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The Case Study houses that made Los Angeles a modernist mecca

Mapping the homes that helped to define an era

Los Angeles is full of fantastic residential architecture styles, from Spanish Colonial Revival to Streamline Moderne. But the modernist Case Study Houses , sponsored by Arts & Architecture and designed between the 1940s and 1960s, are both native to Southern California and particularly emblematic of the region.

The Case Study series showcased homes commissioned by the magazine and designed by some of the most influential designers and architects of the era, including Charles and Ray Eames, Richard Neutra, and Pierre Koenig. The residences were intended to be relatively affordable, replicable houses for post-World War II family living, with an emphasis on “new materials and new techniques in house construction,” as the magazine’s program intro put it.

Technological innovation and practical, economical design features were emphasized—though the homes’ scintillating locations, on roomy lots in neighborhoods like Pacific Palisades and the Hollywood Hills , gave them a luxurious allure.

With the help of photographer Julius Shulman , who shot most of the homes, the most impressive of the homes came to represent not only new styles of home design, but the postwar lifestyle of the booming Southern California region.

A total of 36 houses and apartment buildings were commissioned; a couple dozen were built, and about 20 still stand in the greater Los Angeles area (there’s also one in Northern California, a set near San Diego, and a small apartment complex in Phoenix). Some have been remodeled, but others have been well preserved. Eleven were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

Here’s a guide to all the houses left to see—but keep in mind that, true to LA form, most are still private residences. The Eames and Stahl houses, two of the most famous Case Study Houses, are regularly open to visitors.

As for the unconventional house numbering, post-1962 A&A publisher David Travers writes that the explanation is “inexplicable, locked in the past.”

Case Study House No. 1

J.R. Davidson (with Greta Davidson) designed this house in 1948 (it was actually his second go at Case Study House No. 1). It was intended for “a hypothetical family" with two working parents and was designed to require "minimum maintenance.”

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Case Study House No. 2

Case Study House No. 2 was designed in 1947 by Sumner Spaulding and John Rex. Arts & Architecture wrote that the home’s layout “achieves a sense of spaciousness and flexibility,” with an open living area and glass doors that lead out to adjoining terraces.

View this post on Instagram A post shared by Samuel Dematraz (@samueldematraz) on Oct 28, 2018 at 1:07am PDT

Case Study House No. 7

Case Study House No. 7 was designed in 1948 by Thornton M. Abell. It has a “three-zone living area,” with space for study, activity, and relaxation/conversation; the areas can be separated by sliding panels or combined.

Eames House (Case Study House No. 8)

Legendary designer couple Charles and Ray Eames designed the Eames House in 1949 and even Arts & Architecture seemed kind of blown away by it. The home is built into a hillside behind a row of Eucalyptus trees on a bluff above Pacific Palisades. It's recognizable by its bright blue, red, and yellow panels. The Eameses lived in the house until their deaths. It’s now open to visitors five days per week, though reservations are required.

Entenza House (Case Study House No. 9)

The Entenza House was built in 1949 and designed by Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen for Arts & Architecture editor John Entenza. According to the magazine, “In general, the purpose was to enclose as much space as possible within a reasonably simple construction.”

Case Study House No. 10

Case Study House No. 10 was designed in 1947 by Kemper Nomland. The house is built on several levels to mold into its sloping site. Recently restored, the home sold to Kristen Wiig in 2017.

Case Study House No. 15

Designed by J.R. Davidson in 1947, Case Study House No. 15 has south walls made of huge glass panels. Its flagstone patio and indoor floor are at the same level for that seamless indoor-outdoor feel. According to the magazine, the floorplan “is basically that of another Davidson house, Case Study House No. 11,” which has been demolished.

View this post on Instagram A post shared by Samuel Dematraz (@samueldematraz) on Nov 15, 2018 at 6:13am PST

Case Study House for 1953

Craig Ellwood’s Case Study House for 1953 is usually numbered as 16 in the Case Study series . It has a modular steel structure and “the basic plan is a four-foot modular rectangle.” But the interior walls stick out past the exterior walls to bring the indoors out and the outdoors in. The Bel Air house hit the market in November with a $3 million price tag.

Case Study House No. 17 (A)

Case Study House No. 17 (A) was designed by Rodney Walker in 1947. A tight budget kept the house at just 1,560 square feet, “but more space was gained through the use of many glass areas.” The house also has a large front terrace with a fireplace that connects the indoor living room fireplace. The house has been remodeled .

View this post on Instagram A post shared by Case Study House #17, 1947 (@casestudy17) on Jun 11, 2016 at 2:20pm PDT

Case Study House No. 17 (B)

Case Study House No. 17 (B) was designed in 1956 by Craig Ellwood, but “governed by a specific program set forth by the client.” Ellwood took into account the clients' collection of contemporary paintings and made the living room “purposely undersized” to work best for small gatherings. The house was extensively remodeled in the sixties by Hollywood Regency architect John Elgin Woolf and his partner, interior designer Robert Koch Woolf.

View this post on Instagram A post shared by BAUKUNST™ El Arte de Construir (@i_volante) on Aug 13, 2017 at 4:42pm PDT

West House (Case Study House No. 18 [A])

Case Study House No. 18 (A) was designed by Rodney Walker in 1948. The house is oriented toward the ocean, but set back from the cliff edge it sits on to avoid noise issues. As A&A says, "High above the ocean, the privacy of the open south and east exposures of Case Study House No. 18 can be threatened only by an occasional sea-gull." The house features a "bricked garden room" separated from the living room by a two-sided fireplace.

View this post on Instagram A post shared by CaseStudyHouse18A (@casestudyhouse18a) on Oct 6, 2018 at 8:44pm PDT

Fields House (Case Study House No. 18 [B])

Case Study House No. 18 (B) was designed by Craig Ellwood in 1958. Ellwood didn’t attempt to hide that the house was prefabricated (the magazine explains that he believed “that the increasing cost of labor and the decline of the craftsman will within not too many years force a complete mechanization of residential construction methods”). The components of the house, however, are “strongly defined with color: ceiling and panels are off-white and the steel framework is blue.” According to A&A' s website, the house has been remodeled.

