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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Case Study in Education Research

Introduction, general overview and foundational texts of the late 20th century.

  • Conceptualisations and Definitions of Case Study
  • Case Study and Theoretical Grounding
  • Choosing Cases
  • Methodology, Method, Genre, or Approach
  • Case Study: Quality and Generalizability
  • Multiple Case Studies
  • Exemplary Case Studies and Example Case Studies
  • Criticism, Defense, and Debate around Case Study

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Case Study in Education Research by Lorna Hamilton LAST REVIEWED: 27 June 2018 LAST MODIFIED: 27 June 2018 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0201

It is important to distinguish between case study as a teaching methodology and case study as an approach, genre, or method in educational research. The use of case study as teaching method highlights the ways in which the essential qualities of the case—richness of real-world data and lived experiences—can help learners gain insights into a different world and can bring learning to life. The use of case study in this way has been around for about a hundred years or more. Case study use in educational research, meanwhile, emerged particularly strongly in the 1970s and 1980s in the United Kingdom and the United States as a means of harnessing the richness and depth of understanding of individuals, groups, and institutions; their beliefs and perceptions; their interactions; and their challenges and issues. Writers, such as Lawrence Stenhouse, advocated the use of case study as a form that teacher-researchers could use as they focused on the richness and intensity of their own practices. In addition, academic writers and postgraduate students embraced case study as a means of providing structure and depth to educational projects. However, as educational research has developed, so has debate on the quality and usefulness of case study as well as the problems surrounding the lack of generalizability when dealing with single or even multiple cases. The question of how to define and support case study work has formed the basis for innumerable books and discursive articles, starting with Robert Yin’s original book on case study ( Yin 1984 , cited under General Overview and Foundational Texts of the Late 20th Century ) to the myriad authors who attempt to bring something new to the realm of case study in educational research in the 21st century.

This section briefly considers the ways in which case study research has developed over the last forty to fifty years in educational research usage and reflects on whether the field has finally come of age, respected by creators and consumers of research. Case study has its roots in anthropological studies in which a strong ethnographic approach to the study of peoples and culture encouraged researchers to identify and investigate key individuals and groups by trying to understand the lived world of such people from their points of view. Although ethnography has emphasized the role of researcher as immersive and engaged with the lived world of participants via participant observation, evolving approaches to case study in education has been about the richness and depth of understanding that can be gained through involvement in the case by drawing on diverse perspectives and diverse forms of data collection. Embracing case study as a means of entering these lived worlds in educational research projects, was encouraged in the 1970s and 1980s by researchers, such as Lawrence Stenhouse, who provided a helpful impetus for case study work in education ( Stenhouse 1980 ). Stenhouse wrestled with the use of case study as ethnography because ethnographers traditionally had been unfamiliar with the peoples they were investigating, whereas educational researchers often worked in situations that were inherently familiar. Stenhouse also emphasized the need for evidence of rigorous processes and decisions in order to encourage robust practice and accountability to the wider field by allowing others to judge the quality of work through transparency of processes. Yin 1984 , the first book focused wholly on case study in research, gave a brief and basic outline of case study and associated practices. Various authors followed this approach, striving to engage more deeply in the significance of case study in the social sciences. Key among these are Merriam 1988 and Stake 1995 , along with Yin 1984 , who established powerful groundings for case study work. Additionally, evidence of the increasing popularity of case study can be found in a broad range of generic research methods texts, but these often do not have much scope for the extensive discussion of case study found in case study–specific books. Yin’s books and numerous editions provide a developing or evolving notion of case study with more detailed accounts of the possible purposes of case study, followed by Merriam 1988 and Stake 1995 who wrestled with alternative ways of looking at purposes and the positioning of case study within potential disciplinary modes. The authors referenced in this section are often characterized as the foundational authors on this subject and may have published various editions of their work, cited elsewhere in this article, based on their shifting ideas or emphases.

