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Writing Class 11

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Do you want to improve your English writing skills? 🙋‍♀️

If you are a Class 11 student , you know how important writing is for your English learning. Writing is not only a skill, but also an art, a craft, and a tool. Writing helps you to express your thoughts, ideas, opinions, and emotions in a creative and effective way. 🌟

But writing can be challenging, especially if you don't have the right guidance, resources, and practice. That's why we have created a comprehensive and engaging Class 11 English Writing course for you. 🙌

Our course covers all the topics and skills that you need to ace your Class 11 English Writing exams and beyond. You will learn from the best teachers, who have years of experience and expertise in teaching writing. You will also get access to highquality study materials, such as notes, videos, quizzes, and assignments. 📚

But that's not all. Our course also helps you to develop your creativity, originality, and style as a writer . You will explore various types and formats of writing, such as essays, letters, articles, speeches, reports, etc. You will also learn how to write for different purposes and audiences, such as informative, persuasive, descriptive, narrative, etc. 🖋️

By the end of our course, you will be able to:

• Plan, draft, revise, and edit your writing with ease and confidence
• Write clear, coherent, and compelling texts for various situations and contexts
• Use appropriate vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and spelling in your writing
• Use different techniques and strategies to make your writing more effective and engaging
• Showcase your personality and voice as a writer
• Have fun and enjoy writing! 😊

So what are you waiting for? Join our Class 11 English Writing course today and start your journey towards becoming a master of writing. 💯

We hope to see you soon in our virtual classroom. Happy learning! 🙏

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Blog Writing Format Class 11 Topics, Examples, Exercises

Blog writing format class 11 in english.

Blog writing has become an essential skill for students in Class 11 to express their ideas and opinions effectively. It is a powerful tool for sharing information and engaging with others in the digital age. However, writing a blog requires a specific format and style to ensure clarity and coherence.

In this article, the focus will be on the format of blog writing for Class 11 students. It will provide examples of topics, exercises, and brainstorming techniques to enhance their writing skills. The article aims to guide students on how to write an engaging blog post that expresses their ideas clearly and concisely.

The article will cover various aspects of blog writing, such as selecting a topic, creating a word register, and structuring the content. It will also provide tips on how to make the blog post more engaging and interactive. By the end of the article, students will have a better understanding of the format of blog writing and be able to write a compelling blog post on their own.

Also Check: Blog Writing Format Class 12

Understanding The Basics Of Blog Writing

Definition and purpose.

Blog writing is the process of creating written content for a blog. A blog is a website or section of a website that contains regularly updated content, often in the form of written articles or posts. The purpose of blog writing is to share ideas, information, and opinions with an audience. Bloggers can express themselves and connect with others who share similar interests.

Blog writing can take many forms, from personal experiences to informative articles to news updates. The content can be written in a conversational tone or a more formal style, depending on the intended audience and purpose of the blog.

Importance of Blog Writing in Class 11

In Class 11, learning how to write a blog is crucial for improving writing skills and expressing ideas clearly. Blog writing helps students develop their creativity, critical thinking, and communication skills. It also provides an opportunity for students to practice researching and organizing information, as well as honing their writing style.

By writing blog posts, students can share their thoughts and opinions on various topics, which can help them develop their own voice and perspective. Blog writing can also be used as a tool for self-reflection and personal growth.

In addition, blog writing can be a valuable addition to a student’s portfolio. It demonstrates their writing ability, critical thinking skills, and creativity, which can be helpful when applying to colleges or for future job opportunities.

Overall, learning how to write a blog in Class 11 provides students with a valuable skill set that can be used in various aspects of their academic and professional lives.

Blog Writing Format Class 11

The title of a blog post is crucial in attracting readers and giving them an idea of what the post is about. It should be catchy, attention-grabbing, and provide a clear indication of the post’s content. A good title can make or break the success of a blog post.

Introduction

The introduction of a blog post should set the tone for the post and provide context for the reader. It should be engaging and informative, and give the reader a reason to continue reading. The introduction should also include a thesis statement or main idea that the post will explore.

The body of the blog post is where the main content is presented. It should be broken up into smaller sections or paragraphs for easy reading. Each section should focus on a specific point or idea related to the main topic. The body should also include examples, data, or other supporting evidence to back up the claims made in the post.

The conclusion of a blog post should summarize the main points made in the post and provide a call to action or final thought for the reader. It should leave the reader with a clear understanding of the post’s main ideas and encourage them to take action or further explore the topic.

Overall, following a clear and structured blog writing format can help Class 11 students improve their writing abilities and express their ideas clearly to a wider audience.

Blog Writing Format Class 11 Topics

When it comes to Blog Writing, having a wide range of topics to choose from is important to keep the content fresh, interesting, and engaging. Class 11 students can explore various topics to write about, ranging from personal experiences to social issues, current affairs, and educational topics.

Personal Experiences

Writing about personal experiences can be a great way for Class 11 students to express themselves and share their unique perspectives with others. Some examples of personal experiences that can be turned into a blog post include travel experiences, life lessons, challenges faced, and achievements. By sharing their personal experiences, students can connect with their readers on a deeper level and inspire them with their stories.

Social Issues

Blogging about social issues can be a powerful way for Class 11 students to raise awareness and spark conversations about important topics. Some examples of social issues that can be written about include gender equality, mental health, poverty, and racism. By writing about social issues, students can use their platform to educate others and advocate for positive change.

Current Affairs

Keeping up with current affairs is essential for Class 11 students to stay informed about what is happening in the world. Blogging about current affairs can help students develop their critical thinking skills and express their opinions on important issues. Some examples of current affairs that can be written about include politics, technology, sports, and entertainment.

Educational Topics

Blogging about educational topics can be a great way for Class 11 students to share their knowledge and insights with others. Some examples of educational topics that can be written about include study tips, career advice, and academic challenges. By writing about educational topics, students can help their peers succeed academically and prepare for their future endeavors.

Examples Of Blog Writing Format Class 11

Class 11 students can benefit from reading and analyzing examples of blog writing to enhance their own writing skills. Below are some examples of blog writing formats and topics that can help students understand the structure and tone of a blog post.

Example 1: “The Benefits of Yoga for Mental Health”

This blog post starts with an attention-grabbing headline that clearly states the topic of the post. The introduction provides some background information on the topic and sets the tone for the rest of the post. The author then goes on to discuss the benefits of yoga for mental health, using personal anecdotes and scientific research to support their claims.

The post is well-organized, with clear subheadings and bullet points to break up the text and make it easier to read. The author also includes relevant images and links to external resources for readers who want to learn more about the topic.

Example 2: “Why Everyone Should Travel Solo At Least Once”

This blog post takes a more personal approach, with the author sharing their own experiences and insights on the benefits of solo travel. The post is written in a conversational tone, making it relatable and engaging for readers.

The author uses a storytelling approach to illustrate their points, describing their own adventures and challenges while traveling alone. They also provide practical tips and advice for readers who are considering solo travel, such as how to stay safe and make the most of the experience.

Overall, these examples demonstrate the importance of having a clear topic, a well-organized structure, and a relatable tone when writing a blog post. By analyzing and learning from successful examples of blog writing, Class 11 students can improve their own writing skills and create engaging and informative blog posts.

Exercises For Improving Blog Writing Skills

Topic selection.

Choosing the right topic is crucial in creating an engaging and informative blog post. Here are some exercises that can help Class 11 students improve their topic selection skills:

• Brainstorming: Encourage students to brainstorm ideas by creating a mind map or a list of potential topics. This exercise can help them generate a variety of ideas that they can choose from.
• Research: Encourage students to research popular topics in their niche and analyze what makes them engaging. This exercise can help them identify trends and create content that resonates with their audience.

Once the topic is selected, the next step is to create a draft. Here are some exercises that can help Class 11 students improve their drafting skills:

• Outlining: Encourage students to create an outline of their blog post before writing the first draft. This exercise can help them organize their thoughts and create a structure for their content.
• Freewriting: Encourage students to write freely without worrying about grammar, spelling, or punctuation. This exercise can help them overcome writer’s block and generate ideas that they can refine later.

The final step in creating a blog post is editing. Here are some exercises that can help Class 11 students improve their editing skills:

• Peer Review: Encourage students to exchange their blog posts with a classmate and provide feedback. This exercise can help them identify areas for improvement and receive constructive criticism.
• Self-Editing: Encourage students to read their blog posts aloud and identify errors or awkward phrasing. This exercise can help them improve the flow and readability of their content.

Overall, these exercises can help Class 11 students improve their blog writing skills and create engaging and informative content.

Recommended Reading: Blog Writing Format Class 11

Additional Tips For Effective Blog Writing Format Class 11

To ensure that your blog writing is effective, there are a few additional tips to keep in mind. These tips will help you create engaging content that resonates with your readers.

First, it’s essential to have a clear understanding of your target audience. Knowing who you’re writing for will help you tailor your content to their interests and needs. This will make your blog more relevant and engaging to your readers.

Second, make sure your writing is easy to read and understand. Use short sentences and paragraphs, and break up your content with headings, bullet points, and images. This will make your blog more visually appealing and easier to digest.

Third, be authentic and genuine in your writing. Write in your own voice and share your personal experiences and insights. This will make your blog more relatable and help you build a connection with your readers.

Fourth, use relevant keywords and phrases in your writing to improve your blog’s search engine optimization (SEO). This will help your blog rank higher in search engine results and attract more readers.

Finally, be consistent in your blogging. Set a schedule for posting and stick to it. This will help you build a loyal following and establish yourself as an authority in your niche.

By following these tips, you can create effective blog content that engages and resonates with your readers.

• CBSE Class 11
• CBSE Class 11 Syllabus
• Class 11 English Syllabus

CBSE Class 11 English Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 English Syllabus for the academic year 2023-24 is provided here. Students can perform well in their English exam by understanding the CBSE board prescribed syllabus for English Core and English Elective. To score well in their English exam, students should prepare themselves according to the syllabus because the final question paper is prepared by referring to the prescribed syllabus. CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 English for academic year 2023-24 is provided here. It describes the course content along with marks weightage and time duration for each unit. The CBSE Class 11 Syllabus also provides information about the textbooks that need to be referred by Class 11 students.

CBSE Class 11 English Syllabus 2023-2024

The CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 English 2023-24 is released by the board. Students can download the syllabus PDF and go through it to plan their studies.

• CBSE Class 11 English Core Syllabus PDF 2023-24
• CBSE Class 11 English Elective Syllabus PDF 2023-24

The CBSE Syllabus of English Core subject is provided in PDF format for downloading below. Also, students can find the link to download PDF for English Elective further below on this page. In the PDF, students will also find the marking scheme for each chapter.

CBSE Class 11 Syllabus for English Core 2023-24

Section a: reading skills, i reading comprehension through unseen passage: 18 marks.

1. One unseen passage to assess comprehension, interpretation inference and vocabulary. The passage may be factual, descriptive or literary.

2. One unseen case-based passage with verbal/visual inputs like statistical data, charts etc.

Note: The combined word limit for both the passages will be 600-750. Multiple Choice Questions / Objective Type Questions will be asked.

3. Note Making and Summarization based on a passage of approximately 200-250 words.

i. Note Making: 5 Marks

• Numbering and indenting
• Key/glossary

ii. Summary (up to 50 words): 3 Marks

V. Grammar and Creative Writing Skills  (23 Marks)

II. Grammar: 7 Marks 4. Questions on Gap filling (Tenses, Clauses) 5. Questions on re-ordering/transformation of sentences

III. Creative Writing Skills: 16 Marks

6. Short Writing Tasks

Classified Advertisements up to 50 words. One out of the two given questions to be answered (3 Marks: Format : 1 / Content : 1 / Expression : 1)

7. Short Writing Task

Poster up to 50 words. One out of the two given questions to be answered.(3marks:Format : 1 / Content : 1 / Expression : 1)

8. Long Writing task:

Speech in 120-150 words based on verbal / visual cues related to contemporary / age-appropriate topic. One out of the two given questions to be answered. (5 Marks: Format: 1 / Content: 2 / Expression: 2)\

9. Long Writing Task:

Debate based on visual/verbal inputs in 120-150 words, thematically related to contemporary, topical issues. One out of the two given questions to be answered. (5 Marks: Format: 1 / Content: 2 / Expression: 2)

Literature Textbook and Supplementary Reading Textbook

This section will have variety of assessment items including Multiple Choice Questions, Objective Type Questions, Short Answer Type Questions and Long Answer Type Questions to assess comprehension, analysis, interpretation and extrapolation beyond the text.

