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EDEXCEL A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY CASE STUDIES: #1 Globalisation

Subject: Geography

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Unit of work

Last updated

1 July 2022

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This pack contains all the detailed case studies required for the topic of Globalisation in Edexcel A Level Geography. Notes are concise and written in bullet points (so easy to read!). They are written to match with topic questions that may come up in the exam!

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ALL A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY CASE STUDIES

This bundle contains all the case studies needed for Edexcel A Level Geography (according to the specification).

ALL A LEVEL HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CASE STUDIES

This bundle contains all the case studies needed for the human part of Edexcel A Level Geography (according to the specification). I've summarised all information needed for the exams and made it easy to understand.

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does not include nearly all the case studies, going on about the Mekong river? wtf does that have to do with globalisation - this product is not selling what it claims to be selling especially for its crazy price, when all the info is just copied and pasted from a textbook...

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Globalisation Case Studies

• Population change and migration Case studies Globalisation
• Created by: HannahPink1
• Created on: 08-01-18 11:41

Founded in 1995, it began as a small venture running flights solely within the UK. Most of Europe's major cities are now inter-connected via easyJet's cheap flight network.

Started with two aircraft, flying London Luton to Edinburgh and Glasgow at the 'cost of a pair of jeans' just £29 one way.

Just a year later flights to Barcelona were introduced, since then the company has expanded at breakneck speed.

200 airplanes, 300 flight routes in the EU and several that go beyond, 65 million people were using the services and bringing in revenues of £4 billion.

Connects switched-off places, Estonia has become more switched on with cities like Tallinn becoming an affordable place for stag and hen vacations.

The EU and ASEAN

• Evolved from a simple trade bloc to a multi-governmental organization with its own currency and some shared political legislation.
• Member states are eligible for EU Structural Funds to help develop their economies, whilst agricultural producers benefit from subsidies issued under the Common Agricultural Policy.
• 'Capital of Culture' and 'European Capital of Innovation' help them gain global status.
• Two world wars promoted European Countries to wanting to find peace and so interdependency was created.
• The EU is the only group to grant interdependency to its users.
• 10 member states and a combined population of 600 million people.
• Established in 1967, works to eliminate tariffs in favour of free trade.
• The Philippines has gained global status for call centres since.
• ASEAN is looking to develop into a single market called the ASEAN Economic Community, much like the EU to allow free movement of labour and capital.
• The members have agreed to peace and stability by pledging to not have nuclear weapons

China's 1978 Open Door Policy

Prior to 1978, China was poor and politically isolated. Under communist leadership, millions died from famine and many lived in poverty. This changed with the Open Door Policy.

• Earliest reforms occurred in rural areas, agricultural communes were dismantled and farmers were allowed to make a small profit for the first time.
• Strict controls on the number of children were introduced to curb population growth.
• Over the next 30 years, the largest migration in human history took place: 300 million people left rural areas in search of a better urban life.
• Hukou stopped rural villages depleting completely, but soon there were 200 Chinese cities with 1 million inhabitants or more.
• Urbanisation fuelled the growth of low-wage factories, giving China's its nickname 'workshop of the world'.
• TNCs were quick to establish branches and trade relationships with these factories, whilst new Special Economic Zones at the coasts were set up.
• China today has the world's largest economy, with 400 million said to have escaped poverty since the reforms began.

China is still closed to companies like Google, Facebook and Coca-Cola, where they blocked the company's acquisition of a local company. Only 34 foreign films are allowed a year.

Switched-Off Places: North Korea and the Sahel Reg

North Korea: Chosen to remain politically isolated by;

• Ordinary citizens do not have access to the internet or social media
• There are no undersea data cables connecting North Korea with anywhere else
• Cultural influences have no effect at all on North Korea

North Korean divided from South Korea in 1948, South Korea has since become a developed country home to global brands like Samsung.

The Sahel Region:

• Home to some of the world's least developed countries, mismanagement of natural resources and human resources have played a role in the region remaining largely switched-off
• LDCs lacking coastline, like Chad, struggle to attract FDI
• Desert conditions further hinder development

Neighbouring countries, however, are experiencing rapid economic growth - such as Nigeria.

Global Outsourcing of Services to India

• By 2040 India is thought to be the second largest economy in the world.
• Some success can be attributed to their call centres because;
• Most Indian citizens are fluent in English, in part due to the legacy of the English rule.
• Broadband capacity is unusually high in Bangalore specifically, a long-established technology hub.
• Some call centre workers complain they are exploited
• Work can be highly repetitive with 10-hour shifts 6 days a week
• Gap between rich and poor has widened in society
• Workers earn good middle-class wages
• Indian outsourcing companies have become extremely profitable with revenues of US$9 billion seen often

Global Outsourcing of Manufacturing to China

• Poverty has fallen from 60% to 16% in just 15 years
• Low-cost labour had China being recognised by the workshop of the world in the 1990s
• Since the millennium, conditions improved for workers after protests and workers striking in Honda, Toyota, Carlsberg and other global brands
• Wages increased from 30-65%
• Many workers exploited in the early years with 2500 in some factories losing limbs each year due to unsafe work conditions
• The environment continues to suffer from air pollution extremes, causing cancer and disease and concerning WHO.
• Conditions improving, people enjoying large income gains
• Chinese companies developing their own products, technology vastly improving