View this post on Instagram A post shared by MCM Daily (@dc_hillier) on Oct 29, 2018 at 8:32pm PDT

Case Study House No. 20 [A])

This two-bedroom house was meant “to serve young parents who find they can afford just that much,” according to architect Richard Neutra’s description. He also wrote that he used several different kinds of natural wood in the house.

Bass House (Case Study House No. 20 [B])

The Bass House was designed in 1958 by Buff, Straub, and Hensman for famed graphic designer Saul Bass. It's “unique in that it was based upon the experimental use of several prefabricated Douglas fir plywood products as part of the structural concept,” including hollow-core plywood vaults that covered the central part of the house.

Case Study House No. 21

Pierre Koenig designed Case Study House No. 21 in 1958. It was originally completely surrounded by water, with a walkway and driveway spanning the moat at the front door and carport, respectively. The house was severely messed with over the years, but restored in the ’90s with help from Koenig.

Stahl House (Case Study House No. 22)

Pierre Koenig's Stahl House , designed in 1960, is probably the most famous house in Los Angeles, thanks to an iconic photo by Julius Shulman . The house isn't much to look at from the street, but its backside is mostly glass surrounding a cliff's-edge pool. Tours are available Mondays, Wednesdays, and Friday—but book well ahead of time, as they sell out quickly.

Case Study House for 1950

The unnumbered Case Study House for 1950 was designed by Raphael Soriano. It's rectangular, with living room and bedrooms facing out to the view. However, in the kitchen and eating areas, the house “turns upon itself and living develops around a large kitchen-dining plan opening upon a terrace which leads directly into the living room interrupted only by the mass of two fireplaces.” According to A&A 's website, the house has been remodeled.

Frank House (Case Study House No. 25)

The two-story Frank House was designed by Killingsworth, Brady, and Smith and Associates in 1962 and it sits on a canal in Long Beach. A reflecting pool with stepping stones leads to its huge front door and inside to an 18-foot high courtyard. The house sold in 2015 with some unfortunate remodeling .

Case Study House No. 28

Case Study House No. 28 was designed in 1966 by Conrad Buff and Donald Hensman. According to the magazine, “the architects were asked to design a house that incorporated face brick as the primary structural material to demonstrate its particular advantages.” They came up with a plan for two symmetrical wings joined by glass galleries.

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Case Study House #15, Los Angeles, CA (1947)

Structure Type: built works - dwellings - houses - model houses

Designers: Davidson, J.R., Architect (firm); Julius Ralph Davidson (architect)

Dates: constructed 1947

PCAD id: 18589

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The case study houses forever changed american architecture.

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Scenes from the new showroom of Herman Miller which shows classic designs by Charles and Ray Eames, ... [+] in Culver City, Ca., Oct. 1, 2009. (Photo by Jay L. Clendenin/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

The Case Study House Program’s vision belonged to Los Angeles-based Arts & Architecture magazine Editor John Entenza.

Entenza sponsored and publicized some design competitions in the magazine and emphasized modern, affordable, easily built houses.

He announced the Case Study House Program's launch in the January 1945 issue of Arts & Architecture magazine . He envisioned the program to solve the problem of housing shortages and anticipated the coming building boom that would follow War World II and the Depression.

The front side of the Eames House Case Study #8 designed by architects Charles and Ray Eames in ... [+] Pacific Palisades. June 30, 2005. (Photo by Mark Boster/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

A 1937 Harwell Harris house has a Streamline Moderne exterior with a white curved porte cochere in ... [+] front (wide enough for the original owner, powerful architecture magazine editor John Entenza s 1925 Ford) and a round bedroom wall in back overlooking Santa Monica Canyon. Peter Rabitz, a co–worker visiting from Germany, enjoys the view into the canyon on a recent visit. (Photo by Gina Ferazzi/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

A 1937 Harwell Harris house has the porte cochere at left and entrance to house at right. (Photo by ... [+] Gina Ferazzi/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

The goal of the program was for each architect to create a home "capable of duplication and in no sense being an individual performance," Entenza said in his announcement.

"It is important that the best materials available be used in the best possible way in order to arrive at a good solution of each problem, which in the overall program will be general enough to be of practical assistance to the average American in search of a home in which he can afford to live in," he noted.

Architect Pierre Koenig designed two of the iconic Modernist houses in Los Angeles in the 1950s ... [+] known as Case Study House 21 and 22. Drawing of one of Koenig's designs. (Photo by Anacleto Rapping/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

The Case Study House Program served as a model for post-war living, providing the public and the building industry an opportunity to access affordable, mid-century modernism and simple designs.

Floor-to-ceiling glass, steel frames, horizontal lines, modular components, open-floor plans and multi-purpose rooms were all elements of the Case Study’s take on modernism. The furnished projects provided places for owners to enjoy a family-friendly home with public and private spaces to relax, watch TV, listen to music and entertain, merging indoor and outdoor worlds with walls of steel and glass to allow ample light.

Initially, Entenza invited Richard Neutra, Charles Eames, Eero Saarinen and five other architects to submit prototypes and planned that all eight houses would be open to the public until they were occupied. The project was ambitious. The Eames and Entenza houses were designed in 1945 but not completed until 1949. Still, the Case Study program was so successful that it ran until 1966 and saw 350,000 visitors tour the open homes before clients took up residence.

Architect Pierre Koenig designed two of the iconic Modernist houses in Los Angeles in the 1950s ... [+] known as Case Study House 21 and 22. Photos of Pierre and Gloria Koenig main living room inside their West Los Angeles home which Pierre designed. (Photo by Anacleto Rapping/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

Twenty homes remain today, but 36 experimental prototypes, many unbuilt, documenting new ideas and residential designs, appeared in the magazine.