VI. Reference to the Context

10. One Poetry extract out of two from the book Hornbill to assess comprehension, interpretation, analysis and appreciation. (3×1=3 Marks)

11. One Prose extract out of two from the book Hornbill to assess comprehension, interpretation, analysis and appreciation. (3×1=3 Marks)

12. One prose extract out of two from the book Snapshots to assess comprehension, interpretation and analysis. (4×1=4 Marks)

13. Two Short answer type question (one from Prose and one from Poetry from the book Hornbill), out of four, to be answered in 40-50 words. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. (3×2=6 Marks)

14. One Short answer type question, from the book Snapshots, to be answered I n 40- 50 words. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (3×1=3 Marks)

15. One Long answer type question, from Prose/Poetry Hornbill, to be answered in 120-150 words. Questions can be based on incident / theme / passage / extract / event as reference points to assess extrapolation beyond and across the text. The question will elicit analytical and evaluative response from student. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (1×6=6 Marks)

16. One Long answer type question, based on the chapters from the book Snapshots to be answered in 120-150 words to assess global comprehension and extrapolation beyond the text. Questions to provide evaluative and analytical responses using incidents, events, themes as reference points. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (1×6=6 Marks)

Prescribed Books

1. Hornbill: English Reader published by National Council of Education Research and Training, New Delhi

• The Portrait of a Lady (Prose)
• A Photograph (Poem)
• “We’re Not Afraid to Die… if we can be together
• Discovering Tut: the Saga Continues •The Laburnum Top (Poem)
• The Voice of the Rain (Poem) •Childhood (Poem)
• The Adventure
• Silk Road (Prose)
• Father to Son

2. Snapshots: Supplementary Reader published by National Council of Education Research and Training, New Delhi

• The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse (Prose)
• The Address (Prose)
• Mother’s Day (Play)
• Birth ( Prose)
• The Tale of Melon City

Internal Assessment for CBSE Class 11 English Core 2023-24

• Assessment of Listening Skills – 05 marks
• Assessment of Speaking Skills – 05 Marks
• Project Work – 10 Marks

Students can also have a look at the English Elective Syllabus PDF of Class 11 CBSE below.

CBSE Class 11 Syllabus for English Elective 2023-24

Reading comprehension (25 marks), two unseen passages and a poem.

1. 12 out of 15 questions from a literary or discursive passage of about 950-1000 words.

2. 8 questions to test interpretation and appreciation of a poem of about 10-12 lines.

3. 5 out of 7 questions from a case-based passage (with visual input- statistical data, chart etc.) of 100-120 words to test interpretation.

Creative Writing Skills (15 Marks)

4. An Essay on an argumentative/discursive/reflective/descriptive topic, leading to creative rendering, forming and defending of opinions, to be answered in 120-150 words. (5 marks)

5. Article on one out of two topics to be answered in 120-150 words. Contemporary topical issues to be a part of Article writing. (5 marks)

6. Speech on one out of two topics to be answered in 120-150 words. Contemporary topical issues to be a part of Speech writing. (5 marks)

Book-Woven Words

7. Reference to the Context i. One Prose extract out of two to assess comprehension, Literary, appreciation and inference. ii. One Poetry extract out of two to assess comprehension, Literary, appreciation and inference. (5+5=10 Marks)

8. Two Short Answer Question out of three to be answered in 30-40 words to assess understanding, analysis and critical appreciation. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. (2×2=4 marks)

9. Two Short Answer Question out of three to be answered in 50-60 words to assess understanding, analysis and critical appreciation. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. (3×2=6marks)

Arms and the Man – [Drama]

10. Two Long Answer Questions out of three to be answered in 80-100 words to appreciate characters, events and episodes. Questions to provide analytical responses using incidents, events, themes as reference points. (5×2=10 marks)

11. One Short Answer Question out of two to be answered in 30-40 words to critically appreciate characters, events, episodes and interpersonal relationships and to form their opinions with reference to content, events and episode. (2 marks)

12. One Short Answer Question out of two to be answered in 50-60 words to assess understanding, analysis and critical appreciation. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. (3 marks)

13. One Long Answer Question out of two to be answered in 120-150 words to test literary appreciation and to draw inferences. Questions should elicit creative responses and develop ability to form opinions. (5 marks)

Seminar (20 Marks)

• Presentation – book review /a play /a short story/a novel/novella (tale, table, parable) to be followed by a question answer session.
• Poetry reading to be followed by interpretative tasks based on close reading and literary analysis of the text.
• Critical review of a film or a play.
• Conducting a theatre workshop to be followed by a discussion

Prescribed Books:

1. Text book: Woven Words published by NCERT

2. Fiction: The Old Man and the Sea (Novel unabridged) by Ernest Hemingway

3. Drama: Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw

Book-Woven Words – Short Stories

• The Lament -Anton Chekhov
• A Pair of Mustachios -Mulk Raj Anand
• The Rocking-horse Winner- D.H. Lawrence
• The Adventure of the Three Garridebs
• Pappachi’s Moth
• The Third and FinalContinent

Book-Woven Words – Poetry

• The Peacock- Sujata Bhatt
• Let me Not to the Marriage of True Minds William Shakespeare
• Coming- Philip Larkin
• Telephone Conversation – Wole Soyinka
• The World is tooMuch With Us
• Mother Tongue
• Hawk Roosting
• Ode to a Nightingale

Book-Woven Words-Essays

• My Three Passions
• Patterns of Creativity
• Tribal Verse
• What is a Good Book?

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 11 English Syllabus 2023-24

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Class 11 Notice Writing Format Types and Examples

Class 11 Notice Writing Format Types and Examples are crucial for class 11 educational curricula to enhance students’ communication abilities. In Class 11, students are introduced to the basics of notice writing to prepare them for real-world scenarios. Explore the essential Class 11 Notice Writing Format Types and Examples to enhance skills with detailed types and practical illustrations.

Notice Writing for Class 11

Notice Writing for Class 11 is a crucial part of the 11th class English syllabus and Exam. A notice  is a type of written form that is issued to draw the attention of the people concerned to certain facts that have happened or are going to happen or to be canceled or postponed.

Points to note for Notice Writing For Class 11

The following points are to be noted while writing a notice for Class 11.

• In general, notices are short, straightforward, and to the point.
• They follow a specific format that includes a heading, date, content, and signature .
• The style of writing in notices is formal and objective.
• The language used is simple and clear, making it easy for the target audience to understand the message being conveyed.

Format of Notice Writing for Class 11

The following format will assist you with Notice writing for class 11 in a well-arranged, precise, and simple way. Learn the essential format of Notice writing for class 11 from the pictographic example below.

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Types of Notice Writing for Class 11

Notices can be used for a variety of purposes, such as announcing events, informing people of changes, or providing information about services or facilities. So, the types of Notice Writing for class 11 are given below.

• School Notice
• College Notice
• Club Notice
• Society Notice
• Public Notice

English Composition Resources:

Examples of notice writing for class 11.

The following examples of Notice Writing for Class 11 are provided Type-wise. Check them out and master the art of writing Notices today!

1. School Notice Writing Class 11

One-day blood donation camp.

A. Write a notice for the school notice board inviting volunteers for a one-day blood donation camp to be organized in your school.

Jodhpur Boys High School Srirampur

(Blood Donation Camp)

In response to the request by the local health authorities as well as the citizens’ committee of the town the social sub-committee has decided to organize a one-day blood donation camp within the school premises on 15th May. Class representatives have been instructed to hold meetings in their respective classes in this regard. By conducting the meetings they should make their fellow students aware of the importance of donating blood to help those who are in emergency need of it. Students are willing to come forward as blood donors are requested to submit their names health certificates from their family physicians and letter of consent from the Guardian to their class representatives. The class representative should forward the names to the undersigned as early as possible.

Suresh Mahato Secretary Social Sub-Committee Jodhpur Boys High School

Inter-school drama competition.

B. You are the drama salary offered to the school. You have been asked to inform students of classes XI and 12 about the coming Inter school drama competition. Draft notice for the school notice board.

Ujwala Devi High School Konnagar

(Inter-School drama Competition)

An Inter-school drama competition is going to be organized by the Lions club Salt Lake on 20 June 2020 onwards at the science city auditorium. Students having acting skills and an interest in art are invited to come to the auditorium for an audition on 25th May 2020. All interested and willing students are requested to submit their names to their respective class teachers or to the undersigned by 20th May 2020.

Soheli Das Drama-Secretary Social Sub-Committee

Publication of the Annual Report

C. As the headmaster of your school drafts a notice announcing the publication of the annual report and invite students with their guardians to be present and receive the report personally.

Kontai High School Kontai

2nd April 2020

(Publication of Final Report Card)

It is hereby notified that the final result of all the classes will be handed over to the guardians on 15th April 2020. No students will be allowed to enter the school premises because of this pandemic situation. All the guardians are requested to maintain a safe distance and also wear masks. The guardian’s parents are requested to be present on the school premises by 10:00 AM on the scheduled date.

Mr. K. Samanta Headmaster Kontai High School

D. You have lost a book that you borrowed from your school library. Write a notice to the school notice board giving relevant facts about the missing volume and requesting the Finder of the book to restore it to you.

Suprobha Devi High School Baguihati

(Loss of a Library Book)

The following fact is brought to the notice of all belonging to this school especially the students of class 11. The volume English textbook he left by me on a desk in room number 15 on 15th June before I left the school. It is small in size bound in green cloth with the title and author’s name printed in Golden ink on the front cover. I borrowed this volume recently from the library. Hey, the phrase and bright loop of the book would suggest that it was recently accessed by the library. The stamp of the school library with access on date appears on the title page and on a number of pages inside the full story anybody coming across the book please return it either to the undersigned or to the librarian of the school Mr. Mahadev Patra without delay.

Maitra Das Class – XI(A) Suprobha Devi High School

2. College Notice Writing Examples for Class 11

Low attendances.

A. As the principal of your college write a notice for the college notice board reminding students that action should be taken against students with low attendance.

Harihar College Mayna

(Attendance)

As per the University regulation, a 75% minimum attendance is required for being eligible for taking the University examination. In view of a new reminder received from the office of the controller of examinations at Vidyanagar University that from now on student failing to attend at least 75% of the classes held must be disqualified as an examinee and is not to be allowed to fill the examination form. The students of the college were reminded that restrictive measures should be taken against those who fail to attend classes regularly.

Mr. R Sharma Principal Harihar College

College Magazine

B. Consider yourself the editor of your college magazine. Draft a notice inviting contributions to the forthcoming issues of the magazine in the form of essays short stories travel accounts and poems.

Pravash College Daspur

(College Magazine)

The undersigned is glad to announce that as every year the college magazine is going to be published this year immediately before the coming poojas. Students belonging to all classes are invited to send in their contributions mean for publication in the magazine in the form of Essays short stories travel accounts and poems or any other interesting library type to the undersigned by 15th August 2020. Prose pieces should be restricted to about 3000 words and poems should not exceed a page in printed form. In the matter of the selection of the pieces for publication, the decision of the magazine committee will be final.

Samir Patra Editor College Magazine Committee

Restrictions on the Use of Cell Phones.

C. Write a notice for the college notice board placing restrictions on the use of cell phones.

Hat para College Shyam Bazar

(Restriction on Cell Phones )

The management of the Institute has come to the decision that students cannot be allowed to use cell phones on the college premises. Contacting outsiders through cell phones during college hours and within the college, premises has been prohibited with immediate effect in view of a number of unpleasant incidences. Disciplinary measures should be taken by the authorities if any student is found going against the rule after this notification.

Mr. K, Acharya Principal Hat para College

3. Club Notice Examples for Class 11

Polio immunization drive.

A. Suppose you are the Secretary Sabuj sangha club. You are organizing a polio immunization drive under the auspicious of the Rotary Club. Draft a notice encouraging the members of your club to make the driver successful.

Sabuj Sangha Club Kharagpur

010/10/2020

(Polio Immunisation Drive)

Polio is a dangerous disease that leaves the victim crippled for life. Once contracted it causes prolonged suffering and its treatment are expensive and a long process. Negligence in administering polio vaccine to infants is a crime on the part of their parents that can never be pardoned. To make everybody aware of beach battle facts a club with all necessary help from the Rotary Club of Midnapore is arranging a pulse polio vaccine drive in the club premises on the 25th of December from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM. Members of the club are requested to convince the local parents so that they get their infant children vaccinated. They should also be made aware of the risk of neglecting their responsibility.

