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About CRS Reports  

CRS Reports are a source of information of all kinds - from historical research to current events, to information about how Congress works.   The researchers at CRS respond to requests for information from members of Congress on all topics - from information on economic indicators, the strategic petroleum reserve, public health issues, and international affairs.  CRS Rports are often the first place (within ProQuest Congressional) you'll see informative content about issues in the news, and they'll often also provide reviews of legislation, years after passage.

The Congressional Research Service (CRS) was established within the Library of Congress to provide members, committees, and congressional staff with nonpartisan and objective research and analysis on all public policy issues. Originally established in 1914 as the Legislative Reference Division, CRS was originally organized as a typical library reference service. Under the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, it was officially named the Legislative Reference Service, given permanent status as a separate department within the Library, and directed to employ senior specialists in various program areas. The Legislative Reference Service was renamed Congressional Research Service under the Legislative Reference Act of 1970.

Currently, the CRS research divisions are: American Law; Domestic Social Policy; Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade; Government and Finance; Knowledge Services; and Resources, Science and Industry. Many CRS reports are updated at varying intervals, so it is always important to note the exact date of issuance rather than just the title and the year of publication.

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Trending: Congressional Research Service Reports Now Available Online

September 17, 2018

Posted by: Carla D. Hayden

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I’m pleased to announce that, for the first time, the Library of Congress is providing Congressional Research Service (CRS) reports to the public. The reports are available online at crsreports.congress.gov . Created by experts in CRS, the reports present a legislative perspective on topics such as agriculture policy, counterterrorism operations, banking regulation, veteran’s issues and much more.

Founded over a century ago, CRS provides authoritative and confidential research and analysis for Congress’ deliberative use.

The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018 directs the Library to also make CRS reports publicly available online. We worked closely with Congress to make sure that we had a mutual understanding of the law’s requirements and Congress’ expectations in our approach to this project.

The result is a new public website for CRS reports based on the same search functionality that Congress uses – designed to be as user friendly as possible – that allows reports to be found by common keywords. We believe the site will be intuitive for the public to use and will also be easily updated with enhancements made to the congressional site in the future.

Moving forward, all new or updated reports will be added to the website as they are made available to Congress. The Library is also working to make available the back catalog of previously published reports as expeditiously as possible. More details about this process can be found on the site’s Frequently Asked Questions page.

CRS reports supplement the official congressional information the Library provides on its congress.gov website.

In keeping with our desire to engage users with the Library and its materials, we are happy to see these reports put to the widest use possible. I hope that you find them a useful addition to the many resources available to you from the Library of Congress.

Comments (16)

The CRS predecessor began in 1914. I’ve seen reports from the 1970’s. Is it possible that any of the older reports have been deaccessioned or are they all stored safely within LOC in physical (if not digital) formats?

Congratulations on a job well done. The launch of an official public source for these reports is a great accomplishment.

This is one of the things I was really hoping Dr. Hayden would be able to accomplish with her time at the LoC and I am so happy she has been able to get this done. Congrats to the whole team who worked on this.

Here are some of the public comments about the new CRS site:

https://twitter.com/search?q=crsreports.congress.gov&src=typd

This is SO wonderful! Thank you to everyone who worked so hard to make it happen!!!!

Thank you for this incredible resource!

Superb work! Thank you for making CRS the public resource it should be—now, especially 😉

What a wonderful service! Thank you to the Library for implementing it and to Congress for initiating it.

Its a great resource

Thanks to Library of Congress for publicizing this reports document, what a great job! I hope many will reach behind the truth.

This is wise of Congress and the LOC. I vividly recall, 40+ years ago working in a congressional office in which the legislative assistant commissioned a long paper from the (then) LRS, which he then submitted as his masters thesis at either GW or AU, then spun into fancier government jobs. I was appalled but too young to speak up. Perhaps abuses like that will now end.

Excellent resource for the Library to host. VSO docents such as myself will be sure to let our visitors know about this. I have been telling my tours to look for this since this was authorized in the Tax Act. Good work LC!

It would be great if this site had an RSS feed!

I will fact justice’s. Thank You.

So glad these reports are available. As a lawyer, I’ve used them as first-stop (and sometimes last-stop) treatises on new areas of federal law. Your highest-profile publication, the annotated U.S. Constitution, is just indispensable…it’s amazing, and I won’t make any authoritative claim about constitutional law without referring to it.

Thank you, Nicholas! The Constitution Annotated is a marvel. Best, Neely

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Related Resources

• Public Release of CRS Reports: FAQ for Congressional Staff , June 2018
• CRS Policy on Confidentiality , September 22, 2015
• Considerations Arising from the Public Dissemination of CRS Products , April 2015
• CRS at 100: The Centennial of the Congressional Research Service , 2014
• Message to CRS Staff on Handling of Classified Information and Use of Materials of Uncertain Classification Status from CRS Director Dan Mulhollan, December 6, 2010
• The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process , April 12, 2011
• Access to CRS Reports , memo to all CRS staff from director Daniel P. Mulhollan, April 18, 2007
• CRS Director Responds to Wall Street Journal on Earmark Reporting , March 26, 2007
• Distribution of CRS Products to Non-Congressionals , March 20, 2007
• CRS Policy on Interacting with the Media , January 16, 2007
• Outside Activities: Preserving Objectivity and Non-Partisanship , Director's Statement, CRS Director Daniel P. Mulhollan, January 23, 2004
• CRS Standards for Analysis by Louis Fisher, CRS Senior Specialist, January 31, 2004
• Outside Writing, Lecturing Activities by CRS Staff: Objectivity , CREAgram from the CRS employees' union, May 12, 2004
• Congressional Policy Concerning the Distribution of CRS Written Products , March 9, 1999
• People of the Week: A Profile of the Legislative Reference Service (1947) , The United States News

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Congressional Research Service Reports

About This Collection

As of 2018, the Congressional Research Service (CRS) provides public access to its reports, no longer requiring citizens to request them from their Members of Congress. This site is not affiliated with the Congressional Research Service, but aims to provide integrated, searchable access to many of the full-text CRS reports that have been available at a variety of different web sites since 1990 as well as converted print material.

The information on this site is compiled and made available as a public service by the Government Documents Department at the UNT Libraries. UNT does not make any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of the information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or for results obtained from the use of the information. Distribution of the information does not constitute such a warranty. Use of the information is the sole responsibility of the user.

About the Congressional Research Service

CRS is the public policy research arm of Congress. This legislative branch agency works exclusively for Members of Congress, their committees and their staffs. For more information, visit the CRS website at http://www.loc.gov/crsinfo/ . Access CRS content hosted by the Library of Congress by visiting https://crsreports.congress.gov/ .

About This Project

The NewsBank/Readex/GODORT/ALA Catharine J. Reynolds award was given to Cathy Nelson Hartman and Valerie D. Glenn in the summer of 2002, to begin the process of capturing Congressional Research Service reports available via the Internet and provide permanent public access to them.

Reports were downloaded from a variety of web sites that host CRS reports, either currently or in the past. Many CRS reports are updated on a regular basis, and this site includes all versions of the reports that could be located. When HTML files were captured, a note was inserted at the top of the report indicating from where the files were downloaded. To prevent the need for constant maintenance of files, most external links have been removed.

Metadata has been created for each report, including subject terms from the Legislative Indexing Vocabulary, supplemented with Library of Congress Subject Headings. Users have the ability to search by keyword, title, author, subject, and report number.

As of January 2019, we have ceased updating this collection with downloaded content. Ongoing updates to the collection will be limited to converting older print reports discovered or donated to the UNT Libraries.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following individuals and institutions for contributing reports to this project:

• W. Frank Steely Library, Northern Kentucky University
• Oklahoma State University Library
• University of Texas Libraries

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Congress of the United States

Congressional research service reports.

Gray Wolves Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA): Distinct Population Segments and Experimental Populations , Kristina Alexander

Energy and Water Development: FY2011 Appropriations , Carl E. Behrens

Ballast Water Management to Combat Invasive Species , Eugene H. Buck

Asian Carp and the Great Lakes Region , Eugene H. Buck, Harold F. Upton, Charles V. Stern, and James E. Nicols

Animal Waste and Water Quality: EPA’s Response to the Waterkeeper Alliance Court Decision on Regulation of CAFOs , Claudia Copeland

Water Quality Issues in the 111th Congress: Oversight and Implementation , Claudia Copeland

Wetlands: An Overview of Issues , Claudia Copeland

Agricultural Biotechnology: Background and Recent Issues , Tadlock Cowan

Carbon Capture: A Technology Assessment , Peter Folger

Forestry in the Next Farm Bill , Ross W. Gorte

Agricultural Biotechnology: The U.S.-EU Dispute , Charles E. Hanrahan

Chuck Hagel- U.S. SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA , Joint Committee on Printing

FY2010 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture , Jim Monke

Capturing CO2 from Coal-Fired Power Plants: Challenges for a Comprehensive Strategy , Larry Parker and Peter Folger

Nanotechnology and Environmental, Health, and Safety: Issues for Consideration , John F. Sargent Jr.

Agriculture-Based Biofuels: Overview and Emerging Issues , Randy Schnepf

Agriculture in the WTO: Limits on Domestic Support , Randy Schnepf

Previewing Dairy Policy Options for the Next Farm Bill , Dennis A. Shields

Agricultural Disaster Assistance , Dennis A. Shields and Ralph M. Chite

Agricultural Conservation: A Guide to Programs , Megan Stubbs

Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP): Status and Issues , Megan Stubbs

Renewable Energy Programs in the 2008 Farm Bill , Megan Stubbs

Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs , Brent D. Yacobucci

Whales and Sonar: Environmental Exemptions for the Navy's Mid-Frequency Active Sonar Training , Kristina Alexander

Biotechnology in Animal Agriculture: Status and Current Issues , Geoffrey S. Becker and Tadlock Cowan

The Sport Fish Restoration and Boating Trust Fund , Eugene H. Buck

Desalination: Status and Federal Issues , Nicole T. Carter

Water Infrastructure Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , Claudia Copeland and Nicole T. Carter

Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) , Peter Folger

Drought in the United States: Causes and Issues for Congress , Peter Folger, Betsy A. Cody, and Nicole T. Carter

Pipeline Safety and Security: Federal Programs , Paul W. Parfomak

Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2009 , John F. Sargent Jr.

The National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility: Issues for Congress , Dana A. Shea, Jim Monke, and Frank Gottron

Advanced Research Projects Agency- Energy (ARPA-E): Background, Status, and Selected Issues for Congress , Deborah D. Stine

Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy: Background and Issues for Congress , Deborah D. Stine

The President's Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): Issues for Congress , Deborah D. Stine

The U.S. Science and Technology Workforce , Deborah D. Stine and Christine M. Matthews

Energy and Water Development: FY2009 Appropriations , Carl E. Behrens

The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and Federal Water Rights , Cynthia Brougher

Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals: Events and References , Eugene H. Buck and Kori Clavert

Soil and Water Conservation: An Overview , Tadlock Cowan and Renée Johnson

Wilderness: Overview and Statistics , Ross W. Gorte

Comparison of the 2008 Farm Bill Conference Agreement with the House and Senate Farm Bills , Renée Johnson, Geoffrey S. Becker, Tom Capehart, Ralph M. Chite, Tadlock Cowan, Ross W. Gorte, Charles E. Hanrahan, Remy Jurenas, Jim Monke, Jean M. Rawson, Randy Schnepf, Joe Richardson, Donald J. Marples, and Mark Jickling

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: Background, Federal Policy, and Legislative Action , Jeffrey J. Kuenzi

Wind Power in the United States: Technology, Economic, and Policy Issues , Jeffery Logan and Stan Mark Kaplan

Engineered Nanoscale Materials and Derivative Products: Regulatory Challenges , Linda-Jo Schierow

Science and Technology Policymaking: A Primer , Deborah D. Stine

Grazing Fees: An Overview and Current Issues , Carol Hardy Vincent

Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress , Brent D. Yacobucci

Pesticide Use and Water Quality: Are the Laws Complementary or in Conflict? , Claudia Copeland

Stem Cell Research: Federal Research Funding and Oversight , Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams

Climate Change: Science and Policy Implications , Jane A. Leggett

National Science Foundation: Major Research Equipment and Facility Construction , Christine M. Matthews

Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Education: Status and Issues , Christine M. Matthews

The Advanced Technology Program , Wendy H. Schacht

The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An Overview , Wendy H. Schacht

Background and Legal Issues Related to Stem Cell Research , Jon O. Shimabukuro

Land Exchanges: Bureau of Land Management Process and Issues , Carol Hardy Vincent

Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues , Brent D. Yacobucci

Western Water Resource Issues , Betsy A. Cody and Pervaze A. Sheikh

Water Quality: Implementing the Clean Water Act , Claudia Copeland

Manipulating Molecules: Federal Support for Nanotechnology Research , Michael E. Davey

U.S. Military Space Programs: An Overview of Appropriations and Current Issues , Patricia Moloney Figliola

Science and Technology Policy: Issues for the 109th Congress , Frank Gottron

Human Cloning , Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams

Stem Cell Research: State Initiatives , Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams

MTBE in Gasoline: Clean Air and Drinking Water Issues , James E. McCarthy and Mary Tiemann

Hubble Space Telescope: Should NASA Proceed with a Servicing Mission? , Daniel Morgan

Federal R&D, Drug Discovery, and Pricing: Insights from the NIH-University-Industry Relationship , Wendy H. Schacht

The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology , Wendy H. Schacht

Oversight of Dual-Use Biological Research: The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity , Dana A. Shea

Space Exploration: Issues Concerning the “Vision for Space Exploration” , Marcia S. Smith

U.S. Space Programs: Civilian, Military, and Commercial , Marcia S. Smith

Impacts of Technology on U.S. Cropland and Rangeland Productivity , Office of Technology Assessment

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• Congressional Research Service Reports
• The Congressional Research Service (CRS) works exclusively for the United States Congress, providing policy and legal analysis to committees and Members of both the House and Senate, regardless of party affiliation. As a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress, CRS has been a valued and respected resource on Capitol Hill for more than a century. CRS Reports are written by research specialists at CRS for Members of Congress who need an overview of pertinent topics across the globe and reports focus on issues relevant to current legislation.

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• -  United States History
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• -  Policy Studies
• Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 20540 USA
• https://crsreports.congress.gov/search#/0?termsToSearch=&orderBy=Date
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• 2019 to 2023
• United States
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• United States History

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The Library of Congress is making its Web Archives Collection available for educational and research purposes. The Library has obtained permission for the use of many materials in the Collection, and presents additional materials for educational and research purposes in accordance with fair use under United States copyright law.

Many, if not all, of the websites in the collection and elements incorporated into the websites (e.g., photographs, articles, graphical representations) are protected by copyright. You are responsible for deciding whether your use of the items in this collection is legal. You are also responsible for securing any permissions needed to use the items. You will need written permission from the copyright owners of materials not in the public domain for distribution, reproduction, or other use of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions. Some content may be protected under international law. You may also need permission from holders of other rights, such as publicity and/or privacy rights.

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Citations should indicate: Archived in the Library of Congress Web Archives at www.loc.gov . When citing a particular website include the archived website's Citation ID (e.g., /item/lcwa00010240). Researchers are advised to follow standard citation guidelines for websites, pages, and articles. Researchers are reminded that many of the materials in this web archive are copyrighted and that citations must credit the authors/creators and publishers of the works. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources .

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Congressional Research Service Reports . United States, 2019. Web Archive. https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0028849/.

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(2019) Congressional Research Service Reports . United States. [Web Archive] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0028849/.

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Congressional Research Service Reports . United States, 2019. Web Archive. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0028849/>.

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The Congressional Research Service (CRS) serves congressional committees and Members of Congress. CRS experts assist at every stage of the legislative process — from the early considerations that precede bill drafting, through committee hearings and floor debate, to the oversight of enacted laws and various agency activities. Staff members analyze current policies and present the impact of proposed policy alternatives. CRS is well-known for analysis that is authoritative, confidential, objective and nonpartisan. Congressional Research Service reports are not distributed to depository libraries like Colgate.

ProQuest Congressional (1912-2012) University of North Texas Attempts to collection all CRS reports freely available on the web, including some from the collections listed below. Can browse by subject or search.   Federation of American Scientists CRS reports are retrieved as part of a search of the FAS site along with other documents.

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The Federation of American Scientists is a nonprofit, tax-exempt, 501c3 organization founded in 1945 as the Federation of Atomic Scientists. Founders were members of the Manhattan Project, creators of the atom bomb, and were concerned about the implications of its use for the future of humankind.