Merriam, S. B. 1988. Case study research in education: A qualitative approach . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

This is Merriam’s initial text on case study and is eminently accessible. The author establishes and reinforces various key features of case study; demonstrates support for positioning the case within a subject domain, e.g., psychology, sociology, etc.; and further shapes the case according to its purpose or intent.

Stake, R. E. 1995. The art of case study research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Stake is a very readable author, accessible and yet engaging with complex topics. The author establishes his key forms of case study: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Stake brings the reader through the process of conceptualizing the case, carrying it out, and analyzing the data. The author uses authentic examples to help readers understand and appreciate the nuances of an interpretive approach to case study.

Stenhouse, L. 1980. The study of samples and the study of cases. British Educational Research Journal 6:1–6.

DOI: 10.1080/0141192800060101

A key article in which Stenhouse sets out his stand on case study work. Those interested in the evolution of case study use in educational research should consider this article and the insights given.

Yin, R. K. 1984. Case Study Research: Design and Methods . Beverley Hills, CA: SAGE.

This preliminary text from Yin was very basic. However, it may be of interest in comparison with later books because Yin shows the ways in which case study as an approach or method in research has evolved in relation to detailed discussions of purpose, as well as the practicalities of working through the research process.

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Using Case Study in Education Research

Using Case Study in Education Research

  • Lorna Hamilton - University of Edinburgh, UK
  • Connie Corbett-Whittier - Friends University, Topeka, Kansas
  • Description

This book provides an accessible introduction to using case studies. It makes sense of literature in this area, and shows how to generate collaborations and communicate findings.

The authors bring together the practical and the theoretical, enabling readers to build expertise on the principles and practice of case study research, as well as engaging with possible theoretical frameworks. They also highlight the place of case study as a key component of educational research.

With the help of this book, graduate students, teacher educators and practitioner researchers will gain the confidence and skills needed to design and conduct a high quality case study.

See what’s new to this edition by selecting the Features tab on this page. Should you need additional information or have questions regarding the HEOA information provided for this title, including what is new to this edition, please email [email protected] . Please include your name, contact information, and the name of the title for which you would like more information. For information on the HEOA, please go to http://ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html .

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'Drawing on a wide range of their own and others' experiences, the authors offer a comprehensive and convincing account of the value of case study in educational research. What comes across - quite passionately - is the way in which a case study approach can bring to life some of the complexities, challenges and contradictions inherent in educational settings. The book is written in a clear and lively manner and should be an invaluable resource for those teachers and students who are incorporating a case study dimension into their research work' - Ian Menter, Professor of Teacher Education, University of Oxford

'This book is comprehensive in its coverage, yet detailed in its exposition of case study research. It is a highly interactive text with a critical edge and is a useful tool for teaching. It is of particular relevance to practitioner researchers, providing accessible guidance for reflective practice. It covers key matters such as: purposes, ethics, data analysis, technology, dissemination and communities for research. And it is a good read!' - Professor Anne Campbell, formerly of Leeds Metropolitan University

'This excellent book is a principled and theoretically informed guide to case study research design and methods for the collection, analysis and presentation of evidence' -Professor Andrew Pollard, Institute of Educaiton, University of London

This publication provides easy text, giving differing viewpoints to establish definitions for case study research. This book has been recommended to the Fd students to support projects of action research.

This has again been recommended for students on the Foundation Degree and Degree programmes as it is an easy text, providing differing viewpoints to establish definitions for case study research. Additionally recommended on the reading list for the BA programmes to provide a clearer insight into using Case Studies in preschool and school environments.

This is an excellent book - very clear

This text clearly discusses the case study approach and would be useful for both undergraduate and post graduate learners.

An easily accessible text, giving alternative points of view on what case study research actually is and how it might be interpreted at doctoral level.

This is a pleasant read with a number of useful group and individual tasks for students to engage with as they think through designing and doing a project. These tasks for useful not just for case studies but can be adapted as students consider other research designs.

Offers a good understanding of case study research in a clear and accessible manner. A perfect starting point for the researcher new to the case study method and will also offer the experienced researcher some useful tips and insights.

