format bibliography chicago

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

General Format

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Since The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is primarily intended as a style guide for published works rather than class papers, these guidelines will be supplemented with information from, Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th ed.), which is largely based on CMOS with some slight alterations.

To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all CMOS citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.

Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in CMOS.

A Note on Citations

Unlike many citation styles, CMOS gives writers two different methods for documenting sources: the Author-Date System and the Notes-Bibliography (NB) System.  As its name suggests, Author-Date uses parenthetical citations in the text to reference the source's author's last name and the year of publication. Each parenthetical citation corresponds to an entry on a References page that concludes the document. In these regards, Author-Date is very similar to, for instance, APA style.

By contrast, NB uses numbered footnotes in the text to direct the reader to a shortened citation at the bottom of the page. This corresponds to a fuller citation on a Bibliography page that concludes the document. Though the general principles of citation are the same here, the citations themselves are formatted differently from the way they appear in Author-Date.

If you are using CMOS for school or work, don't forget to ensure that you're using your organization's preferred citation method. For examples of these two different styles in action, see our CMOS sample papers:

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

General CMOS Guidelines

• Text should be consistently double-spaced, except for block quotations, notes, bibliography entries, table titles, and figure captions.
• A prose quotation of five or more lines, or more than 100 words, should be blocked.
• CMOS recommends blocking two or more lines of poetry.
• A blocked quotation does not get enclosed in quotation marks.
• A blocked quotation must always begin a new line.
• Blocked quotations should be indented with the word processor’s indention tool.
• Page numbers begin in the header of the first page of text with Arabic number 1.
• For CMOS and Turabian’s recommendations, see “Headings,” below.

Supplemental Turabian Style Guidelines

• Margins should be set at no less than 1”.
• Typeface should be something readable, such as Times New Roman or Courier.
• Font size should be no less than 10 pt. (preferably, 12 pt.).

Major Paper Sections

• The title should be centered a third of the way down the page.
• Your name, class information, and the date should follow several lines later.
• For subtitles, end the title line with a colon and place the subtitle on the line below the title.
• Double-space each line of the title page.

CMOS Title Page

• Different practices apply for theses and dissertations (see Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, ad Dissertations [8 th ed.].
• Titles mentioned in the text, notes, or bibliography are capitalized “headline-style,” meaning first words of titles and subtitles and any important words thereafter should be capitalized.
• Book and periodical titles (titles of larger works) should be italicized.
• Article and chapter titles (titles of shorter works) should be enclosed in double quotation marks.
• The titles of most poems should be enclosed in double quotation marks, but the titles of very long poems should be italicized.
• Titles of plays should be italicized.
• For example, use lowercase terms to describe periods, except in the case of proper nouns (e.g., “the colonial period,” vs. “the Victorian era”).
• A prose quotation of five or more lines should be “blocked.” The block quotation should match the surrounding text, and it takes no quotation marks. To offset the block quote from surrounding text, indent the entire quotation using the word processor’s indentation tool. It is also possible to offset the block quotation by using a different or smaller font than the surrounding text.
• Label the first page of your back matter, your comprehensive list of sources, “Bibliography” (for Notes and Bibliography style) or “References” (for Author-Date style).
• Leave two blank lines between “Bibliography” or “References” and your first entry.
• Leave one blank line between remaining entries.
• List entries in letter-by-letter alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry, be that the author's name or the title of the piece..
• For two to three authors, write out all names.
• For four to ten authors, write out all names in the bibliography but only the first author’s name plus “et al.” in notes and parenthetical citations.
• When a source has no identifiable author, cite it by its title, both on the references page and in shortened form (up to four keywords from that title) in parenthetical citations throughout the text.
• Write out publishers’ names in full.
• Do not use access dates unless publication dates are unavailable.
• If you cannot ascertain the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation “n.d.”
• Provide DOIs instead of URLs whenever possible.
• If no DOI is available, provide a URL.
• If you cannot name a specific page number when called for, you have other options: section (sec.), equation (eq.), volume (vol.), or note (n.).

CMOS Bibliography Page

• Note numbers should begin with “1” and follow consecutively throughout a given paper.
• Note numbers are superscripted.
• Note numbers should be placed at the end of the clause or sentence to which they refer and should be placed after all punctuation, except for the dash.
• Note numbers are full-sized, not raised, and followed by a period (superscripting note numbers in the notes themselves is also acceptable).
• In parenthetical citation, separate documentation from brief commentary with a semicolon.
• Do not repeat the hundreds digit in a page range if it does not change from the beginning to the end of the range.

For more information on footnotes, please see CMOS NB Sample Paper .

While  The Chicago Manual of Style does not include a prescribed system for formatting headings and subheads, it makes several recommendations.

• Maintain consistency and parallel structure in headings and subheads.
• Use headline-style for purposes of capitalization.
• Subheadings should begin on a new line.
• Subheadings can be distinguished by font-size.
• Ensure that each level of hierarchy is clear and consistent.
• Levels of subheads can be differentiated by type style, use of boldface or italics, and placement on the page, usually either centered or flush left.
• Use no more than three levels of hierarchy.
• Avoid ending subheadings with periods.

Turabian has an optional system of five heading levels.

Turabian Subheading Plan

Here is an example of the five-level heading system:

CMOS Headings

Tables and Figures

• Position tables and figures as soon as possible after they are first referenced. If necessary, present them after the paragraph in which they are described.
• For figures, include a caption, or short explanation of the figure or illustration, directly after the figure number.
• Cite a source as you would for parenthetical citation, and include full information in an entry on your Bibliography or References page.
• Acknowledge reproduced or adapted sources appropriately (i.e., photo by; data adapted from; map by...).
• If a table includes data not acquired by the author of the text, include an unnumbered footnote. Introduce the note by the word Source(s) followed by a colon, then include the full source information, and end the note with a period.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in CMOS

On the new OWL site, contributors’ names and the last edited date are no longer listed at the top of every page. This means that most citations will now begin with the title of the resource, rather than the contributors' names.

Footnote or Endnote (N):

Corresponding Bibliographical Entry (B):

“Title of Resource.” List the OWL as Publishing Organization/Web Site Name . http://Web address for OWL resource.

“General Format.” The Purdue OWL. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/.

Author Date In-text Citation:

("General Format" 2017).

Author Date References Page Citation:

Year of Publication. “Title of Resource.” List the OWL as Publishing Organization/Web Site Name . http://Web address for OWL resource.

2017. “General Format.” The Purdue OWL . https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02.

• Free Tools for Students
• Chicago Citation Generator

Free Chicago Citation Generator

Generate citations in Chicago style automatically, with MyBib!

😕 What is a Chicago Citation Generator?

A Chicago Citation Generator is a software tool that automatically generates citations and bibliographies in the Chicago citation style.

Citations can be created by entering an identifying piece of information about a source, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal article DOI to the generator. The generator will then create a fully formatted citation in the Chicago style containing all the required information for the source.

Chicago style citations are used to give credit to the authors of supporting work that has been used to write an academic paper or article.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an Chicago Citation Generator?

The Chicago style is primarily used by college and university students studying business, history, social sciences, the fine arts, amongst others.

🙌 Why should I use a Chicago Citation Generator?

Citing sources is often an afterthought in paper writing because formatting citations correctly is time-consuming and confusing, and staying on top of source management manually can be hard. A citation generator makes this easier by:

• Decreasing the time you would spend formatting citations correctly
• Managing the recording and organization of every citation for you

In short, there is no reason not to use a citation generator in academic writing.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Chicago Citation Generator?

To get started, scroll up back up to the tool at the top of the page and follow these steps:

• Select the type of source you want to cite
• If it's a website, enter the URL in the search bar. If it's a book, enter the ISBN or title. If it's a journal article, enter the DOI or title. For all other sources, enter the details of the source into the form
• Select the search result that most closely represents the source you referred to in your paper
• Shazam! The generator will automatically format the citation in the Chicago style. Copy it into your paper, or save it to your bibliography to download later
• Repeat for every other citation you need to create for your paper

MyBib supports the following for Chicago style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

Chicago Citation Generator

- powered by chegg, all of our writing tools, none of the ads, your ultimate guide to chicago style citations.

Chicago style is a system used by researchers to structure their written work and references. Other popular systems include MLA format and APA, and Chicago is simply another style to add to the bunch. MLA is often used for language and literature studies, APA format is widely used by science writers, and Chicago is often the preferred choice for those working in history and other social sciences. Many other disciplines use Chicago as well.

If your teacher has requested Chicago citations in Turabian, don’t worry, you’ve come to the right place. Chicago is a system used by professional researchers and scholars. Kate Turabian is an educator who created a spin-off style, specifically for students and others who are using the style for assignments, not to get professionally published. Turabian’s structure for references are the same as Chicago. The only difference between between the two is that Turabian’s manual focuses more on the design and structure of a research paper, rather than a formally published piece.

If you’re a student and you’re trying to figure out how to create a Chicago style title page or Chicago style cover page, click here and check out the student resources.

One style, Two Varieties

Researchers have two options to choose from when they’re ready to reference work in this style. They can either choose to format their references using the “Notes and Bibliography” system or the “Author-Date” system.

Notes and Bibliography

This system uses footnotes, endnotes, and bibliographies. It’s most often used by those working in history, literature, and art.

Author-Date

This system uses in-text citations and bibliographies to structure Chicago citations. It’s most often used by those working in social sciences and sciences.

This page focuses on Notes and Bibliography, rather than Author-Date.

Footnotes and Endnotes

Instead of Chicago in-text citations, Notes and Bibliography uses footnotes or endnotes. A bibliography is also found at the very end of the paper.

A footnote is a reference found at the footer of the page. As readers read through a paper, they come across superscript numbers like this¹

At the footer of the page, readers locate the superscript number and view the reference information.

The reference information is found at the bottom of the page.

Endnotes are found at the end of the chapter. They’re similar to footnotes in that they use superscript numbers like this¹. Writers may choose to use footnotes OR endnotes in their paper.

Whether you choose to include footnotes at the footer of each page, or endnotes, at the end of the chapter, a bibliography is always included at the end of the paper.

The remainder of this guide explains how to structure references both in the notes and bibliographies.

In need of a Chicago citation machine to take the guesswork out of piecing together your Chicago style bibliographies? Look no further! BibMe.org has the tools you need to instantly develop your references. Take a trip to our homepage and create your references in just a few clicks!

How to Reference a Website Using the Chicago Manual of Style

The most basic entry for a website consists of the author name(s), page title, website title, web address, and date published or accessed.

First Name Last Name of Author, “Title of Page,” Title of Website, Month Day, date published or accessed, web address.

Bibliography:

Last Name, First Name of Author. “Page Title.” Website Title. Month Day, Date published or accessed. Web address.

Example Notes and Bibliography:

John Smith, “Obama Inaugurated as President,” CNN, accessed February 1, 2009, http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama inaugurated/index.html. Smith, John. “Obama Inaugurated as President.” CNN. Accessed February 1, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama inaugurated/index.html.

In the bibliography, the first author’s name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). Titles and affiliations associated with the author should be omitted. A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr., should appear after the author’s given name, preceded by a comma.

For a page with two or more authors , list them in the order as they appear on the website. Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while the others are written in normal order. Separate author names by a comma.

Smith, John, and Jane Doe. “Obama Inaugurated as President.” CNN. Accessed February 1, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.html.

If no author is available, begin the citation with the website owner.

CNN. “Obama Inaugurated as President.” Accessed February 1, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.html.

In Chicago style formatting, the full page title, which is followed by a period, should be placed within quotation marks. Place the period within the quotation marks.

Next, place the published date, or if one is not included, include the accessed date with “Accessed” written out prior to including the date. Include the web address of the page at the end. Conclude the citation with a period.

For websites without formal titles, use descriptive phrases in your citation in place of website titles.

Need more styles ? We have thousands available! From popular to obscure ones, we bet we have what you’re looking for!

How to Reference a Journal Article Using the Chicago Manual of Style

The most basic entry for a journal article consists of the author name(s), article title, journal name, volume number, date published, and page numbers.

First Name Last Name of Author, “Article Title,” Journal Name Volume Number, no. of issue (Date published): Page-Range, DOI address.

Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume Number, no. of issue (Date Published): Page-Range. DOI address.

John Smith, “Studies in Pop Rocks and Coke,” Weird Science 12, no. 3 (Spring 2009): 78-93, https://doi.org/10.1086/5422323.

Smith, John. “Studies in Pop Rocks and Coke.” Weird Science 12, no. 3 (Spring 2009): 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1086/5422323.

In the Chicago style bibliography, the first author’s name should be reversed (last name, then first name), with a comma placed after the last name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). The name should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears in the journal. Titles and affiliations associated with the author should be omitted. A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr. should appear after the author’s given name, preceded by a comma.