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Congressional Research Service Reports

The Congressional Research Service is the public policy research arm of the United States Congress and serves Congress as a source of nonpartisan, objective analysis and research on all legislative issues. In 2017, CRS began publishing their research reports on a freely available and searchable website .  Before that time, those reports were not typically made publicly available.  However, the National Agricultural Law Center received the CRS reports related to agriculture and food issues, which we then published on our site, below.  These reports may be useful for historical background and reference, and they will remain posted until the CRS website is more developed with the previous versions of many of their reports.

On this page, the reports are organized into categories with efficient research and easier topic identification as main goals. Further division by multiple sub-topics in many of the categories specifically pinpoint topics relevant to individual areas of interest.  However, it is important to note that many of the reports may fall into more than one category. For example, a report titled “Federal Food Assistance in Disasters” may have elements relevant to both the disaster assistance category and the food security and aid category. In those cases, the report was put into the category that seemed the most relevant to the overall subject of the paper. While every effort was made to ensure consistency, a careful researcher should exercise discretion and define the research scope accordingly.

SUBJECT INDEX

Animal Agriculture Aquaculture Bankruptcy Biotechnology Budget and Appropriations Climate Change Commodities Disaster Impact and Assistance Economy Energy Environmental Issues Estate Planning and Taxation Farm Bills/Economic Stimulus Farm Labor Farm Commodity Programs Farm Policy and Legislative Analysis Finance and Credit Food Safety Food Security/Aid Forestry International Agriculture Public Lands Rural Development Security and Defense Sustainable and Organic Farming Trade Regulation and Antitrust Transportation Water Resources

Animal Agriculture

General Issues

Animal Agriculture: Selected Issues in the 113th Congress (R42954, Greene) U.S. Livestock and Poultry Feed Use and Availability: Background and Emerging Issues (R41956, Schnepf) Animal Agriculture: Selected Issues for Congress (RS22526, Becker) Dairy Market and Policy Issues (R40205, Shields) Livestock Feed Costs: Concerns and Options (RS22908, Becker)

Health Issues

Update on the Highly-Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak of 2014-2015 (R44114, Greene) Bee Health: Background and Issues for Congress (R43191, Johnson) USDA  Authority to Regulate On-Farm Activity (R40577, Brougher) Animal Drug User Fee Programs (RL34459, Lister) Antibiotic Use in Agriculture: Background and Legislation (R40739, Becker) Avian Influenza in Poultry and Wild Birds (RL33795, Monke & Corn) Avian Influenza: Multiple Strains Cause Different Effects Worldwide (RS21747,Monke) BSE, or “Mad Cow Disease” in North America: A Chronology of Selected Events (RL32932, Becker) BSE, or “Mad Cow Disease”: Current and Proposed Safeguards (RL32199, Becker & Lister) Foot and Mouth Disease: A Threat to U.S. Agriculture (RS20890, Segarra & Rawson) Funding Plant & Animal Health Emergencies: Transfers from the CCC (RL32504, Monke) Mad Cow Disease: Agricultural Issues for Congress (IB10127, Becker) Private Testing of Mad Cow Disease: Legal Issues (RL32414, Vina) Recent Honey Bee Colony Declines (RL33938, Johnson) Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Including “Mad Cow Disease” (RL32269, Lister & Becker) Virus-Serum-Toxin Act: A Brief History and Analysis (RS22014, Monke)

Meat Animal Research Center: The Animal Welfare Act and Farm Animal Research (R44091, Cowan & Greene) Table Egg Production and Hen Welfare: The UEP-HSUS Agreement, HR 3798 and S. 3239 (R42534, Greene & Cowan) Animal Welfare Act: Background and Selected Legislation (RS22493, Becker) Federal Animal Protection Statutes: Brief Summaries (94-731, Cohen) Humane Treatment of Farm Animals: Overview and Selected Issues (95-1175, Becker) Humane Treatment of Farm Animals: Overview and Issues (RS21978, Becker) Horse Slaughter Prevention Bills and Issues (RS21842, Becker)

Reauthorization of the Livestock Mandatory Reporting (LMR) Act in the 114th Congress (R44025, Greene) USDA’s “GIPSA Rule” on Livestock and Poultry Marketing Practices (R41673, Greene) Dairy Market and Policy Issues (R40205, Shields) Livestock Mandatory Price Reporting (RS20079, Heykoop) Potential Farm Sector Effects of 2009 H1N1 “Swine Flu”: Questions and Answers (R40575, Johnson) Recent Acquisitions of U.S. Meat Companies (RS22980, Johnson) Livestock Marketing and Competition Issues (RL33325, Johnson & Becker)

Identification

Animal Identification and Meat Traceability (RL32012, Becker) Animal Identification: Overview and Issues (R40832, Schnepf) Animal Identification: Overview and Issues (RS22653, Becker)

Anaerobic Digestion: Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction and Energy Generation (R40667, Bracmort) Animal Rendering: Economics and Policy (RS21771, Becker)

Aquaculture

Fishery, Aquaculture, and Marine Mammal Issues in the 112th Congress (R41613, Buck et al.) Fishery, Aquaculture, and Marine Mammal Legislation in the 107th Congress (IB10074, Buck) Fishery, Aquaculture, and Marine Mammal Legislation in the 109th Congress (RL33459, Buck) Fishery, Aquaculture, and Marine Mammal Legislation in the 110th Congress (RL33813, Buck) Fishery, Aquaculture, and Marine Mammal Issues in the 111th Congress (R40172, Buck & Upton) Fishery, Aquaculture, and Marine Mammal Online News and Information Sources (RL30856, Buck) Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act: Reauthorization Issues for the 107th Congress (RL30215, Waldeck & Buck) Open Ocean Aquaculture (RL32694, Borgatti & Buck)

Return to the CRS Reports index.

Regulation of Real Estate Appraisers (RS22953, Murphy) Homestead Exemptions in Bankruptcy After the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA) (R40891, Pettit & Platte) Ch. 12 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code: Reorganization of a Family Farmer or Fisherman (RS20742, Jeweler)

Biotechnology

Science and Technology Issues in the 115th Congress  (R44786, Gottron, Coordinator) Nutrition Labeling of Restaurant Menu and Vending Machines Items  (R44272, Dabrowska) Enforcement of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: Select Legal Issues (R43609, Armstrong & Staman) Genetically Engineered Mosquitoes: A Vector Control Technology for Reducing Zika Virus Transmission , (IF10401, Cowan) Labeling Genetically Engineered Foods: Current Legislation , (IF10376, Cowan) Constitutional Implications of State GE Food Labeling Laws (R44209, Lanza) Genetically Engineered Salmon (R43518, Upton & Cowan) Science and Technology Issues in the 113th Congress (R43114, Gottron et al.) Unapproved Genetically Modified Wheat Discovered in Oregon: Status and Implications (R43100, Cowan) An Overview of the “Patent Trolls” Debate (R42688, Yeh) Genetically Engineered Fish and Seafood: Environmental Concerns (R41486, Buck) Deregulating Genetically Engineered Alfalfa and Sugar Beets: Legal & Administrative Responses (R41395, Cowan & Alexander) Technology Transfer: Use of Federally Funded Research and Development (RL33527, Schacht) Deregulating Genetically Engineered Alfalfa and Sugar Beets: Legal and Administrative Responses (R41396, Cowan & Alexander) Agricultural Biotechnology: Background and Recent Issues (RL32809, Becker & Cowan) Biosafety Protocol for Genetically Modified Organisms: An Overview (RL30594, Segarra & Fletcher) Biotechnology in Animal Agriculture: Status and Current Issues (RL33334, Cowan & Becker) Examination of the Issues Surrounding Biotechnology Patenting and Its Effects Upon Entrepreneurial Companies (RL30648, Thomas) Genetically Engineered Fish and Seafood (RL32974, Bortatti & Buck) Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods (RS20507, Vogt) StarLink Corn Controversy: Background (RS20732, Segarra & Rawson) Status of Genetically Engineered Wheat in North America (RS21620, Bass)

Budget and Appropriations

Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2017 Appropriations , (R44588, Monke, et al.) Reductions in Mandatory Agricultural Conservation Programs in Appropriations Law (IF10041, Stubbs) FY2017 Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations: In Brief (R44441, Monke et al.) Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: FY2017 Appropriations (R44470, Vincent) Methods of Estimating the Total Cost of Federal Regulations (R44348, Carey)   Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: FY2016 Appropriations (R44061, Vincent)   FY2016 Appropriations: Selected Federal Food Safety Agencies (R44309, Johnson) How Treasury Issues Debt (R40767, Driessen) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2016 Appropriations (R44240, Monke) U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Appropriations Process: A Brief Explanation (RS20906, McLoughlin) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE): Appropriations and the FY2016 Budget Request (R44262, Bracecourt & Sissine) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): FY2016 Appropriations (R44208, Elsworth & Bearden) FY2016 Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations: In Brief (R43938, Monke) DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: FY2016 Appropriations (R44004, Sissine) Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues (R40957, Dilger & Beth) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2015 Appropriations (R43669, Monke et al.) Fish and Wildlife Service: FY2015 Appropriations and Policy (R43678, Corn) Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: FY2013 and FY2014 Appropriations (R43142, Vincent)   Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies: FY2015 Appropriations (R43509, James et al.) The Federal Budget: Overview and Issues for FY2015 and Beyond (R43472, Levit)    The Budget Control Act and Trends in Discretionary Spending (RL34424, Austin) Forest Service Appropriations, FY2010-FY2014: In Brief (R43417, Hoover)   The Federal Rulemaking Process: An Overview (RL32240, Carey, et al.)   Improper Payments and Recovery Audits: Legislation, Implementation, and Analysis (R42878, Hatch) Budget Reconciliation Process: Timing of Committee Responses to Reconciliation Directives (R41151, Lynch) Debt Limit: History and Recent Increases (RL31967, Austin & Levit) Automatic Continuing Resolutions: Background and Overview of Recent Proposals (R41948, Tollestrup) Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview (RS20348, Tollestrup) Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects (RL34680, Brass) Army Corps Supplemental Appropriations: Recent History, Trends, and Policy Issues (R42841, Stern & Carter) Energy and Water Development: FY2014 Appropriations (R43121, Behrens) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Appropriations for FY2013 in P.L. 113-6 (R43207, Esworthy & Bearden) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2014 Appropriations (R43110, Monke) Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2014 (R43086, Sargent et al.) Budget Control Act of 2011: The Effects on Spending and the Budget Deficit (R42506, Levit & Labonte) Sequestration as a Budget Enforcement Process: Frequently Asked Questions (R42972, Lynch) The Budget Control Act of 2011: Budgetary Effects of Proposals to Replace the FY2013 Sequester (R42675, Levit) FY2013 Continuing Resolution: Analysis of Components and Congressional Action (R42782, Tollestrup) Federal Support for Academic Research (R41895, Matthews) The “Fiscal Cliff”: Macroeconomic Consequences of Tax Increases and Spending Cuts (R42700, Gravelle) Budget Control Act of 2011: Budgetary Effects of Proposals to Replace the FY2013 Sequester (R42674, Levit) Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Recent Practices (R42647, Tollestrup) Major Fiscal Issues Before Congress in FY 2013 (R42654, Levit, et al.) Budget “Sequestration” and Selected Program Exemptions and Special Rules (R42050, Spar) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2013 Appropriations (R42596, Monke) Fish and Wildlife Service: FY2013 Appropriations and Policy (R42466, Corn ) Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension: Issues and Background (R40819, Monke) The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction (R42388, Tollestrup) The Debt Limit: History and Recent Increases (RL31967, Austin & Levit) Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations (R42008, Hatch) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2012 Appropriations (R41964, Monke) The Budget Control Act of 2011 (R41965, Heniff, et al.) The Congressional Budget Process: A Brief Overview (RS20095, Saturno) Mandatory Spending Since 1962 (RL33074, Austin et al.) Federal Stafford Act Disaster Assistance: Presidential Declarations, Eligible Activities, and Funding (RL33053, McCarthy) Reducing the Budget Deficit: The President’s Fiscal Commission and Other Initiatives (R41784, Levit) Reaching the Debt Limit: Background and Potential Effects on Government Operations (R41633, Levit, et al.) Fish and Wildlife Service: FY2012 Appropriations and Policy (R41928, Corn) Reducing the Budget Deficit: Tax Policy Options (R41641, Sherlock) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2010 Appropriations (R40721, Monke) OMB Controls on Agency Mandatory Spending Programs: “Administrative PAYGO” and Related Issues for Congress (R41375, Brass & Monke) Earmarks Disclosed by Congress: FY2008-FY2010 Regular Appropriations Bills (R40976, Vincent & Monke) Continuing Resolutions: Latest Action and Brief Overview of Recent Practices (RL30343, Streeter) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2011 Appropriations (R41475, Ho et al.) FY2010 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture (R41255, Monke) CRS Issue Statement on Agriculture Appropriations (IS40598, Monke) Environmental Protection Agency: Appropriations for FY2011 (R41149, Esworthy et al.) FY2011 Federal Budget (R41097, Levit) Financial Services and General Government: FY2010 Appropriations (R40801, Hatch) Agriculture and FY2006 Budget Reconciliation (RS22086, Chite) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2009 Appropriations (R40000, Monke) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2008 Appropriations (RL34132, Monke) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2007 Appropriations (RL33412, Monke) Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2006 Appropriations (RL32904, Monke) Appropriations for FY1999; Interior and Related Agencies (98-206, Greenwood) Appropriations for FY1999; U.S. Department of Agriculture and Related Agencies (98-201, Chite) Appropriations for FY2000: Energy and Water Development (RL30207, Humphries & Behrens) Appropriations for FY2000: Interior and Related Agencies (RL30206, Greenwood) Appropriations for FY2000: U.S. Department of Agriculture and Related Agencies (RL30201, Chite) Appropriations for FY2001: An Overview (RL30500, Bley) Appropriations for FY2001: Energy and Water Development (RL30507, Humphries & Behrens) Appropriations for FY2001: Interior and Related Agencies (RL30506, Greenwood) Appropriations for FY2001: U.S. Department of Agriculture and Related Agencies (RL30501, Chite) Appropriations for FY2002: Interior and Related Agencies (RL31006, Vincent & Boren) Appropriations for FY2002: U.S. Department of Agriculture and Related Agencies (RL31001, Chite) Appropriations for FY2003: Interior and Related Agencies (RL31306, Vincent & Boren) Appropriations for FY2003: Interior and Related Agencies (RL31806, Vincent & Boren) Appropriations for FY2003: U.S. Department of Agriculture and Related Agencies (RL31301, Chite) Appropriations for FY2004: U.S. Department of Agriculture and Related Agencies (RL31801, Chite) Appropriations for FY2005: USDA and Related Agencies (RL32301, Chite) Assistance After Hurricanes and Other Disasters: FY2004-05 Supplemental Appropriations (RL32581, Bea & Chite) Emergency Funding for Ag: A Brief History of Supplemental Appropriations FY1989-2005 (RL31095, Chite) Environmental Protection Agency: Highlights of the President’s FY2007 Request (RS22386, Bearden & Esworthy) Farm Commodity Programs in the President’s FY2010 Budget (R40442, Monke) Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2007 (RL33345, Davey, et al.) Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2006 (RL32799, Davey) Federal R&D Funding Under a Continuing Resolution (RS22523, Davey, et al.) Food and Agriculture Provisions in the FY1997 Supplemental Appropriations Act (98-600, Chite) FY2006 Budget Request for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (RS22071, Monke) FY2007 Budget Request for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (RS22382, Monke) FY2009 Budget Request for the USDA (RS22621, Monke) Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: FY2008 Appropriations (RL34011, Vincent, et al.) Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: FY2006 Appropriations (RL32893, Vincent) Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: FY2007 Appropriations (RL33399, Vincent & Boren) Land and Water Conservation Fund: Current Status and Issues (97-792, Zinn) Natural Resources and Environment Function in the FY2000 Federal Budget: A Description of Programs and Funding (RS20096, Bearden) Natural Resources and Environment Function in the FY2001 Federal Budget: A Description of Programs and Funding (RS20492, Bearden) Natural Resources and Environment Function in the FY2003 Federal Budget: An Overview of Programs and Funding (RS21154, Bearden) Superfund and Natural Resource Damages (RS20772, Reisch) Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissions for FY1998 (98-123, Nowels)