The majority of the homes were built in Southern California; some are located in San Diego and Northern California; a group of Case Study apartments was built in Phoenix.

Many architects such as Ray and Charles Eames, Saarinen, Craig Ellwood and Pierre Koenig became icons of modernism and earned international followings. The Case Study Houses launched the reputations of local architects such as Thornton Bell, Whitney R. Smith and Rodney Walker.

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The Case Study Houses Program, Raphael Soriano CSH 1950

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All the Case Study Houses were designed as prototypes of modern and functional homes for the post-war middle class American family. Not only the design but also the building materials had to accomplish this goal. The use of steel framing for the structure for the Case Study House 1950, shows how much Raphael Soriano was interested in applying this concept adopting new technologies to the building process.

In its interiors, however, the extensive use of brick, stucco, wood paneling, and carpeting was probably a concession to a more traditional taste, somehow admitting that steel and glass houses could be less attractive to the mass market, despite the success of other Case Study Houses.

When viewed from the street, the Case Study House 1950 has a very austere and closed elevation. However, at the back it opens up on to an expansive and dramatic view – enabled by the structural steel framework with its 10 by 20 foot modules.

Raphael Soriano designed the terrace as it emerged from the living area within by the extension of the flat steel roof around its perimeter and the shared wall of brick with the adjacent living room.

The Case Study Houses Program: Craig Ellwood’s Case Study House 18

The case study houses program: pierre koenig’s stahl house.

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Stahl House (Case Study House #22)

Immortalized by photographer Julius Shulman, the Stahl House epitomized the ideal of modern living in postwar Los Angeles.

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Based on a recent approval by the City of Los Angeles for a new residence at the base of the hillside and below the historic Stahl House, this action now places this Modernist icon at risk. The hillside is especially fragile as it is prone to slides and susceptible to destabilization. This condition will be exacerbated as this proposed new residence is planned to cut into the hillside and erect large retaining walls.

The proposed project received approval despite opposition and documentation submitted that substantiates the problem and potential harm to the Stahl House. An appeal has been filed and the City is reviewing this now. No date has been set yet for when this might come back to the City Planning Commission.

To demonstrate your support for the Stahl House and to ensure the appeal is granted (sending the proposed project back for review), please sign on to the  Save the Stahl House campaign .

Who hasn’t seen the iconic image of architect Pierre Koenig’s Stahl House (Case Study House #22), dramatically soaring over the Los Angeles basin? Built in 1960 as part of the Case Study House program, it is one of the best-known houses of mid-century Los Angeles.

The program was created in 1945 by John Entenza, editor of the groundbreaking magazine  Arts & Architecture . Its mission was to shape and form postwar living through replicable building techniques that used modern industrial materials. With its glass-and-steel construction, the Stahl House remains one of the most famous examples of the program’s principles and aesthetics.

Original owners Buck and Carlotta Stahl found a perfect partner in Koenig, who was the only architect to see the precarious site as an advantage rather than an impediment. The soaring effect was achieved using dramatic roof overhangs and the largest pieces of commercially available glass at the time.

The enduring fame of the Stahl House can be partly attributed to renowned architectural photographer Julius Shulman, who captured nearly a century of growth and development in Southern California but was best-known for conveying the Modern architecture and optimistic lifestyle of postwar Los Angeles. Shulman’s most iconic photo perfectly conveys the drama of the Stahl House at twilight: two women casually recline in the glowing living room as it hovers over the sparkling metropolis below.

View the National Register of Historic Places Nomination

The Conservancy does not own or operate the Stahl House. For any requests, please contact the Stahl House directly at (208) 429-1058.

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The Case Study Houses: 1946-1963

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Here is a list of the 24 Case Study Houses that were built and the architects who built them.

Many of the architects who designed Case Study Houses are dead, including some of the more famous, such as Richard Neutra, Charles and Ray Eames, Eero Saarinen, Quincy Jones and Raphael Soriano.

A dozen are still living, and several are still in practice, including Pierre Koenig in Brentwood and Ed Killingsworth in Long Beach. Craig Ellwood lives in Tuscany, Italy, and teaches one semester a year at Cal Poly Pomona.

Whitney Smith, John Rex and Kemper Nomland Jr. have retired. Ralph Rapson, Calvin Straub and Beverly Thorne have moved from Southern California.

1946: 540 Barrington Ave., Brentwood. J. R. Davidson. The first Case Study House, since destroyed, was small but ingeniously planned, without an inch of wasted space in its innovative open plan.

1947: 857 Chapea Road, Pasadena. Spaulding & Rex. In the second Case Study House, the basic open floor plan, with the living areas separating the parents’ and children’s bedrooms, was developed as a prototype that became the standard for many following houses.

--9945 Beverly Grove Drive, Beverly Hills. Rodney A. Walker.

--7861 Woodrow Wilson Drive, Hollywood. Rodney A. Walker.

--199 Chautauqua Blvd., Pacific Palisades. Rodney A. Walker.

(These three houses, by Walker, pioneered a simplified wood-frame construction made up of standard 3-foot modules intended as a model for low-cost housing.)

--711 San Rafael Ave., Pasadena. Nomland & Nomland. Set in a picturesque eucalyptus grove, this house features a simple shed roof and long walls of glass.

--4755 Lasheart Drive, La Canada Flintridge. J. R. Davidson. This small and simple dwelling is another example of the Case Study House urge to create standard and repeatable plans for low-cost houses.

1948: 6236 N. Deerfield Ave., San Gabriel. Thornton M. Abell. A blank concrete block wall screens the house from its suburban street to create a private interior environment.

--219 Chautauqua Blvd., Pacific Palisades. Richard Neutra. This house continued the innovations Neutra had incorporated in a number of his pre-World War II two-bedroom houses, including the ground-hugging horizontal emphasis and the deep and sheltering roof overhangs.

