure a well-rounded review and a deeper understanding of the material. Good luck on your AP Government exam!

Marbury v. Madison (1803) is a foundational Supreme Court case establishing the concept of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to invalidate laws and government actions that conflict with the Constitution. For your AP Government exam, it's essential to know the year of the decision, the key figures involved (William Marbury, James Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall), and the principle of judicial review itself. Understand the background of the case, where Marbury was denied his commission as a justice of the peace and sought a remedy directly from the Supreme Court.

To effectively study this case, create a detailed timeline from the appointment of Marbury to the Supreme Court's decision. Make sure to understand the legal terms and the specific questions the court was answering. Focus on Chief Justice Marshall’s reasoning and how he established the court's role in interpreting the Constitution. Practice explaining the significance of the case in your own words to ensure you grasp its impact on the American legal system and the balance of power in the federal government. Engaging in discussions, using flashcards for key facts, and reviewing how this case has been applied in other contexts can deepen your understanding and help solidify this crucial piece of U.S. legal history for your exam.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) is a pivotal Supreme Court case that reinforced the powers of the federal government. It revolved around whether the state of Maryland had the authority to tax the Second Bank of the United States, leading to broader questions about the power of federal institutions and states' rights. For your AP Government exam, key points to remember include the year of the case, the main conflict (state versus federal power), and the outcome: the Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, and states could not interfere with federal institutions, epitomized by the phrase "the power to tax involves the power to destroy."

To study for this case, break down the arguments presented by both sides and understand the legal reasoning behind the Court's decision. Make note cards with important terms and concepts, like "implied powers," "Necessary and Proper Clause," and "federal supremacy." Review how this case fits into the larger framework of federalism in U.S government. Discussing the case with classmates or in study groups can help you see different viewpoints and understand the broader implications of the ruling. Finally, look at how this case has been referenced in subsequent Supreme Court decisions to understand its lasting impact on American government and law.

Schenck v. United States (1919) is an important Supreme Court case for understanding the limits of free speech, particularly during wartime. In this case, Charles Schenck was convicted under the Espionage Act for distributing pamphlets that opposed the draft during World War I. The Supreme Court, led by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, upheld his conviction, introducing the famous "clear and present danger" test to determine when speech could be limited.

For your AP Government exam, focus on the year of the case, the context of World War I, the main parties involved (Charles Schenck and the United States), and the significant outcome concerning the First Amendment. Understand the rationale behind the decision, especially the concept of "clear and present danger" as a standard for limiting speech. This case illustrates the tension between civil liberties and national security, a recurring theme in U.S. government.

To study Schenck v. United States, outline the arguments presented by both sides and the Court's reasoning. Create flashcards with key terms and details, like the Espionage Act, "clear and present danger," and the impact of the ruling on First Amendment rights. Discuss the case with peers to explore different perspectives and its implications in various historical contexts. Review how this decision has been referenced or challenged in subsequent Supreme Court cases to understand its lasting influence. Engaging with the material in multiple formats will help solidify your understanding of this landmark case and its place in American legal and social history.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) is a landmark Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. This case is crucial for your AP Government exam because it highlights the struggle for civil rights and the role of the judiciary in addressing social injustice. Key facts to remember include the year of the decision, the context of the Civil Rights Movement, the plaintiffs (Oliver Brown and others), and the unanimous decision led by Chief Justice Earl Warren that segregation in public schools creates a sense of inferiority among African-American children.

To study for this case, focus on the background of segregation in the United States, the legal arguments made by both sides, and the social and political implications of the Court's decision. Create a timeline that links Brown v. Board of Education with other civil rights milestones. Use flashcards to remember significant terms, names, and concepts associated with the case, such as "separate but equal," "Jim Crow laws," and "de jure segregation." Discuss the case in study groups to explore its impacts and the legal reasoning behind the Court's decision. Review how this case has influenced subsequent civil rights legislation and court decisions to understand its lasting legacy. Engaging with the material in various ways will help ensure a deeper understanding of this pivotal moment in American history for your exam.

Baker v. Carr (1962) is a landmark Supreme Court case that transformed the landscape of American politics by addressing the issue of electoral districting, often summarized by the phrase "one person, one vote." The case emerged from Tennessee, where Charles W. Baker filed a lawsuit arguing that the state's apportionment (the way voting districts were drawn) ignored significant population shifts, thus diluting the voting power of certain regions, particularly urban areas. The Supreme Court's decision, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, ruled that federal courts could hear cases on state apportionment and that unequal representation violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.