For an article written by two or more authors , list them in order as they appear in the journal. Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while the others are written in normal order. Separate author names with a comma.

Smith, John, and Jane Doe. “Studies in Pop Rocks and Coke.” Weird Science 12, no. 3 (Spring 2009): 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1086/5422323.

The full article title, which is followed by a period, should be placed within quotation marks. Place the period within the quotation marks. Although Chicago citation style traditionally uses the headline style of capitalizing the first letter of each word in the title, sentence style is also acceptable. Be consistent in your bibliography in using either style.

The article title is followed by the name of the journal, which is italicized. Omit any introductory articles (e.g., A, An, The) from the journal name. Journal names are usually given in full. You can abbreviate a journal name if you wish, except if it consists of one word. It is common to abbreviate journal names from scientific works (e.g., Comp Tech Evol ).

Include the volume number after the journal name. If an issue number is available, include it after the volume number and before the year published. Precede the issue number with a comma and the text “no.”

Put the year of publication in parentheses. Afterwards, include a colon, the page numbers the article appears on, and a period. You may include the month or season in parentheses before the year, although it is not necessary if you include an issue number.

If the article was published online, include the web address of the article. Conclude the citation with a period.

Remember, BibMe has a Chicago citation generator, which helps develop your Chicago style citations for you!

How to Reference a Book Using the Chicago Manual of Style

The most basic entry for a book consists of the author’s name, the title of the book, publisher city, publisher name, the year of publication, and the page range.

First Name Last Name of Author, Title of Book (Publisher City: Publisher Name, Year of Publication), page range.

Last Name, First Name. Title of Book . Publisher City: Publisher Name, Year Published.

Dan Brown, The DaVinci Code (New York: Scholastic, 2004), 17-19.

Brown, Dan. The DaVinci Code . New York: Scholastic, 2004.

In the bibliography, the first author’s name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and a period after the first name (or any middle name/initial). The name should generally be written as it appears on the title page, although certain adjustments may need to be made. Titles and affiliations associated with the author should be omitted. A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr. should appear after the author’s given name, preceded by a comma.

If you’re wondering how to cite Chicago style for a book written by two or more authors , list them in the order as they appear on the title page. Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while the others are written in normal order. Separate author names by a comma.

Smith, John, Jane Doe, and Bob Anderson. The Sample Book . Pittsburgh: BibMe, 2008.

The full title of the book, including any subtitles, should be stated and italicized. If the book has a subtitle, the main title should be followed by a colon (unless the main title ends with a question mark, exclamation point, or dash). The complete title should be followed by a period.

The publication information can generally be found on the title page of the book. If it is not available there, it may also be found on the copyright page. List the publication city, followed by a colon and the publisher name.

The publisher name may be given in full or it can be abbreviated. In all cases, introductory articles (e.g., The, A, An) and some business titles (e.g., Inc., Ltd., S.A.) are omitted. Other business titles (e.g., Co., & Co., Publishing Co.) are often omitted, but can be retained.

“Books” is usually retained. “Press” may be omitted or retained – if it is used with a university name, it must be retained. The word “University” can be abbreviated as “Univ.” The publisher is followed by a comma, and then the year of publication. End the Chicago citation with a period.

Full publisher name: The Good Book Company Name in citation: Good Book

Full name: Lowell Libson, Ltd. Name in citation: Lowell Libson

Full name: University of Hawai'i Press Name in citation: Univ. of Hawai'i Press

If you are citing a specific chapter from the book, include the following information before the book title: the chapter name and a period in quotations. Also include either the inclusive page numbers of the chapter (along with a period after the year of publication) or the chapter number (along with the text “Chap.”, preceding the “In” text before the book title).

Smith, John. “The First Chapter.” In The Sample Book BibMe, 2008.

In the notes:

John Smith. “The First Chapter,” in The Sample Book (Pittsburgh: BibMe, 2008) 47-61.

When a book has no edition number/name present, it is generally a first edition. If you have to cite a later edition of a book, you should indicate the newer edition in your Chicago citation.

If the book is a revised edition or an edition that includes substantial new content, include the number, name, or year of the edition and the abbreviation “ed.” in parentheses between the book title and the period that follows it.

“Revised edition” should be abbreviated as “Rev. ed.” and “Abridged edition” should be abbreviated as “Abr. ed.” “Second edition, revised and enlarged” can be abbreviated simply as “2nd ed.” The edition can usually be found on the title page, as well as on the copyright page, along with the edition’s date.

Smith, John. The Sample Book . 2nd ed. Pittsburgh: BibMe, 2008.

Smith, John. The Sample Book . Rev. ed. Pittsburgh: BibMe, 2008.

If the book is a reprint edition and is a newly republished version of an older book, include the original year of publication and a period after the period that follows the book title. Place the word “Reprint” and a comma before the publication city. The publication year at the end of the citation should be the year of the book’s reprinting.

Smith, John. The Sample Book . 1920. Reprint, Pittsburgh: BibMe, 2008.

Whether you’re creating a reference for a print book, e-book, or book found on a database, our Chicago citation maker assembles your book references for you! If you’ve come this far, still confused, and find yourself typing “in-text citations Chicago” into Google, remember this version uses footnotes and endnotes, not parenthetical references in the text!

How to Reference a Newspaper Using the Chicago Manual of Style

The most basic entry for a newspaper consists of the author name(s), article title, newspaper name, publication date, and web address or name of database.

First Name Last Name of Author, “Article Title,” Newspaper Name , Publication Date, web address or name of database.

Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Name , Publication Date. Web address or name of database.

John Smith, “Steelers Win Super Bowl XLIII,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , February 2, 2009, https://post-gazette.com/local/city/feb22009steelerswin.

Smith, John. “Steelers Win Super Bowl XLIII.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , February 2, 2009. https://post-gazette.com/local/city/feb22009steelerswin.

In the bibliography of your Chicago style paper, the first author’s name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). The name should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears in the newspaper. Titles and affiliations associated with the author should be omitted. A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr. should appear after the author’s given name, preceded by a comma.

For an article written by two or more authors, list them in order as they appear in the newspaper. Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while the others are written in normal order. In Chicago citation style, separate author names by a comma.

Smith, John, and Jane Doe. “Steelers Win Super Bowl XLIII.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , February 2, 2009. https://post-gazette.com/local/city/feb22009steelerswin.

The full article title, which is followed by a period, should be placed within quotation marks. Place the period within the quotation marks. Although this style traditionally uses the headline style of capitalizing the first letter of each word in the title, sentence style is also acceptable. Be consistent in your bibliography in using either style.

The article title is followed by the name of the newspaper, which is italicized and followed by a comma. The Chicago Manual of Style states to omit any introductory articles (e.g. A, An, The) from the newspaper name. If the publication city is not in the newspaper name, add it, in parentheses (and italics, if it’s a North American newspaper), to the end of the newspaper name. If the publication city shares its name with other cities or the location of the publication city is unclear, include the state/province name, in parentheses and italics, after the city within the newspaper name.

Smith, John. “Steelers win Super Bowl XLIII.” Star Ledger (Newark) , February 2, 2009.

Smith, John. “Steelers win Super Bowl XLIII.” Ottawa (IL) Daily Times , February 2, 2009.

Smith, John. “Steelers win Super Bowl XLIII.” Guardian (Manchester) , February 2, 2009.

Complete the citation by giving the complete publication date of the newspaper in the month-day-year format, followed by the web address or database name and a period.

Smith, John. “Steelers win Super Bowl XLIII.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , February 2, 2009. LexisNexis Academic.

If you’re searching for a Chicago style citation maker to do the work for you, look no further! Head to our homepage and create your newspaper references in Chicago style format!

How to Reference a Magazine Using the Chicago Manual of Style

When citing a magazine, use the same structure to cite a newspaper.

The most basic entry for a magazine consists of the author’s name, the title of the book, publisher city, publisher name, the year of publication, and the web address or database name.

First Name Last Name of Author, “Article Title,” Magazine Title , Month Date, Year of Publication, web address OR database name.

Last Name, First Name of Author. “Article title.” Magazine Title , Month Date, Year of publication. Web address OR Database name.

Dan Chan, “The Art of Pandas,” Panda Magazine , November 10, 1985, www.pandamagazine.com.

Chan, Dan. “The Art of Pandas.” Panda Magazine , November 10, 1985. www.pandamagazine.com.

In the bibliography, the first author’s name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and a period after the first name (or any middle name/initial). The name should generally be written as it appears on the article, although certain adjustments may need to be made. Titles and affiliations associated with the author should be omitted. A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr., should appear after the author’s given name, preceded by a comma.

The full article title, which is followed by a period, should be placed within quotation marks. Place the period within the quotation marks. Although Chicago style citations traditionally use the headline style of capitalizing the first letter of each word in the title, sentence style is also acceptable. Be consistent in your bibliography in using either style. The article title is followed by the name of the magazine, which is italicized. Place a comma after the magazine name.

The complete date of the magazine article should be written in the “month day, year” format. The publication date may consist of a complete date (January 1, 2009), a period that spans multiple months (March – April 2009), or simply a month and year (February 2009). Give whatever publication date information is available.

End the citation with a period after the publication date if you’re citing a print magazine. If you’re citing an online magazine, follow the period after the date with the full web address or the name of the database.

Chan, Dan. “The Art of Pandas.” Panda Magazine , November 10, 1985. World Animal Database.

Need more information? Trying to learn the ins and outs and feeling the need to type “bibliography Chicago style” into Google? Check out this read !

How to Reference a Film Using the Chicago Manual of Style

The most basic entry for a film consists of the title, medium, director name(s), distributor, distributor city, and year of release.

Film Title , directed by First Name Last Name (Distributor City, St: Distributor, Year of Release), Medium.

Remember, instead of a Chicago style in-text citation, this Chicago format style uses footnotes and endnotes!

Last Name, First. Film Title . Medium. Directed by First Name Last Name. Distributor City: Distributor, Year of Release.

BibMe: The Movie , directed by Jane Doe (Los Angeles: Columbia, 2001), DVD.

Doe, Jane, dir. BibMe: The Movie . Los Angeles: Columbia, 2001. DVD.

In the bibliography, begin the citation by including any personnel responsible for the content being cited, including composers, writers, or performers. The first person’s name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). Titles and affiliations associated with the author should be omitted. A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr. should appear after the author’s given name, preceded by a comma.

For a film with two or more personnel, list them in order as they are credited in the film. In a Chicago style citation, only the first person’s name should be reversed, while the others are written in normal order. Separate names by a comma.

Doe, Jane, and Joe Anderson, dirs. BibMe: The Movie . Los Angeles: Columbia, 2001. DVD.

After the personnel are listed with their role, italicize the film title, and follow it with a period.

After the title, include the city in which the film’s distributor is located, followed by a colon, the distributor’s name, a comma, and the year of release. If film was re-released in a more recent year and you are citing content new to that particular version of the film, include both dates in the citation as follows:

Doe, Jane, dir. BibMe: The Movie . 1997; Los Angeles: Columbia, 2001. DVD.

If you are citing a commentary or an individual scene, cite it like a chapter from a book. Place the commentary or film chapter name, along with a period, in quotations, after the initial personnel and before the film title.

Doe, Jane, dir. “Humble Beginnings.” BibMe: The Movie . Los Angeles: Columbia, 2001. DVD.

End with the medium of the copy of the film you viewed (e.g., VHS, DVD, Laser Disc), along with a period.

This guide may not have a Chicago style example paper, but we do have a Chicago style citation generator on BibMe.org! Head to our homepage and create your references with ease!

How to Reference a Lecture Using the Chicago Manual of Style

Readers are generally unable to access the content of a lecture viewed in person, so for that reason, it’s recommended to include information about the lecture in the text of the paper, or in the notes.

Chicago format example:

During Professor Maxwell Green’s lecture, The Fall of Rome , at New York University’s Jurow Lecture Hall on October 3, 2019….

The most basic entry for a lecture consists of the speaker’s name, presentation title, venue, city, state and date conducted.

Title of Lecture , instruction by First Name Last Name, prof. Venue, City, ST, Month, Day Year.

The Fall of Rome , instruction by Maxwell Green, prof. Jurow Lecture Hall, New York, NY, October 3, 2019.

Need some more information on the style? Here’s further information .

How to Reference an Interview Using the Chicago Manual of Style

The citation format for an interview depends on how it was conducted and published. If the interview was read in a periodical, follow the guidelines for newspapers or magazines. If the interview was read on a website, refer to the structure for websites, found towards the top of this guide.

Published interview from Radio/TV program:

First Name Last Name, “Title of Interview,” interview by First Name Last Name, Title of Program , Station, Month Day, Year, medium, length, web address. Last Name, First Name. “Title of Interview.” Interview by First Name Last Name. Title of Program , Station, Month Day, Year broadcasted. Medium, Length. Web address.