Climate Change

U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emission Trends and the Role of the Clean Power Plan (R44451, Ramseur) Funding for Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) at DOE: In Brief (R44472, Folger) Recovery Act Funding for DOE Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Projects (R44387, Folger) EPA’s Clean Power Plan for Existing Power Plants: Frequently Asked Questions (R44341, McCarthy et al.) Greenhouse Gas Pledges by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (R44092, Leggett) Methane: An Introduction to Emission Sources and Reduction Strategies (R43860, Lattanzio et al.) Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Assessment of Coal and Natural Gas in the Power Sector (R44090, Lattanzio) Climate Change Adaptation by Federal Agencies: An Analysis of Plans and Issues for Congress (R43915, Leggett) State CO2 Emission Rate Goals in EPA’s Proposed Rule for Existing Power Plants (R43652, Ramseur) EPA’s Proposed Greenhouse Gas Regulations: Implications for the Electric Power Sector (R43621, Campbell) EPA’s Proposed Greenhouse Gas Regulations for Existing Power Plants: Frequently Asked Questions (R43572, McCarthy et al.) The Global Climate Change Initiative (GCCI): Budget Authority and Request, FY2010-FY2015 (R41845, Lattanzio) Drought in the United States: Causes and Current Understanding (R43407, Folger & Cody) Carbon Capture: A Technology Assessment (R41325, Folger) Climate Change Legislation in the 113th Congress (R43230, Ramseur) Federal Climate Change Funding from FY2008 to FY2014 (R43227, Leggett et al.) Carbon Capture and Sequestration: Research, Development, and Demonstration at the U.S. Department of Energy (R42496, Folger) President Obama’s Climate Action Plan (R43120, Leggett, et al.) EPA Standards for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Power Plants: Many Questions, Some Answers (R43127, McCarthy) The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative: Lessons Learned and Issues for Policymakers (R41836, Ramseur) Climate Change and Existing Law: A Survey of Legal Issues Past, Present, and Future (R42613, Meltz) China’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Policies (R41919, Leggett) Comparison of Climate Change Adaptation Provisions in S. 1733 and H.R. 2454 (R40911, Ho) EPA’s BACT Guidance for Greenhouse Gases from Stationary Sources (R41505, Parker & McCarthy) Greenhouse Gas Emission Drivers: Population, Economic Development and Growth, and Energy Use (RL33970, Blodgett & Parker) Geoengineering: Governance and Technology Policy (R41371, Bracmort et al.) Climate Investment Funds CIFs: An Overview (R41302, Lattanzio) EPA Regulation of Greenhouse Gases: Congressional Responses and Options (R41212, McCarthy & Parker) Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress (R41153, O’Rourke) International Agreements on Climate Change: Selected Legal Questions (R41175, Barbour) Deforestation and Climate Change (R41144, Gorte & Sheikh) Federal Agency Actions Following the Supreme Court’s Climate Change Decision: A Chronology (R41103, Meltz) Climate Change: EU and Proposed U.S. Approaches to Carbon Leakage and WTO Implications (R40914, Parker & Grimmett) Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes in the United States (R40097, Folger) Memorandum: International Governance of Geoengineering (M-031110, Lattanzio & Barbour) Memorandum: Comparison of Selected Senate Energy and Climate Change Proposals (M-061610, Yacobucci) China and the United States — A Comparison of Green Energy Programs and Policies (R41287, Campbell) Climate Change ad the EU Emmissions Trading Scheme: Looking to 2020 (R41049, Parker) Potential Implications of a Carbon Offset Program to Farmers and Landowners (R41086, Johnson et al.) Cars and Climate: What Can EPA Do To Control Greenhouse Gases from Mobile Sources? (R40506, McCarthy) Status of the Copenhagen Climate Change Negotiations (R40910, Leggett & Lattanzio) Climate Change: Comparison of the Cap-and-Trade Provisions in H.R. 2454 and S. 1733 (R40896, Yacobucci et al.) Agriculture and Forestry Provisions in Climate Legislation in the 111th Congress (R40994, Johnson) Agriculture and Forestry Provisions in Climate Change Legislation (S. 3036) (RS22834, Johnson) Nitrous Oxide from Agricultural Sources: Potential Role in Greenhouse Gas Emission Reducation and Ozone Recovery (R40874, Bracmort) Are Carbon Dioxide Emissions Rising More Rapidly Than Expected? (RS22970, Leggett & Logan) Biochar: Examination of an Emerging Concept to Mitigate Climate Change (R40186, Bracmort) Capturing CO 2 from Coal-Fired Power Plants: Challenges for a Comprehensive Strategy (RL34621, Parker et al.) Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) (RL33801, Folger) Carbon Cycle: Implications for Climate Change and Congress (RL34059, Folger) “Carbon Leakage” and Trade: Issues and Approaches (R40100, Parker & Blodgett) Carbon Tax and Greenhouse Gas Control: Options and Considerations for Congress (R40242, Ramseur & Parker) Climate Change: Action by States to Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions (RL33812, Ramseur) Climate Change: Comparison of S. 2191 as Reported (now S. 3036) with Proposed Boxer Amendment (RL34515, Yacobucci & Parker) Climate Change: Costs and Benefits of S.2191 (RL34489, Parker & Yacobucci) Climate Change: Costs and Benefits of the Cap-and-Trade Provisions of H.R. 2454 (R40809, Parker & Yacobucci) Climate Change: Current Issues and Policy Tools (RL34513, Leggett) Climate Change: Design Approaches for a Greenhouse Gas Reduction Program (RL33799, Parker) Climate Change: Federal Expenditures for Science and Technology (RL32997, Simpson & Justus) Climate Change: Federal Laws and Policies Related to Greenhouse Gas Reductions (RL31931, Yacobucci & Parker) Climate Change: Federal Research, Technology, and Related Programs (RL30452, Simpson) Climate Change: Issues Underlying Negotiations at the Bali Conference of Parties (RL34260, Fletcher et al.) Climate Change: Kyoto Protocol and International Actions (RL33826, Fletcher & Parker) Climate Change: Potential Regulation of Stationary Greenhouse Gas Sources Under the Clean Air Act (R40585, Parker & McCarthy) Climate Change: Role of the U.S. Agriculture Sector (RL33898, Johnson) Climate Change: Science Update 2007 (RL34266, Leggett) Climate Change and the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS): Kyoto and Beyond (RL34150, Parker) Climate Change and International Deforestation: Legislative Analysis (RL34634, Shiekh & Gorte) Climate Change Litigation: A Survey (RL32764, Meltz) Climate Change Legislation in the 110th Congress (RL34067, Ramseur & Yacobucci) Community Acceptance of Carbon Capture and Sequestrian Infrastructure: Siting Challenges (RL34601, Parfomak) Estimates of Carbon Mitigation Potential from Agricultural and Forestry Activities (R40236, Johnson et al.) Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2010 (R40710, Sargent) Federal Research and Development Funding: Possible Impacts of Operating Under a Continuing Resolution (RS22978, Shea & Morgan) Forest Carbon Markets: Potential and Drawbacks (RL34560, Gorte & Ramseur) Global Climate Change and Wildlife (RS22597, Sheikh et al.) Global Climate Change: Status of Negotiations (RS22899, Fletcher) Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol (RL30692, Fletcher) Global Climate Change: The Role of Energy Efficiency (RL30414, Sissine) Global Climate Change: The Role of U.S. Foreign Assistance (97-1015, Tarnoff) Global Climate Change: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions — Status, Trends and Projections (98-235, Blodgett & Parker) Greenhouse Gas Reduction: Cap-and-Trade Bills in the 110th Congress (RL33846, Parker & Yacobucci) Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Conflicting Situations, Conflicting Perspectives (RL32721, Parker & Blodgett) Greenhouse Legislation: Summary and Analysis of H.R. 2454 as Passed by the House of Representatives (R40643-1, Holt & Whitney) Greenhouse Legislation: Summary and Analysis of H.R. 2454 as Reported by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce (R40643, Holt & Whitney) Market-Based Greenhouse Gas Control: Selected Proposals in the 111th Congress (R40556, Ramseur et al.) Measuring and Monitoring Carbon in the Agricultural and Forestry Sectors (RS22964, Gorte & Johnson) Potential Offset Supply in a Cap-and-Trade Program (RL34705, Ramseur) Regulating a Carbon Market: Issues Raised By the European Carbon and U.S. Sulfur Dioxide Allowance Markets (RL34488, Jickling & Parker) Role of Offsets in a Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cap-and-Trade Program: Potential Benefits and Concerns (RL34436, Ramseur) Summary of Waxman-Market Draft Greenhouse Gas Legislation (R40597, Holt) Supreme Court’s Climate Change Decision: Massachusetts v. EPA (RS22665, Meltz) U.S. Global Climate Change Policy: Evolving Views on Cost, Competitiveness, and Comprehensiveness (RL30024, Parker & Blodgett) U.S.-centric Chronology of the International Climate Change Negotiations (R40001, Leggett) United States and Europe: Current Issues (RS22163, Mix)

Commodities

Blockchain: Background and Policy Issues , (R45116, Jaikaran) Federal Milk Marketing Orders: An Overview, (R45044, Greene) Potential Use of Industrial Hemp in Cannabidiol Products , (IF10391, Johnson) U.S. Peanut Program and Issues (R44156, Shields) U.S. Sugar Program Fundamentals (R43998, McMinimy) Marijuana: Medical and Retail— An Abbreviated View of Selected Legal Issues (R43437, Gavey & Doyle) State Marijuana Legalization Initiatives: Implications for Federal Law Enforcement (R43164, Finklea & Sacco). Sugar Program: The Basics (R42535, Jurenas) Fruits, Vegetables, and Other Specialty Crops: Selected Federal Programs (R42771, Johnson) Sugar Program Proposals for the 2012 (R42551, Jurenas) Asian Soybean Rust: Background and Issues (RL32225, Schnepf) Background on Sugar Policy Issues (RL33541, Jurenas) FDA Regulation of Tobacco Products: A Policy and Legal Analysis (RL32619, Redhead & Burrows) Hemp As an Agricultural Commodity (RL32725, Johnson) Implications of Reactivating the Dairy Export Incentive Program (R40585, Shields & Hanrahan) Specialty Crop Issues in the 109th Congress (RL32951, Rawson) Tobacco: Selected Legal Issues (RL33719, Burrows) U.S. Tobacco Production, Consumption and Export Trends (RL30947, Womach)

U.S. Grain Standards Act: Potential Reauthorization in the 114th Congress (R43803, Shields)    Farm Product ‘Check-off’ Programs: A Constitutional Analysis (RL32957, Vina) Farmers’ Markets: The USDA Role (RS21652, Becker) Federal Farm Promotion (“Check-Off”) Programs (95-353, Becker) High Agricultural Commodity Prices: What Are the Issues (RL34474, Schnepf) Seafood Marketing: Combating Fraud and Deception (RL34124, Buck)

CFTC Reauthorization in the 109th Congress (RS22028, Jickling) Proposed Transaction Fee on Futures Contracts (RS22415, Jickling)

Disaster Impact and Assistance

Federal Crop Insurance for Specialty Crops , (IF10765, Johnson & Rosa) Federal Disaster Assistance for Agriculture , (IF10565, Stubbs) Drought Legislation: Comparison of Selected Provisions in H.R. 2898 and S. 1894 (R44180, Stern et al.) In Focus: Overview of Farm Safety Net Programs (IF10191, Shields) Proposals to Reduce Premium Subsidies for Federal Crop Insurance (R43951, Shields) Major Disaster Declarations for Snow Assistance and Severe Winter Storms: An Overview (R43802, Lindsey) Crop Insurance Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79) (R43494, Shields) Emergency Water Assistance During Drought: Federal Non-Agricultural Programs (R43408, Carter et al.) Congressional Primer on Responding to Major Disasters and Emergencies (R41981, McCarthy & Brown) Federal Crop Insurance for Specialty Crops: Background and Legislative Proposals (R42813, Shields) FEMA’s Disaster Declaration Process: A Primer (RL34146, McCarthy) CRS Issue Statement on Disaster Risk Financing (IS40291, King) FY2010 Supplemental for Wars, Disaster Assistance, Haiti Relief, and Other Programs (R41232, Belasco et al.) Renegotiation of the Standard Reinsurance Agreement for Federal Crop Insurance (R40966, Shields) Agricultural Disaster Assistance (RS21212, Stubbs) Commercial Fishery Disaster Assistance (RL34209, Upton) Disaster Relief Funding and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations (R40708, Lindsay & Murray) Disaster Relief and Response: FY2003 Supplemental Appropriations (RL31999, Bea) Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Legislation for Disaster Assistance: Summary Data (RL33226, Murray & Lindsey) Federal Crop Insurance: Background and Issues (R40532, Shields) Federal Disaster Recovery Programs: Brief Summaries (RL31734, Jordan) Federal Food Assistance in Disasters: Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (RL33102, Richardson) FY2006 Supplemental Appropriations: Iraq and Other International Activities; Additional Hurricane Katrina Relief (RL33298, Irwin & Nowels) Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Fishing and Aquaculture – Damage and Recovery (RS22241, Buck) Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the Coastal Louisiana Ecosystem Restoration (RS22276, Zinn) International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance, Budget Trends, and Issues for Congress (RL33769, Margesson) Midwest Floods of 2008: Potential Impact on Agriculture (RL34583, Schnepf) Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act: Provisions and Changes to Preexisting Law (RL33589, Lister & Gottron) Ports in Louisiana: New Orleans, South Louisiana, and Baton Rouge (RS22297, Cieslak) U.S. Agriculture After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Status and Issues (RL33075, Schnepf & Chite) A Whole-Farm Crop Disaster Program: Supplemental Revenue Assistance (SURE) (R40452, Shields)

Derivatives: Introduction and Legislation in the 114th Congress (R44351, Miller) The Glass-Steagall Act: A Legal and Policy Analysis (R44349, Carpenter et al.) Commodity Futures Trading Commission: Proposed Reauthorization in the 114th Congress (R44231, Miller) Insurance Regulation: Background, Overview, and Legislation in the 114th Congress (R44046, Webel) The Economic Implications of the Long-Term Federal Budget Outlook (RL32747, Labonte) Standard & Poor’s Downgrade of U.S. Government Long-Term Debt (R41955, Jickling) Treasury Securities and the U.S. Sovereign Credit Default Swap Market (R41932, Austin & Miller) Individual Mandate and Related Information Requirements under PPACA (R41331, Newman) PPACA: A Brief Overview of the Law, Implementation, and Legal Challenges (R41664, Chaikind et al.) The Bush Tax Cuts and the Economy (R41393, Hungerford) Farm Price-Cost Squeeze and U.S. Farm Policy (R40761, Shields) Farm-To-Food Price Dynamics (R40621, Schnepf) U.S. Farm Economy (R40152, Schnepf) U.S. Farm Economy (RS21970, Schnepf)

Energy Legislation: Comparison of Selected Provisions in H.R. 8 and S. 2012 (R44291, Yacobucci) Oil Sands and the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund: The Definition of “Oil” and Related Issues for Congress (R43128, Ramseur) DOT’s Federal Pipeline Safety Program: Background and Key Issues for Congress (R44201, Parfomak) Keystone XL Pipeline: Overview and Recent Developments (R43787, Parfomak, et al.) An Overview of Unconventional Oil and Natural Gas: Resources and Federal Actions (R43148, Ratner & Tierman) EPA’s Proposed Clean Power Plan: Conversion to Mass-Based Emission Targets (R43942, Ramseur) Corporate Expatriation, Inversions, and Mergers: Tax Issues (R43568, Marples & Gravelle) Clean Coal Loan Guarantees and Tax Incentives: Issues in Brief (R43690, Folger & Sherlock) The Northeast Heating Oil Supply, Demand, and Factors Affecting Its Use (R43511, Andrews & Perl) U.S. Crude Oil Export Policy: Background and Considerations (R43442, Brown et al.) Energy Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79) (R43416, Schnepf) Winter Fuels Outlook 2013-2014 (R42090, Piron) Federal Permitting and Oversight of Export of Fossil Fuels (R43231, Vann et al.) U.S. Natural Gas Exports: New Opportunities, Uncertain Outcomes (R42074, Ratner et al.) Energy-Water Nexus: The Energy Sector’s Water Use (R43199, Carter) Energy Tax Policy: Issues in the 113th Congress (R43206, Sherlock) Energy Policy: 113th Congress Issues (R42756, Behrens) Energy Policy: Election Year Issues and Legislative Proposals (R42756, Behrens) Why Some Fuel-Efficient Vehicles Are Not Sold Domestically (R42666, Canis) U.S. Oil Imports and Exports (R42465, Nerurkar) Energy Tax Policy: Issues in the 112th Congress (R41769, Sherlock & Crandall-Hollick) Keystone XL Pipeline Project: Key Issues (R41668, Parfomak, et al.) Energy Tax Incentives: Measuring Value Across Different Types of Energy Resources (R41953, Sherlock) The Role of Federal Gasoline Excise Taxes in Public Policy (R40808, Pirog) EPA’s Regulation of Coal-Fired Power: Is a “Train Wreck” Coming? (R41914, McCarthy, et al.) Keeping America’s Pipelines Safe and Secure: Key Issues for Congress (R41536, Parfomak) Energy Tax Policy: Issues in the 111th Congress (R40999, Sherlock & Marples) Energy Tax Policy: Historical Perspectives on and Current Status of Energy Tax Expenditures (R41227, Sherlock) Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E): Background, Status, and Selected Issues for Congress (RL34497, Stine) Energy Costs and Agriculture (RL30943, Heykoop) Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: A Summary of Major Provisions (RL34294, Sissine) Energy Policy Act of 2002: Summary of S. 1766 as Introduced (RL31276, Holt & Glover) Energy Policy: Historical Overview, Conceptual Framework, and Continuing Issues (RL31720, Bamberger) Energy Projects on Federal Lands: Leasing and Authorization (R40806, Vann) Energy Tax Policy: History and Current Issues (RL33578, Lazzari) Energy Use in Agriculture: Background and Issues (RL32677, Schnepf) Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: Comparison with Funding for Nuclear Energy, Fossil Energy, and Energy Efficiency R&D (RS22858, Sissine) U.S. Energy: Overview and Selected Facts and Numbers (R40187, Behrens & Glover)