Karachi: A Megacity

• Karachi was founded as the capital port city of Pakistan.
• 24 million live in Karachi in 2015, making it the second most populated city in the world (after Tokyo).
• Pakistans centre of finance, industry and trade.
• People flock to the country from all over the country, especially from rural areas.
• Work found in manufacturing, shipping, banking and retailing.
• Karachi is a famous university city, producing skilled graduates that have helped it become a hub for media and software companies.
• TV channels like Geo TV and CNBC Pakistan are based in the city.

Migration from India to the UAE

Known as low-wage international migration.

2 million Indian migrants live in the United Arab Emirates, making up 30% of the total population.

Many live in Abu Dhabi and Dubai.

US$15 billion is estimated to be returned to India annually through remittances.

Most migrants work in transport, construction and manufacturing industries.

1/5 are professionals working in service industries.

Changing Diets in Asia

• Traditional Asian diets and often low mean and high vegetables
• This is giving way to meat and fast food among the emerging middle classes, especially in China.
• Within a decade, China's meat consumption per capita increased ten fold from 5kg to 50kg.
• By 2015 China had the biggest market for processed food.
• The physical environment is affected.
• Livestock farming has become the new focus of Asian agriculture, bringing steep rises in emissions of methane.
• Ctops are imported from across the world to feed the farm animals.
• The Amazonian rainforest is being cleared to make space for soya to feed Chinese cattle.
• China has since embarked on land acquisition from poorer countries like Cuba and Kazakhstan to feed its populations.
• The number of sharks killed for sharks fin soup has doubled to accompany rising demand.

Global Culture affecting the Indigenous People of

Among the worlds last insolated groups of indigenous people, these ethnic groups have occupied the place where they live for thousands of years without interruption.

More tribes are becoming aware of Western culture and lifestyles.

Because of the hot climate, the tribes traditionally wear little in the way of clothing, though today many wear modern clothing such as T-shirts.

Many are moving from the rainforest to urban areas like Manaus, leaving traditional thatched homes built on stilts.

Many no longer value local ecosystems due to cultural erosions.

They want income, education and health improvements for their children and so are driven to hunt endangered species for food or to sell.

Papua New Guinea's Tre Kangaroo is under threat, as are Peru's jaguars.

Global Paralympics

Cultural attitudes towards disability are changing on a global scale. 1983-1992 was declared the 'Decade of Disabled Persons' by the UN.

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities seeks to bring cultural change on a global scale in line with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

In the USA, sterilisation programmes sometimes targetting disabled people lasted until well into the twentieth century.

The seismic shift in cultural attitudes has taking place globally.

Global media has turned to Paralympics into one of the world's biggest sporting events by celebrating physical achievements of elite athletes with disabilities.

Rise of Extremism in Europe

Nationalist parties, such as France's Fron National, of Britain First, are commanding significant support.

Nationalist parties often oppose immigration, some reject multiculturalism and openly embrace fascism.

The murder of Stephan Lawrence in Elthan in 1993 was an example of a race driven assault.

The Charlie Hebdo mass murders in France in 2015 was another race driven assault, the murdered saying their Islamic faith had been mocked.

Jo Cox was murdered in 2015 by a man shouting 'Britain First'.

Events like these are still rare but demonstrate tensions in multicultural Europe.

Around 25% supported France's Front National part in the 2014 European Parliamentary elections.

Internet Censorship in China and North Korea

• For 70 years the country has been run by a communist party, with China's rulers being intolerant of any criticism mounted against them by their own citizens.
• In 1988 Chinese students demonstrated against communism and 100s died as the army intervened.
• Many still do not know what happened that day in China, due to strict censorship of the press and the internet.
• Google withdrew its services in 2010 when the government insisted the search engine should hide information from the protests.
• The Great Firewall of China restricts Western social media, though 400 million citizens interact on the local media sites.

North Korea:

• No access to the internet as a result of state controls.

Trans-Boundary Water Conflicts in Southeast Asia

In 2013 the Lower Mekong River Basin flooded with the 'Mekong River Tsunami' has dams overflowed, taking Thai livelihoods with it.

China is heavily invested in continually building dams.

Bangkok based Save the Mekon coalition and TERRA (Towards Ecological Recovery and Regional Alliance) have challenged the development rational behind the dam-building spree in Yunnan Province.

Aside from highlighting the lack of public transparency and participation in the Chinese decision-making process, they also point out how electricity generated by these dams do little to contibute to China's nor regional development.

All said to bring water insecurity downstream, though unlikely to form all-out water wars, conflict is sure to be on the horizon.

Migration Controls in the UK

Sine 2010 there has been a five-tier point system in place designed to help control immigration by checking that economic migrants possess skills or resources that the UK economy needs.