Unpublished interview:

Similar to lectures, unpublished interviews are untraceable, so The Chicago Manual of Style recommends to include information about the personal interview only in the text of the paper, or in the notes.

First Name Last Name of person being interviewed (Role and other information to allow the reader to understand their significance) in discussion with the author, Month, Year of interview.

Krishna Patel (archaeologist, Metropolitan Museum of Natural History, NYC), in discussion with the author, November, 2019.

How to reference an Encyclopedia Entry using the Chicago Manual of Style

If you’re citing a familiar reference work, such as World Book Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Britannica , Webster’s Dictionary , Roget’s Thesaurus , or another popular reference book, it’s acceptable to display the information only in Chicago style footnotes or endnotes.

The most basic entry for an encyclopedia/dictionary consists of the encyclopedia/dictionary name, edition, “s.v.” followed by the entry title or word, and sometimes the date accessed and web address, if consulted online. The abbreviation “s.v.” is for the Latin term “sub verbo,” which basically means “under the heading.”

If the reference book was found in print:

Title of Reference Book , Numbered ed. (Year published), s.v. “entry word.”

Chicago style citation example:

World Book Online , 12th ed. (2011), s.v. “revolution.”

If the reference book was found online:

Title of Reference Book , Version ed. (if a specific version is named), s.v. “entry word,” accessed Month Day, Year, web address.

World Book Online , Student ed., s.v. “revolution,” accessed November 18, 2019, http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/topic/revolution.

Include the encyclopedia/dictionary name in italics, a comma, the encyclopedia/dictionary’s edition, and the abbreviation “ed.” Then include a comma and the abbreviation “s.v.”, and then place the entry word, along with a comma, in quotation marks.

If consulted online, add the date the reference work was accessed and the web address. End the citation with a period.

Made it this far and still confused about a Chicago in-text citation? Feeling the need to type into the Google search bar, “in-text citation Chicago?” Keep in mind that this specific version uses footnotes and endnotes, not references in the sentences of your paper.

Chicago Author-Date Basics

Need to make citations using Chicago Author-Date format? Then this guide is for you! Below you will find information on how to cite a variety of sources using Chicago Author-Date.

The easiest method to cite using the Author-Date formatting system is to simply move the year published up in the citation to follow the author’s name. For example, this notes-bibliography citation:

Would look like this in the Author-Date system:

Smith, John. 2009. “Steelers Win Super Bowl XLIII.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , February 2, 2009. https://post-gazette.com/local/city/feb22009steelerswin.

Need more help? Here are examples of how to cite some of the most popular source types in Chicago Author-Date.

How to cite a book in Chicago Author-Date

Reference list

Last Name, First Name. Year Published. Title of Book . Publisher City: Publisher Name.

Brown, Dan. 2004. The DaVinci Code . New York: Scholastic.

(Author Last Name Year, page #).

(Brown 2004, 12).

How to cite a journal article in Chicago Author-Date

Author Last Name. Year. “Article Title.” Journal Title volume #, no. [issue #] (Season or Month Published): page range. DOI as a URL.

Smith, John. 2009. “Studies in Pop Rocks and Coke.” Weird Science 12, no. 3 (Spring): 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1086/5422323.

(Smith 2009, 78-93).

How to cite a website in Chicago Author-Date

Author Last Name, First Name. Last Modified Year. "Page Title." Website Title. Last modified Month Day, Year. URL.

DeSilver, Drew. 2018. "The Real Value of a $15 Minimum Wage Depends on Where You Live." Pew Research Center. Last modified October 10, 2018. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/10/the-real-value-of-a-15-minimum-wage-depends-on-where-you-live/.

(Author Last Name Year).

(DeSilver 2018).

After you’re through writing your paper, run it through the BibMe plagiarism checker . Its advanced technology provides grammar suggestions and spots instances of accidental plagiarism. Try it out now!

Updated March 10, 2020

Edited and written by Elise Barbeau and Michele Kirschenbaum. Elise is a citation expert and has her master’s degree in public history/library science. She has experience in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing. Michele is a certified library media specialist who loves citations and teaching. She’s been writing about citing sources since 2014.

Referencing a website in Chicago or Turabian format

In Chicago format, website citations are often left out of the bibliography and are instead mentioned in a note or within the text. If your instructor would like a formal citation, use the explanation below.

The most basic entry for a website consists of the author name(s), page title, website title, web address, and date accessed. For an article written by two or more authors, list them in order as they appear in the newspaper. If there's no author listed, begin your citation with the name of the website. The article title is followed by the name of the magazine, which is italicized. Place a comma after the magazine name.

The full page title, which is followed by a period, should be placed within quotation marks. Place the period within the quotation marks. Then include the website title, followed by a period. If the website title is not available, use the website's owner's name.

Example: Last Name, First Name. “Page Title.” Website Title. Web Address (retrieved Date Accessed).

For informal websites (such as a personal home page or fan sites), or websites without formal titles, use descriptive phrases in your citation in place of page or website titles.

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Chicago Citation Generator

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, the ultimate guide to citing anything in chicago style, everything you ever needed to know about citing sources from the chicago manual of style, the basics of citing in chicago style.

The Chicago Manual of Style, currently in its 16th edition, was created to help researchers properly cite their sources. There are two types of referencing styles in Chicago: 1) Notes and Bibliography and 2) Author-Date.

This guide displays the Notes and Bibliography style of referencing and is not associated with the official publishers of the style.

Need help with other styles? Our thorough MLA format and APA format guides are available for all of your writing and citing needs!

Creating a Bibliography in Chicago Style

The bibliography is a list of all the sources used in the paper. The list includes the important publication details of the sources. The bibliography must also follow this format:

• The citation list or bibliography must be single spaced.
• The last names of the authors must be arranged alphabetically.
• The second line of the source must be indented.

Examples of Citing Different Sources in Chicago Style

Generally, Chicago citations require:

• Title of book/article
• Title of newspaper/journal
• Publication year
• Publication month and date
• City of publication
• Date of access
• Page numbers
• URL or Name of Database

How to Create Footnotes and Endnotes for Chicago Style

If you’re wondering how to format Chicago in-text citations, Notes and Bibliography formatting requires writers to use footnotes and endnotes. These footnotes and endnotes acknowledge the different sources used in the work.

When a source is used in a research paper, a roman numeral is placed at the end of the borrowed information as superscript (it is smaller than the normal line of text and raised). That number correlates with a footnote or endnote.

• Footnotes are found at the bottom of the page
• Endnotes are added at the end of the chapter or project
• A footnote or endnote contains the complete citation information
• The matching number in the footnote or endnote is normal sized and not raised
• It is up to the discretion of the writer to either place the citation at the bottom of the page where the superscript is placed (a footnote) or to place all citations together at the end of the work (endnotes)

One would wonder, "Would young Einstein be characterized as belonging somewhere on the autism spectrum? Would Erdos have been given a diagnosis of A.D.H.D.?" ¹

Chicago style footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page:

• Silver, Nate. "Beautiful Minds." The New York Times. July 13, 2013. Accessed August 04, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/books/review/the-boy-who-loved-math-and-on-a-beam-of-light.html?ref=books&_r=0 .

If a source is used more than once in a research project, follow these guidelines:

• When used again, instead of writing out the complete citation for a second time in the footnote, only include: the author’s last name, the title or a phrase for the title (if it’s more than four words), and the page number(s) that were used. This will reduce the bulk of citation information in the paper.
• Cohen, Micah, "Rubio is Losing Support Among Republican Voters." FiveThirtyEight. July 09, 2013. Accessed August 04, 2015. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/rubio-is-losing-support-among-republican-voters/
• Wolf, Leon H. "Marco Rubio's Campaign Must Adapt or Die." RedState. August 04, 2015. Accessed August 04, 2015. http://www.redstate.com/2015/08/04/marco-rubios-campaign-must-adapt-die/ .
• Cohen, "Rubio Losing Support"

If a source is used consecutively, follow these guidelines for shortened citation and ibid :

If you are citing the same source continually throughout your text, use a shortened version of the full citation in your footnotes.

Previous versions of the style used the abbreviation “ibid,” short for “ibidem.” Ibidem is a Latin word that means “in the same place.” It was used when referring to a source that was just cited within a document (without other sources in between). Writers would use ibid instead of writing out the source information again. This was meant to save space since it’s fewer characters than citing the source again.

In the current version of Chicago, the 17th version, ibid is accepted but not preferred. This is because ibid requires readers to go back and search for the previous source cited, an inconvenience which outweighs the benefits of shortening the citation. Also, shortened citations are compact, so using ibid doesn’t always save line space.

Shortened citations

The first mention of a source should include all relevant information (e.g., full author name(s), full title, publisher, date published, etc.).

Subsequent mentions should be a shortened version using this formula:

Last Name, Title of the Work , page number(s).

Mentions after the shortened form can use the abbreviated formula:

Last Name, page number(s).

If there are two or three authors, list their full names in the order they appear in the source. If there are more than three authors, list the first author’s name followed by “et al.”

Examples of using shortened citations (preferred format in the 17th Edition):

• Philip R. Cateora et al., International Marketing (New York: McGraw Hill, 2020), 292-294.
• Cateora et al., International Marketing , 28-29.
• Cateora et al., 28-29.
• Cateora et al., 377.

Long titles that are more than four words are usually shortened. Focus on keeping key words from the title and omitting any beginning “a” or “the.” Examples:

• And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street = Mulberry Street
• Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe = Fried Green Tomatoes

If you are using the discontinued ibid notation, here are a few guidelines:

• When the same source is used consecutively, instead of typing in the citation information again, use the abbreviation “ibid.” Add the page numbers immediately following.
• If the same source AND same page number are used consecutively, simply write “Ibid.”

Same example above, but using ibid:

• Philip R. Cateora et al, International Marketing (New York: McGraw Hill, 2020), 292-294.

Another example with two sources that were mentioned earlier in the text:

• Anthony Doerr, All the Light We Cannot See (New York: Scribner, 2014), 82-84.
• Tatiana de Rosnay, Sarah's Key (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007), 24-27.
• Ibid., 133-134.
• Doerr, All the Light We Cannot See , 397-401.
• Ibid., 405.
• Ibid., 411.

For further clarification on the Chicago in-text citation style of footnotes and endnotes, consult the Chicago Manual of Style's website . This site is full of helpful pages, so if you’re tempted to head to Google to type in, “in-text citations Chicago,” take a peek at the official site first.

Creating Your Citations in Chicago Style

As mentioned, when you're following The Chicago Manual of Style, you'll be required to create a list of all sources used in your paper. Even though full bibliographic information can be found in the footnotes and endnotes, it is still acceptable, and often required by instructors, to create a bibliography. The bibliography is placed at the end of an assignment.

How to Cite a Print Book in Chicago Style

In the footnotes and endnotes:

First name Last name, Title of Book (Publication Place: Publisher, Year), page range.

In the bibliography:

Last name, First name. Title of book . Publication Place: Publisher, Year.

Example of Chicago Style for Books with One Author

Sam Staggs, Born to Be Hurt: The Untold Story of Imitation of Life (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009), 84.

Staggs, Sam. Born to Be Hurt: The Untold Story of Imitation of Life. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009.

Don’t forget, Citation Machine allows you to generate Chicago citations for books quickly and accurately.

Example of Chicago Citation for Books with Multiple Authors

Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media (London: Routledge,1994) 24-28.

Shohat, Ella, and Robert Stam. Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media . London: Routledge, 1994.

How to Cite Chapters or Articles from a Book in Chicago Style

First name, Last name of Chapter Author, “Chapter or Article Title,” in Book Title , ed. First Name Last Name of Editor (Publication Place: Publisher, Year), page range.

Last name, First name. "Chapter Title." In Book Title , edited by First Name Last Name, page range. Publication Place: Publisher, Year.

Looking for a simple and easy-to-use Chicago citation maker? Head to our homepage and start building your Chicago format references with ease!

Example of Chicago Citation for Chapters in a Book

Laura Aymerich-Franch and Maddalena Fedele, "Student's Privacy Concerns on the Use of Social Media in Higher Education," in Cutting-Edge Technologies and Social Media Use in Higher Education, ed. Vledlena Benson and Stephanie Morgan (Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2014), 35-36.

Aymerich-Franch, Laura, and Maddalena Fedele. "Student's Privacy Concerns on the Use of Social Media in Higher Education." In Cutting-Edge Technologies and Social Media Use in Higher Education, edited by Vledlena Benson and Stephanie Morgan, 35-36. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2014.

How to Cite Online E-books in Chicago Style

When citing e-books, include the URL or the name of the database. The URL or database name should be the last part of the citation.

First name Last name, Title of e-book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page range, URL, Database Name.

Last name, First name. Title of Book. Publication Place: Publisher, Year. URL, Name of Database.

Example of Chicago Citation for E-Books

Michael J. Baker, The Marketing Book (Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002), 89, https://htbiblio.yolasite.com/resources/Marketing%20Book.pdf .