1949: 13187 Chalon Road, Brentwood. Wurster & Bernardi. An H-shaped plan divides the living from the sleeping wings with a central porch that is also the entry.

--203 Chautauqua Blvd., Pacific Palisades. Charles Eames. The most famous Case Study House, the Eames house uses off-the-shelf industrial structural components in a style that later became known as high-tech.

--201 Chautauqua Blvd., Pacific Palisades. Eames and Saaarinen. Surprisingly restrained in its structural expression, Entenza’s own house lacks the boldness of the Eames house next door.

1950: 1080 Ravoli Drive, Pacific Palisades. Raphael Soriano. In the first study house built of steel, Soriano pioneered the standardized system he used on many later projects.

1952: 1811 Bel Air Road, Bel-Air. Craig Ellwood.

1955: 9554 Hidden Valley Road, Beverly Hills. Craig Ellwood. The house has since been altered.

1957: 1129 Miradero Road, Beverly Hills. Craig Ellwood.

(The design of the three houses above by Ellwood followed in Soriano’s footsteps with steel-framed dwellings that allowed long spans free of columns and clear interior spaces with low partition walls or storage units. The Miradero Road house has been altered.)

1958: 2275 Santa Rosa Ave., Altadena. Straub & Hensman. Adapting the standardized, factory-built systems developed for steel framing, this wood-framed home for famed designer Saul Bass is warmer in feeling than the colder steel houses.

--9036 Wonderland Park Ave., Hollywood. Pierre Koenig.

1959: 1635 Woods Drive, Hollywood. Pierre Koenig.

Koenig, like Ellwood and Soriano, was fascinated by the lightness and openness a steel frame allowed in house design, enhanced by the dramatic possibilities of perching a house on the edge of a precipice.

1960: Three houses: 2329, 2342 and 2343 Rue de Ann, La Jolla. Killingsworth, Brady & Smith. This triad of houses in the hills marked the Case Study program’s move toward planning communities as well as single-family houses. Closely grouped, the homes offer a unique insight into what an entire Case Study House neighborhood or tract might have looked like. The house at 2343 Rue de Ann has been altered.

1962: 82 Rivo Alto Canal, Naples. Killingsworth, Brady & Smith. The most urbane of all the homes, this house on one of the Naples area canals shows how a modern residential design could fit into an urban as well as a suburban environment.

1963: 177 San Marino Dr., San Rafael. David Thorne.

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John Entenza, publisher of Arts & Architecture  magazine, purchased a five-acre meadow overlooking the Pacific Ocean with the intention of building several demonstration houses in close proximity for the Case Study House (‘CSH’) Program. Originally, six houses were intended to be built, but only five were (one of which was disavowed). It is a unique concentration, illuminating the innovative thinking of different architects as they addressed the challenge issued by Arts & Architecture magazine.

Not only are the structures significant, but the siting is. Two of the homes, the Eames House and the Entenza House, were co-designed by Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen with a particular focus on the their orientation. As discussed in the December 1945 issue of Arts & Architecture : “While the land is intended to be used communally, each house is so oriented so that it has complete privacy within its indoor-outdoor needs. The road follows the natural contour of the hill and will be allowed to gather leaves and regain the natural surface of the land. It serves each of the two houses, expanding for necessary turning and parking areas.” To accomplish this goal, a berm was built between the Eames and Entenza houses, seen to the left, that was then planted heavily. Within relatively few years, the berm was no longer visible.

The Five Bluff Houses

The following photos of the Entenza and West houses were taken during construction at the Eames House, but are no longer visible. 

CSH #8, THE EAMES HOUSE, completed 1949

The second design for the site, the house was nestled into the hillside in order to preserve the meadow and trees. The same off-the-shelf materials–steel, expanses of glass and stucco–were reassembled into the new design, essentially a kit of parts.  The structure is fully revealed, a celebration of the honest use of materials. View the National Historic Landmark Nomination  here .

CSH #9, THE ENTENZA HOUSE, completed 1949

Designed by Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen, Featured in July 1950 Arts & Architecture, Private property, closed to the public.

Construction photo of the Eames House, with the Entenza House clearly seen beyond.

The Entenza House was designed for John Entenza, editor of Arts & Architecture , who spearheaded the Case Study House Program. As described by the LA Conservatory, CSH #9 “is a modular plan and features steel frame construction. But in contrast to many modern residences utilizing steel frame construction, that of the Entenza House is not actually revealed, but concealed with wood-paneled cladding… This design exemplified the concept of merging interior spaces through glass expanses and seamless materials.”

The Eames House and the Entenza House are not only linked by their designers, but they have also been described as comparative spaces. While the Eames House has been described as a revealed vertical space, the Entenza House offers a complimentary concealed horizontal space. Through these comparisons, CSH #8 and CSH #9 offer different perspectives of inside vs. outside space as well as private vs. public space. View the National Register of Historic Places Nomination by clicking  here .

CSH #18, THE WEST HOUSE, completed in 1948

Construction photo looking through the Eames House, with the Entenza House to the left, and the West House with its garage and lawn reaching to the right.

CSH #18 was the first Case Study House built on the bluff, and as described in Arts & Architecture , it displays “a simple, straight-forward solution of the client’s problems”. The intended clients for the West House were a couple in their early thirties who expected to entertain frequently.

Walker used floor-to-ceiling glass panels in public areas to emphasize the impressive ocean views, as well as created a living room with “a feeling of openness and informal spaciousness” for ease in entertaining. As explained in Arts & Architecture , the house was constructed on a three-foot module system to emphasize efficiency, symmetry, and the “absence of waste”. View the National Register of Historic Places Nomination by clicking  here .

CSH #20, THE BAILEY HOUSE, completed in 1948

Original structure and later expansions designed by Richard Neutra, Featured in December 1948 Arts & Architecture, article here , Private property, closed to the public.