For your AP Government exam, important facts to remember about Baker v. Carr include the year of the decision (1962), the key legal question (whether federal courts can rule on state apportionment issues), and the major outcome (affirmation that federal courts can address legislative redistricting issues). This case set the stage for subsequent rulings that would further shape American electoral processes, emphasizing the importance of equal representation.

To study for this, start by understanding the background of the case and the legal arguments presented by both sides. Use diagrams to visualize how apportionment works and how it was being challenged. Make flashcards detailing the key figures, legal principles, and impacts of the ruling. Discuss the case's significance in relation to the civil rights movement and its effect on subsequent electoral reforms. Review how the "one person, one vote" principle has been applied and challenged in later cases. Engaging with the material in a variety of ways will help you grasp the enduring significance of Baker v. Carr in American political and legal history.

​​Engel v. Vitale (1962) is a critical Supreme Court case that examined the role of religion in public schools, ultimately reshaping the relationship between religion and government in the United States. The case arose when a public school in New York implemented a voluntary, non-denominational prayer at the start of each school day, leading to a lawsuit by a group of parents, including Steven Engel, arguing that this violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, which prohibits the government from establishing an official religion.

For your AP Government exam, it's important to remember the year of the decision (1962), the main issue (prayer in public schools), and the outcome (the Supreme Court ruled that government-directed prayer in public schools, even if non-denominational and voluntary, violates the First Amendment). This case underscores the principle of the separation of church and state, a foundational concept in American government.

To effectively study Engel v. Vitale, outline the background and the arguments from both sides, focusing on how this case illustrates the application of the Establishment Clause. Create flashcards to memorize the key facts, terms, and impacts of the ruling. Review how this decision has influenced subsequent cases involving religion in public life. Discuss the case's implications with classmates to explore different perspectives and understand its significance in the broader context of civil liberties and government powers. Understanding Engel v. Vitale will help you grasp the complex interplay between religion and public policy in U.S. history.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) is a crucial Supreme Court case for understanding the rights of defendants in the American legal system. The case centers around Clarence Earl Gideon, who was charged with a felony in Florida. Gideon requested a court-appointed attorney, arguing that he could not afford one, but was denied based on state law which only provided attorneys for capital cases. After being convicted, Gideon appealed to the Supreme Court, which unanimously ruled that the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel is a fundamental right essential to a fair trial and, as such, applies to state courts through the Fourteenth Amendment.

For your AP Government exam, remember the year of the decision (1963), the key constitutional question (whether the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel applies to state court defendants in felony cases), and the ruling's impact (extending the right to counsel to all criminal defendants in state courts). This case highlights the importance of due process and the rights of individuals within the American justice system.

To study Gideon v. Wainwright, outline the events leading up to Gideon's arrest and subsequent trial, focusing on the constitutional issues at stake. Create flashcards with key terms, such as "Sixth Amendment," "right to counsel," and "Fourteenth Amendment." Discuss the implications of the ruling on the American legal system and its significance in ensuring fair trials for all individuals, regardless of economic status. Review subsequent cases influenced by Gideon's precedent to understand its lasting impact. Engaging with the case from multiple angles will deepen your understanding and help you remember its significance for your exam.

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) is a significant Supreme Court case that established the standard for evaluating the freedom of speech in schools. The case originated when Mary Beth Tinker and her siblings wore black armbands to their public school as a form of protest against the Vietnam War. The school suspended them, leading to a lawsuit that argued the suspension violated their First Amendment rights. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Tinkers, stating that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate."

For your AP Government exam, it's important to remember the year of the case (1969), the main parties involved (the Tinker family and the Des Moines school), and the principle established that students have free speech rights in school settings, as long as their speech does not disrupt the educational process. This case underscores the balance between authority and individual rights and the application of the First Amendment in educational environments.