Baker, Michael J. The Marketing Book. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. https://htbiblio.yolasite.com/resources/Marketing%20Book.pdf .

If you understand how to structure your references easily, thanks to this thorough guide, and are looking for help with the written portion of your paper, look no further! There are tons of Citation Machine grammar guides to help you write with ease. Here’s just one of our many useful pages: Positive & Negative Adjectives .

How to Cite E-books in Chicago Style E-books from a Kindle or E-book Reader

If there aren’t any clearly labeled page numbers, use chapter numbers or titles, section numbers or titles, or any other established numbering system in the text. It’s also acceptable to omit page information from Chicago style citations if there aren’t clearly labeled page numbers.

First name Last name, Title of the Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page range, Type of E-reader

Last name, First name. Title of book . Publication Place: Publisher, Year. Type of e-reader.

Example of Chicago Citation for Kindle or E-book Reader

Corina Bomann, The Moonlight Garden (Washington: AmazonCrossing, 2016), chap. 8, Kindle.

Bomann, Corina. The Moonlight Garden . Washington: AmazonCrossing, 2016. Kindle.

How to Cite Print Journals in Chicago Style

First name Last name, "Title of Article," Journal Title Volume Number, No. of issue (Year): Page range.

Chicago style citation in the bibliography:

Last name, First name. "Title of Article," Journal Title Volume Number, No. of issue (Year): Page range.

Example of Chicago Citation for Print Journals

Damien O'Brien and Brian Fitzgerald, "Digital Copyright Law in a YouTube World," Internet Law Bulletin 9, no. 6 (2007): 71-74.

O'Brien, Damien, and Brian Fitzgerald, "Digital Copyright Law in a YouTube World." Internet Law Bulletin 9, no. 6 (2007): 71-74.

If you’re come this far and you’re still searching for in-text citation Chicago information, remember, this style uses footnotes and endnotes! Scroll up to find out more!

How to Cite Online or Database Journals in Chicago Style

First name Last name, "Article Title," Journal Title Volume Number, Issue No.(Year): Page range. URL or Name of Database.

Last name, First name. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume Number, Issue No. (Year): Page range. URL or Name of Database.

Example of Chicago Citation for Online or Database Journals

Trine Schreiber, "Conceptualizing Students’ Written Assignments in the Context of Information Literacy and Schatzki’s Practice Theory," Journal of Documentation 70, no. 3 (2014): 346-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-01-2013-0002 .

Schreiber, Trine. "Conceptualizing Students’ Written Assignments in the Context of Information Literacy and Schatzki’s Practice Theory." Journal of Documentation 70, no. 3 (2014): 346-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-01-2013-0002 .

Our Citation Machine Chicago citation generator helps you create your references in just a few clicks. Give it a whirl and watch the magic unfold!

How to Cite Print Magazines in Chicago Style

First name Last name, "Article Title," Magazine Title, Full Date, page range.

Last name, First name. "Article Title." Magazine Title, Full Date.

Example of Chicago Citation for Print Magazines

George J. Church, "Sunny Mood at Midsummer: Americans Take a Brighter View of Reagan," _Time, July 18, 1983, 56-59.

Church, George J. "Sunny Mood at Midsummer: Americans Take a Brighter View of Reagan" Time, July 18, 1983.

How to Cite Online Magazines in Chicago Style

First name, Last name, "Article Title," Title of Magazine, Full Date, URL.

Chicago style bibliography structure:

Last name, First name. "Article Title" Magazine Title, Full Date, URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Online Magazines

Bill Donahue. “King of the Mountains,” Backpacker, September/October 2019, 76-82, http://backpacker.eoncontent.ebscohost.com/2226647#&pageSet=39

Donahue, Bill. “King of the Mountains.” Backpacker, September/October 2019. http://backpacker.eoncontent.ebscohost.com/2226647#&pageSet=39

How to Cite a Web Page in Chicago Style

Creating a footnote, endnote, or bibliographic information for web content isn’t always necessary. It’s acceptable to simply mention the source in the written portion of the paper. For example, “The Marco Polo page on History’s website, last updated on March 6, 2019, describes his travels along the Silk Road while....” Include formal Chicago citation style references if you or your professor prefers to do so.

A bit more:

• If the website page is missing a date of publication, include the date the source was last modified or accessed in the footnote and endnote.
• If the website page is missing the name of the author, begin the footnote with the “Title of the Article or Page.”

First name Last name of Author, "Title of Article or Page," Title of Website, Date published or last modified or accessed, URL.

Last name, First name or Organization Name. "Title of Article or Page." Title of Website. Date published or last modified or accessed. URL.

Figuring out how to style web references can be tricky, but thanks to our Chicago citation machine, we’ve made the whole process much easier for you. Try it out!

Example of Chicago Citation for a Web Page

Sujan Patel, "15 Must-have Marketing Tools for 2015," Entrepreneur, January 12, 2015. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/241570 .

Patel, Sujan. “15 Must-have Marketing Tools for 2015.” Entrepreneur. January 12, 2015. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/241570 .

Don’t forget, Citation Machine allows you to generate Chicago citations for websites quickly and accurately.

How to Cite The Bible or Religious Texts in Chicago Style

Bible references are often displayed in the text of a paper (similar to web content) or in footnotes and endnotes. Formal bible references in bibliographies are not necessary.

Abbreviated Title of Book, Chapter:Verse (Edition).

Example of Chicago Citation for Bible

2 Cor. 11:7 (New Standard Version).

If you’re looking for other resources to help you with the written portion of your paper, we have quite a few handy grammar guides. Two of our favorites? Adjectives starting with X and List of verbs .

How to Cite Blogs in Chicago Style

*According to the 17th edition of the manual, blogs are not typically cited in bibliographies. They are generally cited in the footnotes/endnotes section. Of course, if the writer or professor prefers a full bibliographic reference, one can be created.

Style notes and bibliographic references the same way as you would an online newspaper, but include (blog) in parentheses immediately following the title of the blog.

First name Last name, "Title of Blog Post," Title of Blog (blog), Title of Larger Blog, if part of a larger one, Month Day Year of post, URL.

Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Blog." Name of Blog Site (blog). Title of Larger Blog, if part of a larger one, Month Day Year of post. URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Blogs

Shannon Miller, "Valentine Ideas Using Digital Tools, Hands, Creativity, and a Little Love for Padlet," The Library Voice (blog), January 20, 2016, http://vanmeterlibraryvoice.blogspot.com/2016/01/valentine-ideas-using-digital-tools.html .

Miller, Shannon. "Valentine Ideas Using Digital Tools, Hands, Creativity, and a Little Love for Padlet." The Library Voice, January 20, 2016. http://vanmeterlibraryvoice.blogspot.com/2016/01/valentine-ideas-using-digital-tools.html .

Chicago style bibliographies aren’t as complicated as they seem, especially when you have a generator to do the work for you. Head to our homepage and try ours out!

How to Cite TV Broadcasts in Chicago Style

Title of Series , episode number, “Title of Episode,” directed by First Name Last Name, written by First Name Last Name, featuring First Names Last Names of actors, aired Month Day, Year, on Station Name, URL.

Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Series . Season Number, episode number, “Title of Episode.” Aired Month Day, Year, on Station Name. URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Broadcasts

Riverdale , episode 15, “American Dreams,” directed by Gabriel Correra, written by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, featuring KJ Apa, Lili Reinhart, and Cole Sprouse, aired March 13, 2019, on CW.

Bibliography Chicago style:

Correra, Gabriel, dir. Riverdale . Season 3, episode 15, “American Dreams.” Aired March 13, 2019, on CW.

How to Cite a Case Study in Chicago Style

First name Last name. Title of Case Study. (Publication Place: Publisher, Year).

Last name, First name. Title of Case Study.

Example of Chicago Citation for Case Study

Peter Finn. Disulfiram.

Finn, Peter. Disulfiram.

How to Cite Conference Proceedings in Chicago Style

First Name Last Name, “Title of Conference Paper” (format, Title of Conference, Location, Full Date).

Last name, First name. “Title of Conference Paper.” Format presented at Title of Conference, Location, Date. URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Conference Paper

Craig Myerson, “Historical Markings in New Castle, Delaware” (Power-Point presentation, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE, June 18, 2019.

Myerson, Craig. “Historical Markings in New Castle, Delaware.” Power-point presentation presented at The University of Delaware, Newark, DE, June 18, 2019.

How to Cite Court or Legal Cases in Chicago Style

The 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style recommends referring to The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation , or the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation to learn how to create court or legal references. Both guides are widely used by those in legal fields and have become the standard for referencing legal cases.

The examples below reflect the format found in The Bluebook .

Legal cases are rarely documented in bibliographies, usually only in notes.

Plaintiff v. Defendant, Court Case Number (Abbreviated Name of the Court. Year).

Example of Chicago Citation for Legal Cases

Michael Clum v. Jackson National Life Insurance Co., 10-000126-CL (Ingham Cty. 2011).

How to Cite Dictionary and Encyclopedia Entries in Chicago Style

According to The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition, well-known reference books, including major dictionaries and encyclopedias, are normally cited in notes rather than bibliographies. Lesser known reference books can be cited in the bibliography.

The abbreviation "s.v." means sub verbo , which is Latin for "under the word."

Chicago style formatting in the footnotes and endnotes:

Name of dictionary or encyclopedia , Numbered ed. (Year), s.v. “term.”

If found online:

Name of dictionary or encyclopedia , s.v. "term," accessed Month Day Year, url.

Last name, First name of Author. Title of Dictionary or Encyclopedia . Numbered ed. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year.

Example of Chicago Citation for Dictionary and Encyclopedia Entries

Encyclopedia Britannica , s.v. “pressure,” accessed September 15, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/science/pressure .

Gover, Emily. Encyclopedia of Birds . 4th ed. New York: Chegg, 2016.

How to Cite Dissertations in Chicago Style

First name Last name, "Title of Dissertation" (type of paper, school, year), url.

Last name, First name. "Title of Dissertation." Type of Paper, School, Year. URL or Database(Identification Number).

Example of Chicago Citation for Dissertations

Michele Kirschenbaum, "Young Students' Online Searching Capabilities" (master's thesis, Drexel University, 2009).

Kirschenbaum, Michele. "Young Students' Online Searching Capabilities." Master's thesis, Drexel University, 2009.

How to Cite DVDs, Video, and Film in Chicago Style

Title , directed by First Name Last name (Year; City, State Abbrev: Producer), Format.

Last Name, First Name, dir. Title . Year; City, State Abbrev: Producer, Year. Format.

Example of Chicago Citation for Film, DVDs, or Videos

_Home Lone , directed by Chris Columbus (1990; Los Angeles, CA: 20th Century Fox), DVD.

Columbus, Chris, dir. Home Alone . 1990; Los Angeles, CA: 20th Century Fox. DVD.

Don’t forget, Citation Machine allows you to generate Chicago citations for films quickly and accurately.

How to Cite Facebook Pages in Chicago Style

Title of Facebook Page, “Text of Post,” Facebook, Month Day, Year, URL.

Title of Facebook Page. “Text of Post.” Facebook, Month Day, Year. URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Facebook Post

Awakenings, “Maceo Plex gave us goosebumps during Awakenings Festival! We can't wait to hear what he has in store during Maceo Plex x Lone Romantic | Awakenings ADE Elementenstraat on October 19:awak.enin.gs/2KMxDCH,” Facebook, September 12, 2019, https://www.facebook.com/pg/awakenings/posts/?ref=page_internal .

Awakenings. “Maceo Plex gave us goosebumps during Awakenings Festival! We can't wait to hear what he has in store during Maceo Plex x Lone Romantic | Awakenings ADE Elementenstraat on October 19:awak.enin.gs/2KMxDCH.” Facebook, September 12, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/pg/awakenings/posts/?ref=page_internal .

How to Cite Government Publications in Chicago Style

Title of Publication , prepared by Organization (City, State Abbrev, Year).

Firm/Department. Title of Publication . City, State Abbrev, Year.

Example of Chicago Citation for Government Publication

Audit of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Annual Financial Statements Fiscal Year 2014 , prepared by The Department of Justice (Washington, DC, 2014).

Department of Justice. Audit of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Annual Financial Statements Fiscal Year 2014 . Washington, DC, 2014.

How to Cite Interviews in Chicago Style

Published Interviews are treated in Chicago format style like an article in a magazine or a newspaper. Use one of those formats to cite your interview.

How to Cite an E-mail in Chicago Style

According to The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th edition, personal communications, such as letters, e-mails, text messages, and phone calls are usually referenced in the footnotes and endnotes or explained in the text of the paper. They are rarely listed in the Chicago style bibliography. In addition, an e-mail address belonging to an individual should be omitted, unless given permission by its owner.

Individual's First name Last name, type of communication, Month Day Year of correspondence.