At the time the Bailey House was built, Richard Neutra was the most well-known and respected architect taking part in the Case Study House program. As was typical for him at the time, Neutra designed the house with an extensive use of glass, steel and wood.

The client, Dr. Bailey, was a young, newly married doctor who needed to keep the budget low. Neutra’s design included several potential future additions, so that the house could grow along with the doctor’s family and budget. In addition, Neutra incorporated flexible, multi-purpose spaces open to the exterior, allowing the family to use the outdoor space for dining and entertaining.

HOUSE #201, Unofficial

Original design by Richard Neutra, Featured in May 1947 Arts & Architecture, Private property, closed to the public.

Considered the “forgotten case study house”, the House at #201 was originally designed by Richard Neutra in the late 1940s. The design was changed at the request of the first owners and therefore was not included in the Case Study Program.

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Minneapolis' dundry house was vandalized, burned down and demolished — and affordable housing providers are worried.

In a desolate crook of south Minneapolis bounded by Interstates 35 and 94, a three-story building housing people emerging from homelessness began its collapse in early 2022.

A large encampment emerged in a vacant lot next door to the building known as the Dundry House, and soon there were significant problems with vandalism, including the theft of the building's pipes. Hope Community, the Dundry's nonprofit owner, spent about $24,000 a month on security — canceling out the $23,000 it generated in monthly rent.

By mid-2023, Hope relocated tenants, boarded up the Dundry and searched for another affordable housing provider willing to buy it. But after two fires, including a major blaze this April , the building was condemned; last month, it was demolished.

Reduced to rubble were 25 units of deeply affordable housing stock meant to keep some of Minneapolis' most vulnerable people off the streets — providing a case study in what happens when constructing new affordable housing is prioritized over maintaining older buildings.

Will Delaney, Hope's co-executive director, said what happened at the Dundry is an extreme example of systemic failures in how Minnesota finances affordable housing for the poorest tenants.

Various government agencies are pouring money into new housing without sufficiently funding the operation of existing buildings, Delaney and other affordable providers said. As a result, buildings in marginalized neighborhoods with high crime rates, serving communities hardest-hit by the opioid crisis, see security expenses outpace their initial financial assumptions at an unsustainable clip.

Part of the difficulty is how Minneapolis' encampment closure practices often result in people with limited options simply moving around to different sites, Delaney said. Meanwhile, Hennepin County's Coordinated Entry system of housing homeless people in order of greatest need inadvertently leaves units vacant for long periods of time as caseworkers meticulously match individuals with homes. Those vacancies mean lost rental revenue for those housing providers operating on razor-thin margins.

As a result, housing nonprofits face hard decisions about how long they can maintain older buildings, even as they open new complexes elsewhere to the confusion of tenants awaiting essential repairs .

"Essentially, the way the model works is you get a subsidy to build it and keep your rents lower, but particularly in an environment with high inflation, higher costs with security, especially when you're dealing with folks who might have higher needs, the rents don't pay for upkeep," Delaney said.

"It is really difficult, if not impossible, to get money to support operations."

Various government agencies provide gap funding for affordable housing development, touting record rates of construction in recent years. But there's no central tracking of the affordable units lost or vacated because of disrepair and conversion to market-rate housing.

"A lot of providers are starting to have these very difficult conversations about this unfortunate bind, that in order to keep their mission and keep their organization focused, they actually have to reduce their footprint to save the rest," said Caroline Hood, CEO of RS Eden, which operates 630 units of permanent supportive housing for people in recovery programs and re-entering society after prison.

"It's such a terrible position to b­e in for our community, as those affordable units would go away and likely become market-rate, which only perpetuates the housing issues that we see."

When buildings fall into disrepair, tensions flare among affordable housing providers, existing tenants and the surrounding neighborhood. No organization wants to tell the public they're in dire straits, Hood said. But a coalition of providers, including CommonBond, Project for Pride in Living and Hope Community, are raising the long-term unsustainability of imbalanced financing for affordable housing as a sector-wide problem unsolvable with private fundraising alone.

"None of us sign up for these deals to make money. We're just trying to make the math work to make a building possible so we can serve residents," said Chris LaTondresse, CEO of Beacon Interfaith.

The nonprofit Beacon Interfaith has 750 units of permanent supportive housing serving youth, families that have been involved with the child protection system and people exiting encampments with histories of mental health and addiction.

LaTondresse, a former Hennepin County commissioner, said he wished he had greater awareness of the need for operating support alongside new construction capital when he was a policymaker. Last year, the Lonoke , a Beacon building in Stevens Square, underwent the same sort of compounding crises of squatters, drugs and soaring security costs and deferred repairs that the Dundry had experienced.

In many cases, people who were doing well before the pandemic have recovered economically, LaTondresse said. But those who were struggling are doing worse, needing more services and rent assistance even as Beacon and its peers are dealing with declining revenue and growing expenses.

"At all levels of government, but especially at the state and with local governments that do housing work, we need a rebalancing of priorities that, against the backdrop of our housing crisis continues to prioritize new housing production, but alongside of that brings dollars to draw a circle of protection around the units that already exist in our ecosystem," he said.

Hennepin County offers low-interest deferred loans for the preservation of affordable housing. The city doesn't fund ongoing maintenance. But when the Dundry went under, just five years after $2 million in public funding was spent rehabbing the building, Minneapolis and county forgave more than $1 million of their loans.

Last year, the Legislature passed a historic $1 billion investment in affordable housing, including $50 million in one-time funding to help nonprofit providers continue operating properties that don't generate enough rent revenues to cover costs. The relief helped but wasn't enough to truly stabilize buildings.

This year, the Legislature approved another $50 million for the preservation of existing housing and created a task force to further explore the topic.