Renewable Energy

USDA Initiative Is Funding New Ethanol Infrastructure , (IF10377, McMinimy) Residential Energy Tax Credits: Overview and Analysis (R42089, Crandall-Hollick & Sherlock) The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Waiver Authority and Modification of Volumes (R44045, Bracmort) The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): In Brief (R43325, Bracemort) Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards (R43497, Lattanzio & McCarthy) China and the United States—A Comparison of Green Energy Programs and Policies (R41748, Campbell) The Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit: In Brief (R43453, Sherlock) Production Tax Credit Incentives for Renewable Electricity: Financial Comparison of Selected Policy Options (R43340, Brown) Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs (R40913, Cunningham & Roberts) Analysis of Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) in the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) (R42824, Yacobucci) Algae’s Potential as a Transportation Biofuel (R42122, Bracmort) DOD Alternative Fuels: Policy, Initiatives and Legislative Activity (R42859, Blakeley) Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Technology Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs (R42566, Cunningham et al.) U.S. Renewable Electricity: How Does Wind Generation Impact Competitive Power Markets? (R42818, Brown) Carbon Tax: Deficit Reduction and Other Considerations (R42731, Ramseur et al.) U.S. Renewable Electricity: How Does the Production Tax Credit (PTC) Impact Wind Markets? (R42576, Brown) The Navy Biofuel Initiative Under the Defense Production Act (R42568, Andrews et. al.) Renewable Energy Programs and the Farm Bill: Status and Issues (R41985, Schnepf) Federal Agency Authority to Contract for Electric Power and Renewable Energy Supply (R41960, Andrews) U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation: Resources and Challenges (R41954, Brown & Whitney) Is Biopower Carbon Neutral? (R41603, Bracmort) Cellulosic Ethanol: Feedstocks, Conversion Technologies, Economics, and Policy Options (R41460, Schnepf) Biomass Feedstocks for Biopower: Background and Selected Issues (R41440, Bracmort) Agriculture-Based Biofuels: Overview and Emerging Issues (R41282, Schnepf) Meeting the Renewable Fuel Standard Mandate for Cellulosic Biofuels: Questions and Answers (R41106, Bracmort)   CRS Issue Statement on Agriculture-Based Biofuels (IS40254, Schnepf) Wind Energy: Offshore Permitting (R40175, Vann) Intermediate-Level Blends of Ethanol in Gasoline, and the Ethanol “Blend Wall” (R40445, Yacobucci) Biofuels Incentives: Summary of Federal Programs (RL33572, Yacobucci) Agriculture-Based Renewable Energy Production (RL32712, Schnepf) Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress (R40168, Yacobucci) Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs (RL40110, Yacobucci) Biofuels Provisions in H.R. 3221 and H.R. 6: A Side-by-Side Comparison (RL34136, Yacobucci) Biomass: Comparison of Definitions in Legislation (R40529, Bracmort & Gorte)  Bush Energy Policy: Overview of Major Proposals and Legislative Action (RL31096, Holt) Calculation of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Renewable Fuel Standard (R40460, Yacobucci & Bracmort) Cellulosic Biofuels: Analysis of Policy Issues for Congress (RL34738, Capeheart) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Legislation in the 109th Congress (RL32860, Sissine) Ethanol and Biofuels: Agriculture, Infrastructure, and Market Constraints Related to Expanded Production (RL33928, Yacobucci & Schnepf) Ethanol: Economic and Policy Issues (R40488, Capeheart) Ethanol and Other Biofuels: Potential for U.S.-Brazil Energy Cooperation (RL34191, Seelke & Yacobucci) European Union Biofuels Policy and Agriculture: An Overview (RS22404, Schnepf) Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues (RL30369, Yacobucci & Womach) Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues (RL33290, Yacobucci) Renewable Energy Policy: Tax Credit, Budget and Regulatory Issues (RL33588, Sissine) Selected Issues Related to an Expansion of the Renewable Fuel Standard (R40155, Yacobucci & Capeheart) Waiver Authority Under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) (RS22870, Yacobucci) Wind Power in the United States: Technology, Economic, and Policy Issues (RL34546, Logan & Kaplan)

Environmental Issues

Hydraulic Fracturing and Safe Drinking Water Act Regulatory Issues (R41760, Tiemann & Vann) Preemption in Proposed Amendments to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA): Side-by-Side Analysis of S. 697 and H.R. 2576 (R44066, Wyatt) S. 1961 and H.R. 4024: Legislative Responses to a Chemical Storage Facility Spill (R43441, Copeland & Tiemann) Proposed Reform of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in the 113th Congress: S. 1009 Compared with S. 696 and Current Statute (R43136, Yen) Hydraulic Fracturing: Selected Legal Issues (R43152, Vann et al.) Oil and Chemical Spills: Federal Emergency Response Framework (R43251, Bearden & Ramseur) The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative: Background and Issues (R43249, Sheikh) Background on and Implementation of the Bevill and Bentsen Exclusions in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: EPA Authorities to Regulate “Special Wastes” (R43149, Luther) The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements (RL31905, Schierow) Chemical Facility Security: Issues and Options for the 113th Congress (R42918, Shea) Federal Programs Related to Indoor Pollution by Chemicals (R42620, Schierow & Bearden) The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA): A Summary (RL32683, Schierow) The Army Corps of Engineers’ Nationwide Permits Program: Issues and Regulatory Developments (97-223, Copeland) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act: A Summary of Superfund Cleanup Authorities and Related Provisions of the Act (R41039, Bearden) EPA Regulations: Too Much, Too Little, or On Track? (R41561, McCarthy et al.) Environmental Regulation and Agriculture (R41622, Stubbs et al.) Everglades Restoration and the River of Grass Land Acquisition (R41383, Stern et al.) CRS Issue Statement on Environmental Cleanup and Waste Management (IS40275, Ramseur) Oil Pollution Act of 1990: Liability of Responsible Parties (R41266, Nichols) 2010 Oil Spill: Minerals Management Service and National Environmental Policy Act (R41265, Alexander) Implementing the National Environmental Policy Act for Disaster Response, Recovery, and Mitigation Projects (RL34650, Luther) Environmental Laws: Summaries of Statutes Administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (RL30798, Fletcher) Federal Pollution Control Laws: How Are They Enforced? (RL34384, Esworthy) National Environmental Policy Act: Background and Implementation (RL33152, Luther) National Environmental Policy Act: Streamlining NEPA (RL33267, Luther) Natural Resources Policy: Management, Institutions and Issues (RL33806, Vincent & Carter) Natural Resources: Selected Issues for the 109th Congress (RL32699, Carter & Vincent) Overview of National Environmental Policy Act Requirements (RS20621, Alexander) Superfund: Overview and Selected Issues (RL33426, Ramseur & Reisch)

Air Quality Issues and Animal Agriculture: A Primer (RL32948, Copeland)   Air Quality Issues and Animal Agriculture: EPA’s Air Compliance Agreement (RL32947, Copeland) Animal Waste and Hazardous Substances: Current Laws and Legislative Issues (RL33691, Copeland) Animal Waste and Water Quality: EPA Regulation of CAFOs (RL31851, Copeland) Animal Waste and Water Quality: EPA’s Response to the Waterkeeper Alliance Court Decision on Regulation of CAFOs (RL33656, Copeland)

Conservation

The National Wild and Scenic Rivers System: A Brief Overview (R42614, Johnson) Conservation Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79) (R43504, Stubbs) Emergency Assistance for Agricultural Land Rehabilitatio n (R42854, Stubbs) Conservation Reserve Program (CRP): Status and Issues (R42783, Stubbs) Conservation Compliance and U.S. Farm Policy (R42459, Stubbs)   Agricultural Conservation and the Next Farm Bill (R42093,Stubbs) 2008 Farm Bill: Analysis of Tax-Related Conservation Reserve Program Proposals (RS22910, Pettit) Agricultural Conservation Issues in the 111th Congress (R40692, Stubbs) Agricultural Conservation Programs: A Scorecard (RL32940, Zinn & Cowan) Agricultural Conservation: A Guide to Programs (R40763, Stubbs) Conservation and Reinvestment Act (H.R. 201) and a Related Initiative in the 106th Congress (RL30444, Zinn & Corn) Conservation Provisions of the 2008 Farm Bill (RL34557, Cowan & Johnson) Conservation Reserve Program: Legal Analysis of Proposed Legislation to Change the Structure and Taxation of Benefits Received (RS22851, Pettit) Conservation Reserve Program: Status and Current Issues (RS21613, Cowan) Conservation Reserve Program Payments: Self-Employment Income, Rental Income, or Something Else? (RL34457, Pettit) Conservation Security Program in the 2002 Farm Bill (RS21739, Johnson) Conservation Security Program: Implementation & Current Issues (RS21740, Cowan) Debt-for-Nature Initiatives and the Tropical Forest Conservation Act (RL31286, Sheikh) Environmental Quality Incentives Program: Status and Issues (R40197, Stubbs) Farm Protection Program: Status and Current Issues (RS22565, Johnson) Land and Water Conservation Fund: Current Status and Issues (RS21503, Zinn) Land Conversion in the Northern Plains (RL33950, Stubbs) Land & Water Conservation Fund: Overview, Funding History, Current Issues (RL33531, Vincent) Mandatory Funding for Agriculture Conservation Programs (RS22243, Zinn) Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Trout: Managing Under the Endangered Species Act (98-666, Buck) Reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act: A Comparison of Pending Bills and a Proposed Amendment with Current Law (RL33309, Sheikh et al.) Resource Conservation Title of the 2002 Farm Bill: Comparison of New Law with Bills and Prior Laws (RL31486, Zinn) Soil and Water Conservation: An Overview (RL33556, Zinn) South Florida Ecosystem Restoration and the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (RS20702, Sheikh & Carter) Technical Assistance for Agriculture Conservation (RL34069, Stubbs) Wetlands: An Overview of Issues (RL33483, Zinn & Copeland) Wilderness Laws: Permitted and Prohibited Uses (RL33827, Gorte)

2013 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): Designating Nonattainment Areas (R43953, Esworthy) EPA’s Clean Power Plan: Implications for the Electric Power Sector (R44265, Campbell) Clean Air Issues in the 114th Congress: An Overview (R43851, McCarthy) An Overview of Air Quality Issues in Natural Gas Systems (R42986, Lattanzio) U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Recent Trends and Factors (R43795, Ramseur) Ozone Air Quality Standards: EPA’s 2015 Revision (R43092, McCarthy) EPA’s Proposed Wood Stove / Wood Heater Regulations: Frequently Asked Questions (R43489, McCarthy) The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for Particulate Matter (PM): EPA’s 2006 Revisions and Associated Issues (RL34762, Esworthy) Air Quality: EPA’s 2013 Changes to the Particulate Matter (PM) Standard (R42934, Esworthy) Clean Air Issues in the 113th Congress: An Overview (R42895, McCarthy) Air Quality: EPA’s 2012 Proposed Changes to the Particulate Matter (PM) Standard (R42671, Esworthy) EPA’s Boiler MACT: Controlling Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants (R41459, McCarthy) Air Quality: EPA’s 2006 Changes to the Particulate Matter (PM) Standard (RL33254, McCarthy) Clean Air Act Issues in the 109th Congress (RL33552, McCarthy) Clean Air Act Issues in the 110th Congress: Implementation and Oversight (RL33776, McCarthy) Clean Air Act Issues in the 111th Congress (R40145, McCarthy) Costs and Benefits of Clear Skies: EPA’s Analysis of Multi-Pollutant Clean Air Bills (RL33165, McCarthy & Parker) Methyl Bromide and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion (RS20863, Morrissey) Regulation of Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions: State and Federal Standards (RS22788, Yacobucci)

EPA Policies Concerning Integrated Planning and Affordability of Water Infrastructure (R44223, Copeland) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements (RL31243, Tiemann) EPA and the Army Corps’ Proposed “Waters of the United States” Rule: Congressional Response and Options (R43943, Copeland) Nutrients in Agricultural Production: A Water Quality Overview (R43919, Stubbs) Water Quality Issues in the 114th Congress: An Overview (R43867, Copeland) Allocation of Wastewater Treatment Assistance: Formula and Other Changes (RL31073, Copeland) Ocean Dumping Act: A Summary of the Law (RS20028, Copeland) Wastewater Treatment: Overview and Background (98-323, Copeland) EPA and the Army Corps’ Rule to Define “Waters of the United States” (R43455, Copeland) Green Infrastructure and Issues in Managing Urban Stormwater (R43131, Copeland) Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF): Program Overview and Issues (RS22037, Tiemann) Whether Logging Road Runoff Requires a Clean Water Act Permit: Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center  (R42587, Meltz & Copeland) Water Quality Issues in the 113th Congress: An Overview (R42883, Copeland) Clean Water Act and Pollutant Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) (R42752, Copeland) Stormwater Permits: Status of EPA’s Regulatory Program (97-290, Copeland) The Supreme Court Allows Pre-enforcement Review of Clean Water Act Section 404 Compliance Orders: Sackett v. EPA (R42450, Meltz) Cooling Water Intake Structures: Summary of EPA’s Proposed Rule (R41786, Copeland) Water Quality Issues in the 112th Congress: Oversight and Implementation (R41594, Copeland) Water Quality Bills in the Remainder of the 111th Congress (R41517, Copeland) Oil Spills in U.S. Coastal Waters: Background and Governance (RL33705, Ramseur) Water Quality Issues in the 111th Congress: Oversight and Implementation (R40098, Copeland) Outer Continental Shelf Moratoria on Oil and Gas Development (R41132, Hagerty) Potential Stafford Act Declarations for the Gulf Coast Oil Spill: Issues for Congress (R41234, McCarthy) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Coastal Wetland and Wildlife Impacts and Response (R41311, Corn & Copeland) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster: Risk, Recovery and Insurance Implications (R41320, King) Tax Issues and the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill: Legal Analysis of Payments and Tax Relief Policy Options (R41323, Sherlock et al.) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Highlighted Actions and Issues (R41407, Hagerty & Ramseur) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Selected Issues for Congress (R41262, Hagerty & Ramseur) Safe Drinking Water Act: Selected Regulatory and Legislative Issues (RL34201, Tiemann) Clean Water Act: A Summary of the Law (RL30030, Copeland) Clean Water Act Section 401: Background and Issues (97-488, Copeland) Clean Water Act and Total Maximum Daily Loads of Pollutants (97-831, Copeland) Clean Water Action Plan: Background and Early Implementation (98-150, Copeland) Coastal Louisiana Ecosystem Restoration: Recommended Corps Plan (RS22110, Zinn) Coastal Louisiana: Attempting to Restore an Ecosystem (RL32673, Zinn) Controversies over Redefining “Fill Material” Under the Clean Water Act (RL31411, Copeland) Water Quality: Implementing the Clean Water Act (RL33466, Copeland) Water Quality Initiatives and Agriculture (RL30437, Copeland) Water Quality Issues in the 110th Congress: Oversight and Implementation (RL33800, Copeland) Wetlands Coverage of the Clean Water Act Is Revisited by the Supreme Court: Rapanos v. United States (RL33263, Meltz & Copeland)

Bee Health: The Role of Pesticides (R43900, Johnson & Corn) Bee Health: The Role of Pesticides (R42855, Schierow et al.) Pesticide Law: A Summary of the Statutes (RL31921, Schierow) Pesticide Registration and Tolerance Fees: An Overview (RL32218, Esworthy) Pesticide Use and Water Quality: Are the Laws Complementary or in Conflict? (RL32884, Copeland)