Example of Chicago Citation for E-mail

Michele Kirschenbaum, e-mail message to author, January 18, 2016.

How to Cite Musical Recordings in Chicago Style

"Title of Song," Year of recording date, Platform, track number on Artist’s Name, Album Title, Producer, Year.

Last name, First name of performer. Title of Album. Recorded Year. Producer.

Example of Chicago Citation for Recordings

"Sucker,” Spotify, track 1, on Jonas Brothers, Happiness Begins , Republic Records, 2019.

Jonas Brothers. Happiness Begins . 2019. Republic Records.

Still wondering how to style a Chicago in-text citation? Remember, this style uses footnotes and endnotes! Head to the top of this page to learn more!

How to Cite Online Videos in Chicago Style

First name Last name of individual who posted the video, “Title of Video,” Producer, published on Month Day, Year, Site video, Length, URL.

Last name, First name. "Title of Video." Producer. Published on Month Day, Year. Site video, Length. URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Online Videos

“Habitats Work in Texas After Hurricane Harvey,” Habitat for Habitat for Humanity, published on September 11, 2019, YouTube video, 01:35, https://youtu.be/EPPALfWYGRo .

“Habitats Works in Texas After Hurricane Harvey.” Habitat for Humanity. Published on September 11, 2019. YouTube video, 01:35. https://youtu.be/EPPALfWYGRo .

How to Cite Images in Chicago Style

First name Last name, Title of Image , Year, format, Location, State, URL.

Last Name, First Name. Title of Image . Date. Format. Location, State, URL.

Example of Chicago Citation for Photographs and Images

Jerome Liebling, May Day , New York, 1948, photograph, The Jewish Museum, New York.

Liebling, Chris. May Day , New York. 1948. Photograph. The Jewish Museum, New York.

How to Cite Live Performances in Chicago Style

Since most live performances are not retrievable by the reader, simply refer to them in the text of the paper or in the notes, and omit it from the bibliography. If it’s a recorded performance, follow the Chicago style format for musical recordings.

Title of Play , music and lyrics by First Name Last Name, dir. First Name Last name, chor. Name of Theatre, City, State Abbrev, Date of Live Performance.

Example of Chicago Citation for Live Performances

The Lion King , Julie Taymor, dir. Garth Fagan, chor. Minskoff Theatre, New York, NY, August 8, 2019.

How to Cite Podcasts in Chicago Style

When citing podcasts in Chicago Style, treat it as an article in a periodical or a chapter in a book. If found online, include the url.

How to Cite Poems in Chicago Style

When citing poems in Chicago Style, cite it as you would a chapter in a book.

How to Cite Presentations and Lectures in Chicago Style

Follow the same guidelines as in the “Conference Papers” section above.

How to Cite Sheet Music in Chicago Style

According to the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition, cite sheet music the same way as you cite books.

Once you’ve styled each and every reference, take a minute to run your paper through our plagiarism checker . It’s the perfect go-to resource when you’re in need of another set of eyes to scan your paper!

Updated January 8, 2020

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Wendy Ikemoto. Michele Kirschenbaum has been an awesome school librarian since 2006 and is an expert in citing sources. Wendy Ikemoto has a master’s degree in library and information science and has been working for Citation Machine since 2012.

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Chicago Format & Citation Style: Notes and Bibliography, 17th Edition

Introduction, chicago notes-bibliography (turabian) citation style: a tutorial.

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Chicago Manual - 17th Edition

The  Chicago Manual of Style  (17th ed.) provides standardized rules for formatting a paper (margins, line spacing, etc.), as well as a consistent method for citing ideas, quotations, facts, and paraphrases borrowed from other sources.

Chicago style provides two different methods for source citation.

Notes-Bibliography style uses footnotes (or endnotes) for citations within the text and a bibliography at the end. This format is used in History, Art, and other humanities disciplines.

Author-Date style uses parenthetical references for in-text citations and a reference list at the end. This format is used in many science and social science disciplines.

• Chicago Style Citation Quick Guide

Watch this brief video for help with Chicago Notes-Bibliography style:

You may activate the closed-captioning on this video, if desired. A transcript of this video is also provided below.

• Transcript of "Chicago Notes-Bibliography (Turabian) Citation Style" Video Tutorial
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• Last Updated: Feb 14, 2024 9:50 AM
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Go to Index

Author-Date: Sample Citations

Go to Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, follow the Notes and Bibliography link above.

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster.

Smith, Zadie. 2016. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press.

In-text citations

(Grazer and Fishman 2015, 12)

(Smith 2016, 315–16)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 40 – 45 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages.

Reference list entry

Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

In-text citation

(Thoreau 2016, 177–78)

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

D’Agata, John, ed. 2016. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

(D’Agata 2016, 177–78)

For more details, see 15.36 and 15.42 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

Lahiri, Jhumpa. 2016.  In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

(Lahiri 2016, 146)

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit).

Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. 2016. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

(Austen 2007, chap. 3)

(Borel 2016, 92)

(Kurland and Lerner 1987, chap. 10, doc. 19)

(Melville 1851, 627)

Journal article

In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38 (1): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April): 165–76.

(Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10)

(LaSalle 2017, 95)

(Satterfield 2016, 170)

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. 2017. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

(Bay et al. 2017, 465)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 46–49 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

Manjoo, Farhad. 2017. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. 2017. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. 2017. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. 2007. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

(Manjoo 2017)

(Mead 2017, 43)

(Pegoraro 2007)

Readers’ comments are cited in the text but omitted from a reference list.

(Eduardo B [Los Angeles], March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo 2017)

For more examples, see 15 . 49 (newspapers and magazines) and 1 5 . 51 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

Kakutani, Michiko. 2016. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

(Kakutani 2016)

Stamper, Kory. 2017. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

(Stamper 2017)

Thesis or dissertation

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.

(Rutz 2013, 99–100)

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.

Bouman, Katie. 2016. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. 2017. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

(Bouman 2016)

(Google 2017)

(Yale University, n.d.)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 50–52 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 1 5 . 57 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

(Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

(Souza 2016)

(Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

(Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017)

• Link to facebook
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• Writing Tips

How to Format a Bibliography in Chicago Referencing

3-minute read

• 25th February 2020

As with most citation systems, Chicago referencing requires you to list all cited sources at the end of your document. However, this differs slightly depending on the system you’re using:

• With the footnote version of Chicago, you need a bibliography .
• With the author-date version , you need a reference list .

These are similar in practice, but make sure you know which version you need before finalizing the list of references in your document . And to help you get this right, we’ve compiled some key information on how to format a bibliography or reference list in Chicago referencing below.

How to Format a Bibliography (Chicago Footnotes)

When using the Chicago footnote system, you will list all cited sources in a bibliography at the end of your document. The main rules for formatting a Chicago bibliography are:

• Start it on a new page at the end of your document titled “Bibliography.”
• Include all sources cited in footnotes other than personal communications (e.g., unpublished letters and emails).
• Arrange sources alphabetically by the surname of the first listed author. If a source has no named author, use the first main word of the title instead.
• Invert the first listed author’s name for listing the source alphabetically.
• Additional authors names can be listed in the conventional order.
• Use the conjunction “and,” not the ampersand (&), between the last two author names for works with two or more authors.
• For works with ten or more authors, list the first seven followed by “et al.”
• When citing more than one work by an author, order them alphabetically by title. In addition, while you should give the author’s name for the first reference, subsequent entries should use three em dashes in place of the author’s name (e.g., ———. Title of Work . Publication Information).
• Italicize titles of books, journals, and other standalone publications.
• Use “quote marks” for titles of articles and book chapters.
• For website and book series titles, don’t use italics or quotation marks.
• Use title case for all titles, including books, websites, and articles.
• Provide DOIs instead of URLs for online sources whenever possible.
• Use a date of access when an online source has no date of publication.

As with any reference list, though, the most important factors are:

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• Providing enough information for your reader to identify each source.
• Using a clear and consistent style for all references.

How to Format a Reference List (Chicago Author-Date)

The format for a reference list in Chicago author-date referencing is essentially the same as above. However, there are a few differences:

• Use the title “References” at the top of the page.
• When citing multiple sources by a single author, arrange them by the date of publication (not the title of the source, as described above for the bibliography). As with the notes and bibliography system, use three em dashes for each entry after the first.
• When citing two or more works by the same author from the same year , add a letter after the year of publication for both citations and reference list entries (e.g., 2012a, 2012b, 2012c).

Except for these differences, use the format for a bibliography set out above.

Chicago Referencing Proofreading

You can find out more about referencing different source types in Chicago referencing on this blog. And whatever you’re citing, make sure to have your work proofread by the experts ! We can make sure your referencing is clear, error free, and consistent throughout each document you write.

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What is the Chicago Style Citation?

Chicago citations are used by students, writers and researchers worldwide to acknowledge the use of other people’s words and ideas in their written work, thereby lending credibility to their statements and conclusions without committing plagiarism.

There are two basic documentation systems in this style:

• Notes-Bibliography System (NB) is made up of footnotes or endnotes (or both), and a bibliography
• Author-Date System consists of parenthetical author-date citations and a corresponding reference list including full publication information

The style offers academic writers the choice between these two formats; choosing which system you are going to apply to your work will depend on your discipline and the type of sources you are citing. If you are unsure which system you should be using, make sure you consult your tutor before you begin.

The notes and bibliography system is primarily used in the humanities – including literature, history, and the arts – because it is a flexible style that accommodates unusual source types and opens up space for commentary on the sources cited. A superscript number at the end of the sentence signals to the reader that a source has been used, and summary details of the source can be found using the numbered footnote at the bottom of the page. Full details of the source information can be located in the bibliography, which is presented at the end of the essay in alphabetical order by author. Read more about creating Chicago style footnotes here.

The Chicago style citation also has an author-date variant, which is commonly used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. Sources are briefly cited in the text and enclosed within parentheses. Each parenthetical citation includes the author’s last name and date of publication, and is keyed to a corresponding citation in a complete list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Whether you are using the notes and bibliography system or the author-date style in your work, the Cite This For Me citing tool will help to generate your citations in seconds. Simply log in to your account, or create one for free, and select the note-bib or author-date version of this style.

Popular Chicago Citation Examples

• Chapter of a book
• Image online or video
• Presentation or lecture
• Video, film, or DVD

Cite This For Me Chicago Citation Generator

Our mission at Cite This For Me is to educate students on the benefits of utilizing multiple sources in their written work and the importance of accurately citing all source material. This guide has been written to support students, writers and researchers by offering clear, well-considered advice on the usage of Chicago citations.

We understand that it is easy to inadvertently plagiarize your work under the mounting pressure of expectation and deadlines. That’s why we’ve created this generator to automate the citing process, allowing you to save valuable time transcribing and organizing your citations. So, rather than starting from scratch when your essay, article, or research is due, save yourself the legwork with the Cite This For Me citation generator . It’s a quick and easy way to cite any source.

There are thousands of other citation styles out there – the use of which one varies according to scholarly discipline, college requirements, your professor’s preference or the publication you are writing for. Sign up to Cite This For Me to select from over thousands of widely used global college styles, including college variations of each.

If you are looking to cite your work using MLA formatting , or your discipline requires you to use the APA citation format, you’ll find the style you need on the Cite This For Me website. As well as the Chicago citation generator above, Cite This For Me provides open generators and style guides for styles such as ASA , AMA or IEEE . Simply go to the Cite This For Me website and choose your style from our comprehensive list. Whichever style you’re using, make sure that you apply the recommended method consistently throughout your work.

Keep reading our comprehensive guide for practical advice and examples that will help you create each Chicago style citation with ease. If you need further information or examples, consult The Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. (we’re not affiliated with the official manual which is published by the University of Chicago Press).

How do I Create and Format Chicago Style Citations?

While the Cite This For Me generator helps you be accurate, whether you are writing a college assignment or preparing a research project, you are encouraged to review your citations manually for consistency, accuracy and completeness according to this guide.

I. Notes-Bibliography System

• Formatting a footnote

Rather than a parenthetical Chicago citation, you should insert a footnote to acknowledge your source material. Whenever you cite a source, whether it is using a direct quote, paraphrasing another author’s words, or simply referring to an idea or theory, you should:

• Insert a superscript number (raised slightly above the line) at the end of the sentence containing the source – begin with number 1 and continue numerically throughout the paper
• The superscript number should follow any punctuation mark (full stops, parentheses and commas etc.). Do not put any punctuation after the number
• Each number must correspond to a matching number at the foot of the page – while note numbers in-text are set as superscript numbers, the notes themselves are full size
• A footnote generally lists the author (first name first), title, and facts of publication (enclosed in parentheses), in that order – each should be separated by commas. Titles are capitalized, titles of books and journals are italicized, titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters or articles) are presented in roman and enclosed in double quotation marks
• A footnote, or Chicago style citation, should always end with a period
• Notes should be separated from the main body of text with a typed line 1 ½ inches long
• Notes are single-spaced in Chicago style format, and the first line of each footnote is indented two spaces from the page margin. Double-space between each note
• Abbreviations include editor/edited by/ edition (ed/eds.), translator/translated by (trans.), volume (vol.), chapter (chap.), no date (n.d), part (pt.), and others (et al.) and revised/revised by/revision/review (rev.)

