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APA Style: Purdue OWL

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The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out-of-class instruction.

• APA Style General Formatting and Style Guide 7th ed
• Purdue OWL Purdue OWL is an online writing reference that provides detailed information on APA 7th, MLA 9th, Chicago 17th styles of citation as well as general citation and research assistance.
• Purdue Owl | APA Guide | Examples

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APA Style Help & Tools

{{page_title}}, best bet: apa's academic writer.

Academic Writer is the only authoritative and complete online environment for teaching, writing, and publishing in APA Style®, now updated to the 7th Edition. Designed to help users develop their writing and professional research skills, Academic Writer combines sophisticated learning and teaching tools, advanced writing and content management technology, and full integration of APA’s best-selling Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association® to create an unparalleled web-based suite of integrated services and tools.

Access Academic Writer anytime with this link:

library.purdueglobal.edu/academicwriter

Academic Writer Documentation & Tips

The below links lead to more information, tips, and training about the basics of using Academic Writer.

• Library Guide to Academic Writer
• Getting Started Guide (PDF)
• Creating Academic Writer Accounts (PDF)
• Accessing the Publication Manual (PDF)
• Technical Requirements

Using Academic Writer's Writing Tools

Academic Writer contains a Writing section where you can create and write a full APA-formatted paper.  You can write the entire paper in Academic Writer or just use it to setup the title page, headings, and references.  Export your work at any time to a Microsoft Word document.  Below are documents from Academic Writer about the essential features of their Writing tools.  

• Setting up the Title Page
• Adding References to Papers (PDF)
• Adding In-Text Citations (PDF)
• Adding Tables (PDF)
• Exporting Papers (PDF)

Featured Items from Academic Writer

Basics of APA Style

Learn the basics of APA Style, including how to format a manuscript, understand the form and function of common manuscript parts, organize and express your thoughts clearly and precisely, employ the mechanics of style, use graphic elements effectively, credit sources and acknowledge the contributions of others, and construct a comprehensive and reliable reference list.

Academic Writer

© 2020 American Psychological Association.

How to Avoid Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism

Learn how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism, including how to identify plagiarism, understand its risks and consequences, cite sources properly, and develop sound writing practices.

Learn how to set up the title page of an APA Style paper, including the page header and running head, title, author name and affiliation, and author note.

Paper Template: ("Merenda" Sample Student Paper)

This sample response paper presents a university student's personal reaction to an article about whether medication is prescribed too often to young children to treat psychological disorders. The title page demonstrates the simple default layout for a student paper. The paper has a simple setup with only a title page, body of text, and references. No "running head"! Response papers typically do not include author notes or abstracts, though this may vary by assignment.

Visit the Writing Center

Need writing help?  Visit the Writing Center to contact a tutor, submit your paper for review and feedback, or ask APA Style-related questions, as well as access dozens of writing tutorials, videos, webinars, and other instructional resources.

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PG Writing Center's Top APA Links

• Common Citations in APA Format
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eBook on APA Style 7th Edition

Zotero: Free Reference Management Tool

Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources. This tool is especially popular for heavy researchers at the grad level and above.

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APA Style and Citation Guides

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APA Citation Format

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APA 7th Ed. - Citation - LibGuides at California State University Dominguez Hills (csudh.edu)

For additional information below: 

• Purdue OWL APA Includes an APA sample paper, information on formatting in-text citations and the references page, and other APA tips
• APA Style Blog Answers questions on some of the more tricky or confusing ares of APA style.

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APA Publication Manual

• APA Formatting and Style Guide (Purdue OWL) .  From the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL), this site provides extensive explanation and examples of APA style. 
• APA Style Citation Guide (Seattle) . This useful handout  from the Seattle Central Community College Library covers  the basics of the APA citation style in an easy to use format.  Explains how to make hanging indents for your references list too!
• APA Citation Guide  from the Santa Fe College Library (Gainesville, FL). This research guide includes information on paper formatting, examples of citations and in-text citations, and video tutorials. 
• APA Style Guide . This site from the Valencia College Library provides examples of APA in-text citations, references, and how to format a paper. Provides examples for both the 6th & 7th editions of the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,  ask your instructor which edition to use.
• APA Style Help  from the American Psychological Association.