Tier 1 migrants must be prepared to invest more than £2 million n the UK or possess 'exceptional talent'., though these rules do not apply to EU migrants who are allowed free movement.

In 2010 government pledged to cut net migration to 100,000 a year, though this has not been met because:

• Fewer British citizens have left the UK to love overseas since the Global Financial Crisis.
• The pound-euro exchange rate has weekended, making living in Europe more expensive.
• The government has no control over EU migrants wanting to work in the UK.
• Refugees are allowed to remain in the UK under human rights law.

After choosing to leave the EU, this will all change for the UK with free movement stopping.

First Nations of Canada

• Canada is home to 6 groups of indigenous people.
• Occupation of lad pre-dates Europeans.
• Some First Nations oppose the attempts of global oil companies to 'switch on' their region, having experienced negative impacts.
• Over 200 million barrels of conventional oil has been extracted since 1920 in the Norman Wells.

1. Death of trout and other fish in oil-polluted lakes

2. Effects of alcohol and drugs on the behaviour of the people

Companies like Shell and Imperial Oil continually exploit the region.

Todmorden Transition Town and Government Actions

Town in the South Pennines, much of the food on sale in the town is locally grown.

'Incredible Edible Todmorden' campaign, receiving National Lottery funding, aims to encourage consumers and growers to work together, creating 40 public fruit and vegetable gardens and stages regular educational talks and events in the town.

Government actions:

Local authorities run their own recycling schemes under Local Agenda 21. In 2011 the Welsh Assembly banned shops from giving away free plastic bags, instead putting a 5p fee on paper and plastic bags.

In 2015 Northern Ireland followed suit followed by Scotland in 2014 and England in 2015.

Report Fri 12th January, 2018 @ 13:17

this is good

Report Thu 6th December, 2018 @ 18:09

Brobdingnagian

Report Tue 4th June, 2019 @ 22:17

Amazing, thank you

Report Thu 6th January, 2022 @ 14:20

This is really useful and it summarises it perfectly. 

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Shift of Global Economic Centre ( Edexcel A Level Geography )

Revision note.

Benefits & Costs of Global Shift

The global shift.

• Since the 1960s, many industries have relocated from Europe and North America to Asia, South America and more recently, Africa
• This global shift is a result of a combination of off-shoring , outsourcing and new business start-ups in emerging economies such as China and India
• This global shift has also led to unethical practices being ‘exported’ e.g., poor working conditions, child labour and low wages

  The Costs & Benefits of the Global Shift for Asia

Worked example

Environmental Impacts

• This global shift has caused environmental problems for many communities in developing countries

Environmental Problems for Developing Countries

• TNCs look for low-cost locations for their factories and a lack of environmental and health and safety regulations is an attractive feature
• An example of the environmental impacts of this global shift is in Indonesia:
• 100,000 hectares of rainforest is lost each year to make way for palm oil plantations and mining
• The large scale burning of forest has led to smoke pollution and more mammal species are more at risk here than in any other country
• These environmental problems also impact on people’s health and wellbeing, for example:
• In China, workers were poisoned by chemicals that are used to treat the glass for iPhones
• In the Ivory Coast, tens of thousands of people were taken ill after toxic waste was dumped by a ship which was alleged to produce hydrogen sulphide

Explain two ways the global shift of industry has affected the health of people living in developing countries.

• You can gain up to 2 marks for explaining two impacts of an environmental problem linked to the global shift of industry
• You will need to explain how these impacts affect the health of people for the remaining 2 marks
• Your answer must link to the health of people
• Waste from factories can cause contamination of rivers (potentially drinking water) [1] which can affect the immune system and as a result make people more susceptible to illness [1]
• The use of coal to generate electricity causes air pollution in cities [1] which can lead to breathing problems [1]
• TNCs pay tax to the host country [1] so governments can invest more money in hospitals/medical care [1]
• Factory workers earn more money/ have a more reliable income through regular employment [1] so they can afford medicine/medical care for themselves and their families [1]

Remember that when an exam question asks for impacts, they can be positive as well as negative. A good answer would use an example from both

Deindustrialisation

Problems of deindustrialisation.

• Global shift creates problems for developed countries too
• Deindustrialisation in inner city areas has led to social and environmental problems
• Dereliction resulting from the closure and abandonment of factories, shutting down of services and neglected housing
• Depopulation as large numbers of people migrate from the deteriorating urban areas
• Rising crime in deprived urban areas
• High unemployment as a result of factories closing, losing manufacturing jobs 

Inner city decline

The best answers to these types of questions will include impacts on both developed and developing countries demonstrating your knowledge and understanding of how both will be affected by the global shift.

It is also a good idea to have clear examples of this and to know the factual details well as this will be the difference between a level 2 answer and a level 3 answer.  

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Author: Louise Stone

Louise graduated with a degree in Geography with Natural Hazards before doing her PGCE and Masters degree with the University of Birmingham. Teaching is her passion and has taught across different specifications at GCSE and A-Level. Louise has also been an examiner for two exam boards for 9 years now to gain a deeper insight into the different exams and expectations of students. Louise enjoys creating content to help students fulfil their potential in Geography.