To study Tinker v. Des Moines, examine the background leading up to the case, including the social and political climate of the 1960s. Create flashcards that define key legal terms and details, such as "symbolic speech" and "material and substantial disruption." Discuss with peers or in study groups to explore different viewpoints and the broader implications of the case on student rights and school policies. Review how this case has been applied in subsequent legal disputes involving student speech to understand its continuing impact. Engaging with the material through various methods will help solidify your understanding of the case's significance in American legal and educational history.

New York Times v. United States (1971), commonly known as the "Pentagon Papers Case," is a crucial Supreme Court case for understanding the balance between national security and the freedom of the press. The controversy arose when the New York Times started publishing the Pentagon Papers, classified documents detailing U.S. strategy in the Vietnam War. The Nixon Administration argued that publishing these documents posed a security risk and sought to stop their publication. However, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the newspapers, holding that the government had not met the heavy burden required to justify a prior restraint on speech under the First Amendment.

For your AP Government exam, key facts to remember about this case include the year (1971), the central conflict (freedom of the press versus government secrecy), and the outcome (a reaffirmation of the press's right to publish information significant to public interest without prior restraint). This case is pivotal for its role in shaping the modern understanding of the First Amendment and its protections for the press.

To study New York Times v. United States, start by understanding the context of the Vietnam War and why the Pentagon Papers were significant. Outline the arguments made by both sides in the case and the Supreme Court's reasoning. Make flashcards to remember the key legal terms and principles, such as "prior restraint" and "First Amendment." Discuss the case's implications for journalism and government transparency with classmates to explore different perspectives. Review how this decision has been applied and referenced in later freedom of the press cases to grasp its lasting impact. By approaching the case from multiple angles, you can gain a comprehensive understanding of its significance and be better prepared for your exam.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) is a landmark Supreme Court case that addressed the balance between individual religious freedoms and state educational requirements. The case originated when three Amish families in Wisconsin were prosecuted under a state law requiring all children to attend public school until age 16. The families argued that this law conflicted with their religious beliefs and practices, which dictated that children should not attend school past the eighth grade. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Yoder family, stating that their First Amendment right to free exercise of religion outweighed the state's interest in mandating school attendance beyond the eighth grade.

For your AP Government exam, important points to remember include the year of the decision (1972), the central issue (the conflict between religious freedom and state laws on education), and the outcome (recognition of the Amish community's right to limit their children's schooling based on religious beliefs). This case highlights the importance of religious liberties and the limitations of state power in infringing upon these freedoms.

To study Wisconsin v. Yoder, focus on understanding the background of the Amish community and their reasons for opposing extended public schooling. Create flashcards with key legal terms and principles, such as "free exercise of religion," "compelling state interest," and "First Amendment." Analyze the court's reasoning and how it balanced the interests of religious freedom against the state's educational goals. Discuss the case with peers to explore different viewpoints and its broader implications on religious and educational rights. Review how this decision has influenced subsequent cases involving religious freedoms and state regulations. By exploring these various elements, you will develop a comprehensive understanding of Wisconsin v. Yoder and its significance in American legal history.

Roe v. Wade (1973) is a pivotal Supreme Court case that significantly impacted American society and law by addressing the issue of abortion rights. The case was brought by "Jane Roe" (a pseudonym for Norma McCorvey), who challenged Texas laws criminalizing most abortions, arguing that they were unconstitutional. The Supreme Court, in a 7-2 decision, ruled that the right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion. However, the Court also held that this right must be balanced against the state's interests in regulating abortions: protecting women's health and protecting the potentiality of human life. The decision led to the establishment of the trimester framework, which set different levels of state interest for each stage of pregnancy.

For your AP Government exam, essential facts to remember include the year of the decision (1973), the constitutional basis for the ruling (the right to privacy under the 14th Amendment), and the outcome (the establishment of a woman's right to choose an abortion within the first trimester, with increasing state regulation possible in later stages of pregnancy). This case is crucial for understanding shifts in social policies, individual rights, and the role of the state.

To study Roe v. Wade, outline the legal arguments presented by both sides and the Supreme Court's reasoning. Create flashcards with key terms and concepts, such as "right to privacy," "Due Process Clause," and "trimester framework." Discuss the case's broader implications on American society, politics, and health care with classmates to explore different perspectives. Review how this decision has been challenged, reaffirmed, or modified in subsequent Supreme Court cases to understand its lasting impact, and how it has been overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson.