Sounak Dam Secretary Sabuj Sangha Club

Fund Donations for Flood Victims

B. You are the executive secretary of the Saghashree social club. Your society wants to raise funds for donations for the relief of the victims of recent floods in a number of districts of West Bengal. Write a notice appealing for contributions to the proposed fund.

Saghashree Social Club Bankura

(Raising Fund for Flood Victims)

The recent floods in a number of districts of the state have made many villagers homeless. Design fortunate people have been compelled to leave their homes. Many of them have to leave under the open Sky or have taken shelter in school buildings and in spots where food and water have not been reached. They desperately need 10s food and medicines for their survival. In the past, our club has stood by people in similar conditions. This time also we have decided to raise funds to provide at least the minimum relief to these victims of natural calamity. We have been authorized by the administration to raise funds for this Noble cause. We will be pleased to hand it over to the Relief Fund maintained by state authorities.

Our sincere Apple 2 all need to contribute to the fund generously to make the drive a success. All contributions in cash and kind are to be made to the undersigned against official receipt within a fortnight of publication of this notice.

Sounak Das Secretary Saghashree Social Club

Saraswathi Puja

C. The Saraswathi puja will be celebrated as usual in your club but this time you also propose to hold a cultural function. Write a notice for the club notice board informing the members of the necessary details.

Volcan Club Purulia

25th January 2020

(Saraswathi Puja)

Saraswathi puja will be celebrated by our club on 15th February 2020. This year our club also has made arrangements for providing lunch and holding a cultural function in the evening. The function will start at 7:00 PM and will include songs recitations and a dance drama. all the members of our club and the independence of our area are cordially invited to take part in this program and to make it a success.

Anindyo Roy Secretary Volcan Club

4. Society Notice Writing Examples for Class 11

A. Consider yourself to be the secretary of an organization looking after the homeless orphans of your locality. Write a notice appealing to the citizens for contributions to raise funds for the upkeep of your organization.

Medinipur Orphanage Club Purba Medinipur

(contributions for upkeep )

As the secondary of the Medinipur Orphanage the undersign wants to make the following appeal to the Noble hearted and philanthropic members of the society. For more than the last 2 decades, the orphanage has been providing food and shelter to 2 groups of orphans who otherwise would have perished in ditch travel time. In addition to providing their food and shelter, the organization also arranges for their primary education and some useful vocational training. Needless to say in these hard days the upkeep of such an institution requires a regular flow of money. The generous and philanthropic citizens of this city have always responded generously to our appeal for help in the past. This notice to happen to them once more to contribute generously so that is very important social work undertaken by the orphanage is not jeopardized for want of resources.

Sounak Samanta Secretary Medinipur Orphanage Club

5. Public Notice Writing for Class 11

Garbage cleaning.

A. Imagine yourself as the local councilor of the municipality of your town. Right and notice to the displayed at various public places cautioning the residents of the locality against dumping garbage and other kinds of refuse indiscriminately on the roads and onto the drains instead of using dustbins in other places provided for the purpose.

K M D Ward No 33

(prohibition of dumping garbage in public places)

Residents of Ward number 33 of this town are hereby notified that for the last few months, complaints have been reaching this office that some streets lanes and by-lanes of the area are being indiscriminately littered with domestic garbage and other dirty things. Search nuisance is committed even though dustbins and garbage containers are placed at each street corner. Rajani Canon’s civic practice of liter in public thoroughfares with dirty and soiled refuge pollutes the air and makes the streets and usable. As the councilor representing the ward, I request all residents of the area to stop this ugly practice immediately. Written complaints to the undersigned against anyone found practicing in this ugly would be welcome. In case this notice is ignored municipal authorities may have to take more stringent steps to stop the unhealthy habit.

Samir Dasgupta Councillor Ward No 33 K M D

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Mesopotamia is an ancient region located in modern-day Iraq. Its diverse geography included fertile plains, rugged mountains, and arid deserts. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers played a crucial role, providing agricultural irrigation and facilitating trade. Urban centers emerged, characterized by specialized labor, organized trade networks, and social structures. Mesopotamia’s rich food resources fueled its growth. Its trade connected it to distant lands, exchanging textiles, agricultural products, and raw materials.

Let us learn more about this region, their system of writing, and their city life.

Mesopotamia and its Geography

Mesopotamia was the ancient name for what is now Iraq. It is a land of diverse environments. Agriculture began in the region between 7000 and 6000 BCE. The agriculture of southern Mesopotamia was the most productive out of all the ancient systems. The Euphrates and Tigris rivers act as a source of irrigation.

• In the northeast lie green, undulating plains, gradually rising to tree-covered mountain ranges with clear streams and wildflowers, with enough rainfall to grow crops.
• In the north, there is a stretch of upland called a Steppe, where animal herding offers people a better livelihood than agriculture.
• To the east, tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of communication.
• The south is a desert, and this is where the first cities and writing emerged.

The Significance of Urbanism

Urban centers are involved in various economic activities such as food production, trade, manufacturing, and services. City people, thus, tend to be self-sufficient and depend on the products or services of other people. As one of the earliest civilizations, Mesopotamian urban centers emerged as bustling hubs of trade, commerce, and cultural exchange. The fertile lands nourished by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers facilitated agricultural abundance, laying the foundation for prosperous city life. With the rise of urbanization came the division of labor, as specialized artisans, traders, and administrators thrived in the interconnected networks of cities like Uruk and Ur.

There must be a social organization in Cities. Fuel, metal, various stones, wood, etc., come from many places for city manufacturers. Thus, the rulers controlled and supervised organized trade, storage, and deliveries of grain and other food items from the village to the city. The division of labor is a mark of urban life. For instance, the carver of a tone seal requires bronze tools that he cannot make and colored stones for the seals that he does not know where to get. He depends on others for his needs.

Movement of Goods into Cities

Mesopotamia, renowned for its food resources, faced a scarcity of raw materials and minerals crucial for various industries. To compensate for this deficiency, ancient Mesopotamians established extensive trade networks, leveraging their surplus textiles and agricultural produce as commodities of exchange. Mesopotamian merchants engaged in trade with neighboring regions like Turkey, Iran, and across the Gulf seeking essential resources such as wood, copper, tin, silver, gold, shell, and various stones. The canals and natural channels weaving through Mesopotamian landscapes served as vital means for the transportation of goods, facilitating trade between bustling urban centers and smaller settlements. This network of trade routes not only solved resource shortages but also fostered economic growth and cultural exchange in Mesopotamian society.

The Development of Writing

All societies have languages in which spoken sounds convey certain meanings. This is verbal communication. Writings too are verbal communication but in a different way. Let’s look into the developments made by the Mesopotamians in writing.

• The first Mesopotamian tablets, written around 3200 BCE, contained picture-like signs and numbers. There were about 5,000 lists of oxen, fish, bread loaves, etc.
• Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. When a transaction was completed the tablet was thrown away, so each transaction, however minor, required a separate written tablet.
• By 2600 BCE writing was used for making dictionaries, recording land transfers, narrating the deeds of kings, and announcing any change in the laws of the land.
• Sumerian, the earliest known language of Mesopotamia was gradually replaced after 2400 BCE by the Akkadian language.

The System of Writing

Dating back to around 3200 BCE, Mesopotamian writing initially consisted of picture-like signs and numerical symbols inscribed on clay tablets. Over time, this script evolved into a complex system of hundreds of signs that required skilled scribes to handle wet clay tablets before they dried. Mesopotamian writing which was etched on clay tablets, served various purposes, including documenting transactions, recording land transfers, narrating historical events, and codifying laws.

One of the most significant development in Mesopotamian writing was the transition from pictographs to cuneiform script, characterized by wedge-shaped impressions made by a stylus on clay. This greatly enhanced the efficiency and versatility of written communication, allowing for the expression of abstract concepts and the recording of complex details.

Literacy and Uses of Writing

The Mesopotamian writing system was complex and comprised hundreds of signs, making it challenging for the average person to master. Additionally, literacy was a rare and privileged skill, accessible only to a select few within society. Merchants, craftsmen, and other skilled workers possessed basic reading and writing skills necessary for conducting business transactions. While the exact percentage of the population that could read and write is not known, it is believed that literacy rates were relatively low.

Writing was seen as a sign of the superiority of Mesopotamian urban culture. In Mesopotamia, writing served many essential functions that contributed to the organization, administration, and cultural development of society. These included:

• Record Keeping
• Communication
• Legal Documentation
• Cultural Expression
• Economic Transactions
• Historical Documentations

Urbanization in Southern Mesopotamia: Temples and Kings

From 5000 BCE, settlements began began to develop in southern Mesopotamia. These were of various kinds:

• That gradually developed around temples.
• They developed as centres of trade.
• Imperial cities.

Early settlers began to build and rebuild temples at selected spots in their villages. The god was the focus of worship, people offered grain, curd, and fish and god was also considered the owner of the agricultural fields, the fisheries, and the herds of the local community. The temple gradually developed its activities and became the main urban institution. Chiefs who became victorious in wars offered precious goods to the gods and renovated the community’s temples. Enmerkar, ruler of Uruk, got legitimacy in the community through this way.

Life in the City

A ruling elite had emerged, and a small section of society had a major share of the wealth, enormous riches buried with some kings and queens at Ur were found. In Mesopotamian society, the nuclear family was the culture, and the father was the head of the family. In Ur, narrow winding streets and the irregular shapes of house plots indicate an absence of town planning. There was no street drain, as found in Mohenjo-daro. There was a town cemetery at Ur in which the graves of royalty and commoners were found.

A Trading Town in a Pastoral Zone

After 2000 BCE the royal capital of Mari flourished. Some communities in the kingdom of Mari had both farmers and pastoralists, but most of its territory was used for pasturing sheep and goats. Located on the Euphrates in a prime position for trade between the south and the mineral-rich uplands of Turkey, Syria and Lebanon, Mari is a good example of an urban center prospering in trade. As bronze was the main industrial material for tools and weapons, this trade was of great importance.

The Legacy of Writing

The greatest legacy of Mesopotamia to the world is its scholarly tradition of time reckoning and mathematics. Tablets dating around 1800 BCE show multiplication and division tables, square- and square-root tables, and tables of compound interest. The Mesopotamians worked on:

• The division of the year into 12 months according to the revolution of the moon around the earth.
• The division of the month into four weeks.
• The day into 24 hours and the hour into 60 minutes.

Let us look into a brief timeline of the Mesopotamian urbanization:

Conclusion – Writing and City Life: Class 11 History

Ancient Mesopotamia was a vibrant civilization characterized by bustling urban centers and extensive trade networks. The development of a complex writing system played an important role in facilitating communication, record-keeping, and the dissemination of cultural knowledge. Although literacy remained a privilege confined to a select few, the widespread utilization of writing underscored its fundamental importance in governance, commerce, and cultural expression. Mesopotamia’s legacy as a hub of urbanism, trade, and intellectual innovation endures as a testament to its enduring impact on the course of human history.

Related Articles:

• Mohenjo-Daro Archaeological Sites and Discoveries
• Oldest Civilization In The World
• The Sumerians and Mesopotamia

FAQs on Writing and City Life: Class 11 History

What materials were used for mesopotamian writing.

Mesopotamian writing was primarily inscribed on clay tablets using a stylus. Stone and wax were also occasionally used for writing.

What languages were used in Mesopotamian writing?

Sumerian was the earliest known language of Mesopotamia, used in the earliest writings. However, after 2400 BCE, it was gradually replaced by the Akkadian language, a Semitic language spoken in the region.

What were the earliest Mesopotamian tablets like?

The earliest Mesopotamian tablets, dating back to around 3200 BCE, contained picture-like signs and numerical symbols. These tablets were used primarily for basic record-keeping, such as lists of commodities like oxen, fish, and bread loaves.

What evidence of burial practices was found in Mesopotamia?

In Ur, archaeologists discovered a town cemetery containing the graves of both royalty and commoners.

What was the significance of the royal capital of Mari after 2000 BCE?

It served as a vital hub for trade and economic activity in the region, facilitating commerce between southern Mesopotamia and the mineral-rich uplands of Turkey, Syria, and Lebanon.