This text is clearly written and argues strongly for using case study in educational research, despite the challenges this approach faces in the dynamic world of shifting research paradigms. Step-by-step guidance from initial ideas through to the reality of undertaking case study in educational research is helpful

The book is written in a practical way, which gives a clear guide for undergraduate students especially for those who are using case study in education research. I will definitely add this book to recommended reading lists.

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Activity 6.12 Observation 1 p98

Activity 6.12 Observation 2 p98

Activity 6.12 Observation 3 p98

Activity 6.18 Interview pupils

Activity 6.18 Interview schedule 1

Activity 6.19 and 6.20 Questionnaire P110

Activity 6.20 Questionnaire 2 p110

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Case studies in educational research

31 Mar 2011

Dr Lorna Hamilton

To cite this reference: Hamilton, L. (2011) Case studies in educational research, British Educational Research Association on-line resource. Available on-line at [INSERT WEB PAGE ADDRESS HERE] Last accessed [insert date here]

Case study is often seen as a means of gathering together data and giving coherence and limit to what is being sought. But how can we define case study effectively and ensure that it is thoughtfully and rigorously constructed?  This resource shares some key definitions of case study and identifies important choices and decisions around the creation of studies. It is for those with little or no experience of case study in education research and provides an introduction to some of the key aspects of this approach: from the all important question of what exactly is case study, to the key decisions around case study work and possible approaches to dealing with the data collected. At the end of the resource, key references and resources are identified which provide the reader with further guidance.

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Case Study Research in Educational Settings

Journal of Educational Administration

ISSN : 0957-8234

Article publication date: 1 April 2001

Llanes, J.R. (2001), "Case Study Research in Educational Settings", Journal of Educational Administration , Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1108/jea.2001.39.2.187.2

Emerald Group Publishing Limited

It is unfortunate for social scientists that certain insights do not easily emerge until late in their careers. This is particularly true in the area of research method. It seems to require repeated applications of a method before a social scientist can fully grasp its limitations and fallacies. This book gives us the experience of a master at case methodology, Michael Bassey, Emeritus Professor of Education at Nottingham Trent University and Executive Secretary of the British Educational Research Association. Coming late in Bassey’s extensive career, it will help new social scientists gain those insights earlier than it took the author to achieve them. This book delivers what the backcover promises: “new insights into the case study as a tool of educational research.”

One of those valuable contributions, which can only emerge from experience facing the critics of the method, is the author’s suggestion on the validation of the theory‐seeking case study. In this type of case study, where external validity and replicability questions arise most often, Bassey introduces us to his idea for the simplification of the “Audit Certification” process first proposed over 15 years ago by Lincoln and Guba to remedy the same problem. Under the Bassey simplification, the validity of the case study is examined by a knowledgeable colleague, who is also privy to the data. The collegial review proceeds to answer questions about the study in areas such as the “claim to educational knowledge” the author makes, the appropriateness of the collection of data and the analysis and interpretation of data. This approach seems workable and has been part of my own qualitative research method for many years. The external review not only conforms the data to an objective standard but very often the external observer contributes to the interpretations made of the data and expands them. At the end of the review the external auditor/colleague makes the following certification: “In terms of evidence provided in this paper it is my professional judgement that the statement of empirical findings is based firmly on the data collected and that the enquiry has been conducted according to the ethical guidelines of respect for persons and respect for truth.”

Chapter 7 is a thorough primer for the would‐be case study researcher and will be very useful to students preparing to do dissertations using this method. His stages of design and conduct of the case study are very much on target, as are his comments on the writing of the report. Case study research seems simple to plan and conduct. There are fewer subjects to contend with, no need for complex validation procedures for instruments and no large‐scale data collection. Some of my students might choose to propose it as a way to avoid the required Advanced Statistics courses I would prescribe should a quantitative method be suggested. Yet the process of analyzing and writing these findings in a report has caused some researchers to abandon the data and just change careers. Bassey brings us a step‐by‐step approach, which can only facilitate the process of planning for a case study, by anticipating and accounting for the daunting tasks that lie after data collection.