Commissioner Jennifer Ho of Minnesota Housing, the state's housing finance agency, said while there remains a great need for more construction of affordable housing, the task force should try to establish shared facts around what's killing existing buildings and which of those drivers are temporary versus permanent shifts in projects' financial presumptions.

"The fact is that the amount of public resources ... even with a huge year like last year, still feel horribly finite compared to what we need to do," Ho said. "I'm really hopeful about our ability to think more clearly about our work and think about it systemically, to think about how the future of affordable housing could be a more stable endeavor."

Susan Du covers the city of Minneapolis for the Star Tribune.

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Fauci testifies on the origins of Covid-19

By Antoinette Radford, Maureen Chowdhury, Elise Hammond, Carma Hassan and Jen Christensen

Key takeaways from Dr. Anthony Fauci's testimony at House hearing on Covid-19 pandemic

From CNN's Jen Christensen, Elise Hammond, Antoinette Radford and Maureen Chowdhury

Dr. Anthony Fauci, the former director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), testified Monday at a House subcommittee hearing about the US response to the Covid-19 pandemic and the origins of the virus.

The hearing was Fauci’s first public testimony on Capitol Hill since his retirement from government service. It turned contentious at times as Republicans grilled Fauci over a wide range of topics, including the basis for public health recommendations during the pandemic and email use by public health officials.

Here are key takeaways from the hearing:

• US still needs to be better prepared for next pandemic: Fauci said there are still some things the US needs to work on to be ready for another pandemic, saying in “some respects” the country is better prepared to deal with a health crisis than in 2020, “but in others, I am still disappointed.” One thing that he hopes the US will do better moving forward is tightening communication between the federal response and local public health officials.
• Republicans grill Fauci over public health official’s use of email: Fauci testified Monday that he has not used his personal email to conduct business, and he was not aware before a congressional investigation that a former senior adviser at the National Institutes of Health had used an unofficial email. The House Oversight select subcommittee on the coronavirus pandemic previously released a series of  private   emails  that Republicans argue show that some NIH officials deleted emails and tried to get around requirements to disclose information through public records laws.
• Fauci testifies about possible origins of virus that caused Covid-19: Fauci testified that in early 2020, he was informed through phone calls with two scientists that they and others were concerned that the virus that causes Covid-19 could have been manipulated in the lab. The day after those calls, Fauci said several international virologists examined it further and found that “several who at first were concerned about lab manipulation became convinced that the virus was not deliberately manipulated.” Scientists found the most likely scenario, Fauci said, was a virus that transferred from an animal to a human, “although they still kept an open mind.”
• Fauci details threats he and his family have received: Fauci detailed the threats he received during his time as the director of the NIAID, describing threats against him and his family. “Everything from harassments from emails, texts, letters of myself, my wife, my three daughters. There have been credible death threats leading to the arrest of two individuals – and credible death threats means someone who clearly was on their way to kill me. And it’s required my having protective services essentially all the time.”
• 6-foot social distance guideline: Fauci clarified that the 6-foot guidance for social distancing given during the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic did not come from him, but from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fauci, who repeated the guidance during the pandemic, once said that there was no science behind it — but he meant that there were no clinical trials to back it up. He added that he believed the CDC used studies about droplets years ago as reasoning for the 6-foot guidelines.

Fauci says he supports suspending funding to EcoHealth Alliance

CNN's Jen Christensen

Dr. Anthony Fauci said on Monday he supports suspending US grant funding to EcoHealth Alliance , a New York-based virus research organization that has been tied to question and controversy around the origins of the virus that causes Covid-19.

The US Department of Health and Human Services in May suspended funding to EcoHealth Alliance and proposed the group be blocked from receiving federal funds in the future, possibly for years.

Asked on Monday if he supposed the suspension and debarment of EcoHealth Alliance, Fauci responded “yes.” 

Before the pandemic, the US gave a $120,000 grant to EcoHealth Alliance with a subaward that funded work at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. In April 2020, the National Institutes of Health terminated the grant.

Fauci said that he later learned that the White House had called to tell the NIH to cancel the grant. Asked Monday if he agreed or disagreed with the decision at the time, he said that wasn’t his problem with the request.

“It wasn’t a question of agreeing or disagreeing. It was like, ‘Can we really do that? I don’t think that you can do that.’ And as it turned out I was right, because the general counsel of HHS said, 'By the way, you can’t do that. You’ve got to restore the grant,' ” Fauci testified.

The grant was reinstated, then suspended pending a compliance review.

Fauci said once he learned that there were compliance issues with the grant, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases was told to stay out of it.

Since that time, NIH found numerous violations of grant policies by EcoHealth and has since blocked funding to the Wuhan Institute of Virology and suspended and proposed blocking NIH funding to EcoHealth as an institution and Dr. Peter Daszak individually.

In a May letter to EcoHealth Alliance and its president, Dr. Peter Daszak, HHS lists 30 pieces of evidence some dating back to 2013 to support its decision. HHS said in a memo that EcoHealth failed to “adequately monitor” virus growth experiments at the Wuhan Institute of Virology, notify the NIH that viruses studied there “appeared to grow beyond permissible thresholds” laid out in a grant or provide requested information in a timely manner.

In a statement last month, a spokeperson for EcoHealth Alliance said the organization was “disappointed by HHS’ decision" and that it would contest the decision.

GOP subcommittee chair and ranking member wrap up hearing with closing statements

From CNN's Maureen Chowdhury

In his closing statement, Ranking Member Raul Ruiz thanked Dr. Anthony Fauci for his testimony and for his decades of service to the nation in dealing with various epidemics and pandemics.

He also blasted Republicans for pushing extreme narratives for political gain.

"Over the past four years you have been personally targeted by extreme narratives of the origins of the Covid-19 pandemic and the US governments response to it," Ruiz said. "These extreme narratives have been the bedrock of this subcommittees Republican-led probe and have been undermined by what's been found through interviews and by thousands of documents that have been reviewed."