APA Formatting

Formatting Citations and the Works Cited/Reference List 

• In-Text Citations: The Basics
• In-Text Citations: Authors
• APA In-Text Citations
• How to Cite Parenthetical [In-Text] Citations in APA
• APA Reference List: Basic Format (from OWL)
• Writing In-Text Citations in APA Style  &  When and How to Include Page Numbers in APA Style Citations  from the APA Style Blog.
• APA style citations handout  from Coates Library at Trinity University. 

Formatting the Title Page/Headers

• Formatting Title Page and Headers in APA  from Clark College Libraries

Capitalization and Grammar Formatting

• Capitalization Rules  from the APA Style Blog.

Other Resources

• Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style  . This site, from the American Psychological Association, answers the most frequently asked questions on using the APA style.
• DOI, URL, Database Name, Accession Number or Permalink . An excellent explanation of when to use a DOI number, a URL, or a permalink from the Rasmussen College Library. If your article does not have a DOI number some instructors will allow you to use the permalink provided by the database instead of the journal URL.  Always check with your instructors to see which method they prefer. 

APA Citation and Research Paper Examples

Citation Examples

• Citing Sources: APA Style . This site, from the Lansing Community College Library, gives examples of using the APA citation style to compile a works cited page and write in-text citations.
• APA Citation Examples

Research Paper Examples

• Sample research papers . An expanded list of sample papers from Skyline College.
• APA Style Sample Paper  OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University

APA Tutorials

APA Tutorials and Webinars :  Various tutorials produced by the American Psychological Association .

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• APA Video Tutorials  (from Memorial University of Newfoundland Library. The  library's research guide  on APA citation style also contains useful information on formatting and citing resources.)
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ENGL 26100: World Literature

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The Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) offers additional guidelines on APA style rules. There are some inaccuracies on the PurdueOWL so check your course syllabus and the  APA Manual  for more information.

View the PurdueOWL's resources on APA  here .

Purdue OWL APA

Publication manual of the american psychological association.

The  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  should be the first source to consult when you have APA-related questions. 

APA Style Blog  - This Q&A blog may provide helpful tips.

To view a tutorial on the basics of the APA style by American Psychological Association  click here .

The Writing Center on the Westville Campus

The Writing Center at Purdue University Westville provides a wide range of services, including APA help.  You can reach the Writing Center by phone at (219) 785-5383 or e-mail at  [email protected] . Learn more about the Writing Center, including hours,  here .

The Writing Center at Hammond Campus

The Writing Center at Purdue University Hammond provides a wide range of services, including APA help.  You can reach the Writing Center by phone at (219) 989-2200 or e-mail at [email protected] . Learn more about the Writing Center here .

EndNote Web

EndNote Web is a web-based tool that assists users in generating citations and formatting bibliographies.  This tool is available for free to PNW students, faculty, and staff.  Registration is required for first-time users.

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For off campus users,   Web of Science, and login to the Web of Science.  You can select the My EndNote Web tab at the top of the screen and then select Register. After registering an account, you can access EndNote Web from any computer (on campus or off campus) with your user name and password.

• Endnote Quick Reference Guide This guide provides an overview of EndNote Web.
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Social Work Practicum & Internship Education and Service-Learning: APA Toolkit 7th Edition

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APA Professional Student Paper

How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator

• How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations for free. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th edition, MLA Style, and Chicago Style.

Student Sample Paper

APA Purdue OWL Video Series

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Purdue Owl: APA Formatting & Style Guide

Developed by Purdue's Online Writing Lab. Contains resources on in-text citation and the references page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

Author/Editor (By:)

Contributor, corporate author, related organizations, citation type.

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American Psychological Society (APA) Style

APA Style is a way to format scholarly papers, including college term papers as well as research-based manuscripts submitted for journal publication. APA Style covers everything about writing a paper, from the title page to the references list at the end.

• APA Style Introduction Purdue OWL resources that will help you use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style.

ZoteroBib for one-off citations

• ZoteroBib ZoteroBib (or Zbib) is a free web service that helps you quickly create a bibliography in any citation style, including APA.