The author’s concept of “fuzzy generalization” as “a method of delivering findings” is enlarged in this book and applied to each element of analysis and reporting discussed. Bassey defines “fuzzy generalization” as "the kind of statement which makes no absolute claim to knowledge, but hedges its claim with uncertainties." He gives us an example:

It arises when the empirical finding of a piece of research, such as
In this case it has been found that
is turned into a qualified general statement like this
In some cases it may be found that.

Bassey relates this concept to fuzzy logic , a system for extracting meaningful findings from imprecise measurements. Here I disagree with Bassey. Fuzzy Logic is part of mathematical set theory, developed by Lofti Zadeh at UC Berkeley in the early 1970s. Fuzzy logic has been used as a feedback loop for controlling machines (for example, the automatic focusing in cameras), as well as in social science research (for example, questionnaires and observational instruments used in jury selection).

Fuzzy logic makes imprecise measurements precise enough to be quantitatively analyzed and numerically reported. Bassey’s concept relates to fuzzy logic, in my opinion, only in the use of the adjective fuzzy, and is more closely related to the by now accepted nomenclature for publishing the latest estimate in time‐series economic data, pioneered by, among others, the magazine The Economist . The Economist will report only that, for example, “Unemployment may have risen 0.01 during last month.” a statement that accurately transmits the idea that these are preliminary statistics, which may have to be adjusted later.

Bassey suggests that these fuzzy generalizations, when used to deliver findings from research, “is not just introducing an element of uncertainty. It is not an admission of frailty in the way that the research was conducted. It is a firm reminder that there are many variables which determine whether learning takes place.” Here I agree completely. Skepticism which does not turn you into a Pyrrho, does propel you to learn more about the phenomena in either an effort to reduce the level of uncertainty, or differently, to increase holistic understanding. This is very useful thinking for educational professionals whose generalizable set of findings which apply all the time to all populations are rare if non‐existent.

Finally I would suggest to readers of this journal that along with R.K. Yin’s Case Study Research: Design and Methods and R.E. Stake’s The Art of Case Study Research this book is an essential part of the understanding a researcher requires when facing the deceptively simple but devilishly complex undertaking of case study research.

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Can SVVR Help with Student Engagement in an Online EFL Writing Class? A Chinese Case Study

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  • Published: 13 October 2023

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case study for research in education

  • Bin Shen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6233-7328 1 , 2 ,
  • Zhijie Wang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3516-369X 1 ,
  • Xiaowen Zhong 1 , 3 ,
  • Michael Yi-Chao Jiang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6807-4039 4 &
  • Morris Siu-Yung Jong   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9186-0484 5 , 6  

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Although research into the educational benefits of Spherical Video-based Virtual Reality (SVVR) has gained popularity in traditional face-to-face English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) class, little is known about whether this immersive, interactive, and imaginative teaching-assisted technology could facilitate learning in online EFL settings in the post-pandemic time. The current study explored how students engaged themselves in an online EFL class facilitated by SVVR. To achieve that, one focus group interview and two semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect in-depth data of students’ perceptions of their engagement under the SVVR-supported online learning. Based on the theoretical framework of engagement, the collected data were thematically coded into three categories, namely, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement. The findings suggested that with SVVR affordances, students engaged behaviorally, emotionally, and cognitively in the online EFL writing class, both in an independent and interrelated way. The enhanced emotional engagement of students could then support their behavioral engagement while students’ cognitive engagement could also promote their emotional and behavioral engagement. The present study thereby could not only build our understanding of the dynamic, multifaceted, and interconnected nature of student engagement, but also provide one feasible solution to teachers towards the disengagement issue in online EFL learning in the post-pandemic time.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to all the anonymous reviews and the editors for their constructive and insightful comments and suggestions on this paper. We are grateful to the teacher and students who participated in this research. This paper would not have been possible finished without their help. Any errors and omissions that remain are our own responsibility.