Invasive Species: Control Options and Issues for Congress (R44011, Corn & Johnson) Invasive Species: Issues in Brief (R44049, Corn & Johnson) Hunting and Fishing: Issues and Legislation in the 113th Congress (R43629, Corn) The Lacey Act: Protecting the Environment by Restricting Trade (R42067, Alexander) Wilderness: Legislation and Issues in the 113th Congress (R41610, Hoover et al.) Invasive Species: Major Laws and the Role of Selected Federal Agencies (R43258, Corn & Johnson) The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 113th Congress: New and Recurring Issues (R42945, Buck et al.) Hunting, Fishing, Recreational Shooting, and Other Wildlife Measures: S. 3525 (R42751, Corn et al.) The Gray Wolf and the Endangered Species Act (ESA): A Brief Legal History (R41730, Alexander) The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 112th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices (R41608, Buck et al.) Asian Carp and the Great Lakes Region (R41082, Buck et al.) Ballast Water Management to Combat Invasive Species (RL32344, Buck) 2010 Oil Spill: Criminal Liability Under Wildlife Laws (R41308, Alexander) Endangered Species Act in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices (R40185, Buck et al.) Endangered Species Act, Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and Department of Defense Readiness Activities: Background and Current Law (RL31415, Baldwin) Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program: Status and Current Issues (RS22603, Stubbs & Zinn) Gray Wolves Under the Endangered Species Act: Distinct Population Segments and Experimental Populations (RL34238, Alexander & Corn) Endangered Species Act: A Primer (RL31654, Baldwin, et al.) Endangered Species Act and Claims for Property Rights “Takings” (RL31796, Meltz) Endangered Species Act, Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and Department of Defense Readiness Activities: Current Law and Legislative Proposals (RL31415, Baldwin) Endangered Species Act and “Sound Science” (RL32992, Buck & Corn) Endangered Species Act in the 109th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices (RL33468, Buck & Corn) Endangered Species Act in the 110th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices (RL33779, Buck, et al.) Endangered Species Act Issues Regarding Columbia Basin Salmon and Steelhead (R40169, Alexander & Buck) Endangered Species List Revisions: A Summary of Delisting and Downlisting (98-32, Noecker) Global Climate Change and Wildlife (RS22597, Scheikh, et al.) Invasive Non-Native Species: Background and Issues for Congress (RL30123, Corn, et al.) Marine Mammal Protection Act: Reauthorization Issues (RL30120, Buck) Multinational Species Conservation Fund (RS21157, Sheikh & Corn) Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Trout: Managing Under the Endangered Species Act (98-666, Buck) Proposed Changes to Regulations Governing Consultation Under the Endangered Species Act (RL34641, Alexander & Corn) Reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act: A Comparison of Pending Bills and a Proposed Amendment with Current Law (RL33309, Sheikh et al.) What Happens to the Bald Eagle Now That It Is Not Protected Under the Endangered Species Act? (RL34174, Alexander) Wilderness: Overview and Statistics (RL31447, Gorte) Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program: Status and Current Issues (R40051, Stubbs)

Other Issues

Federal Efforts to Control Invasive Plant and Animal Species , (IF10217, Johnson & Crafton) The Office of Surface Mining’s Proposed Stream Protection Rule: An Overview (R44150, Copeland) Heritage Areas: Background, Proposals, and Current Issues (RL33462, Vincent & Comay) Shale Energy Technology Assessment: Current and Emerging Water Practices (R43636, Tiemann et al.) Oil Sands and the Keystone XL Pipeline: Background and Selected Environmental Issues (R42611, Ramseur et al.) Environmental Requirements Addressed During Corps Civil Works Project Planning: Background and Issues for Congress (R43209, Luther) Injurious Species Listings Under the Lacey Act: A Legal Briefing (R43170, Alexander) The Lacey Act: Compliance Issues Related to Importing Plants and Plant Products (R42119, Sheikh) Everglades Restoration: Federal Funding and Implementation Progress (R42007, Stern) Mountaintop Mining: Background on Current Controversies (RS21421, Copeland) Hydraulic Fracturing: Chemical Disclosure Requirements (R42461, Murrill & Vann) Oil and Natural Gas Industry Tax Issues in the FY2010 Budget Proposal (R41669, Pirog) Tax Reform: An Overview of Proposals in the 112th Congress (R41591, Bickley) Civil Works Program of the Army Corps of Engineers: A Primer (RS20866, Carter & Cody) Drought in the United States: Causes and Issues for Congress (RL34580, Folger, et al.) Managing Regional Growth: Is There a Role for Congress? (RS20011, Zinn) Marine Protected Areas: An Overview (RL32154, Zinn & Buck) Precision Ag and Site-Specific Management: Current Status and Emerging Policy Issues (RL30630, Cowan) Precision Agriculture: a Primer (RS20515, Cowan) Survey of Recent State Policies to Manage Growth and Protect Open Space (RL31656, Zinn)

Estate Planning and Taxation

Recently Expired Charitable Tax Provisions (“Tax Extenders”): In Brief (R43517, Gravelle & Sherlock) Recently Expired Community Assistance-Related Tax Provisions (“Tax Extenders”): In Brief (R43541, Lowry) Cash Versus Accrual Accounting: Tax Policy Considerations (R44002, Gnanarajah & Keightley) Tax Provisions that Expired in 2014 (“Tax Extenders”) (R43898, Sherlock) Selected Recently Expired Individual Tax Provisions (“Extenders”): In Brief (R43688, Gravelle) Memorandum: IRS Final Rule on Treatment of Expenditures for Repair/Maintenance of Depreciable Assets (Gary Guenther) Corporate Expatriation, Inversions, and Mergers: Tax Issues (R43568, Marples & Gravelle) Selected Recently Expired Business Tax Provisions (“Tax Extenders”) (R43510, Gavelle et al.) Bonus Depreciation: Economic and Budgetary Issues (R43432, Gravelle) The Mortgage Interest and Property Tax Deductions: Analysis and Options (R41596, Keightley) Tax Provisions Expiring in 2013 (“Tax Extenders”) (R43124, Sherlock) Tax Reform in the 113th Congress: An Overview of Proposals (R43060, Sherlock) The Federal Estate, Gift, and Generation-Skipping Transfer Taxes (95-416, Lanza) Research Tax Credit: Current Law, Legislation in the 113th Congress, and Policy Issues (RL31181, Guenther) An Overview of the Tax Provisions in the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (R42894, Crandall-Hollick) Tax Deductions for Individuals: A Summary (R42872, Lowry) An Overview of Tax Provisions Expiring in 2012 (R42485, Crandall-Hollick) An Overview and Comparison of Proposals to Extend the “Bush Tax Cuts”: S. 3412, S. 3413, H.R. 8 (R42622, Crandall-Hollick) 501(c)(4)s and the Gift Tax: Legal Analysis (R42655, Luckey & Lunder) Section 179 and Bonus Depreciation Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Legislative Proposals in the 112th Congress, and Economic Effects (RL31852, Guenther) Asset Distribution of Taxable Estates: An Analysis (RS20593, Maguire) Calculating Estate Tax Liability: 2001-2011 and Beyond (RL33718, Noto) Capital Gains Taxes: An Overview (96-769, Gravelle) Economic Issues Surrounding the Estate and Gift Tax: A Brief Summary (RS20609, Gravelle) Estate Taxes and Family Businesses: Economic Issues (RL33070, Gravelle & Maguire) Estate and Gift Taxes: Economic Issues (RL30600, Gravelle & Maguire) H.R. 8: The Death Tax Elimination Act of 2001 (RL30912, Noto)

Farm Bills/Economic Stimulus

Farm Safety-Net payments Under the 2014 Farm Bill: Comparison by Program Crop , (R44914, Schenpf) Farm Bill Primer Series: A Guide to Omnibus Legislation and Food Programs , (R44913, McMinimy) Previewing a 2018 Farm Bill, (R44784, Johnson) Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline Beyond , FY2018, (R44758, Monke) U.S. Farm Program Eligibility and Payment Limits , (R44739, Schnepf & Stubbs) Farm Bill Primer: Budget Issues , (IF10783, Monke) Farm Bill Primer: Programs Without Baselines Beyond FY2018 , (IF10780, Monke) Farm Bill Primer: Dairy Safety Net , (IF10750, Greene) Farm Bill Primer: Program Eligibility and Payment Limits , (IF10722, Schnepf & Stubbs) Farm Bill Primer: Title I Commodity Programs , (IF10718, Schnepf) Farm Bill Primer: The Marketing Assistance Loan Program , (IF10714, Schnepf) Farm Bill Primer: ARC  and PLC Support Programs , (IF10711, Schnepf) Farm Bill Primer: Disaster Assistance Programs , (IF10698, Stubbs) Farm Bill Primer: Sugar Program, (IF10689, McMinimy) Farm Bill Primer: Forestry Title , (IF10681, Hoover), Farm Bill Primer: The Conservation Title , (IF10679, Stubbs) Farm Bill Primer: Snap and Other Nutrition Title Programs , (IF10633, Aussenberg) Farm Bill Primer: Federal Programs Supporting New Farmers , (IF10641, Johnson et al.) Farm Bill Primer: Energy Title , (IF10639, Bracmort) Farm Bill Primer: The Farm Safety Net, (IF10638, Schnepf) Farm Bill Primer: Trade and Export Promotion Programs , IF10637, Johnson & McMinimy) Farm Bill Primer: Rural Development Title Provisions , (IF10629, Cowan) Farm Bill Primer: Horticulture Title Provisions , (IF10624, Johnson) Expanding Federal Support for Urban Agriculture , (IF10498, Johnson) Overview of Bioenergy Programs in the 2014 Farm Bill , (IF10288, McMinimy) The 2014 Farm Bill (Agricultural Act of 2014) , (IF10187, Johnson & Monke) Farm Bill: CRS Experts (R42598, Chite) Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers and the TAA Reauthorization Act of 2015 (R44153, Collins) Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers: Reauthorization Proposals in the 114th Congress, In Brief (R44009, Collins) 2014 Farm Bill Provisions and WTO Compliance (R43817, Schnepf) The Farm Safety Net: In Brief (R43758, Shields) Specialty Crop Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79) (R43632, Johnson) Dairy Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79) (R43465, Schnepf) In Focus: The 2014 Farm Bill (Agricultural Act of 2014, P.L. 113-79) (IF00014, Monke) Farm Commodity Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79) (R43448, Shields) The 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79): Summary and Side-by-Side (R43076, Chite et al.) Expiration and Extension of the 2008 Farm Bill (R42442, Monke, et al.) The Next Farm Bill: Changing the Treatment of LIHEAP Receipt in the Calculation of SNAP Benefits (R42591, Aussenberg & Perl) The 2013 Farm Bill: A Comparison of the Senate-Passed (S. 954) and House-Passed (H.R. 2642, H.R. 3102) Bills with Current Law (R43076, Chite et al.) Farm Safety Net Provisions in a 2013 Farm Bill: S. 954 and H.R. 2642 (R42759, Shields & Schnepf) Dairy Policy Proposals in the Next Farm Bill (R42736, Schnepf) Budget Issues Shaping a Farm Bill in 2013 (R42484, Monke) Entitlements and Appropriated Entitlements in the Federal Budget Process (RS20129, Heniff) What Is the Farm Bill? (RS22131, Johnson & Monke) The Senate Agriculture Committee’s 2012 Farm Bill (S. 3240): A Side-by-Side Comparison with Current Law (R42552, Chite) Expiring Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline (R41433, Monke) Previewing the Next Farm Bill (R42357, Chite) Dairy Farm Support: Legislative Proposals in the 112th Congress (R42065, Shields) The Small Business Lending Fund (R42045, Dilger) Farm Safety Net Proposals for the 2012 Farm Bill (R42040, Shields & Schnepf) Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and Its Role in U.S. Trade Policy (R41922, Hornbeck, et al.) Farm Safety Net Programs: Issues for the Next Farm Bill (R41317, Shields et al.) Previewing the Next Farm Bill: Unfunded and Early-Expiring Provisions (R41433, Monke) Actual Farm Bill Spending and Cost Estimates (R41195, Monke & Johnson) Previewing Dairy Policy Options for the Next Farm Bill (R41141, Shields) 2002 Farm Bill: Comparison of Commodity Support Provisions with the House and Senate Proposals (RL31524, Womach) 2002 Farm Bill: Overview and Status (RL31195, Womach) 2002 Farm Law at a Glance (RS21233, Becker) 2008 Farm Bill: Major Provisions and Legislative Actions (RL34696, Johnson, et al.) 2008 Farm Bill: Analysis of Tax-Related Conservation Reserve Program Proposals (RS22910, Pettit) Agricultural Exports and the 2007 Farm Bill (RL34227, Hanrahan) Agricultural Export Provisions of the 2008 Farm Bill (RS22905, Hanrahan) Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education: Farm Bill Issues (RL34352, Rawson) Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension in the 2007 Farm Bill (RS22693, Rawson) Agriculture, Nutrition, and Rural Provisions in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (R40160, Monke et al.) Animal Agriculture: 2007 Farm Bill Issues (RL33958, Becker & Johnson) Biofuels in the 2007 Energy and Farm Bills: A Side-by-Side Comparison (RL34239, Yacobucci & Schnepf) Comparison of the House and Senate 2007 Farm Bills (RL34228, Johnson, et al.) Conservation and the 2007 Farm Bill (RL34060, Zinn) Crop Insurance and Disaster Assistance in the 2008 Farm Bill (RL34207, Chite) Dairy Policy and the 2008 Farm Bill (RL34036, Chite) Domestic Food Assistance: The Farm Bill and Other Legislation in the 110th Congress (RL33829, Richardson) Energy Provisions in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (R40412, Sissine, et al.) Energy Provisions of the Farm Bill: Comparison of the New Law with Previous Law and House and Senate Bills (RL31271, Yacobucci) Environmental Services Markets: Farm Bill Proposals (RL34042, Johnson) Exposure of U.S. Farm Policy to Challenge Under WTO Rules: A Powerpoint Summary (WD06001, Schnepf & Womach) Farm Bill Budget and Costs: 2002 vs. 2007 (RS22694, Chite) Farm Bill Proposals and Legislative Action in the 110th Congress (RL33934, Johnson) Farm Bill Trade and Food Aid Provisions (RS20997, Becker) Farm Commodity Programs in the 2008 Farm Bill (RL34594, Monke) Farm Legislation and Taxes in the 110th Congress (RS22759, Brumbaugh) Forestry in the 2007 Farm Bill (RL33917, Gorte) Food Stamps and Nutrition Programs in the 2002 Farm Bill (RL33690, Richardson) Funding Levels for Conservation Programs in the 2007 Farm Bill (RL34178, Zinn) The House-Passed 2007 Farm Bill (H.R. 2419) at a Glance (RL34113, Johnson, et al.) International Food Aid and the 2007 Farm Bill (RL34145, Hanrahan) Legal Analysis of the Conservation Easement Tax Credit in the Senate Version of H.R. 2419 (RL34338, Alexander & Lundser) A New Farm Bill: Comparing the 2002 Law with Previous Law and House and Senate Bills (RL31704, Jones) Possible Expiration (or Extension)of the 2002 Farm Bill (RL34154, Monke, et al.) Previewing a 2007 Farm Bill (RL33037, Womach) Renewable Energy Policy in the 2008 Farm Bill (RL34130, Schnepf) Rural Development and the 2007 Farm Bill (RL34126, Cowan) Specialty Crops: 2008 Farm Bill Issues (RL33520, Rawson) Sugar Policy and the 2007 Farm Bill (RL34103, Jurenas) What Is a Farm Bill? (RL30956, Jones)

Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 114th Congress (R44230, Bruno et al.) Agricultural Guest Workers: Legislative Activity in the 113th Congress (R43161, Bruno) Brief History of Comprehensive Immigration Reform Efforts in the 109th and 110th Congresses to Inform Policy Discussions in the 113th Congress (R42980, Wassem) Temporary Protected Status: Current Immigration Policy and Issues (RS20844, Wasem & Ester) Authority of State and Local Police to Enforce Federal Immigration Law (R41423, Garcia & Manuel) Immigration Visa Issuances and Grounds for Exclusion: Policy and Trends (R41104, Wasem) Immigration Reform Issues in the 111th Congress (R40501, Wasem) Unauthorized Aliens in the United States (R41207, Bruno) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006: Potential Labor Market Effects of the Guest Worker Program (RL33772, Mayer) The Effects of U.S. Farm Workers on an Agricultural Guest Worker Program (95-712, Levine) Farm Labor Shortages and Immigration Policy (RL30395, Levine) Immigration of Foreign Workers: Labor Market Tests and Protections (RL33977, Wasem) Immigration: Policy Considerations Related to Guest Worker Programs (RL32044, Bruno) Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 109th Congress (RL33125, Bruno, et al.) Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 110th Congress (RL34204, Bruno, et al.) Temporary Farm Labor: The H-2A Program and the U.S. Department of Labor’s Proposed Changes in the Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AEWR) (RL34739, Mayer Unauthorized Employment in the United States: Issues and Options (RL33973, Bruno) U.S. Immigration Policy on Temporary Admissions (RL31381, Wasem & Haddal)