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Class 11 History Chapter 2 WRITING AND CITY LIFE

NCERT Notes for Class 11 History Chapter 2 WRITING AND CITY LIFE, (History) exam are Students are taught thru NCERT books in some of state board and CBSE Schools. As the chapter involves an end, there is an exercise provided to assist students prepare for evaluation. Students need to clear up those exercises very well because the questions with inside the very last asked from those.

Class 11 history chapter 2 writing and city life: Notes

• Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is derived from two Greek words mesos meaning middle and Potamas meaning river. Mesopotamia means land between two rivers-Euphrates and Tigris. Today it is part of the Republic of Iraq.

• Mesopotamia civilization is famous for its prosperity, city life, its vast and rich literature, its mathematics, and astronomy.

Mesopotamian civilizations

Major Civilizations include the Sumerian, Assyrian, and Akkadian, Babylonian Civilizations.

Babylon: After 2000 BCE, When Babylon became an important City, the team Babylonia was used for the Southern Region. Babylon is located near the South of Baghdad in what is now Iraq. Babylon was an influential City and a Center of Mesopotamian Civilization.

Assyrians: From about 1100 BCE. When the Assyrians established their Kingdom in the north. The Region became known as Assyria.

Sumer: Sumer is the earliest Known Civilization in the historical Region of Southern Mesopotamia. Sumer Region was known for its language, governance, and architecture. The first known language of the land was Sumerian.

Akkadian: Akkadian was the first ancient Empire of Mesopotamia after the long-lived Civilization of Sumen. Sumerian language was gradually replaced by Akkadian around 2400 BCE When Akkadian Speaks arrived.

• Mesopotamia and Its Geography

Iraq is a land of diverse environments. It ha following features.

• North east lie green undulating plains, gradually rising to tree-covered mountain ranges with clean streams and wildflowers, with enough rainfall to grow crops. Here, Agriculture began between 7000 and 6000 BCE.
• In North-There is a stretch of upland called a steppe, where animals herding offers people a better livelihood than agriculture. Sheep and goats produced meat, milk and wool in abundance
• In the East-tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of communication in to mountains of Iran
• The South is a desert-the place with the first cities and writing emerged. Euphrates and Tigris carry loads of silt and deposited on the flood fields.
• The water from Euphrates river flows into small channels after it enters the desert. These channels in the past functioned as irrigation channels.
• As compared to all the ancient Systems including Roman Empire, agriculture of Southern Mesopotamia was most productive.
• Apart from agriculture, Mesopotamian sheeps and goats produced meat, milk and wool in abundance. They grazed on the steppe (grassland), the North-Eastern plains and the mountain slopes.
• Further, fish was available in rivers and date palms gave fruit in summer.
• Mesopotamia had natural fertility yet agriculture was prone to hazards which were both natural and man-made.
• Natural channels of Euphrates would have too much water in one year, resulting in flooding crops.
• Man-made problems such as, people who lived in the upstream stretches of channel would divert water affecting villages in downstream. They also neglected the silt removal from their stretch of their channel and blocking the flow of water further down.
• So, the early Mesopotamian countryside saw repeated conflicts over land and water.
• The Significance of Urbanisation
• When an urban economy develops in different fields like trade, manufactures and services other than the food production, it creates an atmosphere for people to live in towns.
• Urban centres involve in various economic activities such as food production trade, manufactures and services.
• City people will become more specialised in their field of work and become interdependent with other people rather than being self-sufficient. This is called division of labour which is a mark of urban life. The carver of stone seal requires bronze tools, and coloured stones.
• The bronze tool maker needs metals, and charcoal. So they depend on the products or services of other people.
• There must be a social organisation in cities
• Fuel, metal, various stones, wood etc., come from many places for city manufacturers. There are deliveries of grain and other food items from the village to the city.
• Thus organized trade and storage is needed.
• Urban economies often require the keeping of written records and In such a system some people commands and those others obey.
• Movement of Goods into cities
• Food resources were abundant in Mesopotamia but it lacked mineral resources. most parts of south lacked stones used for making tools, seals, and jewels.
• The wood of date palm and poplar trees of Iraqi was not good for making carts, wheels or boats and there was no metal for tools, vessels or ornaments.
• So they imported wood, copper, tin, silver, gold, shell, stones from Turkey and Iran.
• They exported their textiles and food resources
• Transport is also important for urban development
• Besides crafts, trade and services, an efficient transport is needed for urban development. It should take less time and cost to carry goods from one place to another so that the city economy is viable.
• Thus, cheapest mode of transport is over water. Riverboats or barges loaded with sacks of grain are moved by the currents of river or wind but when animals transport goods, they need to be fed.
• The canals and natural channels of ancient Mesopotamia were to equip between large and small settlements.
• The canals and natural channels were routes for goods transport
• Urbanization in Southern Mesopotamia: Temples and Kings

The earliest cities emerged from the settlements that began to develop in Southern Mesopotamia from 5000 BCE various kinds of cities were developed:

(i) Cities that gradually developed around temples.

(ii) Cities that developed as centers of trade.

(iii) Imperial cities.

• Construction and Maintenance of Temples in Mesopotamia
• Early settlers began to build and rebuild temples at selected spots in the villages.
• The earliest known temple was a small shrine made of unbaked bricks.
• Temples were the residence of various gods: Moon God of Ur and for Inanna the Goddess of Love and War.
• Temples became larger over time with several rooms around open courtyards.
• Temples always had their outer walls going in and out at regular intervals.
• God was the focus of worship and people brought grain, curd and fish to god.
• The god was the theoretical owner of the agricultural fields, the fisheries, and the herds of the local community
• Production processes such as oil pressing, grain grinding, spinning and weaving of woollen cloth done in the temple.
• Thus temple became the main urban institution by organizing production, employing merchants and keeping records of the distribution and allotments of grain, plough animals, bread, beer, fish etc.

Role of Kings in the Construction and Maintenance of Temples in Mesopotamia

• Archaeological records show that villages were periodically relocated in Mesopotamian history because of flood in the river and change in the course of the rivers.
• There were man made problems as well. Those who lived on the upstream stretches of a channel could divert so much water in to their fields that villages of downstream were left without water.
• There was continuous war fare in Mesopotamian villages for land and water.
• The victorious chiefs distributed the loot among their followers and took prisoners from the defeated groups and employed them as their guards or servants.
• The chiefs also offer precious booty to the gods to beautify temples
• He organises the distribution of temple wealth by keeping records. This gave the king high status and authority to command the community.
• War captives and local people had to work for the temple, or for the ruler.
• Those who were put to work were paid rations like grain, oil, and cloth
• Hundreds of people were put to work at making and baking of clay cones for temples Life in the City of Ur.
• It has been estimated that one of the temples took 5 years to build with 1500 men working 10 hours a day.
• Rulers made people to fetch stones or metal ores, make or lay bricks for temple and go to other far away countries to get suitable materials.
• Development in Urban Economy
• Archaeological evidence at Uruk, one of the earliest temple towns show that around 3000 BCE, it grew to a huge extent of 250 hectares which was twice as large as Mohenjodaro site.
• Dozens of small villages were deserted and there was a major population shift.
• The site was continuously occupied from about 4200 BCE to about 400CE and it had expanded to 400 hectares by about 2800 BCE. It also had a defensive wall around it.
• There were also technical advances at Uruk around 3000 BCE. Bronze tools came into use. Architects learnt to construct brick columns, as there was no suitable wood to bear the weight of the roof of large halls.
• People worked to make and bake clay cones that were pushed into temple walls and painted it in different colours creating a colourful mosaic.
• Achievements in sculpture using imported stone were also seen. One important technological landmark which suited urban economy was invention of potter’s wheel which enabled to mass produce similar pots at a time.
• Life in the City
• A ruling elite (small section of society) emerged in Mesopotamia which had a major share of wealth.
• This is supported by the evidence available at Ur where enormous riches (jewellery, gold vessels, wooden musical instruments inlaid with white shell and lapiz lazuli, ceremonial daggers of gold, etc) were buried with some kings and queens.
• Ur and Mari were the most important imperial cities of Mesopotamia.

Ur was a town and one of the earliest cities excavated in the 1930s

• Ur was one of the earliest cities that was systematically excavated in the 1930s.
• Narrow twisted streets indicate the wheeled carts could not have reached many of the houses.
• Sacks of grain and firewood would have reached on donkey back.
• The narrow winding streets and irregular shaped house plots also indicate the absence of town planning. Ur did not have street drains like Mohenjodaro. and street drains were absent at Ur.
• Instead of drains clay pipes were found in the inner courtyards of houses.
• House roofs sloped inwards and rainwater was channelled via the drain pipes in to sumps in the inner courtyards.
• People had swept their house hold refuse in to the streets. This made street level rise, and overtime the thresholds of houses had to be raised. So that no mud would flow inside after rains.
• Light came into the rooms not from windows but from doorways opening in to courtyards.
• A raised threshold brought wealth;
• A front door that did not open towards another house was lucky;
• If the main door of a house open outwards, the wife would be a torment to her husband
• The graves of royalty and commoners have been found there. Very few individuals were found buried under the floors of ordinary houses.
• A Trading Town in a Pastoral Zone (Life in the city of Mari)
• After 2000 BCE the royal city of Mari flourished.
• Mari was located on the upstream of Euphrates.
• Mari had both farmers and pastrolists in its communities.
• Agriculture and animal rearing were carried out in this region.
• Most of the region was used for pasturing sheep and goats.
• Both herders and farmers had a contradictory relationship. Herders exchanged animals, cheese, leather and meat in return for, metal tools etc. with the farmers.
• On the other hand, they also had conflict. A shepherd might take his large group of animals to water across a sown field that resulting in ruining of the crop.
• Herdsmen could raid villages and seize their stored goods. Settled groups might deny pastoralists access to river and canal water in some places.
• Nomadic groups of the western desert filtered into the prosperous agricultural land.
• Such groups would come as herders, harvest labourers or hired soldiers and settled down
• These included the Akkadians, Amorites, Assyrians and Armaneans.
• The kings of Mari were Amorites and raised a temple at Mari for Dagan, god of steppe.
• Mesopotamian society and culture were open to different cultures.

Mari as an important Trade Centre

• Mari is a good example of an urban centre prospering on trade.
• Wood, copper, wine, tin, oil, etc. were carried in boats along the Euphrates between the south and Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.
• Boats carrying grinding stones, wood, and wine and oil jars, would stop at Mari on their way to southern cities.
• Officers of this town would go abroad, inspect the cargo and levy a charge of about one-tenth the value of the goods.

Thus, although the kingdom of Mari was not militarily strong but it was exceptionally prosperous.

• Cities in Mesopotamian culture
• Mesopotamians valued city life . Many communities and cultures lived side by side. After cities were destroyed in war, they recalled them in poetry.
• The Epic of Gilgamesh remind us the pride of the Mesopotamians who took in their cities which was written in 12 tablets.
• Gilgamesh was the ruler of Uruk and a great hero who brought people fro far and wide under his control.
• He got a shock when his heroic friend died . He then set out to find the secret of immortality.
• After a heroic attempt, Gilgamesh failed, and returned to Uruk and started admiring the foundations of the city and took comfort in the city that his people had built.
• Traditions in Mesopotamia
• Family Traditions in Mesopotamia legal text shows that In Mesopotamian society, the nuclear family system was the norm.
• The father was the head of the family
• We know little about the procedures of marriage
• A declaration was made about the willingness to marry by the bride’s parents.
• when the wedding took place gifts were exchanged by both parties who ate together and made offerings in a temple.
• The bride was given her share of the inheritance by her father.
• The father’s house, herds, fields etc. were inherited by the sons.
• The Development of Writing
• Writing is a form of verbal communication in which spoken sounds are represented in visible signs.
• The first Mesopotamian tablets which were written around 3200 BCE contained picture like signs and numbers.
• These were list of goods of about 5000 oxen, fish, bread loaves, etc, which were brought into or distributed from temples of Uruk, a city in the South.
• This shows that writing began when society needed to keep records of transactions. Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay.
• A tablet is a flat slab of stone, clay, or wood used especially for inscription.
• A scribe (a person who made copies of manuscripts) would wet the clay and make it into a size he could hold in one hand easily and carefully smoothen its surfaces.
• Then, he would press wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on to the smoothened surface while it was still moist.
• These tablets would be dried in Sun, which would make them hard and indestructible. They were thrown away after a written record became irrelevant.
• Every minor transaction was made on a new tablet and due to this, hundreds of tablets were found in Mesopotamian sites which helped in knowing more about Mesopotamia than India.