If you’re looking for additional help and still finding it necessary to type “in-text citations Chicago” into a search engine, read here for more information about formatting your footnotes. You can also consult sections 14.24-14.60 of the CMOS for more detailed information on notes.

• Formatting a shortened note

While the first Chicago style citation for each source should include all relevant bibliographic information, if you cite the same source again you can use a shortened form of the note.

• The short form need only include enough information to remind your reader of the full title, or to direct them to the appropriate entry in the bibliography
• Include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title of the work cited (if more than four words), and page number(s) in the Chicago citation
• If a work has two or three authors, cite in full the first time and subsequently give the last name of each; for more than three, the surname of the first author followed by et al.
• Farmwinkle, Humor of the Midwest , 241.
• Farmwinkle, 260-263.
• Citing one source multiple times in the same paragraph? You can cite it either parenthetically in-text or in subsequent notes by means of an abbreviation – e.g. Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway (Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 1996), 52 (hereafter cited in text as Dalloway )

Sections 14.29-14.36 of the CMOS contain more information on shortened notes.

Formatting an endnote

If you are drawing on multiple sources, a page cluttered with footnotes can overwhelm your reader. While readers of scholarly works generally prefer footnotes for ease of reference, endnotes are less intrusive and will not interrupt the flow of your work. You should judge for yourself whether footnotes or endnotes would best compliment your assignment, and then Cite This For Me’s Chicago style citation maker will generate them for you.

• Whilst footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is cited, endnotes will be compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire work (this usually depends on the length of your work)
• Notes should be numbered consecutively (beginning with number 1) throughout each chapter or article

I. Author-Date System

If you are using the author-date system to format your Chicago style citations, you must indicate each source with a brief parenthetical citation:

• Include the last name of author, the year of publication, and a page number in parentheses. A comma should be placed after the year of publication and before the page number.
• Position the parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence referring to the source, and place just inside a mark of punctuation – unless it is a block quotation , in which case it is placed outside the punctuation
• Where the author’s name appears in the text, you don’t need to repeat it in the Chicago style in-text citation
• When citing works with more than three authors, only the name of the first author is used in the in-text citation Chicago reference, followed by et al. – e.g. (Schonen et al. 2009, 145)
• Compile a list of all source material in a reference list at the end of your assignment

Chapter 15 of the CMOS is devoted to the author-date reference system.

Recent revisions to the format have allowed for a certain degree of flexibility when it comes to Chicago in-text citations. You may prefer to use a combination of footnotes and parenthetical author-date citations (especially if you have an excess of notes) – you could use author-date citations to indicate sources within the text, and numbered footnotes or endnotes to add comments.

Why not give the Cite This For Me app or web tool a try? Save yourself the bother of formatting each Chicago style citation and have the whole thing done using our automated technology. Simply search for the author or title of the book you want to cite and leave the rest to us. Your Chicago style bibliographies have never been easier to develop!

Creating My Bibliography and Reference List

Each Chicago citation in the body of your written work should be directly keyed to a bibliography or reference list entry. Compiling a full list of all the source material that has contributed to your research and writing process is the perfect opportunity to show your reader the effort you have gone to in researching your chosen topic, ensuring that you get the grade you deserve.

Have you been wondering how to organize all of your formatted Chicago style citations in a comprehensive list? Well look no further, because here’s the lowdown on how to structure your bibliography and you can always find more in sections 14.61-14.71 of the CMOS:

• Arrange sources alphabetically by author’s last name (if no author or editor is listed then by the title or keyword that readers are most likely to seek)
• Usually titled ‘Bibliography’, and placed at the end of your work but preceding the index
• A full bibliography will include all relevant sources that provided further reading, even if they were not directly cited in your work – check with your tutor whether or not this is necessary
• Each bibliographic entry should include: author name (last name first, separating last and first name with a comma), title of work (italicized, titles of articles and chapters etc. enclosed in quotation marks instead), publication information (publisher name, location, year of publication)
• All the main elements in the Chicago citation are separated by periods rather than commas
• Terms such as editor, edition, translator, volume are abbreviated, but edited by, translated by must be spelled out in the bibliography
• Do not include specific page numbers, but for easier location of chapters or journal articles, include the beginning and ending page numbers of the whole chapter or article
• Go here to find more information on accurately compiling a bibliography

II. Author-Date System

If you are adopting the author-date variant of Chicago style citations, read the above list for a guide on how to compile your reference list. There are just two differences from the notes-bibliography system:

• Instead of a bibliography your list should be titled ‘References’ or ‘Works Cited’
• The year of publication comes directly after the author’s name – this facilitates the easy lookup of reference list entries because it copies the format of the in-text citation

Are you spending too much time on completing your bibliography? The Cite This For Me Chicago citation generator is here to help take a weight off your mind. Try our Chicago citation machine and see how simple it is to create your references.

Chicago Format Examples (17th Edition)

Carefully follow these examples when compiling and formatting both your in-text citations and bibliography in order to avoid losing marks for citing incorrectly.

Each example in this section includes a numbered footnote, a shortened form of the note, and a corresponding bibliography entry.

Book with single author or editor:

• Full Chicago citation in a footnote:

5. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99-100.

• Shortened citation in a footnote:

5. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma , 3.

• Bibliography entry:

Pollan, Michael, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals . New York: Penguin, 2006.

Book with multiple authors:

For a book with two authors in Chicago format style, note that only the first-listed name is inverted in the bibliography entry.

• Full Chicago style citation in a footnote:

3. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 52.

3. Ward and Burns, War , 52.

Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 . New York: Knopf, 2007.

Print journal article:

89. Walter Blair, “Americanized Comic Braggarts,” Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977): 331-32.

89. Blair, “Americanized Comic Braggarts,” 335.

Blair, Walter. “Americanized Comic Braggarts.” Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977): 331-49.

Online journal article:

When citing electronic sources consulted online, the Chicago style citation manual recommends including an electronic resource identifier, where possible, to lead your reader directly to the source.

A URL is a uniform resource locator, which directs the reader straight to the online source. When using a URL, simply copy the address from your browser’s address bar when viewing the article. You must include the source’s full publication information as well.

12. Wilfried Karmaus and John F. Riebow, “Storage of Serum in Plastic and Glass Containers May Alter the Serum Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls,” Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (May 2004): 645, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3435987.

12. Karmaus and Riebow, “Storage of Serum,” 645.

• Bibliography Chicago style entry:

Karmaus, Wilfried, and John F. Riebow. “Storage of Serum in Plastic and Glass Containers May Alter the Serum Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls.” Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (May 2004): 643-647. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3435987.

A DOI is a digital object identifier; a unique and permanent name assigned to a piece of intellectual property, such as a journal article, in any medium in which it is published. If it is available, a DOI is preferable to an ISBN.

3. William J. Novak, “The Myth of the ‘Weak’ American State,” American Historical Review 113 (June 2008): 758, doi:10.1086/ahr.113.3.752.

3. Novak, “Myth,” 770.

• Chicago style bibliography entry:

Novak, William J. “The Myth of the ‘Weak’ American State,” American Historical Review 113 (June 2008): 752-72. doi:10.1086/ahr.113.3.752.

5. Kathy Ishizuka, “Steal this Infographic: Librarians as Tech Leaders,” The Digital Shift, Library Journal, December 10, 2013, http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2013/12/k-12/steal-infographic/.

5. Ishizuka “Steal this Infographic.”

Ishizuka, Kathy. “Steal this Infographic: Librarians as Tech Leaders.” The Digital Shift, Library Journal. December 10, 2013. http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2013/12/k-12/steal-infographic/.

II. Author-Date System:

Each example in this section includes a Chicago style in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry.

Article with single author or editor, author mentioned in text:

• An in-text citation without a direct quote does not require a page number:

Here we empirically demonstrate that workers’ and regulatory agents’ understandings of discrimination and legality emerge not only in the shadow of the law but also, as Albiston (2005) suggests…

• With a direct quote, include the page number:

In her study on FMLA, Albiston (2005, 30) found that, “virtually all of the female respondents had no difficulty initially taking leave, but when they attempted to return, they encountered resistance and perceptions that they were less reliable and committed to their work.

• Reference list entry:

Albiston, Catherine R. 2005. “Bargaining in the Shadow of Social Institutions: Competing Discourses and Social Change in the Workplace Mobilization of Civil Rights.” Law and Society Review 39 (1): 11-47.

Article with multiple authors, author not mentioned in text:

• Chicago in-text citation:

As legal observers point out, much dispute resolution transpires outside the courtroom but in the “shadow of the law” (Mnookin and Kornhauser 1979, 950-97)…

Mnookin, Robert, and Lewis Kornhauser. 1979. “Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce.” Yale Law Journal 88 (5): 950-97.

*For a work with four or more authors, include all the authors in the reference list entry. However, in the in-text citation you need only cite the last name of the first-listed author, followed by et al. (e.g. Barnes et al. 2008, 118-19)

• In the text:

(Ishizuka 2013)

Ishizuka, Kathy. 2013. “Steal this Infographic: Librarians as Tech Leaders.” The Digital Shift, Library Journal. http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2013/12/k-12/steal-infographic/.

For more examples, see chapters 14 and 15 of the Chicago style citation handbook: The Chicago Manual of Style (17th Edition), or find more information available here .

To create references for a variety of sources, stop by our homepage and use our Chicago citation maker.

A Brief History of the Style

The Chicago format dates back to 1891 when the University of Chicago Press opened. The Press housed typesetters and compositors who were working on setting and deciphering complicated scientific material in fonts such as Hebrew and Ethiopic. A style sheet was devised with the aim of maintaining consistency throughout the typesetting process; from the typesetter, to the compositor, to the proofreader.

Over the years the ‘University Press stylebook and style sheet’ developed into a pamphlet used by the entire college community, before becoming a 200-page book in 1906: Manual of Style: Being a compilation of the typographical rules in force at the University of Chicago Press, to which are appended specimens of type in use – also known as the first edition of the Manual . Today’s thousand-page 16th edition Chicago style citation manual provides authors, editors, publishers, copywriters and proofreaders across the globe with the authoritative text on the style.

The Chicago style is continually evolving, with each edition undergoing revisions that reflect technological developments. For instance, the publication of the 13th edition in 1982 addressed the use of personal computers and word processors for the first time. When the World Wide Web became a global phenomenon in the 1990s, the very nature of research and communication shifted dramatically. The style’s editorial staff tackled this development by releasing a comprehensive 15th edition (2003) that incorporated the role of computer technology in the publishing industry by providing guidance on citing electronic sources.

The 16th edition of the Chicago citation manual (2010) was the first edition to be published both in hardcover and online. The manual reflects the changes undergone by the publishing industry in response to the digital age, and the subsequent evolution in the way in which authors and publishers work. It addresses a diverse range of source types that define academic publishing today; from URLs and DOIs to ebooks, Instagram and foreign languages, and provides comprehensive examples that illustrate how to cite online and digital sources.

The 16th edition also revamped the Chicago style citation system in order to move towards a more uniform style that closes the gap between the Notes-Bibliography and Author-Date systems. By recommending a single approach to each stylistic matter, rather than a myriad of confusing options and exceptions to the rule, the style offers efficient and logical solutions to the sometimes-complex citing process.

The 17th edition, released in 2017, is the latest edition. It includes minor changes, expansions on topics, and new referencing structures. It is no longer recommended to use the abbreviation ibid. (which is latin for “in the same place”) to mark repetitive references. Instead, shortened references, such as the ones in the examples towards the top of this page, are preferred. Furthermore, the website and blog sections were expanded to display additional examples and scenarios. Finally, structures and examples for numerous social media platforms and other online resources were added into the official manual.

Why is Citing Important?

Plagiarism occurs when a writer does not properly credit their source material; stealing the ideas or words of another and passing them off as one’s own is literary theft. Failure to acknowledge the sources upon which you’ve built your work is a breach of academic integrity, and this can result in a failed grade, expulsion from college or even legal action from the original author. The proper use of a referencing system, such as the Chicago format, protects writers from committing plagiarism and being accused of plagiarizing their work.

Both courtesy and copyright laws require you to identify the following in your work:

• Where you directly quote another author’s words
• Where you paraphrase or summarize another author’s words or ideas
• Where you include information, facts or ideas that are not generally known or easily checked

As a general rule, you must highlight any borrowed source material that might appear to be your own if it is not cited correctly. When in doubt, remember that it is much better to over-cite your work than under-cite.