General & Social Welfare

Farm Labor: The Adverse Effect Wage Rate (RL32861, Whittaker) Labor Practices in the Meat Packing and Poultry Processing Industry: An Overview (RL33002, Whittaker) Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Workers: Protective Statutes (RL33372, Whittaker) Trade Promotion Authority Renewal: Core Labor Standards Issues: A Brief Overview (RS22608, Bolle) Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)/Fast-Track Renewal: Labor Issues (RL33864, Bolle)

Farm Commodity Programs

EU Agricultural Support: Overview and Comparison with the United States , ( R44524, Schnepf) When Congressional Legislation Interferes with Existing Contracts: Legal Issues (R42635, Meltz) Risk Management Tools for Dairy Farmers (R41854, Shields) Implications of Reactivating the Dairy Export Incentive Program (R40584, Shields & Hanrahan) Biomass Crop Assistance Program: Status and Issues (R41296, Stubbs) Sugar Policy Issues (R40995, Jurenas) Dairy Pricing Issues (R40903, Shields) Average Farm Subsidy Payments by State, 2002 (RL32590, Womach) Comparing Quota Buyout Payments for Peanuts and Tobacco (RS21642, Womach) Cotton Production and Support in the U.S. (RL32442, Womach) Dairy Policy Issues (RL33475, Chite) Eliminating the Planting Restrictions on Fruits and Vegetables in the Farm Commodity Programs (RL34019, Johnson & Monke) Farm Commodity Legislation: Chronology 1933-2002 (96-900, Becker) Farm Commodity Policy: Programs and Issues for Congress (RS21999, Monke) Farm Commodity Proposals in the President’s FY2010 Budget (R40442, Monke) Farm “Counter-Cyclical Assistance” (RS20913, Becker & Womach) Farm and Food Support Under USDA’s Section 32 Program (RL34081, Shields) Farm Commodity Policy: Base Acreage and Planting Flexibility (RS21615, Monke) Farm Commodity Programs: A Short Primer (RS20848, Becker) Farm Commodity Programs: Direct Payments, Counter-Cyclical Payments, and Marketing Loans (RL33271, Monke) Farm Commodity Programs: Honey (RS20759, Canada) Fruits, Vegetables, and Other Specialty Crops: A Primer on Government Programs (RL32746, Rawson) High Agricultural Commodity Prices: What Are the Issues (RL34474, Schnepf) Livestock Price Reporting: Background (RS21994, Becker) Measuring Equity in Farm Support Levels (RL34053, Womach & Schnepf) A New Farm Program Option: Average Crop Revenue Election (ACRE) (R40422, Shields) Payment Limits for Farm Commodity Programs: Issues and Proposals (RS21493, Monke) Peanut Program: Evolution from Supply Management to Market Orientation (RL30924, Jurenas) Price Determination in Agricultural Commodity Markets: A Primer (RL33204, Schnepf) Sugar Policy Issues (RL33541, Jurenas) Tobacco Farmer Assistance (RS20802, Womach) Tobacco Price Support: An Overview of the Program (95-129, Womach) Tobacco Quota Buyout (RS22046, Womach) Tobacco-Related Programs and Activities of the USDA: Operation and Cost (97-417, Womach) Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers (R40206, Jurenas) Wool and Mohair Price Supports (RS20896, Canada)

Farm Policy and Legislative Analysis

109th Congress

Agricultural Issues in the 109th Congress (RS22013, Chite) Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues for the 109th Congress (RL32733, Sullivan et al.)

110th Congress

Agricultural Issues in the 110th Congress (RS22552, Chite) Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues for the 110th Congress (RL33828, Sullivan, et al.)

Federal Loan Programs

Garcia v. Vilsack : A Policy and Legal Analysis of a USDA Discrimination Case (R40988, Feder & Cowan) The Pigford Case: USDA Settlement of a Discrimination Suit by Black Farmers (RS20430, Feder & Cowan)

Finance and Credit

Farm Credit Administration Board Members , (IF10767, Monke) The Commodity Credit Corporation: In Brief , (R44606, Stubbs) SBA Office of Advocacy: Overview, History, and Current Issues (R43625, Dilger) SBA New Markets Venture Capital Program (R42565, Dilger) Small Business Size Standards: A Historical Analysis of Contemporary Issues (R40860, Dilger) “Regulatory Relief” for Banking: Selected Legislation in the 114th Congress (R44035, Hoskins et al.) Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs (R41352, Dilger) Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program (R41184, Dilger) The SBA Disaster Loan Program: Overview and Possible Issues for Congress (R41309, Lindsay) Small Business Administration HUBZone Program (R41268, Dilger) Small Business Administration Microloan Program (R41057, Dilger) Independence of Federal Financial Regulators (R43391, Hogue et al.) Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation (R40985, Dilger) State Small Business Credit Initiative: Implementation and Funding Issues (R42581, Dilger) Small Business Administration: A Primer on Programs  (RL33243, Dilger & Lowry) Small Business Administration 7(a) Loan Guaranty Program (R41146, Dilger) Agricultural Credit: Farm Bill Issues (RS21977, Monke)   Conservation Reserve Payments and Self-Employment Taxes (RS20564, Morris) Farm Credit Services of America Ends Attempt to Leave the Farm Credit System (RS21919, Monke) Farm Credit System (RS21278, Monke) Farm Service Agency: State Executive Directors, and State and County/Local Area Committees (R40179, Canada)

Food Safety

China’s Efforts to Address Ongoing Food Safety Concerns (IF10465, Johnson) Efforts to Address the Safety of FDA-Regulated Food Imports , (IF10403, Johnson) Food Safety Issues: FDA Judicial Enforcement Actions (R43927, Lanza) Legal Issues with Federal Labeling of Genetically Engineered Food: In Brief  (R43705, Lanza) Implementation of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA, P.L. 111-353) (R43724, Johnson) Food Recalls and Other FDA Administrative Enforcement Actions (R43794, Lanza) Revision of the Nutrition Facts Label: Proposed Rules (R43733, Dabrowska) Food Fraud and “Economically Motivated Adulteration” of Food and Food Ingredients (R43358, Johnson) Food Safety Issues for the 113th Congress (R42885, Johnson) Lean Finely Textured Beef: The “Pink Slime” Controversy (R42473, Greene) Food Safety Issues for the 112th Congress (R41629, Johnson) Food Safety: Foodborne Illness and Selected Recalls of FDA-Regulated Foods (R40916, Lister & Becker) BSE (“Mad Cow Disease”): A Brief Overview (RS22345, Becker) Dietary Supplements: Legislative and Regulatory Status (RL30887, Porter) FDA Authority to Oversee Private Laboratories that Analyze Imported FDA-Regulated Food (R40109, Burrows) FDA Fast Track and Priority Review Programs (RS22814, Thaul) FDA’s Authority to Recall Products (RL34167, Burrows) FDA Authority to Regulate On-Farm Activity (RS22939, Burrows) Federal Food Safety System: A Primer (RS22600, Becker & Porter) Federal Regulation of Substances Generally Recognied As Safe (GRAS) and the Use of Carbon Monoxide in Packaging for Meat and Fish (RL34247, Burrows & Brougher) Food Labeling: Allergy Information (RS20975, Porter) Food Safety on the Farm: Federal Programs and Selected Proposals (RL34612, Becker) Food Safety and Protection Issues in the 107th Congress (IB10099, Vogt & Rawson) Food Safety Provisions of the 2008 Farm Bill (RS22886, Becker) Food Safety: Provisions in the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (RS22779, Porter) Food Safety: Federal and State Response to the Spinach E. coli Outbreak (RL33722, Porter & Lister) Food Safety: National Uniformity for Food Act (RL33559, Porter) Food Safety: Oversight and Current Issues (RS22734, Becker) Food Safety Issues in the 109th Congress (RL31853, Vogt) Food Safety: Selected Issues and Bills in the 110th Congress (RL34152, Becker) Food Safety: Selected Issues and Bills in the 111th Congress: H.R. 2749 and S. 510 (R40443, Johnson et al.) Health and Safety Concerns Over U.S. Imports of Chinese Products: An Overview (RS22713, Morrison) Impact of Food Insecurity and Hunger on Global Health: Issues for Congress (R40127, Salaam-Blyther & Hanrahan) Meat and Poultry Inspection: Background and Selected Issues (RL32922, Becker) Nutrition Labeling: Fresh Meats (RS20652, Porter) Pesticide Residue Regulation: Analysis of Food Quality Protection Act Implementation (RS20043, Schierow) Regulation of Plant-Based Pharmaceuticals (RS21418, Becker & Vogt) Seafood Safety: Background and Issues (RS22797, Becker & Upton) State-Inspected Meat and Poultry: Issues for Congress (RL34202, Becker) USDA Meat Inspection and the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act (RS22819, Becker) USDA’s Authority to Recall Meat and Poultry Products (RL34313, Brougher & Becker) U.S. Food and Agricultural Imports: Safeguards and Selected Issues (RL34198, Becker)

Food Security/Aid

Food Security

The Role of Local and Regional Food Systems in U.S. Farm Policy ,(R44390 , Johnson) Global Food Security Act of 2016 (P.L. 114-195) , (IF10475, Hammons) Uniform Date Labeling of Food May Address Food Waste , (IF10398, Johnson) Policy Issues Involving Food Loss and Waste , (IF10317, Johnson) Childhood Overweight and Obesity: Data Brief (R41420, Dabrowska) Poverty in the United States: 2013 (RL33069, Gabe) Consumers and Food Price Inflation (R40545, Schnepf & Richardson) Food Price Inflation: Causes and Impacts (RS22859, Capehart & Richardson)

Domestic Aid Programs

Older Americans Act: Nutrition Services Program , (IF10633, Colello) Updated Standards for SNAP-Authorized Retailers: Final Rule , (R44650, Aussenberg) Improving Child Nutrition Integrity and Access Act of 2016: In Brief (R44373, Aussenberg) Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Frequently Asked Questions (R44360, Dabrowska) A Primer on WIC: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (R44115, Aussenberg) Poverty in the United States in 2014: In Brief (R44211, Dalaker) School Meals Programs and Other USDA Child Nutrition Programs: A Primer (R43783,  Aussenberg)   Reauthorization of SNAP and Other Nutrition Programs in the Next Farm Bill: Issues for the 113th Congress (R43332, Aussenberg) Background on the Scheduled Reduction to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Benefits  (R43257, Aussenberg & Falk) Drug Testing and Crime-Related Restrictions in TANF, SNAP, and Housing Assistance (R42394, McCarty et al.) Domestic Food Assistance in 2012 Farm Bill Proposals: S. 3240 and H.R. 6083 (R42829, Aussenberg) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits (R42505, Aussenberg) The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Categorical Eligibility (R42054, Falk & Aussenberg) Domestic Food Assistance: Summary of Programs (R42353, Aussenberg & Colello) The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: Responses to Frequently Asked Questions (RL32760, Falk) The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Block Grant: Issues for the 112th Congress (R41781, Falk) Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 112th Congress (R41662, Isaacs & Whittaker) Upcoming Unemployment Insurance Benefit Expirations (R41508, Isaacs) Reducing SNAP (Food Stamp) Benefits Provided by the ARRA: P.L. 111-226 & S. 3307 (R41374, Richardson et al.) Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization: Issues and Legislation in the 111th Congress (R41354, Richardson) Federal Response to Calls for Increased Aid from USDA’s Food Assistance Programs (R41076, Richardson) Child Nutrition and WIC Programs: A Brief Overview (R40397, Richardson) Charitable Contribution of Food Inventory: Proposals for Change (RL31097, Talley & Jackson) Child Nutrition and WIC Programs: Background and Recent Funding (RL33307, Richardson) Child Nutrition and WIC Legislation in the 108th and 109th Congresses (RL33299, Richardson) Child Nutrition and WIC Programs: Background and Recent Funding (RL33307, Richardson) Domestic Food Assistance: Legislative Issues in the 110th Congress (RL33829, Richardson) Emergency Food and Shelter Program (RS22286, Perl) Farm and Food Support Under USDA’s Section 32 Program (RS20235, Becker) Older Americans Act Nutrition Program (RS21202, O’Shaughnessy) State Policies on Immigrant Eligibility for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) (RL32363, Wasem) TANF: A Guide to the New Definitions of What Counts as Work Participation (RS22490, Falk) TANF Cash Benefits as of January 1, 2004 (RL32598, Walters et al.) TANF Reauthorization: Side-by-Side Comparison of Current Law and Two Versions of H.R. 4 (108th Congress) (RL32210, Burke & Falk) TANF Reauthorization: Side-by-Side Comparison of Current Law, S. 667, and H.R. 240 (TANF Provisions) (RL32834, Falk) Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Primer on TANF Financing and Federal Requirements (RL32748, Falk) Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: FY2007 Budget Proposals (RS22385, Falk)

International Aid Programs

U.S. International Food Aid Programs , (IF10194, Schnepf) Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy (R40213, Tarnoff & Lawson) The Obama Administration’s Feed the Future Initiative (R44216, Schnef) International Food Aid: U.S. and Other Donor Contributions (RS21279, Hanrahan & Canada) Foreign Operations Appropriations: General Provisions (R40557, Rennack, et al.) Instability and Humanitarian Conditions in Chad (RS22798, Ploch) Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations (R40089, Rennack) Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009 (RS20792, Sanford) International Food Aid Programs: Background and Issues (R41072, Schnepf) U.S. Global Food Security Initiative: Issues for Congress (R40945, Hanrahan & Ho) Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs (RL33553, Hanrahan) Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust: Background and Current Issues (RS21234, Hanrahan) Foreign Aid Reform: Issues for Congress and Policy Options (RL34243, Veiliette) Haiti: Legislative Responses to the Food Crisis and Related Development Challenges (RS22879, Seelke & Hornbeck) Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami: Food Aid Needs and the U.S. Response (RS22027, Hanrahan) International Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance: U.S. Governmental Response (RL32714, Margesson) International Food Aid Provisions of the 2008 Farm Bill (RS22900, Hanrahan) Iraq: Oil-For-Food Program, Illicit Trade, and Investigations (RL30472, Katzman & Blanchard) Local and Regional Procurement for U.S. International Food Emergency Food Aid (R40759, Hanrahan) Restructuring U.S. Foreign Aid: Role of the Director of Foreign Assistance (RL33491, Nowels & Veillette) Rising Food Prices and Global Food Needs: U.S. Response (RL34478, Hanrahan) U.S. Assistance to North Korea: Fact Sheet (RS21834, Manyin) U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean (RL32487, Veillete)

National Forest System Management: Overview, Appropriations, and Issues for Congress (R43872, Hoover) Wildfire Spending: Background, Issues, and Legislation in the 114th Congress (R44082, Hoover et al.) Forestry Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79) (R43431, Hoover) Wildfire Protection in the Wildland-Urban Interface (RS21880, Bracmort) Wildfire Management: Federal Funding and Related Statistics (R43077, Bracmort) Forest Service Payments to Counties’ Title I of the Federal Forests County Revenue, Schools, and Jobs Act of 2012: Issues for Congress (R42452, Corn & Alexander) Federal Assistance for Wildfire Response and Recovery (R41858, Gorte) orestry in the Next Farm Bill (R41213, Gorte) International Forestry Issues in Climate Change Bills: Comparison of Provisions of S. 1733 and H.R. 2454 (R40990, Sheikh & Gorte) Bali Agreements and Forests (RS22806, Gorte & Sheikh) California Wildfires and Federal Assistance (RS22744, Gorte) Carbon Sequestration in Forests (RL31432, Gorte) Federal Lands Managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service (RL33596, Gorte, et al.) Federal Lands Provisions of Economic Stimulus Legislation (R40217, Vincent) Forest Ecosystem Health: An Overview (RS20822, Gorte) Forest Fire/Wildfire Protection (RL30755, Gorte) Forest Health: Overview (95-548, Gorte) Forest Roads: Construction and Financing (98-706, Gorte) Forest Service Receipt-Sharing Payments: Proposals for Change (RS20178, Gorte) Forestry in the Farm Bill (RS22329, Gorte) Illegal Logging: Background and Issues (RL33932, Sheikh) National Forest System Roadless Areas Initiative (RL30647, Baldwin) Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act of 2000: Forest Service Payments to Counties (RL33822, Gorte) Wildfire Damages to Homes and Resources: Understanding Causes and Reducing Losses (RL34517, Gorte) Wildfire Fuels and Fuel Reduction (R40811, Gorte) Wildfire Funding (RL33990, Gorte) Wildfire Protection Funding (RS21544, Gorte) Wildfire Protection in the 108th Congress (RS22024, Gorte)