The System of Writing

• The cuneiform sign was represented as syllables (like-put, or -la-, or -in-) and not like consonant or vowel (like b or a in English).
• Thus, it made writing a skilled craft because scribe had to learn hundreds of signs and later, he had to handle a wet tablet and get it written before it dried.
• It was also a huge intellectual achievement to convey the system of sounds of a particular language in visual form.
• There were hundreds of signs to learn in Mesopotamia but most of them were complex. Due to this reason, very few Mesopotamians could read and write.
• If a king could read, he made sure that it was recorded in one of his boastful inscriptions.
• The Uses of Writing

By 2600 BCE, letters became cuneiform and the language was Sumerian. The connection between city life, trade, and writing is brought out in a long Sumerian epic poem about Enmerkar, one of the earliest rulers of Uruk. In Mesopotamian tradition, Uruk was the city of excellence, sometimes simply known as The City. The uses of writing were:

1.keeping records

2.making dictionaries

3.giving legal validity to land transfers

4.narrating the deeds of kings

5.announcing the changes a king had made in the customary laws of the land

6. Storing information and of sending messages.

Writing was also seen as a sign of superiority of Mesopotamian urban culture.

• The Legacy of Writing

One of the greatest legacies of Mesopotamia to the world is an estimation of time and mathematics. Tablets from around 1800 BCE had multiplication, division tables, square and square-root tables and tables of compound interest.

• The division of the year into 12 months.
• The division of month into four weeks
• The division of day into 24 hours,
• The division of the hour into 60 minutes.

Students had to learn and solve problems on area and volume. Time divisions which we follow now came from Mesopotamians. They were adopted by the successors of Alexander and then transmitted to the Roman world, then to the world of Islam and then to medieval Europe.

• Solar and lunar eclipses were observed and recorded.
• There were schools where students read and copied earlier written tablets

Thus, without writing and urban institutions like schools (where students read and copied earlier written tablets and were trained to become intellectuals), the important and great Mesopotamian achievements would have not been possible.

Class 11 history chapter 2 writing and city life : Timeline

Class 11 history chapter 2 writing and city life: summary.

• Mesopotamia is derived from two Greek words mesos meaning middle and Potamas meaning river Mesopotamia means land between two rivers-Euphrates and Tigris. Today it is part of the Republic of Iraq.
• North-east lie green undulating plains, gradually rising to tree-covered mountain ranges with clean streams and wildflowers, with enough rainfall to grow crops. Here, Agriculture began between 7000 and 6000 BCE.
• Food resources were abundant in Mesopotamia but it lacked mineral resources. most part of south lacked stones used for making tools, seals and jewels.
• The earliest cities emerged from the settlements that began to develop in Southern Mesopotamia from 5000 BCE
• Role of Kings in Construction and Maintenance of Temples in Mesopotamia
• Archaeological evidence at Uruk, one of the earliest temple towns show that around 3000 BCE, it grew to a huge extent of 250 hectares which was twice as large as Mohenjo-Daro site.
• Ur was one of the earliest cities that was systematically excavated in the 1930s .
• Narrow twisted streets indicate the wheeled carts could not have reached many of the houses. Sacks of grain and firewood would have reached on donkey back.
• In Mesopotamian society, the nuclear family system was the norm.
• The father was the head of the family.
• By 2600 BCE, letters became cuneiform and the language was Sumerian. The uses of writing were:
• keeping records, making dictionaries, giving legal validity to land transfers, narrating the deeds of kings, announcing the changes a king had made in the customary laws of the land, Storing information and of sending messages.
• One of the greatest legacies of Mesopotamia to the world is an estimation of time and mathematics.

Class 11 history chapter 2 writing and city life: Points to be remember

• Mesopotamia: It is derived from the Greek words mesos, meaning middle, and potamos meaning river.
• Tablet: A flat piece of stone, clay or wood that has writing on it.
• Division of Labour: A system where no one remains self-dependent. In fact, the people depend upon each other for their needs.
• Cuneiform: Derived from the Latin words ‘cuneus’ meaning ‘wedge. Wedge shaped symbols represent the syllables and sound of a word.
• Steles: These are stone slabs with inscriptions or carvings.
• Nuclear Family: Composite family including husband, wife and their children.
• Sump: It is a covered basin in the ground into which water and sewage flow.

NCERT Notes for Class 11 History

Class 11 history chapter 2 writing and city life: faqs.

Ques. What is writing and city life?

Ans. Cities were developed around the temple and were important centres of long-distance trade. Archaeological evidence remains of old settlements, and huge written material has been used to reconstruct the history of people who lived here. We will study the role of pastoral people, settled agriculture and writing in development of cities. Important developments like settled communities, use of metals and increase in trade and commerce with other people from distant lands.

Ques. What is history in class 11?

Ans. History is an important discipline that entails the study of historical events. It also contain important dates to memorize different crucial past events. So, it is necessary to prepare from appropriate textbook.

Ques. What do you understand by the Mesopotamia?

Ans. Mesopotamia is derived from two Greek words mesos meaning middle and Potamas meaning river Mesopotamia means land between two rivers-Euphrates and Tigris. Today it is part of the Republic of Iraq.

Ques. What was the position of literacy in Mesopotamia civilisation?

Ans. There were hundreds of signs to learn in Mesopotamia but most of them were complex. Due to this reason, very few Mesopotamians could read and write. If a king could read, he made sure that it was recorded in one of his boastful inscriptions.

Ques. Which factors suggest that ur was an unplanned city?

Ans. Ur was one of the earliest cities that was systematically excavated in the 1930s. Narrow twisted streets indicate the wheeled carts could not have reached many of the houses. Sacks of grain and firewood would have reached on donkey back. The narrow winding streets and irregular shaped house plots also indicate the absence of town planning. Ur did not have street drains like Mohenjodaro. and street drains were absent at Ur.

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CBSE Class 11 History – Writing and City Life Revision Notes

Cbse revision notes for class 11 history chapter 2 – writing and city life – free pdf download.

CBSE Revision Notes of History Class 11 Chapter 2 have been carefully formulated by subject experts who are adept with years of experience and Thinking. Students can easily access the latest Class 11 History Chapter 2 Notes from CoolGyan.Org and strengthen their understanding of History Class 11 Chapter 2 Writing and City Life.

CBSE Class 11 History Revision Notes for Writing and City Life of Chapter 2

SNIPPETS FROM THE CHAPTER I. Ancient Mesopotamia  Geography: 

• City life began in Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia is derived from the Greek words ‘mesos’, meaning middle, and ‘potamos’, meaning river.)
• It is a flat land between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers that is now part of the Republic of Iraq.
• In the north, there is a stretch of upland called a steppe, where animal herding offers people a better livelihood than agriculture
• Agriculture began between 7000 and 6000 BCE.
• Soil was very fertile here but agriculture was threatened because of natural causes.
• Ur, Lagash, Kish, Uruk and Mari were some of its important cities.
• The excavation work started 150 years ago.

Urbanisation

• Mesopotamian civilization was based on definite plan.  
• Cities and towns are develop when an economy develops in spheres other than food production that it becomes an advantage for people to cluster in towns.
• Urban economies comprise besides food production, trade, manufactures and services.
•  There is social organisation in place
• Helpful for the city manufacturers.
• The division of labour is a mark of urban life.

Movement of Goods into cities

II. Mesopotamian & Writing  Modern Writing 1. Mesopotamian Writing:

• The first Mesopotamian tablets, written around 3200 BCE, contained picture-like signs and numbers.
• Writing began when society needed to keep records of transactions – because in city life transactions occurred at different times, and involved many people and a variety of goods
• Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay.

2. Modern Writing: The greatest legacy of Mesopotamia to the world is its scholarly tradition of time reckoning and mathematics, calender. III. Political Factors

• From about 1100 BCE, when the Assyrians established their kingdom in the north, the region became known as Assyria. The first known language of the land was Sumerian.
• Writing was used not only for keeping records, but also for making dictionaries, giving legal validity to land transfers, narrating the deeds of kings, and announcing the changes a king had made in the customary laws of the land.
• It can be inferred that in Mesopotamian understanding it was kingship that organised trade and writing.

Religious Factors

• Early settlers (their origins are unknown) began to build and rebuild temples at selected spots in their villages. The earliest known temple was a small shrine made of unbaked bricks. Temples were the residences of various gods.
• Temples were centres of religious activities. They were dedicated to different gods and goddess.

• A ruling elite had emerged
• Had a major share of wealth
• Followed nuclear family system and  patriarchal system
• Condition of women
• System of marriages

2. Ur  – was a town, one of the earliest cities. It is often compared with Mohenjodaro 3.In Mesopotamian tradition, Uruk was the city par excellence, often known simply as The City. V. Economic Factors

• Record of transaction
• Writing began in Mesopotamia in 3200 BCE.
• Writing became as a records of transactions
• 2600 BCE the letters became cuneiform and language was Sumerian

VI. Cultural Factors 1. System of Writing:

• Writing was skilled craft
• It conveyed in visual form of system of sounds of a particular language

2. Literacy:

• Writing reflected the mode of speaking
• King and very few could read
• Official letter from a king could be read

3. Uses of Writing:

• Connections between city life trade and writing is brought out.
• It has brought out in a long Sumerian epic poem about Enmerkar (king)
• Kingship was able to organise trade and writing

4. Inter Mixture culture:

• Mesopotamian society and culture were open to different people and cultures.
• Thus the vitality of the civilisation was of course – an intermixture culture

Cuneiform Script 1. Meaning: It is a script of Mesopotamia. The word ‘Cuneiform’ is derived from the Latin words cuneus, meaning ‘wedge’ and forma, meaning ‘shape’. Cuneiform letters were wedge shaped, hence, like nails. 2. Uses: By 2600 BCE or so, the letters became cuneiform, and the language was Sumerian. Cuneiform writing in the Akkadian language continued in use until the first century CE, that is, for more than 2,000 years. VII. Sources i. Tables (Written around 32000 BCE) ii. Bible (Old Testament) iii. British Museum iv. Texts VIII. Greatest Legacy of Writing 1. Scholarly tradition of time reckoning A. Calendar

• Division of years
• Division of Months
• Division of Weeks
• Division of Days
• Division of Hours
• Division of Minutes
• Division of Seconds

B. Recorder of Modern world Phenomenon past C. Literature: Gilgamesh, which was written on twelve tablets, was the famous epic of Mesopotamia.  It was the work of Uruk who was the ruler of Mesopotamia in 2700 BCE. 2. Mathematical contribution

• Tables with multiplication and division
• Square route tables
• Tables of compound interest
• Problem regarding
• A field of area
• Volume of water

IX. Timeline  – refer to the text book Page No.48 X. Key Words :  Mesopotamia, Cuneiform, Syllable, Steles, Nuclear Family.

Notice Writing Class 11 Format, Examples, Topics, Exercises

A Notice gives the reader some information regarding an important event that is about to happen or that has happened. It is usually displayed publicly. It is a formal piece of writing and involves a specific style.

Looking for an easy way to learn English Grammar? then you are in right place. Here we providing basic  English Grammar topics like Tenses Verbs, Nouns, etc… below given some of the Notice Writing Class 11 Examples.

A notice is a written or printed information that can be in the form of an official statement of public importance or a warning in advance. Since a notice is primarily meant to inform a large number of people, it must be clear and brief. It is a very important form of written communication used by individuals and organisations to convey information about functions, events and occasions.

The main purposes of writing a notice are to

• provide information regarding an important event that is about to happen or has happened.
• publicly display information either in the newspapers or on specific display boards for others to know and follow.
• announce births or deaths.
• announce occasions like inaugurations or sales.
• make appeals or extend invitations.

Types Of Notice Different types of notice are as given below

• Notice for meeting
• Notice for events like competition/celebration/annual sports event/cultural festival/winter carnival etc
• Notice for lost or found
• Notice for tours/fairs/exhibitions/campaigns/seminars/workshops/debates/group talk etc
• Notice for appeal/warning/guideline/message in public interest
• Notice for change of name/residence/company/bank account/timings etc

Points To Be Kept In Mind

• Write the name of the organisation/institution/office issuing the notice.
• The word ‘NOTICE’ is always written under the name of the organisation/institution/office.
• Date of issuing notice is written on the left hand side.
• Heading/subject should be eye-catching, brief and precise.
• The content must include complete information. It must include the 7 W’s of writing (who, what, where, why, when, in what way and for whom).
• The purpose of the notice should be very clear.
• The name and designation of the issuing authority should be mentioned.
• The language used must be lucid and must be written in the third person i.e. pronouns like I, you, me, mine, your, our etc should not be used.
• Choice of tense will depend on the nature of the notice e.g. in a notice announcing an event, future time reference will be used more than any other tense forms.
• The notice should be presented within a box.