Ruiz added that the evidence found that "Dr. Fauci did not fund research through the EcoHealth Alliance Grant that caused the Covid-19 pandemic, Dr. Fauci did not lie about gain of function research in Wuhan China, Dr. Fauci did not orchestrate a campaign to suppress the lab-leak theory."

Subcommittee Chair Brad Wenstrup also thanked Fauci for coming voluntarily to testify.

He went on to say that the hearing was an opportunity to learn more about the government's Covid-19 response and how the government can improve and do better. He said that while there some things that were done well, there were some wrongdoings in the office where Fauci served.

Wenstrup highlighted that moving forward, clarity is important in order to improve messaging.

"I think what I'm most concerned about as we go forward as a country and from our agencies is that we an be trusted and that we are better in our messaging and talk about clarity," Wenstrup said.

Officials will evaluate "cost-benefit ratio" of vaccine mandates in analysis of pandemic response, Fauci says

From CNN's Elise Hammond

When evaluating the United States’ handling of the Covid-19 pandemic, public health officials will take a closer look at “the cost-benefit ratio” of things like vaccine mandates, Dr. Anthony Fauci said.

Fauci was answering a question about whether issuing mandates could have led to vaccine hesitancy.

“That’s something that I think we need to go back now, when we do an after-the-event evaluation about whether or not given the psyche of the country and the pushback that you get from those types of things — we need to reevaluate the cost-benefit ratio of those types of things,” Fauci said.

Earlier in the hearing, Fauci defended the government’s use of vaccines as saving “hundreds of thousands of lives in the United States and millions of lives throughout the world.

US still needs to close communication gaps to be better prepared for next pandemic, Fauci says

Dr. Anthony Fauci said there are still some things the United States needs to work on to be more prepared for another pandemic in the aftermath of Covid-19.

The former director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) said in “some respects” the country is better prepared to deal with a health crisis than in 2020, “but in others, I am still disappointed.”

Fauci was answering a question from Florida Democratic Rep. Jared Moskowitz, who served as the Director of the Florida Division of Emergency Management during the pandemic. The lawmaker said he felt that states were not ready to deal with Covid-19.

“I think one of the things that was really a problem with the response was the degree of divisiveness that we had in the country about a lack of a coherent response where we were having people, for reasons that had nothing to do with public health or science, refusing to adhere to public health intervention measures,” Fauci said.

One thing that he hopes the US will do better moving forward is tightening communication between the federal response and local public health officials.

He said there was a “disconnect between the healthcare system and the public health system” during Covid-19 in the US. Specifically, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) could not demand information from local agencies, which caused a lag in sharing data.

“We were at a disadvantage,” Fauci said, adding that the CDC is working on ways to fix this pain point.

California lawmaker whose parents died of Covid-19 thanks Fauci for life-saving policies

California Democratic Rep. Robert Garcia, who said both of his parents died from Covid-19, thanked Dr. Anthony Fauci for putting in policies that saved lives during the pandemic.

Garcia said his mother was a health care worker and she and his step-father both died from Covid-19.

“I lost both of my parents during the pandemic, so I take this very personally," he said, condemning other lawmakers “who are tasked to be responsible and actually help the American people” attack medical professionals, Garcia said.

The comments came after heated remarks from Republican Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene who criticized mask mandates and called for Fauci to be put in prison.

“Your quote-unquote so-called science that the gentlewoman is referring to has saved millions of lives in this country and around the world,” Garcia said. “It’s important to note that my opinion is that you are an American hero and your team has done more to save lives than all 435 members of this body on both sides of the aisle.”

GOP chairman has to remind Marjorie Taylor Greene to be respectful as she refuses to call Fauci a doctor

CNN's Haley Talbot

GOP Chairman Brad Wenstrup had to remind Georgia Republican Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene to be respectful after she insisted that she would not refer to Dr. Anthony Fauci by the title of doctor and would only refer to him as "Mr. Fauci."

"You're not doctor, you're Mr. Fauci in my few minutes," Greene said.

In response, Wenstrup ordered Greene to address Fauci as a doctor. “I have instructed her to address him as doctor,” Wenstrup said. 

“I’m not addressing him as doctor,” she shot back.  

Several Democratic lawmakers jumped in to criticize Greene over her refusal to address Fauci as a doctor.

Wenstrup then asked members to “afford all other members the respect they are entitled” and to “refrain from using rhetoric that could be construed as an attack on the motives or character of another member or the witness.”

Fauci: NIH official using unofficial email is an "aberrancy and an outlier"

Dr. Anthony Fauci testified Monday that he has not used his personal email to conduct business, and he was not aware before a congressional investigation that a former senior adviser at the National Institutes of Health had used unofficial email.

“What you saw, I believe, with Dr. Morens was aberrancy and an outlier,” Fauci testified on Monday, referring to a former senior adviser at NIH. “The individuals at the NIH and NIAID are a very committed group of individuals and this one instance that you point out is an aberrancy and an outlier.”

The House Oversight Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic previously released a series of  private emails  that Republican members of the committee argue show that some NIH officials deleted emails and tried to get around requirements to disclose information through public records laws.

In a memo  published at the end of May , committee members said Dr. David Morens, a former senior adviser to Fauci, engaged in “nefarious behavior.” The committee points to email that Morens sent another colleague that suggests he would send email to Fauci’s private account and “there is no worry about FOIAs.” FOIA is the Freedom of Information Act, the law that gives the public the right to obtain federal records, including emails sent within government agencies. Morens’ email goes on to say that he can also hand information to Fauci to avoid it being a part of the public record.

“He is too smart to let colleagues send him stuff that could cause trouble,” Morens said in a 2021 email to Peter Daszak, the president of EcoHealth Alliance, a nonprofit virus research organization linked to controversy about the origins of the virus that causes Covid-19. The US Department of Health and Human Services suspended funding to the group in May.