Shaw v. Reno (1993) is an essential Supreme Court case for understanding the complexities of racial gerrymandering and the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment in the context of electoral districting. The case arose after the U.S. Department of Justice rejected North Carolina's initial congressional redistricting plan for failing to create a majority-black district. The state submitted a new plan creating two majority-black districts, but one of them was unusually shaped, leading white residents to challenge the plan as racially discriminatory.

For your AP Government exam, remember the year of the case (1993), the main issue (whether racial considerations in redistricting, leading to oddly shaped electoral districts, violate the Equal Protection Clause), and the outcome (the Supreme Court ruled that redistricting based primarily on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause). This case underscored the tension between preventing racial discrimination and avoiding racial segregation in voting practices.

To study Shaw v. Reno, focus on the background and political context of the case, understanding the balance between enhancing minority representation and avoiding racial segregation. Make flashcards detailing key concepts such as "racial gerrymandering," "Equal Protection Clause," and "strict scrutiny." Discuss with classmates the implications of this ruling on redistricting and minority representation in Congress to explore different viewpoints. Review how this decision has influenced subsequent legal standards and cases related to redistricting and race. Engaging with the material through different methods, such as case summaries, scholarly articles, and class discussions, will deepen your understanding of Shaw v. Reno's significance in American legal and political history.

U.S. v. Lopez (1995) marks a significant moment in Supreme Court history, primarily because it was the first case in decades where the Court limited the power of the Congress under the Commerce Clause. The case began when Alfonso Lopez, a high school student, was charged under the Federal Gun-Free School Zones Act for carrying a concealed weapon into his Texas high school. Lopez argued that the federal law, which banned guns in school zones, exceeded Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause, which allows Congress to regulate interstate commerce.

For your AP Government exam, important details to remember include the year of the decision (1995), the central legal question (whether the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 exceeded Congress's power under the Commerce Clause), and the outcome (the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Lopez, stating that carrying a gun in a school zone did not significantly affect interstate commerce and therefore was beyond the scope of Congress's power under the Commerce Clause). This case is critical for understanding the limits of federal power and the balance of authority between state and federal governments.

To study U.S. v. Lopez, start by understanding the background of the Commerce Clause and its previous interpretations by the Court. Create flashcards highlighting key legal terms and principles, such as "Commerce Clause," "federalism," and "Gun-Free School Zones Act." Discuss the implications of the ruling on federal regulatory powers and its impact on the balance between state and federal authority with classmates. Review how this decision has been referenced in subsequent cases to understand its lasting impact on federalism and congressional authority. Engaging with a variety of study materials and viewpoints will help you grasp the significance of U.S. v. Lopez and its place in American legal history.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010) is a pivotal Supreme Court case that marked a significant moment in the interpretation of the Second Amendment and the application of constitutional rights at the state level. The case arose after Otis McDonald, a resident of Chicago, challenged the city's stringent handgun ban, arguing that it violated his Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense. This case followed the landmark District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) decision, which had recognized an individual's right to own firearms under the Second Amendment but applied only to federal enclaves.

For your AP Government exam, it's crucial to remember the year of the decision (2010), the main legal question (whether the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms is incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause, making it applicable to the states), and the outcome (the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment does apply to the states, thereby extending the Heller decision's protections to include state and local governments). This case is vital for understanding the evolving interpretation of the Bill of Rights and the concept of "selective incorporation."

To study McDonald v. Chicago, focus on the legal background provided by the Heller decision and how McDonald sought to expand those rights to the state level. Make flashcards with key terms and concepts, such as "Second Amendment," "selective incorporation," and "Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment." Discuss the case's broader implications for gun control laws and individual rights with peers to explore different viewpoints. Review subsequent legal challenges and discussions surrounding gun rights and regulations to understand the decision's ongoing impact. By examining various resources and engaging in thoughtful discussion, you will deepen your understanding of McDonald v. Chicago's significance in American legal and social history/

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) is a landmark Supreme Court case that significantly changed campaign finance laws in the United States. The case arose when Citizens United, a nonprofit corporation, was prevented from airing a film critical of Hillary Clinton close to the 2008 Democratic primaries due to the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA), which restricted "electioneering communications" by corporations and unions. Citizens United challenged these restrictions, arguing that they violated the First Amendment's free speech protections.