Notice Writing Format

Types Of Notice

TYPE 1 Notice for Meeting

Details/Value Points The points given below are required while writing a notice for a meeting,

• Who has called the meeting
• Agenda/purpose of the meeting
• Date/time/venue of the meeting
• Who is to attend the meeting
• Number of persons/departments included
• Specific instructions for the persons called for the meeting
• Signatory with name and designation
• In case of further details, contact person with designation

Notice Writing with Question and Answer for Class 11 CBSE

Question 1. Write a notice for a meeting of security employees with the Director of their agency to discuss security hazards and arrive at a specific resolution. Give the agenda of the meeting in the notice. Answer:

Tiger Security Providers, Gurgaon Notice

19th February, 20XX

Meeting of Security Employees

All the security guards and supervisors appointed by Tiger Security Providers, Gurgaon are required to attend a meeting to be held in the Director’s office at 9 AM on Friday, 23rd February, 20XX.

The agenda of the meeting is

• Minutes of last meeting for discussion and approval
• Security hazards
• Suggestions for better safety
• How to overcome complications

For further details, please contact the undersigned.

Rajendra Pal (Secretary)

Question 2. You are Rohan/Roma, the Students’ Representative of the School Development Committee. Next week, the Committee is meeting to prepare a Calendar of Activities for academic year 20XX-20XY. Write a notice, to be put up on your school notice board, inviting students’ suggestions on the subject. Answer:

Suncity World School, Gurgaon Notice

21st January, 20XX

Annual Development Committee Meeting – Suggestions Invited

All the students are hereby informed that the School Development Committee is going to meet on 31st January, 20XX to prepare a Calendar of Activities for the coming session.

All those students who have creative suggestions can meet the undersigned and discuss their ideas. The undersigned will meet such students on 25th January, 20XX in the Student Activity Hall in the zero period. Constructive ideas will be welcomed.

For further details contact the undersigned.

Rohan (Students’ Representative)

Example Of Notice Writing Class 11 CBSE

1. On the occasion of National Science and Technology Day, the school has decided to organise a Science Fair. Kulwant, the Secretary of the Science Society, wants to call a meeting of the office-bearers of the society to discuss the arrangements for the fair. Write a suitable notice.

2. You are Abhik, the Head Boy of Kanya International School, Bareilly. Draft a notice for the school notice board, informing the Students’ Council members about a meeting with the Principal and Discipline Committee of the school. Provide the necessary details.

3. Your school is celebrating its Silver Jubilee. As the Head Boy/Head Girl of your school, you are organising a meeting Of the Students’ Council to discuss how to celebrate it. Write a notice informing the students about this meeting, giving necessary details and the meeting’s agenda.

4. You are Rajan, Secretary of the RWA, Sunlight Housing Society. Your RWA will hold a function to celebrate Independence Day. Write a notice, inviting all RWA members for attending a meeting to decide how the day should be celebrated. Provide all necessary details.

5. You are Sandeep/Sakshi, the Cultural Secretary of Bharat Senior Secondary School, Bhopal. The school has decided to stage a cultural festival next month. The Principal has asked you to convene a meeting of the class representatives with him to decide the details. Draft a notice accordingly.

TYPE 2 Notice for Events ( Competition/Celebration/ ’ Annual Sports Event/Cultural Festival )

Details/Value Points The points given below are required while writing a notice for events.

• Who is organising the event
• Objective/purpose/occasion
• Date/time/duration/ venue of the event
• Who can participate/essential qualifications/eligibility conditions
• Last date for registering names/depositing the amount etc
• Specific instructions (if any)
• Contact person with designation

Notice Writing Class 11 Topper Answer Sheet CBSE Pdf

1. Write a notice for the ‘10th All India Poster Making Competition’ to be held in your school on 18th November, 20XX. Provide the other essential details. Answer:

Ggs Public School, Delhi Notice

1st November, 20XX

Poster Making Competition

All the students from class IV to XII are hereby informed that the school is organising the ’10th All India Poster Making Competition’ on 18th November, 20XX in the school ground from 9 AM to 12 Noon. It is a golden opportunity for budding artists to show their talent.

Junior Category (Class IV to VIII) Topic – Child Labour Senior Category (Class IX to XII) Topic – National Integration

Interested students can register themselves with the undersigned latest by 10th November, 20XX. For further details, contact the undersigned.

Samakshi (Secretary, Art Club)

Question 2. You are the Secretary of the Music Club of your school. Your school is organising its ‘5th Inter-School Music Carnival’ for the students of class VI-XII. Write a notice inviting those interested to appear for an audition in the presence of renowned singer Rehmat Ali Khan. Provide the other necessary details. Answer:

Model School, New Delhi Notice

6th November, 20XX

5th Inter-School Music Carnival

This is to inform that the school is hosting its 5th Inter-School Music Carnival for class VI-XII on 10th December, 20XX, at 9 AM in the Siri Fort Auditorium. All interested students may appear for the auditions to be conducted in the presence of Mr Rehmat Ali Khan, the well-known singer, on 15th November, 20XX at 10 AM in the school auditorium.

For further details, contact the undersigned.

Geetanjali Taneja (Secretary, Music Club)

Notice Writing Class 11 CBSE Examples

1. You are Ravi/Reeta, the Cultural Secretary of ABC High School, Mysore. You have been asked to inform students of class IX to XII about an Inter-School Dramatics Competition. Draft a notice for the students’ notice board with all necessary details.

2. The Residents’ Welfare Association, Green Park, Indore, is organising a ‘Holi Utsav’ in the locality. As the President of the association, draft a notice informing the residents about the same. Provide the other essential details.

3. You are the Cultural Secretary of your school. Write a notice inviting the names of students who want to participate in the variety programme that you are planning in aid of an old age home in your city. Items may be in the form of solo and group singing, mono-acting, dance performance, playing instrumental music etc.

4. There is going to be an inter-Class Debate of the students of class DC to XU on the topic ‘Tobacco companies should not sponsor sports events’. As the Cultural Secretary, draft a notice providing all relevant details.

5. Write a notice for the school notice board, informing the students about the visit of the Chief Minister to your school on 20th ovember, 20XX. Write the notice asking the students to maintain punctuality, cleanliness and discipline.

TYPE 3 Notice for Lost or Found

Details/Value Points

• The points given below are required while writing a notice for lost or found.
• Name of the object lost or found
• Date, time, day when you lost or found it
• Place where you lost or found it
• Brief description/identification marks (colour, size, make, contents, model etc)
• Whom to contact, when and where
• A suitable gift/reward for the person who returns that article/ object
• Contact person and designation/class/address/phone number

Notice Writing Questions With Answers Class 11 CBSE

Questoin 1. On an outing with your friends you forgot your school bag in the Cafe Coffee Time Lounge of the famous DT Mall, Shalimar Bagh. The moment you realised it, you rushed back only to find it gone. Draft a notice to be put on the notice board of the mall. Answer:

Dt Mall, Shalimar Bagh Notice

3rd January, 20XX I

School Bag Lost

All are hereby informed that a school bag was lost today at around 3 PM in the Cafe Coffee Time Lounge. It is a black coloured Adidas school bag. It contains class XII English and Physics NCERT textbooks, stationery pouch, school diary of St Marks High School and a register. Anybody who finds it is requested to inform the undersigned on phone or leave it with the Manager of Cafe Coffee Time Lounge. The person returning it to me ! will be handsomely rewarded.

Sanjana Kaur

Question 2. You are Jatin Raheja of class XI-A. You found a purse in the school library. Write a notice for the notice board of your school asking its rightful owner to furnish necessary details to claim it back from you. Answer:

St Agnes School, Ludhiana Notice

3rd August, 20XX

Purse Found in School Library

All are hereby informed that a purse was found on the floor of the school library on 2nd August, 20XX at 2 PM. It is a black coloured purse with some cash and a small calendar. There were also some little bits of paper inside with some notes written on them. The genuine owner of the purse can claim it from the undersigned after giving necessary particulars about the purse contents.

Jatin Raheja (XI-A)

Notice Writing Questions For Class 11 CBSE

1. You are Paritosh Mohanty, the Head Boy of St Mark’s High School, Mussoorie. Draft a notice regarding a sports kit bag found on the school playground. Provide all the necessary details.

2. You are Ashok Kamath and your pet dog, answering to the name ‘Bruno’ has run away from home yesterday. Write a notice to be put up at prominent points in your locality, giving details of the dog and offering a suitable reward to the finder.

3. You are Subhash/Suniti. You have lost your History textbook somewhere in the school premises. Put up a notice giving a description of the book and requesting the finder to return it to you.

4. You are Sub-inspector Surendra Singh, incharge of the Surjepur police station. A 7-year-old girl has been reported missing. With the information you received from the parents about the physical appearance of the girl, write a notice to be put up at all prominent places within your jurisdiction.

5. A little boy of five years has been missing for the last seven days from Sonia Vihar RWA, Jaipur. As the President, RWA, write a notice to be put up in the RWA office giving necessary details and offering a suitable ward to the finder.

TYPE 4 Notice for ( Tours/Fairs/Exhibitions/Campaigns/ Seminars/Workshops/Debates/Group Talk )

The points given below are required while writing a notice for tours, fairs, exhibitions, campaigns, seminars, workshops, debates, group talk etc.

• Name and nature of the event
• Obj ective/purpose/occasion
• Subject of the programme/seminar/debate/workshop etc
• Who can participate/attend
• Expenditure/entry fee etc
• Specific instructions

Notice Writing Topics With Answers Class 11 CBSE

Question 1. You are Rishabh Malhotra, Head Boy, Columbus Public School, New Delhi. Write a notice for the school notice board inviting names for a trip to Mumbai and Goa, giving detailed information to the students. Answer:

Columbus Public School, New Delhi Notice

13th October, 20XX

Trip to Mumbai and Goa

The school is organising a trip to Mumbai and Goa during the winter vacations. It will be a 12-day trip in which only students of class IX to XII are allowed to join.

Duration : The details of the trip are mode of travel : 24th December to 3rd January Rajdhani Express/Sampark Kranti Express Accommodation : 4 Star Hotel Total cost : ₹ 20,999 per person (Includes taxes and expenses)

Interested students should register their names along with the total cost in cash or a demand draft drawn in favour of the school and a no-objection note duly signed by their parents to the undersigned latest by 20th October, 20XX. Late entries will not be entertained.

Rishabh Malhotra (Head Boy)

Question 2. You are the Secretary of the Science Club of your school. Write a notice for your school notice board encouraging the science students of class XI and XII to participate in the Inter School Science Exhibition to be held next week in a neighbouring school. Answer:

Rishabh International School, New Delhi Notice

9th July, 20XX

Science Exhibition

The Science Club invites the names of bright and enterprising science students of class XI and XII for participating in the Inter School Science Exhibition. The exhibition will be held in Hall no 5 and 6 in Pragati Maidan, (near Gate no 7) from 20th-25th July, 20XX. The timings of the exhibition will be 10 AM to 5 PM. Only those projects which are selected by the club will be eligible to participate. Give your names with your project details and models to the undersigned by 15th July, 20XX. For further details contact the undersigned.

Vanshaj Kumar (Secretary, Science Club)

Sample Question for Notice Writing for Class 11 CBSE

1. The event management company, Hiking Expeditions, is organising an Adventure Trip to Chakrata in the summer vacations for interested students of class XI and XII. As the President of the Excursions Committee, write a notice informing students about the trip and inviting them to join.

2. The Residents’ Welfare Association, New Friends Colony, Kolkata, is organising a Puja Bazaar in the locality. As the President of the association, draft a notice informing the residents about the same. Give other essential details about the Bazaar.

3. You are Sameer Kapur, the Secretary of the Science Club of your school. Write a notice informing the students about the CV Raman National Science Exhibition to be held next month, requesting them to participate in it enthusiastically. Inform them that outsiders, too, are welcome to visit this exhibition.