It is important to bear in mind, however, that simply citing your sources does not keep your paper free from plagiarism. Plagiarism can occur if you use an exact quote but do not identify the exact quote as such with quotation marks even if you do cite it. Additionally, if you paraphrase a source but just change a few words here and there instead of making it your own, you could be committing plagiarism even with a citation. For more information on incorporating the work of others into your paper, the CMOS offers some helpful guidelines in sections 13.1-13.6.

The importance of attributing your research goes beyond avoiding plagiarism, and while it may seem like a tedious process, attributing and documenting your sources is an essential practice for all academic writers. The use of accurate Chicago style citations validate your work by demonstrating that you have thoroughly researched your chosen subject and found a variety of scholarly opinions and ideas to support, or challenge, your thesis. As an academic writer, your written work is a chance to engage in conversation with the scholars that you are citing by placing your own ideas in the context of the larger intellectual conversation about your topic. In correctly using citations, you also lead your reader directly to the sources you have consulted, thereby enabling them to form their own views on your opinions and appreciate your contribution to the topic.

Here at Cite This For Me we know that citing can be an arduous and time-consuming process. Luckily for you, you can work more efficiently by using the Cite This For Me Chicago style citation generator.

How Do I Know What Types of Sources I Should be Citing?

As you research and write your paper, you will come across all types of material. It is important to know what kinds of sources are appropriate for research papers and what types are not as you begin to write and cite the material you are building your research on. There are three kinds of sources that you will come across as you delve into your research topic:

• reference (sometimes called tertiary)

Each type of source has a different role to play in the research and writing process.

When you first begin to write, you will often have a broad topic or research question in mind. This is the perfect time to use reference sources to begin to understand the basics surrounding your topic and the current research on it.

Reference sources include those that summarize information about topics. You might read some pages on Wikipedia, check out an encyclopedia entry on your topic, look at a specialized dictionary entry (e.g., a literary or philosophical dictionary), or even read news articles that provide a concise overview of the topic at hand. These sources will help you to understand your topic broadly, but generally are not sources considered acceptable to cite in scholarly work. They are, however, excellent starting points and may point you to important and relevant scholarly literature you should read.

Primary Sources

An important part of research is finding and analyzing primary sources , or sources that provide original material about your given topic or question. What is considered to be a primary source will vary significantly depending on your field of research and the time period about which you are writing.

For example, if you are writing about Renaissance literature, a text by Shakespeare might be one of your primary sources. If you are studying Renaissance history, you might be looking at letters written during that time in an archive or published critical edition. If you are looking at modern current events, social media posts revealing reactions to these events or posting videos of the events might be your primary source. For social sciences, data collected through surveys might be your primary source. Primary sources provide the evidence for the argument you are going to make in your paper.

Secondary Sources

Secondary sources are sources that are aimed at scholars, well-researched, and generally based on primary sources. These are sources you will engage frequently in your research as they help to show your readers that you are informed on the topic, know what the current field of research looks like, and that you have considered multiple viewpoints on the topic before taking your stance. Secondary sources include scholarly books, journal articles, published reports, and other similar types of material.

Cite This For Me can help you handle citations for all of these types of sources.

How do I Accurately Cite My Sources with Cite This For Me?

Are you battling to get your Chicago citations finished in time? Feeling the pressure of imminent deadlines? Remove all the pain of citations with the Cite This For Me intuitive and accurate citation generator.

Cite This For Me is committed to educating academic writers across the globe in the art of accurate citing. We believe it is essential that you equip yourself with the knowledge of why you need to use a referencing system, how best to insert citations in the main body of your assignment, and how to accurately compile a bibliography. At first, referencing may seem like a waste of time when you would much rather be focusing on the actual content of your work, but after reading this extensive Chicago style citation guide we hope that you will see referencing as a valuable, lifelong skill that is worth honing.

Our multi-platform tool is designed to fulfill all of your referencing needs – whether you’re working at home, in the library, or on-the-go.

Sign up for free now to add and edit each Chicago citation on the spot, import and export full projects or individual entries, and save your work in the cloud. Or step it up a notch with our browser extension – work smarter by citing web pages, articles, books and videos directly from your browser while you research online.

Have you found a relevant book in the public library? Or stumbled across the perfect source to support your thesis in an archive? Wherever you are, cite your sources with the Cite This For Me website to formatted citations to your projects.

Stand on the shoulders of giants by accurately citing your source material using the Cite This For Me fast, accessible and free Chicago style citation maker.

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Published October 2, 2015. Updated June 5, 2020.

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• Citation Styles

How to write an annotated bibliography in Chicago style [Updated 2023]

A Chicago annotated bibliography includes citations for the sources you are using and an annotation summarizing and/or evaluating each source. In this article, we define what an annotated bibliography is and offer tips for formatting one in Chicago style. We also include a Chicago citation example and a sample annotation.

What is an annotated bibliography?

A annotated bibliography is a list of citations for books, journals, periodicals, websites, articles, or other sources, accompanied by a descriptive paragraph that summarizes and evaluates the source. The descriptive paragraph is called an annotation .

Descriptive paragraphs typically range between 100 and 300 words. Ultimately, an annotated bibliography informs the reader about the source's accuracy, quality, and relevance to your subject.

How to format an annotated bibliography in Chicago style

An annotated bibliography in Chicago style essentially contains two items: a citation for each source and an annotation. In this section, we discuss how to format the citation and what to include in the annotation.

The citation

Start by formatting the citation in correct Chicago style . Chicago-style citations come in two varieties: the notes and bibliography system and the author-date approach.

The notes and bibliography system is more common in the humanities, while the author-date system is used primarily in the sciences and social sciences. However, for an annotated bibliography in Chicago style, you will most likely be asked to use only the bibliographic reference format from the notes and bibliography system.

The elements of a bibliographic citation in Chicago style include:

• the author’s name in reverse order
• the title of the source
• publication information

In the next section, we provide an example of a correct Chicago citation for a source in an annotated bibliography.

The annotation

After citing the source, write a concise annotation, summarizing the source’s central argument and evaluating its credibility and relevance to your research. In most cases, an annotation ranges between 100 and 300 words.

An annotation can include several items:

• a brief summary of the source, especially its main argument
• the strengths and weaknesses of your source
• the source’s relevance to your research topic
• a brief discussion of the relationship between the source and other studies in the field
• information about the author’s background

After summarizing the source, you should evaluate it. For instance, is the source peer-reviewed ? What are the author’s credentials? What is the purpose of the source? You can use one of several evaluation methods, like CRAAP (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose), to determine if a source is credible .

Finally, depending on the assignment’s guidelines, you should include some explanation of the source’s relevance to your research project. How will you use the source? How will your research benefit from its insights?

Example entry for an annotated bibliography in Chicago style

Davidson, Hilda Ellis. Roles of the Northern Goddess. London: Routledge, 1998.

Davidson's book provides a thorough examination of Northern Europe's major roles associated with several pagan goddesses. Some roles in everyday life include agriculture, hunting, domestic art like weaving, and death. In this book, the author discusses relevant archaeological evidence, previous research, and patterns of rituals and symbols. The book includes several photographs of relevant artifacts.

This Chicago-style annotation from Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab (OWL) is a single paragraph summarizing the book. In a longer annotation, you would evaluate the source’s credibility and relevance, in addition to summarizing it.

Chicago annotated bibliography tips

1. review your instructor’s guidelines for the annotated bibliography..

Instructors will often assign an annotated bibliography as part of a larger research project. To best understand what your instructor expects, be sure to read the assignment guidelines . If you’re not sure about something, ask your instructor for clarification as soon as possible.

2. Take the time to really familiarize yourself with your sources.

You should read each source carefully before writing an annotation. Take good notes, so you can easily summarize the main argument of the source. If you’re unsure about the best strategies for reading academic sources, take a look at our guide on how to read a scholarly article .

3. Save time by using a citation generator.

To quickly format your citations, try BibGuru’s Chicago citation generator . This will save you time and enable you to focus more deeply on writing your annotations.

4. Use CRAAP or another method to evaluate each source.

You can use CRAAP (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose) or the six questions words (who? what? when? where? how? and what?) to evaluate whether a source is credible.

A source is likely credible if the tone is objective, the author is an expert in their field, and it is peer-reviewed. Take a look at our guide on finding, evaluating, and citing scholarly sources to learn more about these methods.

5. Use clear, concise, and correct language in your annotation.

You should always try to use language that is clear, concise, concrete, and correct when you write your annotations. As examples of academic writing , annotations should follow the typical conventions.

This doesn’t mean that your annotation needs to be full of jargon or “big words.” Instead, use as few words as possible to make a point. And, be sure to check that your grammar and spelling is correct.

Frequently Asked Questions about annotated bibliographies in Chicago style

An annotated bibliography includes a citation and an annotation. In your annotation, you’ll want to provide a brief summary of the source, an assessment of its credibility, and how the source will benefit your research.

Your annotated bibliography needs to include a citation, as well as a summary and evaluation of the work. These three parts should be present for every source.

The length of your bibliography will depend on the number of sources you’re required to use and the type of assignment. Annotated bibliographies for many English or writing classes feature around 8-10 sources.

To start an annotated bibliography, create a correctly formatted citation for each source, then write out the annotations. To quickly format your citations, try BibGuru’s Chicago citation generator .

Typically, an annotated bibliography in Chicago style uses 1-inch margins and double-spacing for entries.

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Copy of Writing, Citing, Tutoring, and Studying Resources: Chicago

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CMOS Online

• Chicago Manual of Style Online This link opens in a new window The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. It is the reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice.

Chicago Citation Examples, 17th ed: Author/Date with Reference List

Here are some examples of how to document sources using the Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) Author/Date method, which is suggested for social and natural sciences. More examples are available on their Quick Guide: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html . T

Please note : the current edition of the Chicago Manual of Style no longer requires access dates for electronic sources unless no date of publication or revision is available from the source (p. 657).

For citations in text, the general form is (Author Date). Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al.

An Article from an Online Database:

(Hoquet 2016)

Hoquet, Thierry. 2016. "What Does It Mean to be Central? A Botanical Geography of Paris 1830-1848." Journal of the History of Biology 49 no.1: 191-230. doi: 10.1007/s10739-015-9416-5.

If no DOI is available, use the URL from accessing the article or (if applicable) use the name of the database from which it was retrieved in place of the DOI.  Retrieval dates are not necessary.  

An Article from a Print Journal:

(Peck and Sheldon 2008, 201) [to cite a specific page]

Peck, Kirk, and Sheldon Stick. 2008. "Catholic and Jesuit Identity in Higher Education." Christian Higher Education 7, no. 3: 200-225.

An Article from an Online Newspaper or News Service:

(Mayneris 2020)

Mayneris, Florian. “Why Canada Needs the United States to Fight the Coronavirus.” Canadian Press, April 13, 2020. https://theconversation.com/why-canada-needs-the-united-states-to-fight-the-coronavirus-135657

(Gladwell 2019)

Gladwell, Malcolm. 2019. Talking to Strangers: What we Should Know About the People we Don't Know. New York: Little, Brown and Company.

A Chapter from an Edited Book:

(Chang 2015, 30) [to cite a specific page]

Chang ,  Claudia .  2015.  “ The Study of Nomads in the Republic of  Kazahkstan .  In  The Ecology of Pastoralism , edited by  P. Nick  Kardulias ,  17-40 .  Boulder, CO : University Press  of Colorado .  

A Web Site:

(Litan and Fleming 2021)

Litan, Robert E. and John Fleming. 2021. "The Climate Wolf at the Door: Why and How Climate Resilience Should be Central to Building Back Better." Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-climate-wolf-at-the-door-why-and-how-climate-resilience-should-be-central-to-building-back-better/.  

If no date use n.d.

Chicago Citation Examples 17th ed. Notes with Bibliography

Here are some examples of how to document sources using the Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) Humanities method, which is suggested for literature, history, and the arts. More examples are available on their Quick Guide: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html . The complete Manual is available online for the Regis community on this page.

Using this method of documentation requires notes (either footnotes or endnotes) and may include a bibliography .  If the bibliography is limited to only those sources used in the paper, the notes may follow the short form . Using a selective bibliography (with only some sources listed) or no bibliography at all requires the full version of the note (listed first in each example). If you wish to cite a specific section, your note (short or long) should include only the page number (s) for the cited material.  The complete page range for articles and book chapters is included in the bibliographic entry. The current edition of the Chicago Manual of Style no longer requires access dates for electronic sources unless no date of publication or revision is available from the source (p. 657).  Please consult your professor about the expectations for your paper's notes and bibliography.  Also, please note that many disciplines have modified the Chicago style for their own needs (e.g., music).  You may be required to consult additional sources to see examples of those modifications.  Again, your professor is the best source of information for citation requirements.