International Agriculture

Production Issues International Law and Agreements: Their Effect upon U.S. Law (RL32528, Garcia) Small Business Administration Trade and Export Promotion Programs (R43155, Lowrey) Brazil: Political and Economic Situation and U.S. Relations (RL33456, Meyer) Chemical Regulation in the European Union (EU): Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals (RS22673, Yen) Proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): In Brief (R43158, Akhtar & Jones). Agriculture in Afghanistan and Neighboring Asian Countries (RL31190, Jurenas) Brazil’s Agricultural Production and Exports: Selected Data (RL33699, Hanrahan) Caribbean Region: Issues in U.S. Relations (RL32160, Sullivan) Comparing U.S. and EU Program Support for Farm Commodities and Conservation (R40539, Johnson et al.) International Wine Market: Description and Selected Issues (RL32028, Schnepf) Iraq Agriculture and Food Supply: Background and Issues (RL32093, Schnepf) Iraq’s Agriculture: Background and Status (RS21516, Schnepf) Trends in U.S. Agricultural Export Credit Guarantee Programs and P.L. 480, Title I, FY 1992-2002 (RL32278, Canada)

Trade Issues

U.S. Stakeholders Critical of U.S.-Mexico Sugar Agreements , (IF10517, McMinimy) U.S. Catfish Industry and Foreign Trade: A Fact Sheet (R44177, Upton) U.S. Trade in Services: Trends and Policy Issues (R43291, Fefer) Softwood Lumber Imports From Canada: Current Issues (R42789, Hoover & Fergusson) U.S. Agricultural Trade with Cuba: Current Limitations and Future Prospects (R44119, McMinimy) The World Trade Organization Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and Recent Food Labeling Cases (R44210, Shedd) International Trade: Rules of Origin (RL34524, Jones) Cuba: Issues for the 114th Congress (R43926, Sullivan) Major Agricultural Trade Issues in the 114th Congress (R43905, McMinimy et al.) Cuba Sanctions: Legislative Restrictions Limiting the Normalization of Relations (R43888, Rennack & Sullivan) Agricultural Exports and 2014 Farm Bill Programs: Background and Issues (R43696, McMinimy) The U.S. Wine Industry and Selected Trade Issues with the European Union (R43658, Johnson) Trade Promotion Authority (TPA): Frequently Asked Questions (R43491, Cooper et al.)   Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Related Non-Tariff Barriers to Agricultural Trade (R43450, Johnson) Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) Negotiations (R43387, Akhtar & Jones) Trade Reorganization: Overview and Issues for Congress (R42555, Akhtar) Trade Preferences: Economic Issues and Policy Options (R41429, Jones et al.) Miscellaneous Tariff Bills: Overview and Issues for Congress (RL33867, Jones) U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones: Background and Issues for Congress (R42686, Bolle & Williams) The Jackson-Vanik Amendment and Candidate Countries for WTO Accession: Issues for Congress (RS22398, Cooper) Russia’s Accession to the WTO and Its Implications for the United States (R42085, Cooper) Export-Import Bank: Background and Legislative Issues (R42472, Ilias) U.S. Trade Remedy Laws and Nonmarket Economies: A Legal Overview (RL33976, Grimmett) Country-of-Origin Labeling for Foods and the WTO Trade Dispute on Meat Labeling (RS22955, Jurenas & Greene) Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances (RL31139, Sullivan) Cuba: Issues for the 112th Congress (R41617, Sullivan) International Trade and Finance: Key Policy Issues for the 112th Congress (R41553, Ahearn) Trade Primer: Qs and As on Trade Concepts, Performance, and Policy (RL33944, Ahearn) NADTA and the Mexican Economy (RL34733, Villarreal) Bangladesh: Political and Strategic Developments and U.S. Interests (R41194, Vaughn) Agricultural Export Programs: Background and Issues (R41202, Ho & Hanrahan) CRS Issue Statement on Agricultural Trade and Development (IS40253, Hanrahan) U.S.-Latin America Trade: Recent Trends and Policy Issues (98-840, Hornbeck) Cuba: Issues for the 111th Congress (R40193, Sullivan) U.S. Trade Policy and the Caribbean: From Trade Preferences to Free Trade Agreements (RL33951, Hornbeck) U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications (RL32934, Villarreal) U.S. Trade and Investment Relationship with Sub-Saharan Africa: The African Growth and Opportunity Act (RL31772, Jones) 2009 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Meetings and U.S. Trade Policy in Asia (R41071, Martin) Potential Trade Implications of Restrictions on Antimicrobial Use in Animal Production (R41047, Johnson) Agriculture: U.S.-China Trade Issues (RS21292, Becker & Hanrahan) Avian Flu Pandemic: Potential Impact of Trade Disruptions (RS22453, Langton) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (“Mad Cow Disease”) and Canadian Beef Imports (RL32627, Becker & Copeland) Child Labor in West African Cocoa Production: Issues and U.S. Policy (RL32990, Salaam-Blyther, et al.) China’s Trade with the United States and the World (RL31403, Lum & Nanto) China-U.S. Trade Issues (RL33536, Morrison) Country-of-Origin Labeling for Foods (RS22955, Becker) Country-of-Origin Labeling for Foods (97-508, Becker) Europe’s New Trade Agenda (RS22547, Ahearn) Food and Agricultural Imports from China (RL34080, Becker) Environment and the World Trade Organization at Seattle: Issues and Concerns (RS20417, Fletcher) Exempting Food and Agriculture Products from U.S. Economic Sanctions: Status and Implementation (RL33499, Jurenas) Foreign Countries’ Response to the Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus: Current Status (RL33871, Chanlett-Avery) Generalized System of Preferences Renewal: Agricultural Imports (RS22541, Johnson) Generalized System of Preferences (97-389, Cooper) Genetically Engineered Soybeans: Acceptance and Intellectual Property Rights Issues in South America (RS21558, Schnepf) International Efforts to Control the Spread of the Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus: Affected Countries’ Responses (RL33349, Chanlett-Avery, et al.) Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress (RL33436, Chanlett-Avery)   Japan-U.S. Beef Trade Issues (RS22115, Becker) Mad Cow Disease and U.S. Beef Trade (RS21709, Hanrahan & Becker) Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations (RL30981, Sullivan & Olhero) Proposed Import Restrictions on Milk Protein Concentrates (R40839, Shields & Hanrahan) Russia’s Accession to the WTO (RL31979, Cooper) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Concerns in Agricultural Trade (RL33472, Becker) Textile and Apparel Trade Issues (RL31723, Gelb) Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers (RS21182, Becker) Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms: Economic, Program, and Policy Issues (RS20210, Hornbeck) Trade Capacity Building: Foreign Assistance for Trade and Development (RL33628, Langton) Trade Promotion Authority: Issues, Options, and Prospects for Renewal (RL33743, Hornbeck & Cooper) United States-Canada Trade and Economic Relationship: Prospects and Challenges (RL33087, Fergusson) U.S. Agricultural Biotechnology in Global Markets: An Introduction (RL31970, Becker & Hanrahan) U.S.-EU Poultry Dispute (R40199, Becker) U.S. International Trade: Trends and Forecasts (RL33577, Nanto, et al.) U.S.-Japan Economic Relations: Significance, Prospects, and Policy Options (RL32649, Cooper) U.S.-Latin America Trade: Recent Trends (98-840, Hornbeck) U.S.-Russia Meat and Poultry Trade Issues (RS22948, Becker) U.S.-South Korea Beef Disputes: Negotiations and Status (RL34528, Jurenas) U.S. Trade Situation for Fruit and Vegetable Products (RL34468, Johnson) U.S. Trade with Developing Countries: Trends, Prospects, and Policy Implications (RL33945, Cooper) U.S. Trade Statutes: Expiration Dates and Mandated Periodic Reports to Congress (RL34196, Bolle, et al.) Vietnam PNTR Status and WTO Accession: Issues and Implications for the U.S. (RL33490, Manyin & Cooper) WTO Doha Round: Implications for U.S. Agriculture (RS22927, Schnepf & Hanrahan)

Efforts to Address Seasonal Agricultural Import Competition in the NAFTA Negotiation , (R45038, Johnson) Potential Effects of a U.S. NAFTA Withdrawal: Agricultural Markets , (R45018, Johnson) USDA Export Market Development and  Export Credit Programs: Selected Issues , R44985, Johnson) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and U.S. Agriculture , (R44875, Johnson) Agricultural Trade Balances Under NAFTA , (IF10800, Johnson) U.S.- Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues in 2018 , (IF10798, Martin) U.S.- South Korea (KORUS) FTA, (IF10733, Williams et al.) NAFTA Renegotiation: Issues for U.S. Agriculture , (IF10682, Johnson) The World Trade Organization , (IF10002, Ferguson & Fefer) TPP: Overview and Current Status , (IF10000, Williams & Fergson) TPP: U.S.-Japan Issues , (IF10456, Williams et al.) TPP: Taking the Measure of the Agreement for U.S. Agriculture , (IF10412, McMinimy) Agriculture Issues in U.S.-EU Trade Negotiations , (IF10240, Johnson) Geographical Indications (GIs) in U.S. Agricultural Trade , (IF10188, Johnson) Agriculture and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP) Negotiations , (R44564, Johnson) Geographical Indications in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP) Negotiations , (R44556, Johnson) The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Key Provisions and Issues for Congress , (R44489, Fergusson & Williams) The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Strategic Implications (R44361, Williams et al.) American Agriculture and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement  (R44337, McMinimy) The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): In Brief (R44278, Fergusson, McMinimy & Williams) In Focus: The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and U.S. Agriculture (IF10233) U.S. Trade with Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Partners (R44044, Jackson) Agriculture in the WTO Bali Ministerial Agreement  (R43592, Schnepf) NAFTA at 20: Overview and Trade Effects (R42965, Villarreal & Fergusson) Cuba: U.S. Policy and Issues for the 113th Congress (R43024, Sullivan) The Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Issues for Congress (R42694, Fergusson et al.) Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Countries: Comparative Trade and Economic Analysis (R42344, Williams) The Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTADR): Developments in Trade and Investment (R42468, Hornbeck) EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement and Its Implications for the United States (R41534, Cooper et al.) World Trade Organization: Issues in the Debate on Continued U.S. Participation (R41291, Ahearn & Fergusson) Trade Law: An Introduction to Selected International Agreements and U.S. Laws (R41306, Barbour) International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (R41091, Ho) Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (R40502, Fergusson & Vaughn) Agricultural Export Subsidies, Export Credits and the WTO (RS20858, Canada & Hanrahan) Agricultural Support Mechanisms in the EU: A Comparison with the U.S. (RL30753, Becker) Agricultural Trade in the Free Trade Area of the Americas (RL30935, Jurenas) Agriculture and Fast Track or Trade Promotion Authority (97-817, Becker & Hanrahan) Agriculture in U.S. Free Trade Agreements: Trade with Current and Prospective Partners, Impacts, and Issues (RL34134, Jurenas) Agriculture in the US-Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (RL32110, Jurenas) Agriculture in the WHO Doha Round: Framework Agreement and Next Steps (RS21905, Hanrahan) Agriculture in the WTO: Limits on Domestic Support (RS20840, Schnepf) Agriculture in the WTO: Member Spending on Domestic Support (RL30612, Schnepf) Agriculture in the WTO: Policy Commitments Made Under the Agreement on Agriculture (RL32916, Schnepf) Agriculture in WTO Negotiations (RL32053, Hanrahan) Andean-U.S. Free Trade Agreement Negotiations (RL32770, Villarreal) Brazilian Trade Policy and the United States (RL33258, Hornbeck) Central American and the Dominican Republic in Context of the Free Trade Agreement with U.S. (RL32322, Storrs et al.) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Background and Issues (RL32751, Sheikh & Corn) Dietary Supplements: International Standards and Trade Agreements (98-500, Porter) Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization: An Overview (RS20088, Grimmett) Doha Development Agenda: WTO Framework Agreement (RL32645, Fergusson, et al.) Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) (RL31870, Hornbeck) EU-U.S. Economic Ties: Framework, Scope, and Magnitude (RL30608, Cooper) European Union-U.S. Trade and Investment Relations: Key Issues (RL34381, Ahearn, et al.) Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy (RL31356, Cooper) Free Trade Area of the Americas: Major Policy Issues and Status of Negotiations (RS20864, Hornbeck) Generalized System of Preferences: Background and Renewal Debate (RL33663, Jones) Geographical Indications and WTO Negotiations (RS21569, Hanrahan) Green Payments in U.S. and European Union Ag Policy (RL32624, Johnson & Hanrahan) Immigration Issues in Trade Agreements (RL32982, Wasem & Haddal) Implementing International Agreements on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Proposed Amendments to the Toxic Substances Control Act (RL33336, Schierow) India-U.S. Economic and Trade Relations (RL34161, Martin, et al.) Japan’s Free Trade Agreement Program (RL33044, Ahearn) Mercosur: Evolution and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy (RL33620, Hornbeck) Permanent Normal Trade Relations Status for Russia and U.S.-Russian Economic Ties (RS21123, Cooper) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Fact Sheet on Three International Agreements (RS22379, Schierow) Peru Trade Promotion Agreement: Labor Issues (RS22521, Villarreal & Bolle) Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO: A Brief Overview (RS22522, Schnepf & Womach) Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO (RL33697, Schnepf & Womach) Proposed South Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (RL33435, Cooper & Manyin) Proposed U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (RS22419, Villarreal) Proposed U.S.-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement (RL33445, Nanto) Proposed U.S.-Oman Free Trade Agreement (RL33328, Bolle) Proposed U.S.-Panama Free Trade Agreement (RL32540, Hornbeck) Proposed U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement: Provisions and Implications (RL34330, Cooper, et al.) Trade Agreements: Impact on the U.S. Economy (RL31932, Jackson) Trade Negotiations During the 110th Congress (RL33463, Fergusson) Trade Preferences for Developing Countries and the WTO (RS22183, Grimmett) Trade Promotion Authority and Fast-Track Negotiating Authority for Trade Agreements: Major Votes (RS21004, Smith) U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement: Provisions and Implications (RL32375, Cooper) U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy (98-253, Hanrahan, et al.) U.S.-Southern African Customs Union Free Trade Agreement: Background and Potential Issues (RS21387, Langton) U.S.-Peru Economic Relations and the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (RL34108, Villarreal) U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (RS22391, Villarreal) U.S.-Thailand Free Trade Agreement Negotiations (RL32314, Ahearn & Morrison) U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress (RL33316, Manyin) U.S. Trade Policy and the Caribbean: From Trade Preferences to Free Trade Agreements (RL33951, Hornbeck) Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties (97-896, Grimmett) World Trade Organization: Background and Issues (98-928, Fergusson) WTO Negotiations: The Doha Development Agenda (RL32060, Fergusson) The World Trade Organization: The Hong Kong Ministerial (RL33176, Fergusson) World Trade Organization (WTO): Issues in the Debate on U.S. Participation (RL32918, Fergusson & Sek) WTO Doha Round: Agricultural Negotiating Proposals (RL33144, Hanrahan & Schnepf) WTO Decisions and Their Effect in U.S. Law (RS22154, Grimmett) WTO Compliance Status of the Conservation Security Program and the Conservation Reserve Program (RL34010, Schnepf)

Disputes Status of the WTO Brazil-U.S. Cotton Case (R43336, Schnepf) Trade Remedies and the WTO Rules Negotiations (R40606, Jones) African Cotton Initiative and WTO Agriculture Negotiations (RS21712, Hanrahan) Agricultural Biotechnology: The U.S.-EU Dispute (RS21556, Johnson & Hanrahan) Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U.S. Cotton Program (RL32571, Schnepf) Brazil’s and Canada’s WTO Cases Against U.S. Agricultural Support (RL34351, Schnepf) Brazil’s WTO Case Against U.S. Agricultural Support: A Brief Overview (RS22728, Schnepf) Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U.S. Cotton Program: A Brief Overview (RS22187, Schnepf) Canadian Hog Trade Dispute (RS21985, Becker) Canada’s WTO Case Against U.S. Agricultural Support: A Brief Overview (RS22724, Schnepf) Canada’s WTO Case Against U.S. Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS) (RL33853, Schnepf) China-U.S. Poultry Dispute (R40706, Becker) Dispute Settlement Under the Proposed U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (RS22752, Grimmett) European Union’s Ban on Hormore-Treated Meat (RS20142, Hanrahan) Trade Conflict and the U.S.-European Union Econom Relationship (RL30732, Ahearn) Trade Remedies: A Primer (RL32371, Jones) Trade Remedies and Agriculture (RL31296, Becker & Hanrahan) Trade Remedies: “New Shipper” Reviews (RS22290, Jones) Trade Remedy Legislation: Applying Countervailing Action to Nonmarket Economy Countries (RL33550, Jones) U.S.-Canada Wheat Trade Dispute (RL32426, Schnepf) U.S.-Canada WTO Corn Trade Dispute (RL33853, Schnepf) U.S.-EU Banana Dispute (RS20130, Hanrahan) The U.S.- EU Beef Hormone Dispute (R40449, Johnson & Hanrahan) WTO Dispute Settlement: Status of U.S. Compliance in Pending Cases (RL32014, Grimmett)