4. The Hindustan Times Pace Programme is planning to hold fun-filled workshops on candle making and clay modelling for all students of class IX to XII on Children’s Day in the school. As Jagdish, Head Boy, write a notice informing students about it, by providing the necessary details.

5. The Marketing Manager of a cold drinks company has invited your school for a tour of their local manufacturing and bottling plant. Each of the young visitors will be given a free drink of their choice. As the Head Boy/Head Girl of your school, write a notice informing the students about the programme. Include the date for the day trip and any other details you think necessary.

TYPE 5 Notice for Appeal/Warning/Guidelines/Message in Public Intrest

Details/Value Points The points given below are required while writing a notice for appeal, warning, guideline or message in the public interest.

• Whom to appeal/warn
• Target audience
• Objective/purpose
• Name of the person issuing the notice
• Date/time/place/venue (where applicable)
• Wording of appeal/slogan
• Consequences
• Punitive action – fine etc (if required)
• Specific/important instructions
• Contact person and designation

Notice Writing Questions with Answers Class 11 CBSE

Question 1. You are Smitha/Sunil, Secretary, AVM Housing Society. You are going to collect charity for the people affected by the recent floods. Draft a notice appealing for donations of relief products like clothes, money, grains etc. Answer:

15th September, 20XX

Appeal for Donations

This is to inform all residents of the society that the society committee members have agreed to organise a Donation Drive in aid of flood affected people. The collections for the Donation Drive will take place on 20th September, 20XX in the Society Ground from 10 AM to 7 PM. One can donate clothes, money (cash), grains and other articles. By doing this, one can show his/her humanitarian nature. All the donated items must be properly packed. The donations will be sent to the Prime Minister for further action. The members of the society are urged to donate in large numbers for this noble cause.

Smitha (Secretary)

Question 2. Suppose you are the Director, Indian Institute of Languages. Write a suitable admission notice mentioning details like eligibility, facilities available etc to be put up in all schools of the city. Answer:

Indian Institute Of Languages, New Delhi Notice

12th February, 20XX

Admissions Notice

Admissions for one year diploma course and six months certificate course are open in European languages (namely French, German, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese). The courses start on 1st March, 20XX. The fees for the diploma course will be INR 60,000 and for the certificate course will be INR 30,000. Students will be taught with the latest and sophisticated video-aids and tape-recorded lessons in a language laboratory. Foreign as well as Indian teachers are available. We have a fully air-conditioned campus. Students with 50% marks in class XII can apply. For further details contact the undersigned.

Rajesh Tandon (Director)

Sample Questions of Notice Writing for Class 11 CBSE

1. Ram Paswan is the Head Boy of Bhavan Vidyalaya, Ambala. He and some other students of the school are touched by the plight of poor and the destitute in state-run homes, and wish to make a difference in their lives by lessening their sufferings. They decide to raise funds for this purpose. Write a notice making an appeal for generous donations.

2. You are the Head Warden of a Boys’ Hostel. You have noticed that the boys often report late for the roll-call at night and have a tendency to damage the hostel property. Write a notice informing the hostel inmates that they should refrain from doing so or else they will be penalised.

3. As the President of the Residents’ Welfare Association, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, draft a notice to be displayed on the society notice board, requesting the residents to donate generously for the flood-hit victims in Bihar. They can donate in kind or cash. Give the necessary details.

4. You are the Secretary of Aastha Housing Society Welfare Association. Write a notice to be circulated to all the residents, informing them that there will be no water supply to your society on 24th and 25th August due to maintenance work in the underground storage tank.

5. As the President of the Students’ Council of your school, write a notice asking the students of your school to donate old clothes, books and bags for the Anubhav Shiksha Kendra, a school for the underprivileged being run on your school premises.

TYPE 6 Notice for Change of Name ( Residence/Company/ Bank Account/Timings )

Details/Value Points The points given below are required while writing a notice for change of name, residence, company, bank account or timings.

• Drawing attention
• Who are being informed about the change
• Existing/current and new (changed to)
• Reason for change
• Contact details

Notice Writing Questions and Answers for Class 11 CBSE

Question 1. You have changed your residential address from House no 183, Bank Street, Karol Bagh, New Delhi to House no 13B, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi. Draft a notice to be published in the local newspaper informing people about the same. You are Paanchi Khatri. Answer:

17th March, 20XX

Change of Address

This is to inform all concerned that I, Paanchi Khatri, daughter of Mr SK Khatri, have changed my residence from House no 183, Bank Street, Karol Bagh, New Delhi to House no 13B, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi – 110008, due to unavoidable, circumstances. All bakery customers can reach me at my new address for any order regarding home made bakery items.

Paanchi Khatri 989724XXXX

Question 2. Imagine you are the Librarian of a public library. The following decisions have been taken regarding its running.

• The library will remain open on Sundays and will be closed on Mondays.
• The working hours will now be from 9AM to 6 PM instead of 9 AM to 5 PM.
• The period for which the books can be borrowed has been reduced from three weeks to two weeks.

Write a notice informing the members and the general public about these decisions. Answer:

Deen Dayal Public Library Notice

17th October, 20XX

Operational Changes

This is to inform all the esteemed members and the general public that w.e.f. 25th October, 20XX, the library will remain open on Sundays. Henceforth, Monday will be the weekly closed day. The working hours have also been increased by one hour. Now the library will open at 9AM and close at 6PM. Books will be issued for a period of two weeks instead of three weeks.

Your cooperation is solicited. Shreeniwas Pathak (Librarian)

Notice Writing Class 11 Sample Questions

1. You have changed your name from Vineeta Jain to Vineeta Gupta after marriage. Draft a suitable notice, informing all concerned about the same, to be published in a local newspaper.

2. You are the Secretary of RWA, Kalindi Housing Society. The society has changed its banker to State Bank of India. Write a notice, to be put up on the RWA office notice board, informing all members about the change by giving the changed account number, branch name etc asking them to deposit all society dues in the new bank account.’

3. You are the Proprietor of Sunbeam Packers and Movers. Your company landline telephone numbers have changed because of the commissioning of a new telephone exchange in your area. Write a notice, to be published in the local newspaper, informing all customers and others about the new numbers.

4. You are Praveen Shenoy, formerly the Sales Manager of Karan Biscuits Pvt Ltd. You have joined a new company. Draft a notice about the change, to be inserted in a local newspaper, giving details of who your former customers should contact (to deal with) in your former company.

5. You are the Company Secretary of Tolani Constructions Ltd. Your company has changed its registered address. Write a notice to be published in the local newspaper informing all about the new address.

Self Assessment Notice Writing Questions

(Here we have covered all types of notices) 1. On account of heavy fog and chilly winters, your Principal has decided to extend the winter vacations by a week. As the Head Boy/Head Girl, draft a notice informing students of the same.

2. You are the Secretary of Janta Society Welfare Association, Kalindi. Write a notice to be circulated to the members of the association, requesting them to attend a meeting to discuss the parking of vehicles of the residents.

3. As the Head Boy/Head Girl of your school, you are organising a Career Counselling Session for XI and XII standard students of your school. Write a notice giving details of it to be displayed on your school notice board.

4. You have lost your wrist watch in your school. Give details of the watch and the probable time of the day you lost it. Your description should be fit for the ‘Lost and Found’ notice board of your school.

5. You are Rajan/Rajani, residing at 30A, Munirka, New Delhi. Your friend has to undergo an operation for which he needs ? two lakhs. Some generous people have donated some money but it is not sufficient. Draft an appeal/notice which will be published in the local daily to arrange funds for the operation.

6. On behalf of the Principal of the ‘School for Achievers’, Kamal, write a notice announcing the admission of orphan and destitute boys to the school. Give details like age of applicants, facilities available and the contact number.

7. The Image Club, Delhi, is organising a 15-day course in photography during the summer holidays for students of class XI. Write a notice informing students of your school and asking them to enrol. The charges are ? 3000 per head. Students should have their own cameras. You are the Head Boy/Head Girl.

8. You are the Editor of your school magazine. Draft a notice for your school notice board inviting articles, poems, stories, sketches etc from the students for your school magazine. Sign as Sarita of Sargana Senior Secondary School, Hyderabad.

9. You are Abhinav/Anupama, Secretary of Anand Apartments Association, No 16, Luz Church Road, Chennai-600004. Draft a notice to be sent to all the members of your association to attend an extraordinary meeting of the governing body to discuss the programme for the New Year’s Eve Celebration.

10. You are the Sports Captain of Green Public School, Ludhiana. Write a notice to be put up on the school notice board informing the students about the Inter-School Basketball Tournament. Gite all necessary details of the tournament to be played.

11. You are Karan Taneja, Secretary of RWA, Karnal Residents Housing Society. Draft a notice informing all society members that the fifth instalment of payment towards the cost of flats is due next week.

12. You are Student’s Club Adviser of Kalpana Chawla Memorial School, Karnal. Write an election notice inviting nominations for the post of President, Secretary and Treasurer of the Student’s club: Give all necessary details.

13. You are Parivesh Mishra, Secretary of the Literary Club of your school. Draft a notice for your school notice board inviting students for a ‘Literature Quiz’ to be held in the school giving necessary details.

14. You are Saloni/Kareem, Secretary, Art Club of your school. Draft a notice, informing all students about the Shankar’s on-the-spot Painting Competition to be held at Pragati Maidan on Children’s Day, asking.them to participate. Give all necessary details.

15. You are Naseem Sharif, SHO of Karampur Police station. An abandoned laptop has been found in the locality which nobody is claiming. Draft a notice to be put up at prominent places within the locality giving its details, asking the owner to visit the Police Station to claim it.

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11+ English Proverbs for Class 9 Students Useful to Improve Writing and Communication

• Updated on  
• Jun 4, 2024

English Proverbs for Class 9 Students:  Someone has rightly said, “ The early bird catches the worm” which implies that being proactive and getting a head start on something often leads to success or an advantage. Additionally, all these short sayings are part of proverbs which help one deal with their daily life with the help of these sayings. Continue reading this blog post to learn all about English proverbs for Class 9 students and how they will be useful in improving their English vocabulary .

This Blog Includes:

Importance of english proverbs for class 9 students, 9+ popular english proverbs for class 9 students with meaning, honesty is the best policy, all work and no play makes jack a dull boy, look before you leap, the grass is always greener.

Learn all about Proverbs here!

English proverbs are valuable for Class 9 students in so many ways. Take a look at the following reasons why students should grasp proverbs and how it will benefit them in Grade 9:

• Language Enrichment: Proverbs often contain rich vocabulary and idiomatic expressions. Learning proverbs helps students expand their vocabulary and understand the nuances of the English language.
• Communication Skills: These are commonly used in everyday communication, both written and spoken. Understanding and using proverbs effectively can enhance students’ communication skills and make their language more expressive and impactful.
• Writing Enhancement: Incorporating these short sayings into writing can enhance the quality and impact of students’ compositions. 

Must Read: 100+ Common Proverbs with Meaning and Examples

As previously stated, knowing basic proverbs is essential for a Class 9 student because it will not only help them apply them in everyday life but also writing. We all know that proverbs are short sayings that teach us valuable lessons about life. Following are some of the most popular English proverbs for Class 9 pupils, along with their definitions. 

Also Read: English Proverbs For Class 7 That You Must Know

4 Interesting English Proverbs for Class 9 Students 

As previously said, proverbs are sayings that have been passed down through generations. They are more than just that; they provide people with life-saving guidance. If you desire to advance in life, we’ve got you covered. Here are some more English proverbs for Class 9 students to use in their daily lives and situations. 

It is a well-known proverb that means it is always better to be truthful and straightforward in one’s actions and communication. It encourages individuals to prioritise truthfulness and integrity in their actions and interactions, recognising the inherent value and benefits of honesty in both personal and professional life.

This proverb emphasizes the importance of balance in life. It serves as a reminder to prioritize balance in life, ensuring that work is complemented by leisure, recreation, and social activities for overall well-being and fulfilment. 

It is a cautionary proverb advising individuals to consider the consequences of their actions before acting impulsively. It serves as a reminder to approach decisions thoughtfully and deliberately, considering the potential risks and implications before taking action. 

Finally, this proverb suggests people often perceive others’ situations as better than their own. cautions against the tendency to idealize others’ situations while overlooking the complexities and nuances of one’s own. 

Also Read: 15+ English Proverbs for Class 8 Students to Improve Communication

Find more reads on Proverbs Below!