This work was funded by 2019 Fujian Provincial Education Sciences “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” Key Project Fund (Grant no. FJJKCGZ19-349) and Fujian Provincial Social Sciences Fund (Grant no. FJ2023B030).

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Shen, B., Wang, Z., Zhong, X. et al. Can SVVR Help with Student Engagement in an Online EFL Writing Class? A Chinese Case Study. Asia-Pacific Edu Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00774-6

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COMMENTS

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  3. Case Studying Educational Research: A Way of Looking at Reality

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  5. Three Approaches to Case Study Methods in Education: Yin, Merriam, and

    The chief. purpose of his book is the explication of a set of interpretive orientations towards case study. which include "naturalistic, holistic, ethnographic, phenomenological, and biographic ...

  6. Three Approaches to Case Study Methods in Education: Yin, Merriam, and

    the utilization of case study method in the field of educational research. I will zero in on the ensuing works: Robert K. Yin's Case Study Research: Design and Methods (2002), Sharan B. Merriam's Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education(1998), and Robert E. Stake's The Art of Case Study Research (1995).

  7. The Case Study in Educational Research: a Review of Selected ...

    Case method is an instructional technique whereby the major ingredients of a case study are presented to. students for illustrative or problem-solving purposes. Case history— the tracing of person, group, or institution's past — is sometimes part of a case study. 206 The Journal of Educational Thought.

  8. A Case for Case Study Research in Education

    K. Grauer. Published 2012. Education. This chapter makes the case that case study research is making a comeback in educational research because it allows researchers a broad range of methodological tools to suit the needs of answering questions of "how" and "why" within a particular real-world context. As Stake (1995) suggests, case ...

  9. SAGE Research Methods: Find resources to answer your research methods

    Learn how to use case study in education research with this practical guide from SAGE Publications. Explore examples, methods, and ethical issues.

  10. A Beginner's Guide to Applied Educational Research using ...

    A Research Design for a Case Study Approach . Proposed in this article is a research design suitable for a case study approach that can be implemented in distinctive educational settings to address research questions. Case study design is presented in the research literature as a strategy of inquiry (Denzin & Lincoln,

  11. Case studies in educational research

    To cite this reference: Hamilton, L. (2011) Case studies in educational research, British Educational Research Association on-line resource. Available on-line at [INSERT WEB PAGE ADDRESS HERE] Last accessed [insert date here] Case study is often seen as a means of gathering together data and giving coherence and limit to what is being sought.

  12. [PDF] Using Case Study in Education Research

    2017. TLDR. This case study pays attention to the usual processes in case study methods but also demonstrates how validity and reliability in analysis using member-checks, software for staged coding, and a "collective member check" in the format of a day-long workshop supports building a rich picture of the phenomenon studied. Expand.

  13. Qualitative research and case study applications in education

    A Case Study of a Case Study: Analysis of a Robust Qualitative Research Methodology. C. Snyder. Education. 2012. A unique multi-part qualitative study methodology is presented from a study which tracked the transformative journeys of four career-changing women from STEM fields into secondary education. The….

  14. Case study research in education: A qualitative approach.

    The organization of the following chapters reflects, in general, the steps of a research investigation. Part One contains four chapters on the nature of qualitative case study research, types and uses of case studies, selecting the case to be investigated, and the place of theory and literature in case study research. Part Two consists of three chapters on collecting qualitative data from ...

  15. Action research in education: a set of case studies?

    The present work provides a review of two widely used approaches in educational research: action research and case study. Action research aims to improve educational practice by means of reflective cycles and shows variants according to a predominant paradigm, from technical to critical visions. A case study, described as an umbrella term ...

  16. Case Study Methodology of Qualitative Research: Key Attributes and

    A case study is one of the most commonly used methodologies of social research. This article attempts to look into the various dimensions of a case study research strategy, the different epistemological strands which determine the particular case study type and approach adopted in the field, discusses the factors which can enhance the effectiveness of a case study research, and the debate ...