Some useful videos

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Publication Manual of the APA

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Sample Papers

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• Title Page: General Format (Purdue)

APA Quick Guide Table of Contents:

• From a journal, magazine, and newspaper
• Entire book, edited book, book chapter, multi-volume works
• Entire book, edited book, book chapter
• Entire website, single web pages
• Pages or sites with no author or date or with a corporate author
• Social media, images, music, videos
• in sentence or parenthesis, no author or date, etc.
• None or multiple
• In a Journal
• In a Magazine
• In a Newspaper
• If a DOI is not provided, include "Retrieved by" and the URL/permalink after the page numbers instead.
• APA states that including information about the database in which you found the article is not necessary because databases change over time. However, include it if your professor wants you to include it or if the article is difficult to locate.

(Robbins, 2015, p. 305).

For more examples of citations of other types of journal articles, see the Publication Manual of the APA or  Purdue OWL's APA Guide.

Online Magazine Article:

• Include page numbers after the volume and issue number and before the URL if they are available.

(Clay, 2008).

Article from a Print Magazine:

First citation:

(Chamberlin, Novotney, Packard, & Price, 2008, p. 27).

Subsequent citations:

(Chamberlin, et al., 2008, p. 28).

Article from an Online Newspaper:

(Brody, 2007).

Article from a Print Newspaper:

• Single pages: p. 21
• Multiple pages: pp. 20-23 or pp. 23, 25

(Schwartz, 1993, p. A4).

• Entire Book
• Chapter in a Book
• Edited Book
• Multivolume Works

(Shotten, 1989, p. 2).

(Haybron, 2008, p. 20).

• If the edited book does have an editor besides the editors, include their names (last name, first initial) and the publication year first, before the editor(s) name(s).

(Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997, pp. 28).

(Koch, 1959-1963).

• Entire eBook
• Chapter in an eBook

Entire eBook (Only Available Online):

(Davis, n.d.).

Entire eBook (Electronic Version of a Book that is Available in Print):

(Schiraldi, 2001).

(Strong & Uhrbrock, 1923, p. 145).

• No Author or Date
• Corporate Author
• If the format of the web page is something out of the ordinary, such as a blog post, include a format description in brackets (after the title of the web page and after the URL).

(Buterbaugh, 2016, para. 2).

For more examples of citations of other types of journal articles, see the Publication Manual of the APA,  Purdue OWL's APA Guide , or the APA Style website .

Web Page with No Author:

("Helping the Student," 2015).

For more examples of citations of other types of journal articles, see the Publication Manual of the APA,  Purdue OWL's APA Guide , or the  APA Style website .

Web Page with No Date:

(The College of William & Mary, n.d.).

Web Page with No Author or Date:

("Anxiety disorder symptoms," n.d.).

(Freakonomics, 2010).

• Provide up to the first 40 words.
• If the item contains no words (like a photograph without a caption), provide a description of the item in square brackets.
• If the content may change, provide a date you retrieved the source.

(Gaiman, 2012).

(Gates, 2013).

(McGonigal, 2012).

Image Found Online:

(National Geographic, 2012).

In-text Citations

• Author(s) used in Sentence
• Author(s) in Parentheses
• Multiple In Text Citations

One author:

• In 2015, Mardis has noted that Web Usability Studies are commonly conducted in libraries (p. 5).
• Mardis has noted that Web Usability Studies are commonly conducted in libraries (2015, p. 5).
• Mardis (2015) has noted that Web Usability Studies are commonly conducted in libraries (p.5).

Two authors:

• Mardis and Johnson argue that libraries should adapt rapidly to change (2014, para. 5).

Three to five authors:

Cite all authors the first time the reference occurs:

• Baudino, Mardis, and Johnson (2014) also highlight the importance of the issue (p. 5).

In subsequent citation(s), include the surname of the first author followed by et al.:

• Baudino et al. (2014) highlighted another important issue (p.6).

Six or more authors:

Include the surname of the first author followed by et al.:

• Apparently, Mardis et al. (2013) agree entirely with this point (para 7).