This was all about English proverbs for class 9 students. Hope you understand the concept and know how to proceed. You can also follow the Learn English page of Leverage Edu for more exciting and informative blogs related to grammar. 

Malvika Chawla

Malvika is a content writer cum news freak who comes with a strong background in Journalism and has worked with renowned news websites such as News 9 and The Financial Express to name a few. When not writing, she can be found bringing life to the canvasses by painting on them.

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Associates and baccalaureate programs at the University of North Georgia have as a requirement the satisfactory completion of 60 semester credit hours comprising the seven areas of the Core IMPACTS as outlined below. Individual degree programs may specify particular courses which must be taken within each area of the Core IMPACTS. Those requirements are shown in the plan of study for each major.

Students who complete the Core IMPACTS at a USG institution are guaranteed full credit in transfer if they do not change majors or program of study. Students successfully completing a course in one USG institution’s cCore IMPACTS will receive full credit in the Core IMPACTS for the course upon transfer to another USG institution as long as the following conditions are met: the course is within the hours limitations of either the sending institution or the receiving institution and the student does not change from a non-science major to a science major. Students switching from a non-math/science to a math/science track must meet the minimum essential skills of pre-calculus or calculus as appropriate. A student who changes his/her major may have to complete additional hours of course work beyond those required for completion of the program.

The Core IMPACTS are divided into seven basic areas. Please note that certain courses may appear in multiple areas in the Core IMPACTS, but courses must not be applied to more than one area (with the exception of mathematics courses that may be split between Mathematics and/or STEM and the Field of Study).

Equivalent Honors courses may be substituted (e.g., ENGL 1101H for ENGL 1101).

Core courses listed may have prerequisites or enrollment restrictions. Students should check the course descriptions for information on prerequisite and enrollment requirements before registering for any course.

Institutional Priority (Institution) - 7 hours

Orienting Question: How does my institution help me to navigate the world?

Learning Outcome(s): Students will demonstrate the ability to think critically and solve problems related to academic priorities at their institution. Students will analyze political, cultural, or socioeconomic interactions among people or oranizations of the world.

Career-Ready Competencies: Critical Thinking, Teamwork, Time Management

Modern Language - 3-4 hours

Select one:

• Any non-English Language course numbered 1001, 1002, 2001 or 2002

Global Courses - 3-4 hours

 Select 1-2 courses to complete a total of 7 hours in Institution

• ANTH 1102 - Introduction to Anthropology
• CGLO 1503 - Contemporary Global Topics
• COMM 1503 - Intercultural Communication
• DVRS 1503 - Studies in Diversity Issues
• ENGL 2111 - World Literature I
• ENGL 2112 - World Literature II
• ENGL 2160 - Multicultural American Literature
• ENST 2030 - Environmental Studies & Sustainability
• GEOG 1101 - Introduction to Human Geography
• GEOG 1102 - World Regional Geography
• HIST 1111 - World History I
• HIST 1112 - World History II
• HIST 2860 - History of World Religions
• INED 2902 - Special Topics in International Perspectives
• INED 2903 - Special Topics in International Perspectives
• PHIL 2200 - Ethics from a Global Perspective
• POLS 1153 - Global Citizenship
• POLS 2301 - Introduction to Comparative Politics
• POLS 2401 - Global Issues
• RELG 2860 - History of World Religions
• SOCI 1160 - Introduction to Social Problems

Mathematics & Quantitative Skills (Mathematics) - 3 hours

Orienting Question: How do I measure the world?

Learning Outcome(s): Students will apply mathematical and computational knowledge to interpret, evaluate, and communicate quantitative information using verbal, numerical, graphical, or symbolic forms.

Career-Ready Competencies: Information Literacy, Inquiry and Analysis, Problem-Solving

MATH 1111 is recommended for Business majors because this course is a prerequisite for other courses required in the Business curriculum.

MATH 1111 or higher required for Nursing majors.

MATH 1113 or MATH 1450 is required for Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics and Physics majors.

• MATH 1001 - Quantitative Skills and Reasoning
• MATH 1101 - Mathematical Models
• MATH 1111 - College Algebra
• MATH 1113 - Precalculus
• MATH 1450 - Calculus I *
• MATH 1501 - Calculus I *

* 1 hour can be counted in the Field of Study area or as an elective.

Political Science & U.S. History (Citizenship) - 3 hours

Orienting Question: How do I prepare for my responsibilities as an engaged citizen?

Learning Outcome(s): Students will demonstrate knowledge of the history of the United States, the history of Georgia, and the provisions and principles of the United States Constitution and the Constitution of Georgia.

Career-Ready Competencies: Critical Thinking, Intercultural Competence, Persuasion

• HIST 2111 - U.S. History I
• HIST 2112 - U.S. History II
• POLS 1101 - American Government

Arts, Humanities & Ethics (Humanities) - 6 hours

Orienting Question: How do I interpret the human experience through creative, linguistic, and philosophical works?

Learning Outcome(s): Students will effectively analyze and interpret the meaning, cultural significance, and ethical implications of literary/philosophical texts or of works in the visual/performing arts.

Career-Ready Competencies: Ethical Reasoning, Information Literacy, Intercultural Competence

Literature - 3 hours

NOTE: A “C” or better in ENGL 1102 is a prerequisite for all ENGL 21XX courses.

• Any 2001 or 2002 non-English Modern Language course
• ENGL 2115 - Gender and Literature
• ENGL 2121 - British Literature I
• ENGL 2122 - British Literature II
• ENGL 2131 - American Literature I
• ENGL 2132 - American Literature II
• ENGL 2143 - African American Literature
• ENGL 2145 - Native American Literature
• ENGL 2150 - Literature and Film
• ENGL 2165 - Survey of Latina/o U.S. Literature
• MDST 2150 - Literature and Film

Fine Arts or Philosophy - 3 hours

• ART 1100 - Art Appreciation
• ARTS 1100 - Art Appreciation
• ART 2510 - Introduction to Art History I
• ART 2520 - Introduction to Art History II
• COMM 1110 - Public Speaking
• COMM 2050 - Media, Culture, and Society
• MDST 1110 - Film Appreciation
• MUSC 1100 - Music Appreciation
• PHIL 2010 - Introduction to Philosophy
• THEA 1100 - Theatre Appreciation

Communicating in Writing (Writing) - 6 hours

Orienting Question: How do I write effectively in different contexts?

Learning Outcome(s): Students will communicate effectively in writing, demonstrating clear organization and structure, using appropriate grammar and writing conventions. Students will appropriately acknowledge the use of materials from original sources. Students will adapt their written communications to purpose and audience. Students will analyze and draw informed inferences from written texts.

Career-Ready Competencies: Critical Thinking, Information Literacy, Persuasion

• ENGL 1101 - English Composition I
• ENGL 1102 - English Composition II

Technology, Mathematics, & Sciences (STEM) - 11 hours

Orienting Question: How do I ask scientific questions or use data, mathematics, or technology to understand the universe?

Learning Outcome(s): Students will use the scientific method and laboratory procedures or mathematical and computational methods to analyze data, solve problems, and explain natural phenomena.

Career-Ready Competencies: Inquiry and Analysis, Problem-Solving, Teamwork

NOTE:  Some science courses have prerequisite requirements.  Students should consult their degree plans of study for recommendations regarding which science courses to select.

Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics, Physics, and Nursing majors:

Two course lab-based science sequence (see sequence pairings below) - 8 hours

Mathematics or Computer Science (not including DATA 1501) - 3 hours

NOTE:  If a student with a major in the listed categories elects to enroll in a calculus course (4 hours) 1 hour can be counted in the Field of Study or as an elective.

For all other majors:

Two lab-based science courses (not necessarily a sequence)  - 8 hours

Mathematics or Computer Science  - 3 hours

NOTE: If a student with a major in the above-listed category elects to enroll in a calculus course (4 hours) 1 hour can be counted as elective credit or as an elective.

Lab-based Science - 8 hours

Non-paired courses.

• BIOL 1012K - Introduction to Biology II (Non-science majors only)
• GEOL 1101K - Survey of Geology
• GEOG 1530K - Introduction to Oceanography or
• GEOL 1530K - Introduction to Oceanography

Sequence-paired Courses

Select from the sequence pairings below:

• ASTR 1010 - Astronomy of the Solar System
• ASTR 1010L - Solar System Laboratory
• ASTR 1020 - Stellar & Galactic Astronomy
• ASTR 1020L - Stellar Astronomy Laboratory
• BIOL 1101 - Biology - A Human Perspective
• BIOL 1101L - Biology - A Human Perspective Lab
• (or    BIOL 1101K - Biology - A Human Perspective
• or   BIOL 1011K - Introduction to Biology )
• BIOL 1102 - Introduction to Ecology
• BIOL 1102L - Introduction to Ecology Lab
• (or    BIOL 1102K - Introduction to Ecology )
• BIOL 1107K - Principles of Biology I
• BIOL 1108K - Principles of Biology II
• BIOL 1260 - Environmental Science
• BIOL 1260L - Environmental Science Lab
• (or    BIOL 1260K - Environmental Science )
• BIOL 1101 and BIOL 1101L (or BIOL 1101K or BIOL 1011K)
• BIOL 2210 - Plant Biology I
• BIOL 2210L - Plant Biology I Lab
• BIOL 2220 - Plant Biology II
• BIOL 2220L - Plant Biology II Lab
• CHEM 1151 - Survey of Chemistry I
• CHEM 1151L - Survey of Chemistry I Laboratory
• (or   CHEM 1151K - Survey of Chemistry I )
• CHEM 1152 - Survey of Chemistry II
• CHEM 1152L - Survey of Chemistry II Laboratory
• (or   CHEM 1152K - Survey of Chemistry II )
• CHEM 1211 - Principles of Chemistry I
• CHEM 1211L - Principles of Chemistry I Laboratory
• CHEM 1212 - Principles of Chemistry II
• CHEM 1212L - Principles of Chemistry II Laboratory
• CHEM 1211K - Principles of Chemistry I
• CHEM 1212K - Principles of Chemistry II
• ENVS 2111K - Physical Environmental Science
• ENVS 2112K - Environmental Management & Sustainability
• GEOG 1111K - Introduction to Physical Geography
• GEOG 1112 - Introduction to Weather and Climate
• GEOG 1112L - Introduction to Weather and Climate Lab
• GEOL 1121K - Physical Geology
• GEOL 1122K - Historical Geology
• PHYS 1111 - Introductory Physics I
• PHYS 1111L - Introductory Physics I Lab
• (or   PHYS 1111K - Introductory Physics I )
• PHYS 1112 - Introductory Physics II
• PHYS 1112L - Introductory Physics II Lab
• (or   PHYS 1112K - Introductory Physics II )
• PHYS 2211 - Principles of Physics I
• PHYS 2211L - Principles of Physics I Lab
• (or   PHYS 2211K - Principles of Physics I )
• PHYS 2212 - Principles of Physics II
• PHYS 2212L - Principles of Physics II Lab
• (or   PHYS 2212K - Principles of Physics II )

Mathematics and Technology - 3 hours

• MATH 1401 - Elementary Statistics
• MATH 1450 - Calculus I
• MATH 1501 - Calculus I
• MATH 2040 - Brief Calculus
• MATH 2460 - Calculus II
• MATH 2510 - Introduction to Discrete Mathematics
• CSCI 1250 - Information Technologies (designed primarily for non-science majors)
• CSCI 1301 - Computer Science I
• CSCI 1301K - Computer Science I
• CSCI 1371 - Computing for Scientists and Engineers (designed specifically for students in REP, the dual-degree engineering programs, and in the Physics major)
• DATA 1501 - Introduction to Data Science (for non-science majors)
• GISC 2011 - Geographic Information Science and
• GISC 2011L - Geographic Information Science Lab (both courses designed primarily for non-science majors)

Social Sciences (Social Sciences) - 6 hours

Orienting Question: How do I understand human experiences and connections?

Learning Outcome(s): Students will effectively analyze the complexity of human behavior, and how historical, economic, political, social, or geographic relationships develop, persist, or change.

Career-Ready Competencies: Intercultural Competence, Perspective-Taking, Persuasion

NOTE:  Students should consult their degree plans of study for recommendations regarding which courses to select.

Behavioral Science - 3 hours

• ECON 2105 - Principles of Macroeconomics
• PSYC 1101 - Introduction to Psychology
• SOCI 1101 - Introduction to Sociology

Social Science - 3 hours