Note:    1. Molly C . Ott and Lindsey K. Dippold. "Adjunct Employment Preference: Who Wants to Be Full-Time Faculty?" Community College Journal  of  Research and Practice 42, no. 3 (2018): 190-203, https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2017.1283259.

Short form:

   1. Ott and Dippold, " Adjunct Employment Preference,"  195.

Bibliography:

Ott,  Molly C . and Dippold, Lindsey K . "Adjunct Employment Preference: Who Wants to Be Full-Time Faculty?" Community College Journal of    Research and Practice 42, no. 3 (2018): 190-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2017.1283259.

   3.  Robin Zheng, "Precarity Is a Feminist Issue: Gender and Contingent Labor in the Academy," Hypatia 33, no. 2 (2018): 235-55.

   3. Zheng,  "Precarity Is a Feminist Issue," 240.

Zheng, Robin. "Precarity Is a Feminist Issue: Gender and Contingent Labor in the Academy." Hypatia 33, no. 2 (2018): 235-55.

   13. Emily Anthes, "The Next Trick: Pulling Coronavirus Out of Thin Air," New York Times , March 24, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/24/health/coronavirus-testing-airborne-aerosol-indoor.html.

   13. Anthes, "The Next Trick."

Anthes, Emily. "The Next Trick: Pulling Coronavirus out of Thin Air," New York Times , March 24, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/24/health/coronavirus-testing-airborne-aerosol-indoor.html.

   7. Karla Cornejo Villavicencio, The Undocumented Americans (New York: One World, 2020), 47.

   7. Cornejo Villavicenc, The Undocumented Americans , 47.

Cornejo Villavicencio, Karla. The Undocumented Americans . New York: One World, 2020.

   32. Lalla Essaydi, "Gender, Power, Tradition," in Islamic Art : Past, Present, Future, edited by Jonathon Bloom and Shelia Blair (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019), 91.

   32. Essaydi, "Gender, Power, Tradition," 92.

Essaydi, Lalla. "Gender, Power, Tradition," In Islamic Art : Past, Present, Future, edited by Jonathon Bloom and Shelia Blair, 85-103. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019.

7.  Nico Orlandi, The Innocent Eye : Why Vision Is Not a Cognitive Process (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 35, https://search-ebscohost-com.dml.regis.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat08285a&AN=rul.b1615574&site=eds-live&scope=site.

Orlandi, The Innocent Eye , 51.

Orlandi, Nico. The Innocent Eye : Why Vision Is Not a Cognitive Process .  New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. https://search-ebscohost-com.dml.regis.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat08285a&AN=rul.b1615574&site=eds-live&scope=site.

A Web Site: [include an access date if no publication date is available]

   14. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Rallying the Nation," accessed February 26, 2021, http://www .ushmm.org/propaganda/themes/rallying-the-nation/.

Short Form:

   14. US Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Rallying the Nation."

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "Rallying the Nation." Accessed February 26, 2021. http://www    .ushmm.org/propaganda/themes/rallying-the-nation/.

 An Online Primary Source from a Database:

   4. Charles Mason and Jerimiah Dixon, Journal of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, 11/15/1763 - 9/11/1768, DocTeach, National Archives Records Administration, accessed March 25, 2021, https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/1-journal-of-charles-mason-and-jeremiah-dixon.

   4. Mason and Dixon, Journal.

Mason, Charles and Jerimiah Dixon, Journal of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, 11/15/1763 - 9/11/1768,   DocTeach, National Archives Records Administration, accessed March 25, 2021. https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/1-journal-of-charles-mason-and-jeremiah-dixon.   A Musical Score:

   27. George Philipp Telemann, Sonata in G Major for Flute and Piano , in Four Sonatas for Flute and

Piano , ed. Milton Wittgenstein, 8. (New York: G. Schirmer, 1953).

   27. Telemann, Sonata in G Major , 8.  

Telemann, George Philipp. Sonata in G Major for Flute and Piano . In Four Sonatas for  Flute and Piano ,

   ed. Milton Wittgenstein, 3-12. New York: G. Schirmer, 1953.

A Sound Recording from an Online Music Library:

16. Suzanne Teng, “Above the Clouds,” recorded July 31, 2006, track 2 on Enchanted Wind . Autumn Light Productions, 2007, streaming audio, accessed April 6, 2021,  https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Crecorded_cd%7C1896983. 

16. Teng, “Above the Clouds.”

Teng, Suzanne “Above the Clouds,” Enchanted Wind . Recorded July 31, 2006. Autumn Light Productions, 2007, Streaming Audio. https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Crecorded_cd%7C1896983. 

A Photograph from an Online Source: [using shortened URL when original is unwieldy and search function is available]

   26. Edward S Curtis, photographer. Iahla, "Willow", Taos, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing right,  1905, photographic print, New Mexico, https://www.loc.gov/item/92519832/.

   26. Curtis, " Iahla, "Willow."

Curtis, Edward S. Iahla, "Willow", Taos, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing right,  photographic print, 1905 (Library of Congress, Washington, DC).

   https://www.loc.gov/item/92519832/.

A Painting from a Book:

   5. Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair , 1940, oil on canvas, Museum of Modern Art, New York,

in Contemporary Women Artists , edited by Laurie Collier Hillstrom and Kevin Hillstrom, (Detroit: St.

James Press, 1999), 334.

   5. Kahlo, Self-Portrait .

Kahlo, Frida. Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair , oil on canvas, 1940 (Museum of Modern Art, New York). In

   Contemporary Women Artists , edited by Laurie Collier Hillstrom and Kevin Hillstrom, 334. Detroit: St.

   James Press, 1999.

Research Help

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Printable Handouts

• Chicago Author/Date Examples: Printable Version A printer-friendly version of the Author/Date information.
• Chicago Notes & Bibliography Examples: Printable Version A printer-friendly version of the Notes & Bibliography information.

Printer-friendly versions of the information presented in this guide.

Chicago Style Templates

• Chicago Author-Date Sample Paper from Purdue OWL
• Chicago Notes & Bibliography Sample Paper from Purdue OWL

Free Citation Generators

The library does not guarantee the citations created by the following services. It is suggested that all citations are thoroughly checked after creation.

EasyBib- Free MLA citation generator.

Mendeley - Free, downloadable "reference manager".

Zotero-   Free, open source tool to help you collect, organize, and cite your research sources.

KnightCite - Maintained by the Heckman Library at Calvin College. Cite in APA, MLA, and Chicago.

UCSU Citation Builder - Created and managed by NCSU Libraries. Cite in APA, MLA, and Chicago.

Reference Management Tools

• Zotero Basics This is a 3 part tutorial by Kimberly Kemp, Research & Instruction Librarian introducing the basics of using Zotero to manage your references and citing while you write.
• Mendeley Basics This is a 3-part tutorial on the basics of using Mendeley by Research & Instruction Librarian Kimberly Kemp.
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On June 6, 2024, Côte d’Ivoire’s National Assembly adopted a bill amending the penal code to combat terrorism and money laundering. On June 12, the Ivorian Senate also adopted the proposed bill. The president of the republic is expected sign the promulgation of the law.  

While the bill includes provisions that enjoy wide support across the political spectrum, opposition parties have charged that one provision threatens freedom of expression, namely an amendment to article 185 of the Penal Code to punish with imprisonment any person who “appeals to the public with the aim of disapproving of the authority and provoking solidarity with one or more convicts.”

Formerly, article 175 of the 1981 penal code stated it was illegal to provoke solidarity with any person convicted of advocating crimes such as murder, pillage, burning or destroying buildings, theft, or crimes against human rights. The 2024 amendment expands this to include any crime.

The amendment, backed by the Rassemblement des Houphouëtistes pour la Démocratie et la Paix (RHDP), the majority party, has been denounced by the opposition, notably the Parti Democratique de Cote d’Ivoire, Rassemblement Democratique Africain (PDCI), and the Parti des Peuples Africains-Côte d’Ivoire (PPA-CI).

PDCI deputy Me Blessy Chrysostome strongly criticized the bill , calling it a threat to freedom of expression and the right to demonstrate. He added that even as a member of parliament, expressing a critical opinion on any person’s conviction for any crime could make him liable under article 185, infringing freedom of opinion and political expression.

Abdulaye Ben Meité, a lawyer and RHDP executive, in support of the law gave an example affirming the majority’s intent:  

Laurent Gbagbo has been sentenced by the Ivorian justice system to a prison term. If today the PPA-CI or individuals launch an appeal to the public with the effect of upsetting the authority, in solidarity with Mr. Laurent Gbagbo, [their actions would] fall under article 185 of the new Ivorian [penal] code. (Translation by author.)

Senator Kouadio Kpli Delphin of the PDCI stated that the revised article 185 “infringes on everyone’s individual freedom.” The PDCI supported an amendment proposed by the PPA-CI to explicitly exclude political, trade union and religious opinions from article 185, but the amendment failed.

Another opposition party, the Front National Démocratique et Réformiste (FNDR), issued a statement calling on citizens to mobilize against the amendment to article 185, arguing it contradicts Côte d’Ivoire’s international human rights commitments, particularly those relating to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.

In contrast, Meite, the RHDP executive quoted above, stated that article 185 “has existed since 1981” and merely “has been simplified, without changing its substance.” The government’s Minister of Communications, Amadou Coulibali, said regarding the amendment, “[i]n order to bring our penal system into line with our society, where new crimes have emerged, we felt it was important to broaden the notion of apology to include all the crimes we have witnessed since the adoption of the penal code in 1981.” 

Louis Gilbert, Law Library of Congress June 21, 2024

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• Ivory Coast: Parliament Adopts Controversial Bill Amending Penal Code

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• Global Legal Monitor (7,681)
• Law Library of Congress (418,227)
• Criminal Code
• Freedom of Speech

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• Côte d'Ivoire

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• Gilbert, Louis

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Chicago citation style:

Gilbert, Louis. Ivory Coast: Parliament Adopts Controversial Bill Amending Penal Code . 2024. Web Page. https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2024-06-20/ivory-coast-parliament-adopts-controversial-bill-amending-penal-code/.

APA citation style:

Gilbert, L. (2024) Ivory Coast: Parliament Adopts Controversial Bill Amending Penal Code . [Web Page] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2024-06-20/ivory-coast-parliament-adopts-controversial-bill-amending-penal-code/.

MLA citation style:

Gilbert, Louis. Ivory Coast: Parliament Adopts Controversial Bill Amending Penal Code . 2024. Web Page. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2024-06-20/ivory-coast-parliament-adopts-controversial-bill-amending-penal-code/>.

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How to Cite a Book in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

Published on May 10, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 9, 2024.

The basic formats for citing a book in a Chicago footnote and a bibliography entry are as follows:

Short notes always follow the same basic format. Full notes and bibliography entries contain additional information if the book specifies an edition, translator, or editor, and follow a specific format when citing an individual chapter in a book.

Note that book citations look slightly different in Chicago author-date style . In both cases, make sure to pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas , quotation marks , and periods) in your notes and citations.

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Citing a specific edition, translated books, citing a chapter from a book, e-books and online books, citing books in chicago author-date style, frequently asked questions about chicago style citations.

Scholarly books often come in different editions with important differences in content. When edition information (e.g., “Second Edition,” “Revised Edition”) is stated on the cover and/or title page of the book, it should be included in your citation.

Edition information is always abbreviated and followed by a period (e.g., “2nd ed.” or “rev. ed.”).

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When a book is translated from another language, it’s important to identify the translator as well as the author. “Translated by” is abbreviated to “trans.” in the citation.

In the bibliography, the words “Translated by” are written in full. The translator’s name is not inverted, unlike that of the author.

When referring to a chapter from a multi-authored book (such as an essay collection or anthology), cite the specific chapter rather than the whole book. This means listing the author and title of the chapter first, then providing information about the book as a whole.

The editor’s name is preceded by “ed.” in a note and by “edited by” in the bibliography. A page range is included in the bibliography entry to show the location of the chapter in the book.

A short note just lists the chapter title, not that of the book, and omits the editor’s name.

When citing a book you accessed online or in the form of an e-book, simply add relevant information about its format or location to the end of your citation.

Note that books in these formats might lack reliable page numbers. If there are no page numbers, or page numbers that would look different for another user, use another locator in your notes instead, such as a chapter number.

For an online book, add the URL or DOI where it can be accessed.

For an e-book, add the format or device name (e.g., “Kindle,” “iBooks”). You don’t need to add a URL or DOI in this case.

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In author-date style , books are cited with brief in-text citations corresponding to entries in a reference list. A reference list looks the same as a bibliography, except that the year is placed directly after the author’s name.

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In a Chicago style footnote , list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. “

In the bibliography , list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”

The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style .

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

• You’re quoting from the text.
• You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
• You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

• A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
• A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

• In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
• In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

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Caulfield, J. (2024, April 09). How to Cite a Book in Chicago Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/book-citations/

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