Sanctions Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress (RL33819, Sullivan) Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress (RL32730, Sullivan) Economic Sanctions and U.S. Agricultural Exports (RL30108, Jurenas) WTO: Antidumping Issues in the Doha Development Agenda (RL32810, Jones)

Public Lands

Commercial Filming and Photography on Public Lands , (IF10340, Comay) State Management of Federal Lands: Frequently Asked Questions (R42789, Vincent & Wyatt) Federal Lands and Natural Resources: Overview and Selected Issues for the 114th Congress (R43429, Hoover, et al.) Fish and Wildlife Service: Compensation to Local Governments (R42404, Corn) Administrative Appeals in the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service (R40131, Alexander) Federal Land Management Agencies: Background on Land and Resource Management (RL30867, Vincent, et al.) Federal Land Ownership: Constitutional Authority and the History of Acquisition, Disposal, and Retention (RL34267, Alexander & Gorte) Federal Land Ownership: Current Acquisition and Disposal Authority (RL34273, Gorte & Vincent) Federal Lands Managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service: Issues for the 110th Congress (RL33792, Gorte, et al.) Federal Lands Managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service: Issues for the 111th Congress (R40237, Gorte, et al.) Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act (RL33730, Vincent) Federal Land Management Agencies: Background on Land and Resources Mgmt (RL32393, Vincent) Forestry Assistance Programs (RL31065, Gorte) Grazing Fees: An Overview and Current Issues (RS21232, Vincent) Grazing Regulations: Changes by the Bureau of Land Management (RL32244, Vincent) Issues Regarding a National Land Parcel Database (R40717, Folger) Land Disposal Policies of the Principal Federal Land Management Agencies (81-156, Huston) National Forest System Roadless Area Initiatives (RL30647, Alexander & Gorte) National Park Management (RL33484, Vincent & Gorte) Proposals to Merge the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management: Issues and Approaches (RL34772, Gorte) Recreation on Federal Lands (RL33525, Calvert & Johnson)

Rural Development

Broadband Deployment: Status and Federal Programs , (IF10441, Kruger) Broadband Loan and Grant Programs in the USDA’s Rural Utilities Service (RL33816, Kruger) The Effectiveness of the Community Reinvestment Act (R43661, Getter) The Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program (R44308, Sargent) SBA Surety Bond Guarantee Program (R42037, Dilger) SBA Veterans Assistance Programs: An Analysis of Contemporary Issues (R42695, Dilger & Lowry) Rural Development Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79) (R43718, Cowan) SBA Small Business Investment Company Program (R41456, Dilger)    Community Development Block Grants and Related Programs: A Primer (R43520, Boyd) Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant Funding (RL32341, Kruger) Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund: Programs and Policy Issues (R42770, Lowry) Spectrum Policy: Provisions in the 2012 Spectrum Act (R43256, Moore)   Community Development Block Grants: Funding Issues in the 113th Congress (R43208, Boyd) The National Broadband Plan Goals: Where Do We Stand? (R43016, Kruger) Spectrum Policy in the Age of Broadband: Issues for Congress (R40674, Moore) Reauthorizing the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act of 2000 (R41303, Hoover) Rural Broadband: The Roles of the Rural Utilities Service and the Universal Service Fund (R42524, Gilroy & Kruger) Background and Issues for Congressional Oversight of ARRA Broadband Awards (R41775, Kruger) Access to Broadband Networks: The Net Neutrality Debate (R40616, Gilroy) PILT (Payments in Lieu of Taxes): Somewhat Simplified (RL31392, Corn) Community Development Block Grants: Funding Issues in the 112th Congress and Recent Funding History (R41754, Boyd) Compensating State and Local Governments for the Tax-Exempt Status of Federal Lands: What Is Fair and Consistent? (R42439, Gorte & Corn) Broadband Infrastrructure Programs in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (R40436, Kruger) Community Development Block Grant Funds in Disaster Relief Recovery (RL33330, Boyd) Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension: Issues and Background (RL33327, Rawson) Broadband Internet Access and the Digital Divide: Federal Assistance Programs (RL30719, Kruger & Gilroy) Broadband Internet Regulation and Access: Background and Issues (RL33542, Gilroy & Kruger) California’s San Joaquin Valley: A Region in Transition (RL33184, Cowan) (3.8 MB) Changing Structure of Ag and Rural America: Emerging Opportunities & Challenges (RL31172, Cowan) Community Services Block Grants (CSBG): Funding and Reauthorization (RL32872, Spar) Empowerment Zone/Enterprise Communities Program: Overview of Rounds I, II and III (RS20381, Mulock) Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs (RL30478, Copeland, et al.) Military Base Closure: Socioeconomic Impacts (RS22147, Cowan & Webel) Overview of the Administration’s Strengthening America’s Communities Initiative (RL32823, Boyd, et al.) Overview of USDA Rural Development Programs (RL31837, Cowan) Rural Education and the Rural Education Achievement Program (REAP) (RL33804, Apling) Rural Housing: USDA Disaster Relief Provisions (RS22301, Foote) Rural Water Supply and Sewer Systems: Background Information (98-64, Copeland) USDA Rural Housing Programs: An Overview (RL33421, Foote) Value-Added Agricultural Enterprises in Rural Development Strategies (RL31598, Cowan) Water Infrastructure Needs and Investment: Review and Analysis of Key Issues (RL31116, Copeland & Tiemann)

Security and Defense

Cybersecurity: Critical Infrastructure Authoritative Reports and Resources (R44410, Tehan) Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources, by Topic (R42507, Tehan) Implementation of Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS): Issues for Congress (R43346, Shea) Regulation of Fertilizers: Ammonium Nitrate and Anhydrous Ammonia (R43070. Shea et al.) Agroterrorism: Options in Congress (RL31217, Segarra) Agroterrorism: Threats and Preparedness (RL32521, Monke) National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility: Issues for Congress (RL34160, Shea, et al.)

Sustainable and Organic Farming

USDA’s Organic Livestock and Poultry Practices Regulations , (IF10622, Johnson) U.S. Farm Policy: Local and Regional Food Systems , (IF10232, Johnson) Local Food Systems: Selected Farm Bill and Other Federal Programs (R43950, Johnson & Cowan) The Role of Local Food Systems in U.S. Farm Policy (R42155, Johnson, et al.) Harvey v. Veneman and the National Organic Program: A Legal Analysis (RS22318, Vina) Organic Agriculture in the United States: Program and Policy Issues (RL31595, Rawson)

Trade Regulation and Antitrust

The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) (RL43388, Jackson) Big Data in U.S. Agriculture (R44331, Stubbs) Federal Securities Law: Insider Trading (RS21127. Seitzinger) The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act: Standards of Conduct of Brokers, Dealers, and Investment Advisers  (R41381, Seitzinger) Protection of Trade Secrets: Overview of Current Law and Legislation (R43714, Yeh) Export-Import Bank Reauthorization: Frequently Asked Questions (R43671, Akhtar et al.) Export-Import Bank: Overview and Reauthorization Issues (R43581, Akhtar) The MF Global Bankruptcy, Missing Customer Funds, and Proposals for Reform (R42091, Miller) The Commodity Futures Trading Commission: Background and Current Issues (R43117, Miller) Consolidation and Concentration in the U.S. Dairy Industry (R41224, Shields) General Overview of U.S. Antitrust Law (RL31026, Rubin) Merger and Antitrust Issues in Ag: Statutes and Agencies (RS20562, Heykoop) Monopoly and Monopolization — Fundamental But Separate Concepts in U.S. Antitrust Law (RS20241, Rubin)

Transportation

Federal Freight Policy: In Brief (R44367, Frittelli) Unmanned Aircraft Operations in Domestic Airspace: U.S. Policy Perspectives and the Regulatory Landscape (R44352, Elias) Federal-Aid Highway Program (FAHP): In Brief (R44332, Kirk) Cargo Preferences for U.S.-Flag Shipping (R44254, Frittelli) Effects of Buy America on Transportation Infrastructure and U.S. Manufacturing: Policy Options (R44246, Platzer & Mallett) Transportation Security: Issues for the 114th Congress (RL33512, Elias et al.) U.S. Rail Transportation of Crude Oil: Background and Issues for Congress (R43390, Frittelli et al.) Surface Transportation Program Reauthorization Issues for Congress (R43420, Kirk et al.) Emergency Relief for Disaster Damaged Roads and Transit Systems: In Brief (R43384, Kirk)    Highway Bridge Conditions: Issues for Congress (R43103, Kirk & Mallett) Funding and Financing Highways and Public Transportation (R42877, Kirk & Mallett) Inland Waterways: Recent Proposals and Issues for Congress (R41430, Stern) The Federal Excise Tax on Gasoline and the Highway Trust Fund: A Short History (RL30304, Bickley) Rising Gasoline Prices 2012 (R42382, Nerurkar & Pirog) Surface Transportation Reauthorization in the 112th Congress: Summary and Sources (R42350, Levinson) Agriculture As a Source of Barge Demand on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers (RL32401, Schnepf) Grain Transport: Modal Trends and Infrastructure Implications (RL32720, Frittelli) Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway Navigation Expansion: An Agricultural Transportation and Environmental Context (RL32470, Schnepf) Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway Investments: Legislation in the 109th Congress (RL32915, Carter)

Water Resources

Central Valley Project (CVP) Operations: In Brief (R44456, Stern et al.) Western Water and Drought: Legislative Analysis of H.R. 2898 and S. 1894 (R44316, Sheikh et al.) Irrigation in U.S. Agriculture: On-Farm Technologies and Best Management Practices (R44158, McGee & Stubbs) U.S.-Mexico Water Sharing: Background and Recent Developments (R43312, Carter et al.) Indian Water Rights Settlements (R44148, Stern) California Agricultural Production and Irrigated Water Use (R44093, Johnson & Cody) Water Resource Issues in the 114th Congress (R43910, Cody et al.) Funding for EPA Water Infrastructure: A Fact Sheet (R43871, Copeland) Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014: Comparison of Select Provisions (R43298, Carter et al.) H.R. 3964: Analysis of Key Provisions (R43648, Stern et al.) Water Infrastructure Financing: Proposals to Create a Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (WIFIA) Program (R43315, Copeland)   Klamath Basin Settlement Agreements: Issues in Brief (R 42158, Stern et al.) Water Resource Issues in the 113th Congress (R42947, Cody et al.) Selected Federal Water Activities: Agencies, Authorities, and Congressional Committees (R42653, Cody, et al.) Legislative Options for Financing Water Infrastructure (R42467, Copeland, et al.) Water Infrastructure Financing: History of EPA Appropriations (96-647, Copeland) Energy and Water Development: FY2012 Appropriations (R41908, Behrens) Flood Damage Related to Army Corps of Engineers Projects: Selected Legal Issues (RL34131, Brougher) Indian Reserved Water Rights Under the Winters Doctrine: An Overview (RL32198, Brougher) Biological Opinions for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: A Case Law Summary (R41876, Alexander) California Drought: Hydrological and Regulatory Water Supply Issues (R40979, Cody, et al.) Army Corps of Engineers Water Resource Projects: Authorization and Appropriations (R41243, Carter & Stern) Desalination: Status and Federal Issues (R40477, Carter) Army Corps of Engineers Water Resources Activities: Authorization and Appropriations (RL32064, Carter & Hughes) CALFED Bay-Delta Program: Overview of Institutional and Water Use Issues (RL31975, Sheikh & Cody) Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint Drought: Species and Ecosystem Management (RL34440, Corn, et al.) Issues in Klamath River Dam Relicensing (RS22498, Lane) Klamath River Basin Issues and Activities: An Overview (RL33098, Powers et al.) Title XVI Water Reuse Program: Implementation and Legislative Issues (RL33707, Cody & Carter) Water Infrastructure Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (R40216, Copeland & Carter) Water Infrastructure Projects Designated in EPA Appropriations: Trends and Policy Implications (RL32201, Copeland) Water Resources Development Act: Corps of Engineers Authorization Issues (RL33504, Carter, et al.) Water Resource Issues in the 109th Congress (RS20569, Cody & Hughes) Water Resource Issues in the 111th Congress (R40180, Cody et al.) Western Water Resource Issues (IB10019, Sheikh) Western Water Resource Issues (RL33565, Cody & Sheikh) Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and Federal Water Rights (RL30809, Baldwin)

Report Highlights

Preface: national taxpayer advocate’s introductory remarks.

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News Release

Systemic Advocacy Objectives

“The Accounts Management [telephone lines] Level of Service measure has taken on outsized importance in recent years, as the IRS has allocated resources to hit ambitious but arbitrary goals that mean less than meets the eye and that consequently have required the IRS to neglect calls to non-Accounts Management telephone lines and workstreams like paper correspondence that I believe should receive higher priority. The measure is causing the IRS to prioritize the wrong work, and it needs to be replaced.”

Review of the 2024 Filing Season

Although Filing Season 2024 was an overall success, and the IRS met the service goals set by the Secretary of the Treasury, backlogs still persist with amended returns, returns suspended as a result of a possible error, taxpayer correspondence, and Identity Theft Victim Assistance cases. After the filing season, taxpayers will continue to submit correspondence and file tens of millions of tax returns on extension. Thus, it is imperative that the IRS focus substantial resources during the rest of 2024 to catch up on its current backlog, timely process all incoming tax returns, pay out pending refunds, timely resolve Identity Theft Victim Assistance cases, and prevent carryover of unprocessed returns into 2025, while still providing taxpayer service through its toll-free lines and walk-in centers. The IRS needs to eliminate the word “backlog” from its vocabulary by modernizing the processing and scanning of paper returns, focusing on suspended and amended returns, issuing all pending refunds before the close of the year, and starting Filing Season 2025 fresh.

Read the Full Review of the 2024 Filing Season

Tas case advocacy and other business objectives.

TAS Case Advocacy and Other Business Objectives describe additional activities TAS will pursue to advance its advocacy efforts through casework and systemic advocacy and through the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel and Low Income Taxpayer Clinics. TAS works directly with taxpayers and their representatives to identify issues, research solutions, and advocate on behalf of taxpayers. TAS’s goal is to continuously improve its internal and external processes and business operations for the benefit of taxpayers. This section details planned TAS activities for organizational improvement and promotion of its advocacy efforts.

TAS’s Case Advocacy and Other Business Objectives for FY 2025 are:

• TAS Case Advocacy: Raise Awareness About TAS and Educate Via Outreach
• TAS Case Advocacy: Deploy a New Case and Systemic Issue Management System
• TAS Systemic Advocacy: Continue to Identify and Analyze Systemic Issues That Impact a Broad Range of Taxpayers
• Taxpayer Advocacy Panel: Foster a Diverse Range of Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Volunteers and Educate Via Outreach
• Low Income Taxpayer Clinics: Refine and Conduct Low Income Taxpayer Clinic Research to Accurately Target Taxpayer Community Needs

Read All TAS Case Advocacy and Other Business Objectives

Tas research objectives.

TAS Research Objectives focus on understanding how IRS procedures affect taxpayers and how taxpayers react to IRS actions. The objectives of TAS Research are to improve IRS operations and assist the IRS with balancing its compliance and enforcement efforts with taxpayer rights while also reducing taxpayer burden.

Four new research projects are scheduled for FY 2025.

• Study Why Taxpayers Often Take a Long Time to Authenticate Their Identity to Receive a Claimed Refund
• Determine Whether TAS Case Receipts and Outcomes Are Consistent Across the Demographic Groups of Taxpayers Seeking TAS Assistance
• Study the Financial Benefits Provided to Low-Income Families Through Tax Credits and the Role of the IRS in Administering These Credits
• Assess the Taxes Paid and Credits Received by Individual Taxpayer Identification Number Filers and Their Dependents and the Barriers They Face in Navigating Related IRS Administrative Procedures

Read All TAS Research Objectives