For your AP Government exam, essential facts to remember about this case include the year of the decision (2010), the main legal question (whether the BCRA's restrictions on corporate and union spending on electioneering communications violate the First Amendment), and the outcome (the Supreme Court ruled that corporations and unions can spend unlimited amounts of money on political campaigns, asserting that such spending is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment). This case is crucial for understanding the intersection of free speech, campaign finance, and political influence.

To study Citizens United v. FEC, start by understanding the background of campaign finance laws in the U.S. and how this decision changed them. Create flashcards with key terms and principles, such as "electioneering communications," "Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act," and "corporate speech." Discuss the implications of the ruling on political campaigns, electoral integrity, and public perception of democracy with classmates to explore different perspectives. Review how this decision has influenced subsequent elections and the creation of Super PACs to grasp its lasting impact. Engaging with the material through diverse methods and perspectives will help you better understand the significance of Citizens United v. FEC in American political and legal history.

As you gear up for your AP Government exam, remember that these 15 landmark Supreme Court cases are not just names and dates to memorize—they are the vibrant, living history of American democracy in action. Each case represents a pivotal moment in the ongoing journey toward justice, equality, and the balance of power. By studying these cases, you're not only preparing to ace your exam; you're gaining a deeper understanding of the principles that shape our nation and the rights we hold dear. So, take a deep breath, embrace the challenge, and dive into your studies with enthusiasm and curiosity. Remember, your effort now is not just for a grade—it's a step toward becoming an informed and engaged citizen. Good luck on your AP Government exam, and remember, we're rooting for you every step of the way!

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What is the supreme court case study 1 answers?

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

1. The Marbury v. Madison case established

the right of the Supreme Court to rule on

the constitutionality of laws.

2. It provided a way to check the powers

of Congress and the president, and thus

more effectively balanced the powers of all

three branches of the federal government.

3. On the one hand,Marshall declared the

Judiciary Act unconstitutional because the

power for Congress to pass such an act

was not mentioned in the Constitution. Yet

at the same time he believed the Supreme

Court had the power to declare a law

unconstitutional, even though this power

was not specifically mentioned in the

Constitution.

4. Answers will vary. Students who favor

the Court's power may say that it provides

a check on Congress and more equally

balances the power of the three branches

of government. Students who oppose

the Court's power may say that since

Congressional representatives are elected,

they represent the will of the people, so

the laws passed by Congress should stand

and not be subjected to a review by a

Court of appointed judges.

5. Answers will vary. Students who think the

influence of personal politics on Court

rulings is improper may say that legal opinions

should be based on a legal interpretation

of the Constitution law and not on

politics. Students who accept political

influence on Court rulings as proper may

say that it often reflects the will of the

What reason did the president give for justifying his claim of executive privilege

Add your answer:

What is the supreme court case study 42 answer?

You need to answer this question because we don’t do homework. Your teacher is looking for your critical thinking skills skills and not our answers.

Was Emmett Till's court case a supreme court case?

No it was not a supreme court case, but a state case because it was held in the local court

Who won in the Rhodes v Chapman supreme court case?

chapman won the supreme court case

What does the supreme court case us v bagley do?

What does the supreme court case burns v. reed do?

The Supreme Court must have a to render a decision in a case?

The Supreme Court must have a simple majority to render a decision in a case.

What are the supreme court case 59 answers?

How does a case on appeal reach a supreme court.

A case on appeal reaches the supreme court if the judges below them cant handle it or that case specifically but it is very hard to get a case on appeal in the supreme court

Who decide whether or not the Supreme Court will review case?

who decides whether or not the supreme court will review a case

What court case affirmed which power of the Supreme Court in the trial of Marbury v Madison?

power to determine whether a law is constitutional (study island)

What Supreme Court case set up the Supreme Court?

There is no case that set up the Supreme Court. The US Supreme Court was required under Article III of the Constitution; Congress created it with the Judiciary Act of 1789.

Which court hears the case if a case involves the constitution?

supreme court

When a case goes directly to the US Supreme Court it is called what?

If the US Supreme Court is the first to hear a case, the Court has original jurisdiction.

What does SCt stands for in Supreme Court?

S.Ct. is an abbreviation for Supreme Court. S.Ct. indicates the writer is citing a Supreme Court case.

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