Fauci details threats he and his family have received

From CNN's Antoinette Radford

Anthony Fauci detailed the threats he received during his time as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, describing death threats against him and threats against his wife and daughters.

Democratic Rep. Debbie Dingell asked Fauci to explain what some of the threats were, where he replied:

“Everything from harassments from emails, texts, letters of myself, my wife, my three daughters. There have been credible death threats leading to the arrest of two individuals – and credible death threats means someone who clearly was on their way to kill me. And it’s required my having protective services essentially all the time," Fauci said.

Fauci said he feared that the threats against public health workers during the Covid-19 pandemic would serve as a “powerful disincentive” for the best and brightest candidates to take up the profession.

“They say to themselves, 'I don’t want to go there. Why should I get involved in that?'” he said.

“They’re reluctant to put themselves and their family through what they see their colleagues being put through,” he testified.

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Study finds common low-calorie sweetener may be linked to heart attacks, strokes

(CNN) - A new study finds xylitol may be linked to heart attack and stroke.

The research was published Thursday in the “European Heart Journal.”

The study finds the common low-calorie sweetener may be linked to nearly twice the risk of heart attacks, stroke, and death in people who consume the highest levels of it.

Xylitol is used in many reduced-sugar foods and consumer products such as sugarless gum, breath mints, toothpaste, mouthwash, cough syrup, and chewable vitamins.

It’s a sugar alcohol, a carbohydrate found naturally in only tiny amounts in certain vegetables such as cauliflower, as well as berries.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognizes sugar alcohols as “generally recognized as safe.”

Xylitol in commercial use is made from corncobs, birch trees or genetically engineered bacteria.

Last year, the same researchers found similar results for another low-calorie sweetener called erythritol.

That sweetener is used as a bulking sugar in Stevia, Monk Fruit and keto-reduced-sugar products.

Additional lab and animal research revealed the two sugar alcohols may cause blood platelets to clot more readily, which can lead to a stroke.

Copyright 2024 CNN Newsource. All rights reserved.

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State police give update on cherrie mahan cold case after woman claims to be pa. girl who vanished in 1985.

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Pennsylvania State Police shared an update on the identity of a woman claiming to be missing person Cherrie Mahan , who at 8 years old disappeared from her school bus stop in 1985.

The woman, who hasn’t been publicly identified, claimed to be Cherrie in both a post to a Facebook group and a voicemail left with state police last month.

But the post was promptly removed by the group administrators and investigators haven’t been able to reach her at the phone number or address that she provided in the voicemail, state police said.

With no way to reach her, cops went another route.

State police were able to obtain fingerprints for the name left by the caller and tested them against Cherrie’s. There was no match.

“An initial review of these fingerprints indicate that she is not Cherri Mahan,” cops said in the update.

“At this point in the investigation, law enforcement has not had in-person contact with the women [sic] claiming to be Cherrie Mahan. If the caller decides to make herself available to the Pennsylvania State Police or any other law enforcement agencies, her claim will be investigated.”

The real Cherrie was last seen being dropped off from her school bus near her Windfield Township home on Feb. 22, 1985.

She never made it through the front door.

In the nearly four decades since she vanished, four women — including the latest — have claimed to be Cherrie.

A $5,000 reward is still being offered to anyone who provides information that leads to finding Cherrie, who would be 46 today, or an arrest.

Cherrie’s mother, Janice McKinney, said she didn’t believe the latest woman was her daughter from the beginning.

“I truly believe she thought in her mind that she was Cherrie,” McKinney told the Butler Eagle . “It did not look anything like Cherrie at all.”

She said the woman’s claims came as a surprise, as she usually expects such claims to come around the anniversary of Cherrie’s disappearance or her birthday in August.

“In February and August, I expect craziness. This just hit me different,” she told the local publication.

“If you wanted your 15 minutes of fame, you’ve already blown it,” she said. “People are mean, they are cruel, but this affects me really crazy. It’s gonna be 40 years since Cherrie’s been missing.”

Cherrie’s case is still active. The one possible clue investigators have is a blue 1976 Dodge van with a mural of a mountain that was seen in the area when the young girl vanished.

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Pierre Koenig’s Historic Case Study House #21 Could Be Yours... for the Right Price

• Written by Alyssa Wu
• Published on November 07, 2016

One of modernism’s most iconic houses, Case Study House 21 (Bailey House) by Pierre Koenig , is now on sale. The two-bed/two-bath Hollywood Hills landmark has been touted as among the finest of Arts & Architecture Magazine’s Case Study Houses , and one of the program’s few truly experimental projects to explore groundbreaking design and materials.

In this early-career exploration, Koenig used a constrained set of industrial materials—primarily steel and glass—to execute a pure expression of his design approach. His philosophy of functionality and honesty in aesthetics manifests in a structure that appears simple but contains complexity in plan and organization.

The design emphasizes harmony of materials and balance between interior and exterior through the use of terraces, water, glazing, and skylights. A 60-foot reflecting pool frames the undulating steel facade on the east and another pool traces the covered carport. Interlocking steel decking on the roof and an all-glass north wall add drama to the main entry, drawing visitors in, while the southern wall’s sliding glass doors extend the living area into the exterior terrace.

Views of the expansive and carefully considered landscaping permeate the house. In the core of the house is a courtyard and the bathrooms; the bedrooms are also connected to the exterior via sliding glass doors.

Built in 1958, Case Study House 21 underwent a restoration by Koenig to his original intent and design in 1998, including the addition of updated appliances and cabinetry. The house was last sold in an auction in December 2006 for an estimated $2.5 million – $3.5 million.

Update [Nov. 7, 2016]: A previous headline for this article suggested that the house is currently on the market for $3 million – this was based on the estimated sale price from its last sale in 2006. Instead, the listing is currently on the market as “Price Upon Request.” 

News via: Sotheby’s International Realty

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