If both authors have the same surname, include the first author's initials in all text citations, even if the year of publication differs:

• (J Smith, 2005; T.A. Smith, 2008).

If both authors have the same surname and first initial, provide the author's full name:

• (Lori Mardis, 2015).
• Web Usability Studies are commonly conducted in libraries (Mardis, 2014, p. 5).

Two authors: 

Cite both author names in every reference:

• Other authors also agreed that libraries should adapt rapidly to change (Mardis & Johnson, 2014, p. 6).
• This is an important issue highlighted by additional authors (Baudino, Johnson, & Mardis, 2013, para. 5).

For subsequent citation(s), include the surname of the first author followed by et al.:

• The other important issues were also highlighted (Baudino et al., 2013, para. 6).

Six or more authors:

• Apparently, other authors agree entirely with this point (Mardis et al., 2014, p. 8).
• Use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title or abbreviated title.
• Example : ("All 33 Chile Miners," 2010).
• Use "n.d." for "no date"
• Example:  ("Quick Answers--References," n.d.).
• When multiple studies support an argument, include multiple citations inside the same set of parentheses.
• Within the parentheses, alphabetize the studies as they appear in the reference list and separate with semicolons.
• In running text, address studies in whatever order is wished.
• Example:  Fluency studies for third grade students have produced mixed results (Baudino & Wyatt, 2013, p. 3; Brady, 2010, para. 5; Mardis, Drew, & Johnson, 2012, p. 30).
• Example:  Mardis, Drew, and Johnson (2012) reported an increase in fluency among third grade students, while Brady (2010) reported a decrease. Baudino and Wyatt (2013) found no significant differences in reading fluency.
• Two Authors
• 3-7 Authors
• Multiple by Same Author
• Example:  Johnson, A.-R. for Amelia-Rose Johnson
• Example:  Author, A.A. (Ed.).
• Reference List Example:  Mardis, L. [Lori].

 Mardis, L. [Laura].

• In Text Citation Example:  (Lori Mardis, 2015).

One Author:

• Last name, First initial. (Include middle initial if provided.)
• Example:  Lewey, T. D.
• Example:  Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author, C. C.
• Example:  Smith, A. K., Jr., & Jameson, P. R.

Two Authors:

• Author A last name, Author A first initial. Middle initial if provided., & Author B last name, Author B first initial. Middle initial if provided.
• Example:  Lewey, T. D., & Moody-Goo, H.

Three to Seven Authors:

• Author A last name, Author A first initial. Middle initial if provided., Author B last name, Author B first initial. Middle initial if provided., & Author C last name, Author C first initial. Middle initial if provided.
• Example:  Lewey, T. D., Moody-Goo, H., & Potter, H. J.

Eight or More Authors:

• Include the first six authors' names followed by an ellipsis (one set of three dots) and then end with the last author's name.
• Example:  Alvarado, A., Annala, G., Ruppman, T., Wardzala, S., Wersching, Y., Artemchik, T., ...Currie, J.

Reference List Example: 

List chronologically in order of publication date.

Ehrenreich,B. (2001).  NIckel and dimed: On (not) getting by in America.  New York: Metropolitan Books.

Ehrenreich, B. (2007).  Dancing in the streets: A history of collective joy . New York: Metropolitan Books.

In Text Example:

List chronologically in order of publication date within the same parentheses.

• (Ehrenreich, 2001, 2007).

Start the entry with the title of the work:

Book Example:

• Maze.  (2011). Maryville, MO: Northwest Missouri State University.

Newspaper Example:

• Sharing reference information. (2012, March 1).  Northwest Missourian,  pp. C1, C2.

Web Page Example: 

• Rechecking security for human safety appropriate for Kansas City Zoo. (2016, June 1). Retrieved from http://www.kansascity.com/opinion/editorials.article81217142.html

The various examples used on this guide come from either Purdue OWL , NWMSU's APA Style Citation Examples guide , or the APA Style Blog .