  17. Case study research in education : a qualitative approach

    How to conduct case study research in education using a qualitative approach? This book by Sharan B. Merriam provides a comprehensive guide to the design, data collection, analysis, and reporting of educational case studies. Download or stream it for free from the Internet Archive.

  18. Case Study Research in Educational Settings

    This book delivers what the backcover promises: "new insights into the case study as a tool of educational research.". One of those valuable contributions, which can only emerge from experience facing the critics of the method, is the author's suggestion on the validation of the theory‐seeking case study.

  19. Case Study Research in Education. A Qualitative Approach

    ISBN: ISBN-1-55542-108-3. ISSN: N/A. EISSN: N/A. Case Study Research in Education. A Qualitative Approach. Merriam, Sharan B. A practical guide for designing and carrying out qualitative case study in education is provided. How-to advice for managing all phases of case study research is included. The focus is on case studies that draw from what ...

  20. Case Study

    Education. Case studies are used in education to examine teaching and learning practices. Case studies can help educators to develop effective teaching strategies, evaluate student progress, and identify areas for improvement. ... Contextualization: Case study research takes into account the specific context in which the case is situated, which ...

  21. Perspectives from Researchers on Case Study Design

    Case study research is typically extensive; it draws on multiple methods of data collection and involves multiple data sources. The researcher begins by identifying a specific case or set of cases to be studied. Each case is an entity that is described within certain parameters, such as a specific time frame, place, event, and process.

  22. Case Study Research: Journal of Geography in Higher Education: Vol 29

    Glynis Cousin. Case study research aims to explore and depict a setting with a view to advancing understanding. This note explores the dimensions of case study research in higher education, with special reference to geographical fieldwork. It explores Stake's three categories of case study research: intrinsic, instrumental and collective.

  23. Toward inclusive teaching: Utilizing student‐created case studies in a

    Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal publishes cutting-edge research across family and consumer sciences, with a specific focus on well-being. Abstract In this qualitative study, we explore the potential of an innovative case study approach in a personal finance course among college students with the goal of making the course inclusive ...

  24. Frontiers

    Sustainable education for neurodiverse individuals involves embracing their unique strategies, prioritising resilience, and promoting self-advocacy.Overall, this article demonstrates how the ILP aligns with the vision of "inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all" outlined in SDG 4.

  25. Case study research in educational settings

    The Case Study Method: Critical Reflection. Fahad Alnaim. Education. 2015. This paper tackles different aspects of the case study method. This covers a critical discussion about the definition; including its meaning in both of qualitative and quantitative. The paper reveals…. Expand. 9.

  26. Can SVVR Help with Student Engagement in an Online EFL ...

    Although research into the educational benefits of Spherical Video-based Virtual Reality (SVVR) has gained popularity in traditional face-to-face English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) class, little is known about whether this immersive, interactive, and imaginative teaching-assisted technology could facilitate learning in online EFL settings in the post-pandemic time. The current study explored ...

  27. Homepage

    The mission of the Harvard Graduate School of Education is to prepare education leaders and innovators who will change the world by expanding opportunities and outcomes for learners everywhere. We're an institution committed to making the broadest impact possible, putting powerful ideas and evidence-based research into practice.

  28. research@BSPH

    Research at the Bloomberg School is a team sport. In order to provide extensive guidance, infrastructure, and support in pursuit of its research mission, research@BSPH employs three core areas: strategy and development, implementation and impact, and integrity and oversight. Our exceptional research teams comprised of faculty, postdoctoral ...

  29. Engine-room Simulator (Ers) As Assessment Tool in Higher Education

    This research investigates the underutilisation of Engine-Room Simulator (ERS) as an assessment tool for marine engineers in Malaysia. The study focuses on a Malaysian Maritime Education and Training Institute (METI) offering a Diploma in Marine Engineering andaims to explore educators' perspectives on the usage of ERS, how ERS is incorporated into METI programmes, challenges to its ...