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July 17, 2024

Purdue ranked nation’s No. 1 most recognized public university

Latest GUV rankings place Purdue at top of all U.S. public universities and among the world’s most recognized institutions

WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. — Purdue placed No. 1 among U.S. public universities and was named the No. 9 most recognized university in the world in the 2024-25 Global University Visibility (GUV) rankings , which were announced on Tuesday (July 16).

Conducted by the Washington, D.C.-based firm American Caldwell, the GUV rankings placed Purdue ahead of institutions such as the University of Michigan; the University of California, Berkeley; Yale University; and the University of Toronto (Canada). Purdue came in as the No. 2 public university in the world, behind only Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil); was the top-ranked university in the Big Ten; and outranked every other Indiana university by at least 90 spots overall.

"This year's GUV data demonstrated, once again, Purdue's continued elevation in visibility in the world," Purdue President Mung Chiang said. "This recognition is not just about the Boilermakers' impact, but equally importantly, it's about our marketing, branding and communication team's creative and outstanding work in elevating the university's reputation: They pour their heart each day into this mission with great results, and this ranking is a tribute to them." 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION  

• Purdue recognized among world’s best in latest QS rankings and rises to No. 8 among U.S. public universities
• Purdue University jumps to No. 33 nationally and to world’s top 100 in 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings
• Purdue University undergraduate national ranking jumps 8 spots, with 13 undergraduate programs in top 10 in the U.S .

The GUV ranking offers a comprehensive evaluation of a university’s global visibility. This year’s ranking incorporated more metrics for tracking each university, but the methodology remained rooted in six key indicators: the frequency and quality of universities’ news mentions; their online footprint; their social media following; the level of public interest; the number of web citations; and the number of website visitors. Purdue University performed well in those categories, notably generating nearly 16 million visits to the recently enhanced  Purdue.edu  — the seventh-highest number of website visitors of any university across the globe — leading to its impressive placement among the world’s most recognized institutions.

In the public interest category, Purdue continues to bolster its worldwide presence and prestige through impactful international partnerships with industry and educational leaders. In April, SK hynix Inc., a market leader in chips manufacturing, announced plans to invest close to $4 billion to build an advanced packaging fabrication and R&D facility for AI products in the Purdue Research Park. Purdue is actively adding to an ever-expanding list of global initiatives with industry leaders in Japan , France , India , Korea , Belgium , Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic as well as educational partners in Greece and England .

Purdue also is the only U.S. higher education institution selected as a leading university partner in all three national hubs funded through the CHIPS and Science Act and announced in 2023-24. Those hubs are the Heartland BioWorks , the Midwest Alliance for Clean Hydrogen and the Silicon Crossroads Microelectronics Commons .

In visibility, innovation and academic excellence, Purdue has repeatedly received acclaim and praise. The No. 9 GUV ranking is the latest addition to this impressive list over the past year:

• Purdue was recognized, in another global ranking, among the world’s best and No. 8 among public universities by Quacquarelli Symonds in the latest QS World University Rankings .
• Purdue scored its best-ever undergraduate ranking in the 2024 U.S. News & World Report undergraduate ranking, climbing to No. 43 among the 400-plus universities ranked .
• U.S. News & World Report named Purdue as a top 10 Most Innovative school for the sixth consecutive year, ranking the university as No. 7 Most Innovative in the nation.
• Purdue was also in the top 100 of the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , placing No. 9 among U.S. public land-grant universities.
• For the second year in a row, Purdue placed fifth internationally and in the top four for U.S. universities in U.S. patents received .

About Purdue University

Purdue University is a public research institution demonstrating excellence at scale. Ranked among top 10 public universities and with two colleges in the top four in the United States, Purdue discovers and disseminates knowledge with a quality and at a scale second to none. More than 105,000 students study at Purdue across modalities and locations, including nearly 50,000 in person on the West Lafayette campus. Committed to affordability and accessibility, Purdue’s main campus has frozen tuition 13 years in a row. See how Purdue never stops in the persistent pursuit of the next giant leap — including its first comprehensive urban campus in Indianapolis, the Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. School of Business, Purdue Computes and the One Health initiative — at  https://www.purdue.edu/president/strategic-initiatives .

Writer/Media contact: Derek Schultz, [email protected]  

Source:   Mung Chiang

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